View source for Haplogroup O-M268

{{Short description|Y-chromosome DNA Haplogroup O1b (formerly O2)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=August 2009}}
{{Technical|date=December 2012}}
{{Update|inaccurate=yes|article|date=December 2012}}
}}
{{Infobox haplogroup
|name=O-M268
|origin-date=34,100 or 29,200 ybp<ref name="Poznik2016">G. David Poznik, Yali Xue, Fernando L. Mendez, ''et al.'', "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences." ''Nat Genet.'' 2016 June ; 48(6): 593–599. doi:10.1038/ng.3559.</ref><br/><br/>33,181 [95% CI 36,879 <-> 24,461] ybp<ref name = "Karmin2022">Monika Karmin, Rodrigo Flores, Lauri Saag, Georgi Hudjashov, Nicolas Brucato, Chelzie Crenna-Darusallam, Maximilian Larena, Phillip L Endicott, Mattias Jakobsson, J Stephen Lansing, Herawati Sudoyo, Matthew Leavesley, Mait Metspalu, François-Xavier Ricaut, and Murray P Cox, "Episodes of Diversification and Isolation in Island Southeast Asian and Near Oceanian Male Lineages," ''Molecular Biology and Evolution'', Volume 39, Issue 3, March 2022, msac045, https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msac045</ref><br/><br/>30,100 [95% CI 27,800 <-> 32,400] ybp<ref name="YFull">[https://www.yfull.com/tree/O/ YFull] Haplogroup YTree v5.04 at 16 May 2017</ref>
|origin-place=[[Southeast Asia]] or [[East Asia]]<ref name="YFull" />
|TMRCA=31,108 [95% CI 34,893 <-> 22,844] ybp<ref name="Karmin2022" />
|ancestor=[[haplogroup O-F265|O1]] (O-F265)
|descendants= [[Haplogroup O-K18|O1b1]] (K18), [[Haplogroup O-M176|O1b2]] (P49/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft:Haplogroup_O-M176) 
|mutations=P31, M268, L690/F167, F256/M1341, Y9038/FGC19644, L463/F330, M1461, F138, Y9317, FGC55566, F292/M1363, CTS4164, CTS6713/M1396, CTS5785/M1377, F435/M1417, F516, M1455
|members=[[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic-speaking peoples]], [[Tai peoples]], [[Li people|Hlai]], [[Balinese people|Balinese]], [[Javanese people|Javanese]], [[Japanese people|Japanese]], [[Ryukyuan people|Ryukyuans]], [[Koreans]], [[Malagasy people|Malagasy]]
}}

In human genetics, '''Haplogroup O-M268''', also known as '''O1b''' (formerly Haplogroup O2), is a [[Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup|Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup]]. Haplogroup O-M268 is a primary subclade of [[haplogroup O-F265]], itself a primary descendant branch of [[Haplogroup O-M175 (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup O-M175]].

== Origin ==
In a paper published in 2011 by a group of Chinese researchers affiliated with [[Fudan University]], it has been suggested that [[China]] is the origin of the expansion of haplogroup O-P31 (therein called Haplogroup O2-M268).<ref name="Yan2011">Shi Yan, Chuan-Chao Wang, Hui Li, Shi-Lin Li, Li Jin, and The Genographic Consortium, "An updated tree of Y-chromosome Haplogroup O and revised phylogenetic positions of mutations P164 and PK4." ''European Journal of Human Genetics'' (2011) 19, 1013–1015; doi:10.1038/ejhg.2011.64</ref>

== Distribution ==
Haplogroup O-P31 is notable for the peculiarities of its geographical distribution. Like all clades of Haplogroup O-M175, Haplogroup O-P31 is found only among the males of modern [[Eastern Eurasia]]n populations. However, Haplogroup O-P31 is generally found with high frequency only among certain populations, such as the [[Austroasiatic]] peoples of India, Bangladesh and Southeast Asia, the [[Nicobarese people|Nicobarese]] of the [[Nicobar Islands]] in the Indian Ocean, [[Koreans]], and [[Japanese people|Japanese]].

