View source for Heavy metal bass

[[File:Lemmy-02.jpg|thumb|right|180px|[[Lemmy Kilmister]], the lead singer and bassist of [[Motörhead]], performing in 2005.]]
'''Heavy metal bass''' is the use of the [[bass guitar]] (also called "electric bass") in the [[rock music]] genres of [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]] and [[hard rock]]. The bassist is part of the [[rhythm section]] in a heavy metal band, along with the [[Drum kit|drummer]], [[rhythm guitar]]ist and, in some bands, a [[Keyboard (music)|keyboard player]]. The prominent role of the bass is key to the metal sound, and the interplay of bass and [[Distortion (music)|distorted]] [[electric guitar]] is a central element of metal. The bass guitar provides the low-end sound crucial to making the music "heavy".<ref name=W24>Weinstein (2000), p. 24</ref> The bass plays a crucial role in heavy metal and a more important role than in traditional rock."<ref>Weinstein (2009), p. 24</ref>

Metal bassists play many different types of [[bassline]]s, depending on the subgenre they are playing in and their personal playing style. Metal bass lines vary in complexity, from holding down a low [[pedal point]] as a foundation for the band's sound to doubling complex [[riff]]s and [[lick (music)|licks]] along with the [[lead guitar]] and/or rhythm guitars. Some bands feature the bass as a lead instrument, an approach popularized by Metallica's [[Cliff Burton]] with his emphasis on bass guitar solos and use of chords while playing bass in the early 1980s.<ref>[http://www.bassplayer.com/article/the-king-metal/Feb-05/164 "Cliff Burton's Legendary Career: The King of Metal Bass"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106164523/http://www.bassplayer.com/article/the-king-metal/Feb-05/164 |date=2015-11-06 }}. ''Bass Player'', February 2005. Retrieved on November 13, 2007.</ref> Some metal bassists sing lead vocals while they play bass, such as [[Lemmy Kilmister]] of [[Motörhead]] and [[Tom Araya]] of [[Slayer]]. Some metal bassists sing [[backup vocals]] while they play bass.

==Roles and playing styles==
[[File:Priest feast 36 - Ian Hill.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Bass guitarist [[Ian Hill]] from the heavy metal band [[Judas Priest]]. A red [[Plectrum|pick]] can be seen in his plucking hand.]]
Most metal bassists play by plucking the strings with their fingers or by [[guitar pick|picking]] with a [[plectrum]], often known as a pick. Using a pick can enable bassists to play rapid repeated notes and fast basslines, although some bassists, such as [[Steve Harris (musician)|Steve Harris]] and [[Steve DiGiorgio]], play such basslines without the use of a plectrum. While the types of [[bass line]]s vary in different metal subgenres, the bassist usually fulfills a similar role: anchoring the [[chord progression|harmonic framework]] with bass notes that emphasize the roots of the chords and, along with the [[drum kit|drums]] and [[rhythm guitar]], establishing the beat. The bass is also used a solo instrument in some metal styles. While four-string basses (tuned E, A, D, G from lowest string to highest string) are the most common, since the 1990s, some metal bassists have used five-string basses for added lower range—a low "B".  Five string basses are used in [[nu metal]], as well as [[death metal]], [[progressive metal]] and other [[heavy metal subgenres]], to complement the [[downtuned guitar]]s use by the guitarists. The five string bass is not an essential part to these genres, as some bands in these genres use standard tuned guitars or downtuned four string basses. Some bassists, such as [[John Myung]] from the progressive metal band [[Dream Theater]], utilize a six string bass, which usually adds an additional high "C" above the "G" string of a five string bass. Most metal bassists play with fretted instruments, which have metal frets on the fingerboard. However, there are a few bassists such as [[Steve DiGiorgio]] and [[Jeroen Paul Thesseling]] who use [[fretless bass]]es.