Besides its widespread and patchy distribution, Haplogroup O1b-P31 is also notable for the fact that it can be divided into two primary subclades that show almost completely disjunct distribution: O1b1-M1304/K18 and O1b2-M176/P49. One of these subclades, O1b1-M1304/K18 (also known as O-F2320), can be mainly divided into two subclades, O1b1a1-PK4 (formerly O2a) and O1b1a2-CTS4040 (formerly O2*(xM95,M176)). O1b1a1-PK4 is found mainly among populations of Southeast Asia and some [[adivasi|tribal]] populations of India (such as the [[Bonda people|Remo]], [[Juang people|Juang]], and [[Nicobarese people|Nicobarese]]), but it is also common among minority ethnic groups in southern China, and it is found with low frequency throughout China as well as in Japan. O1b1a2-CTS4040 is relatively rare and mainly distributed in East Asia, especially in [[China]], where it accounts for approximately 3.22% of the national male population.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.23mofang.com/ancestry/ytree/O-CTS4040/detail | title=O-Cts4040单倍群详情 }}</ref> The other primary subclade of Haplogroup O1b-P31, ''i.e.'' Haplogroup [[Haplogroup O-M176 (Y-DNA)|O1b2-M176]] (formerly O2b), is found in approximately one third of present-day [[Japanese people|Japanese]] and [[Koreans|Korean]] males and with low frequency (approximately 0.70%<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.23mofang.com/ancestry/ytree/O-P49/detail | title=O-P49单倍群详情 }}</ref>) in [[Chinese people|Chinese]] males.

== Phylogenetics ==

=== Phylogenetic History ===
{{main|Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups}}

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely.  The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

{| class="wikitable"
! align="center" style="background:#c63;"|'''YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand)'''
! align="center" style="background:#f96;"|'''(α)'''
! align="center" style="background:#f96;"|'''(β)'''
! align="center" style="background:#f96;"|'''(γ)'''
| align="center" style="background:#f96;"|'''(δ)'''
| align="center" style="background:#f96;"|'''(ε)'''
| align="center" style="background:#f96;"|'''(ζ)'''
| align="center" style="background:#f96"|'''(η)'''
| align="center" style="background:#f96"|'''YCC 2002 (Longhand)'''
| align="center" style="background:#c96;"|'''YCC 2005 (Longhand)'''
| align="center" style="background:#c96;"|'''YCC 2008 (Longhand)'''
| align="center" style="background:#c96;"|'''YCC 2010r (Longhand)'''
| align="center" style="background:#ff9;"|'''ISOGG 2006'''
| align="center" style="background:#ff9;"|'''ISOGG 2007'''
| align="center" style="background:#ff9;"|'''ISOGG 2008'''
| align="center" style="background:#ff9;"|'''ISOGG 2009'''
| align="center" style="background:#ff9;"|'''ISOGG 2010'''
| align="center" style="background:#ff9;"|'''ISOGG 2011'''
| align="center" style="background:#ff9;"|'''ISOGG 2012'''
|-
| [[Haplogroup O-M175 (Y-DNA)|O-M175]]||26||VII||1U||28||Eu16||H9||I||O*||O||O||O||O||O||O||O||O||O||O
|-
| [[Haplogroup O-M119 (Y-DNA)|O-M119]]||26||VII||1U||32||Eu16||H9||H||O1*||O1a||O1a||O1a||O1a||O1a||O1a||O1a||O1a||O1a||O1a
|-
| [[Haplogroup O-M101 (Y-DNA)|O-M101]]||26||VII||1U||32||Eu16||H9||H||O1a||O1a1||O1a1a||O1a1a||O1a1||O1a1||O1a1a||O1a1a||O1a1a||O1a1a||O1a1a
|-
| [[Haplogroup O-M50 (Y-DNA)|O-M50]]||26||VII||1U||32||Eu16||H10||H||O1b||O1a2||O1a2||O1a2||O1a2||O1a2||O1a2||O1a2||O1a2||O1a2||O1a2
|-
| O-P31||26||VII||1U||33||Eu16||H5||I||O2*||O2||O2||O2||O2||O2||O2||O2||O2||O2||O2
|-
| [[Haplogroup O-M95 (Y-DNA)|O-M95]]||26||VII||1U||34||Eu16||H11||G||O2a*||O2a||O2a||O2a||O2a||O2a||O2a||O2a||O2a||O2a1||O2a1
|-
| [[Haplogroup O-M88 (Y-DNA)|O-M88]]||26||VII||1U||34||Eu16||H12||G||O2a1||O2a1||O2a1||O2a1||O2a1||O2a1||O2a1||O2a1||O2a1||O2a1a||O2a1a
|-
| [[Haplogroup O-M176 (Y-DNA)|O-SRY465]]||20||VII||1U||35||Eu16||H5||I||O2b*||O2b||O2b||O2b||O2b||O2b||O2b||O2b||O2b||O2b||O2b
|-
| [[Haplogroup O-47z (Y-DNA)|O-47z]]||5||VII||1U||26||Eu16||H5||I||O2b1||O2b1a||O2b1||O2b1||O2b1a||O2b1a||O2b1||O2b1||O2b1||O2b1||O2b1
|-
| [[Haplogroup O-M122 (Y-DNA)|O-M122]]||26||VII||1U||29||Eu16||H6||L||O3*||O3||O3||O3||O3||O3||O3||O3||O3||O3||O3
|-
| [[Haplogroup O-M121 (Y-DNA)|O-M121]]||26||VII||1U||29||Eu16||H6||L||O3a||O3a||O3a1||O3a1||O3a1||O3a1||O3a1||O3a1||O3a1||O3a1a||O3a1a
|-
| [[Haplogroup O-M164 (Y-DNA)|O-M164]]||26||VII||1U||29||Eu16||H6||L||O3b||O3b||O3a2||O3a2||O3a2||O3a2||O3a2||O3a2||O3a2||O3a1b||O3a1b
|-
| [[Haplogroup O-M159 (Y-DNA)|O-M159]]||13||VII||1U||31||Eu16||H6||L||O3c||O3c||O3a3a||O3a3a||O3a3||O3a3||O3a3a||O3a3a||O3a3a||O3a3a||O3a3a
|-
| [[Haplogroup O-M7 (Y-DNA)|O-M7]]||26||VII||1U||29||Eu16||H7||L||O3d*||O3c||O3a3b||O3a3b||O3a4||O3a4||O3a3b||O3a3b||O3a3b||O3a2b||O3a2b
|-
| [[Haplogroup O-M113 (Y-DNA)|O-M113]]||26||VII||1U||29||Eu16||H7||L||O3d1||O3c1||O3a3b1||O3a3b1||-||O3a4a||O3a3b1||O3a3b1||O3a3b1||O3a2b1||O3a2b1
|-
| [[Haplogroup O-M134 (Y-DNA)|O-M134]]||26||VII||1U||30||Eu16||H8||L||O3e*||O3d||O3a3c||O3a3c||O3a5||O3a5||O3a3c||O3a3c||O3a3c||O3a2c1||O3a2c1
|-
| [[Haplogroup O-M117 (Y-DNA)|O-M117]]||26||VII||1U||30||Eu16||H8||L||O3e1*||O3d1||O3a3c1||O3a3c1||O3a5a||O3a5a||O3a3c1||O3a3c1||O3a3c1||O3a2c1a||O3a2c1a
|-
| [[Haplogroup O-M162 (Y-DNA)|O-M162]]||26||VII||1U||30||Eu16||H8||L||O3e1a||O3d1a||O3a3c1a||O3a3c1a||O3a5a1||O3a5a1||O3a3c1a||O3a3c1a||O3a3c1a||O3a2c1a1||O3a2c1a1
|-
|}

==== Original Research Publications ====
The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* '''α''' {{harvnb|Jobling and Tyler-Smith|2000}} and {{harvnb|Kaladjieva|2001}}
* '''β''' {{harvnb|Underhill|2000}}
* '''γ''' {{harvnb|Hammer|2001}}
* '''δ''' {{harvnb|Karafet|2001}}
* '''ε''' {{harvnb|Semino|2000}}
* '''ζ''' {{harvnb|Su|1999}}
* '''η''' {{harvnb|Capelli|2001}}
}}

=== Phylogenetic Trees ===
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup O subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree {{harv|Karafet|2008}} and subsequent published research.
* '''O-P31''' (P31, M268)
**[[Haplogroup O-K18|O-K18]]
*** O-CTS4040 ''Mainly found in Han Chinese and occasionally found in Chinese (Dai), Manchu, Thailand ([[Phuan people|Phuan]], [[Northern Thai people|Tai Yuan]], [[Thai people|Thai]]), Vietnam, the Philippines, [[West Kalimantan]], [[Qatar]], [[Hazaras|Hazara]], Japan, Korea''
*** O-PK4
**** O-F838 ''Found in Han Chinese<ref name="Yan2011" /><ref name="Trejaut2014">Jean A Trejaut, Estella S Poloni, Ju-Chen Yen, ''et al.'' (2014), "Taiwan Y-chromosomal DNA variation and its relationship with Island Southeast Asia." ''BMC Genetics'' 2014, 15:77. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/15/77</ref> and in a specimen from medieval [[South Kazakhstan]] ascribed to the [[Göktürks|Turks]];<ref name="Damgaard2018a">Peter de Barros Damgaard, Nina Marchi, Simon Rasmussen, ''et al.'' (2018), "137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes." ''Nature'' volume 557, pages 369–374 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2</ref> probably also present in Thailand ([[Kaleun people|Kaleun]], [[Phuan people|Phuan]], [[Thai people|Thai]]),<ref name="Kutanan2019">Wibhu Kutanan, Jatupol Kampuansai, Metawee Srikummool, Andrea Brunelli, Silvia Ghirotto, Leonardo Arias, Enrico Macholdt, Alexander Hübner, Roland Schröder, and Mark Stoneking, "Contrasting Paternal and Maternal Genetic Histories of Thai and Lao Populations." ''Mol. Biol. Evol.'' Advance Access publication April 12, 2019.  {{doi|10.1093/molbev/msz083}}</ref> [[Hanoi]],<ref name="Trejaut2014" /> [[Ambon Island|Ambon]],<ref name="Trejaut2014" /> [[Ayeyarwady Region]],<ref name="Peng2013">Min-Sheng Peng, Jun-Dong He, Long Fan, ''et al.'' (2013), "Retrieving Y chromosomal haplogroup trees using GWAS data." ''European Journal of Human Genetics'' (2013), 1–5. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2013.272</ref> and [[Xinlong County]]<ref name="Wang2014">Wang C-C, Wang L-X, Shrestha R, Zhang M, Huang X-Y, ''et al.'' (2014), "Genetic Structure of Qiangic Populations Residing in the Western Sichuan Corridor." ''PLoS ONE'' 9(8): e103772. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103772</ref>''
**** '''[[Haplogroup O-M95 (Y-DNA)|O-M95]]''' (M95)
***** O-CTS350
****** O-CTS350* ''Found in Japan''
****** O-CTS10007 ''Found in Han Chinese in Hunan''
***** O-M1310
****** O-F1252
******* O-SK1630/F5504 ''China ([[Shaanxi]]),<ref name="YFull" /> Russia ([[Ryazan Oblast]])<ref name="YFull" />''
******** O-SK1636
******* O-F2924
******** O-CTS5854 ''Found in China (Han, [[Dai people|Dai]]), Laos, Thailand, Japan, and the Philippines''
******** O-M88 (M88, M111) ''Found in Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar, China (Dai, Buyi, Zhuang, Li, Shui, She, Miao, Yao, De'ang, Bulang, Qiang, Tujia, Lisu, Achang, Nu, Lahu, Jinuo, Hani, Yi, Bai, Han), Taiwan (Han, Bunun, Yami), Java, Borneo, Malaysia, the Philippines''
****** O-F789/M1283 ''Found in China, Vietnam, Cambodia, Singapore (Malay),<ref name="Karmin2015">Monika Karmin, Lauri Saag, Mário Vicente, ''et al.'', "A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture." ''Genome Research'' 25:1–8; ISSN 1088-9051/15; www.genome.org</ref> Indonesia, Laos, Thailand, Myanmar, Bhutan,<ref name="Hallast2015">Pille Hallast, Chiara Batini, Daniel Zadik, ''et al.'' (2015), "The Y-Chromosome Tree Bursts into Leaf: 13,000 High-Confidence SNPs Covering the Majority of Known Clades." ''Molecular Biology and Evolution'' 2015 Mar;32(3):661-73. doi:10.1093/molbev/msu327</ref> Bangladesh, and India''
** '''[[Haplogroup O-P49|O-P49]]''' (M176, SRY465, P49, 022454) ''Japan,<ref name="FTDNAHaplotree" /> South Korea,<ref name="FTDNAHaplotree" /> China,<ref name="FTDNAHaplotree" /> Mongolia,<ref name="FTDNAHaplotree" /> Vietnam,<ref name="FTDNAHaplotree" /> Micronesia<ref name="FTDNAHaplotree" />''
*** O-P49*(xPage92) ''Japan, South Korea''
*** O-Page92
**** O-Page90 ''Japan ([[Hiroshima]]), Jilin<ref name="YFull" />''
**** O-CTS9259
***** O-CTS562 ''[[Beijing]] ([[Han Chinese|Han]]),<ref name="YFull" /> [[South Korea]],<ref name="FTDNAHaplogroupO">[https://www.familytreedna.com/groups/o-3/dna-results O Y-Haplogroup Project] at Family Tree DNA</ref> Japan (Fukushima)<ref name="YFull" />''
***** O-K10/F1204
****** O-K10* ''Japan (Tokyo<ref name="YFull" />)''
****** O-CTS10687 ''Japan,<ref name="FTDNAHaplotree" /> Mongolia<ref name="FTDNAHaplotree" />''
****** O-K7/CTS11723/47z ''Found in approximately 24% of Japanese males and with lower frequency in Korea and China''
******* O-BY130355 ''Sichuan<ref name="YFull" />''
******* O-K2/CTS713
******** O-K2* ''Japan (Tokyo,<ref name="YFull" /> Aomori<ref name="YFull" />), South Korea<ref name="YFull" />''
******** O-CTS203 ''Japan (Tokyo,<ref name="YFull" /> Miyagi<ref name="YFull" />), Henan<ref name="YFull" />''
******** O-K14
********* O-K14* ''Shanxi<ref name="YFull" />''
********* O-M776 ''Japan (Tokyo<ref name="YFull" />)''
********* O-Z24594
********** O-Z24594* ''South Korea<ref name="YFull" />''
********** O-CTS56 ''Japan (Tokyo,<ref name="YFull" /> Kumamoto<ref name="YFull" />)''
******** O-Y178266 ''Japan (Tokyo<ref name="YFull" />), Beijing<ref name="YFull" />''
******** O-Z24599
********* O-Z24599* ''Japan (Tokyo,<ref name="YFull" /> Yamaguchi<ref name="YFull" />)''
********* O-K473 ''Japan (Tokyo<ref name="YFull" />)''
********* O-Y181118 ''South Korea (Busan<ref name="YFull" />), Hebei<ref name="YFull" />''
****** O-K4
******* O-K3/F940 ''[[Hunan]] ([[Han Chinese|Han]]), Jiangxi, [[Henan]] (Han)''
******** O-F940* ''Hunan,<ref name="YFull" /> Jiangxi<ref name="YFull" />''
******** O-K481 ''Hunan (Han)<ref name="YFull" />''
******* O-L682 ''Found in approximately 19% of South Korean males<ref name="Kwon2015">So Yeun Kwon, Hwan Young Lee, Eun Young Lee, Woo Ick Yang, and Kyoung-Jin Shin, "Confirmation of Y haplogroup tree topologies with newly suggested Y-SNPs for the C2, O2b and O3a subhaplogroups." ''Forensic Science International: Genetics'' 19 (2015) 42–46. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2015.06.003</ref> and with lower frequency in Japan and China''
******** O-L682* ''Shanxi<ref name="YFull" />''
******** O-K485
********* O-K485* ''Japan (Tokyo)<ref name="YFull" />''
********* O-CTS723
********** O-CTS723* ''South Korea<ref name="YFull" />''
********** O-A23652
*********** O-A23652* ''Japanese<ref name="YFull" />''
*********** O-A23653
************ O-A23653* ''Japanese,<ref name="YFull" /> South Korea<ref name="YFull" />''
************ O-A23658
************* O-A23658* ''South Korea<ref name="YFull" />''
************* O-Y165475 ''South Korea<ref name="YFull" />''
********** O-Y24057
*********** O-Y24057* ''Shandong<ref name="YFull" />''
*********** O-A12448
************ O-A12448* ''South Korea (incl. Daegu<ref name="YFull" />)''
************ O-PH40 ''Beijing (Han),<ref name="YFull" /> Shandong,<ref name="YFull" /> South Korea,<ref name="YFull" /> Japan<ref name="FTDNAHaplotree">[https://www.familytreedna.com/public/y-dna-haplotree/O Y-DNA Haplotree at Family Tree DNA]</ref>''
*********** O-MF14220 ''South Korea<ref name="YFull" />''
*********** O-Y26376/CTS7620 ''Japan,<ref name="FTDNAHaplotree" /> South Korea<ref name="FTDNAHaplotree" />''
************ O-MF14346 ''South Korea<ref name="YFull" />''
************ O-Y26377
************* O-Y26377* ''Japan (Okayama),<ref name="YFull" /> [[Nanai people|Hezhen]]<ref name="YFull" />''
************* O-CTS1175 ''Japan (Kochi,<ref name="YFull" /> Tokyo<ref name="YFull" />)''

== See also ==

=== Genetics ===
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[Genetic genealogy]]
* [[Haplogroup]]
* [[Haplotype]]
* [[Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup]]
* [[Molecular phylogenetics]]
* [[Paragroup]]
* [[Subclade]]
* [[Y-chromosome haplogroups in populations of the world]]
* [[Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic group]]
* [[Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of East and Southeast Asia]]
}}

=== Y-DNA O Subclades ===
{{columns-list|colwidth=9em|
* [[Haplogroup O-47z (Y-DNA)|O-47z]]
* [[Haplogroup O-M101 (Y-DNA)|O-M101]]
* [[Haplogroup O-M113 (Y-DNA)|O-M113]]
* [[Haplogroup O-M117 (Y-DNA)|O-M117]]
* [[Haplogroup O-M119 (Y-DNA)|O-M119]]
* [[Haplogroup O-M121 (Y-DNA)|O-M121]]
* [[Haplogroup O-M122 (Y-DNA)|O-M122]]
* [[Haplogroup O-M134 (Y-DNA)|O-M134]]
* [[Haplogroup O-M159 (Y-DNA)|O-M159]]
* [[Haplogroup O-M162 (Y-DNA)|O-M162]]
* [[Haplogroup O-M164 (Y-DNA)|O-M164]]
* [[Haplogroup O-M175 (Y-DNA)|O-M175]]
* [[Haplogroup O-M176 (Y-DNA)|O-M176]]
* [[Haplogroup O-M50 (Y-DNA)|O-M50]]
* [[Haplogroup O-M7 (Y-DNA)|O-M7]]
* [[Haplogroup O-M88 (Y-DNA)|O-M88]]
* [[Haplogroup O-M95 (Y-DNA)|O-M95]]
* [[Haplogroup O-MSY2.2 (Y-DNA)|O-MSY2.2]]
* O-P31
}}

=== Y-DNA Backbone Tree ===
{{Y-DNA}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Footnotes ===
{{Emptysection|date=February 2013}}

=== Works cited===
'''Journals'''
* {{cite journal|last1=Su|year=1999|doi=10.1086/302680|title=Y-Chromosome Evidence for a Northward Migration of Modern Humans into Eastern Asia during the Last Ice Age|first1=Bing|last2=Xiao|first2=Junhua|last3=Underhill|first3=Peter|last4=Deka|first4=Ranjan|last5=Zhang|first5=Weiling|last6=Akey|first6=Joshua|last7=Huang|first7=Wei|last8=Shen|first8=Di|last9=Lu|first9=Daru|last10=Luo|first10=Jingchun|last11=Chu|first11=Jiayou|last12=Tan|first12=Jiazhen|last13=Shen|first13=Peidong|last14=Davis|first14=Ron|last15=Cavalli-Sforza|first15=Luca|last16=Chakraborty|first16=Ranajit|last17=Xiong|first17=Momiao|last18=Du|first18=Ruofu|last19=Oefner|first19=Peter|last20=Chen|first20=Zhu|last21=Jin|first21=Li|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=65|issue=6|pages=1718–24|ref={{harvid|Su|1999}}|pmid=10577926|pmc=1288383|display-authors=8}}
'''Websites'''
* {{cite web|url=http://www.calabriadna.com/ydna_haplogroup_descriptions.htm|title=Y-DNA Haplogroup Descriptions|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319190106/http://calabriadna.com/ydna_haplogroup_descriptions.htm|archive-date=2009-03-19}}

===Sources for conversion tables===
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Capelli |first1=Cristian |last2=Wilson |first2=James F. |last3=Richards |first3=Martin |last4=Stumpf |first4=Michael P.H. |last5=Gratrix |first5=Fiona |display-authors=4 |title=A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |date=February 2001 |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=432–443 |doi=10.1086/318205 |pmid=11170891 |pmc=1235276 |ref={{harvid|Capelli|2001}}}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Hammer |first1=Michael F. |last2=Karafet |first2=Tatiana M. |last3=Redd |first3=Alan J. |last4=Jarjanazi |first4=Hamdi |last5=Santachiara-Benerecetti |first5=Silvana |display-authors=4 |title=Hierarchical Patterns of Global Human Y-Chromosome Diversity |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |date=1 July 2001 |volume=18 |issue=7 |pages=1189–1203 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003906 |pmid=11420360 |ref={{harvid|Hammer|2001}}|doi-access=free }}
*{{citation |last1=Jobling |year=2000 |doi=10.1016/S0168-9525(00)02057-6 |title=New uses for new haplotypes |first1=Mark A. |last2=Tyler-Smith |first2=Chris |journal=Trends in Genetics |volume=16 |issue=8 |pages=356–62 |pmid=10904265 |ref={{harvid|Jobling and Tyler-Smith|2000}}}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Kaladjieva |first1=Luba |last2=Calafell |first2=Francesc |last3=Jobling |first3=Mark A |last4=Angelicheva |first4=Dora |last5=de Knijff |first5=Peter |display-authors=4 |title=Patterns of inter- and intra-group genetic diversity in the Vlax Roma as revealed by Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA lineages |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |date=February 2001 |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=97–104 |doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200597 |pmid=11313742 |s2cid=21432405 |ref={{harvid|Kaladjieva|2001}}|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Karafet |first1=Tatiana |last2=Xu |first2=Liping |last3=Du |first3=Ruofu |last4=Wang |first4=William |last5=Feng |first5=Shi |display-authors=4 |title=Paternal Population History of East Asia: Sources, Patterns, and Microevolutionary Processes |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |date=September 2001 |volume=69 |issue=3 |pages=615–628 |doi=10.1086/323299 |pmid=11481588 |pmc=1235490 |ref={{harvid|Karafet|2001}}}}
*{{citation |last1=Karafet |year=2008 |doi=10.1101/gr.7172008 |pmid=18385274 |pmc=2336805  |title=New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree |first1=T. M. |last2=Mendez |first2=F. L. |last3=Meilerman |first3=M. B. |last4=Underhill |first4=P. A. |last5=Zegura |first5=S. L. |last6=Hammer |first6=M. F. |journal=Genome Research |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=830–8 |ref={{sfnref|Karafet|2008}}}}
* {{citation |last1=Semino |year=2000 |doi=10.1126/science.290.5494.1155  |title=The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective |first1=O. |journal=Science |volume=290 |issue=5494 |pages=1155–9 |pmid=11073453 |last2=Passarino |first2=G |last3=Oefner |first3=PJ |last4=Lin |first4=AA |last5=Arbuzova |first5=S |display-authors=4 |last6=Beckman |bibcode=2000Sci...290.1155S |ref={{harvid|Semino|2000}}}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Underhill |first1=Peter A. |last2=Shen |first2=Peidong |last3=Lin |first3=Alice A. |last4=Jin |first4=Li |last5=Passarino |first5=Giuseppe |display-authors=4 |title=Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations |journal=Nature Genetics |date=November 2000 |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=358–361 |doi=10.1038/81685 |pmid=11062480 |s2cid=12893406 |ref={{harvid|Underhill|2000}}}}
{{refend}}

=== Further reading ===
* {{cite journal|last1=Firasat|doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201726 |title=Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan|year=2006|first1=Sadaf|last2=Khaliq|first2=Shagufta|last3=Mohyuddin|first3=Aisha|last4=Papaioannou|first4=Myrto|last5=Tyler-Smith|first5=Chris|last6=Underhill|first6=Peter A|last7=Ayub|first7=Qasim|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|volume=15|pages=121–6|pmid=17047675|issue=1|pmc=2588664}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Fornarino|first1=Simona|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-9-154 |title=Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): A reservoir of genetic variation|year=2009|last2=Pala|first2=Maria|last3=Battaglia|first3=Vincenza|last4=Maranta|first4=Ramona|last5=Achilli|first5=Alessandro|last6=Modiano|first6=Guido|last7=Torroni|first7=Antonio|last8=Semino|first8=Ornella|last9=Santachiara-Benerecetti|first9=Silvana A|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=9|issue=1 |pages=154|pmid=19573232|pmc=2720951 |bibcode=2009BMCEE...9..154F |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal|last1=Hurles|doi=10.1086/430051 |title=The Dual Origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: Evidence from Maternal and Paternal Lineages|year=2005|first1=M|last2=Sykes|first2=B|last3=Jobling|first3=M|last4=Forster|first4=P|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=76|issue=5|pages=894–901|pmid=15793703|pmc=1199379}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Karafet|doi=10.1353/hub.2005.0030|title=Balinese Y-Chromosome Perspective on the Peopling of Indonesia: Genetic Contributions from Pre-Neolithic Hunter-Gatherers, Austronesian Farmers, and Indian Traders |year=2005  |first1=Tatiana M. |last2=Lansing |first2=J. S. |last3=Redd |first3=Alan J. |last4=Watkins |first4=Joseph C. |last5=Surata |first5=S. P. K. |last6=Arthawiguna |first6=W. A. |last7=Mayer |first7=Laura |last8=Bamshad |first8=Michael |last9=Jorde |first9=Lynn B. |last10=Hammer|first10=Michael F.|last11=Hammer|first11=M. F.|journal=Human Biology |volume=77 |pages=93–114 |pmid=16114819 |issue=1|display-authors=8|hdl=1808/13586|s2cid=7953854|hdl-access=free }}
* {{cite journal|last1=Sahoo|doi=10.1002/ajpa.20399|title=Phylogeography of mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome haplogroups reveal asymmetric gene flow in populations of Eastern India|year=2006|first1=Sanghamitra|last2=Kashyap|first2=V.K.|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|volume=131|pages=84–97|pmid=16485297|issue=1}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Trivedi|year=2006|doi=10.1007/s10038-005-0349-2|title=Molecular insights into the origins of the Shompen, a declining population of the Nicobar archipelago|first1=Rajni|last2=Sitalaximi|first2=T.|last3=Banerjee|first3=Jheelam|last4=Singh|first4=Anamika|last5=Sircar|first5=P. K.|last6=Kashyap|first6=V. K.|journal=Journal of Human Genetics|volume=51|issue=3|pages=217–26|pmid=16453062|doi-access=free}}

[[Category:Human Y-DNA haplogroups|O-P31]]