Most of the time, metal bass players play basslines which consist of a single note played at a time; that is, without playing multiple notes at the same time to form [[Guitar chord|chord]]s, the way a [[rhythm guitar]]ist would on an [[electric guitar]]. There are, however, a few metal bassists who play chords. [[Robert Trujillo]] of [[Metallica]] is known for playing "massive chords" <ref>Warwick Robert Trujillo Signature Bass. February 19, 2012 in basses, Featured by G.M. Jameson. "Robert Trujillo Demands Something Solid" Available at: www.rottenbass.com/warwick-robert-trujillo-signature-bass-57 Accessed on June 24, 2013.</ref> and "chord-based harmonics" <ref>Metallica Bassist Robert Trujillo Funding Jaco Pastorius Biopic
Posted 06/04/2012 by Damian Fanelli Available online at: www.guitarworld.com/metallica-bassist-robert-trujillo-funding-jaco-pastorius-biopic Accessed on June 24, 2013.</ref> on the bass. [[Lemmy]] of [[Motörhead]] often played [[power chord]]s in his bass lines. When asked about whether he had begun as a rhythm guitarist, he stated:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.motorhead.ru/int2moo.htm|title=We Do Not Bend The Knee. Motorhead Interview|access-date=29 March 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130417111254/http://www.motorhead.ru/int2moo.htm|archive-date=17 April 2013}}</ref>
<blockquote>No, I play a lot of notes, but I also play a lot of chords. And I play a lot of open strings. I just don't play like a bass player. There are complaints about me from time to time. It's not like having a bass player; it's like having a deep guitarist.</blockquote>

===Soloing===
While bass guitar solos are much less common in metal than [[guitar solo]]s for electric guitar, some metal bassists do play solos. Bass guitar solos are structured and performed in a similar fashion as rock guitar solos, often with the musical accompaniment from the verse or chorus sections. Bass solos are performed using a range of different techniques, such as plucking or fingerpicking. A small number of metal bassists do two-handed [[tapping]] styles in which they use both hands to play notes on the fretboard by rapidly pressing and holding the string to the fret. Players noted for this soloing technique include [[Cliff Burton]] and [[shred guitar]]-style bassist [[Billy Sheehan]]. [[Led Zeppelin]]'s "[[Good Times Bad Times]]", the first song on their [[Led Zeppelin (album)|first album]], contains two brief bass solos, occurring after the song's first and third choruses. [[Queen (band)|Queen]]'s bassist, [[John Deacon]], occasionally played bass solos, such as on the song "[[Liar (Queen song)|Liar]]". [[Metallica]]'s 1983 debut ''[[Kill Em All]]'' includes the song "(Anesthesia) Pulling Teeth," consisting entirely of a bass solo played by [[Cliff Burton]]. [[Manowar]]'s bassist [[Joey DeMaio]] uses special [[piccolo bass]] for his extremely fast bass solos like "Sting of the Bumblebee" and "William's Tale".

Heavy metal bass players such as [[Geezer Butler]] ([[Black Sabbath]]), [[Alex Webster]] ([[Cannibal Corpse]]), Cliff Burton (Metallica), and [[Les Claypool]] ([[Primus (band)|Primus]], [[Blind Illusion]]) have used chime-like harmonics and rapid plucking techniques in their bass solos. In both published [[Van Halen]] concert videos, [[Michael Anthony (musician)|Michael Anthony]] performs unique maneuvers and actions during his solos. When playing bass solos, rock and metal bassists sometimes use [[Effects unit|effects]] such as [[fuzz bass]] or a  [[wah-wah pedal]] to produce a more pronounced sound. Notably, Cliff Burton of Metallica used both effects. Due to the lower range of the bass, bass guitar solos usually have a much lighter accompaniment than solos for other instruments. In some cases, the bass guitar solo is unaccompanied, or accompanied only by the drums.

===Training===
[[File:Steve Harris 521.jpg|thumb|right|180px|[[Steve Harris (musician)|Steve Harris]] from [[Iron Maiden]] performing in 2008.]]
There is much less formal training available in college and university for metal bass, the way there is for bass guitarists learning [[jazz]] and the mainstream commercial genres (rock, [[R&B]], etc.). Many metal bass players learn by ear, by copying bass lines from records and CDs, and by playing in a number of bands, which may include [[cover band]]s and [[tribute band]]s. Metal bassists may be able to take lessons from expert metal players or teachers. They may also be able to adapt techniques from other genres to the metal genre. As well, there are a range of books, playing methods, and, since the 1990s and 2000s, instructional DVDs and YouTube videos on how to play metal bass.

===Roles===
Metal bassists play in groups ranging in size from the [[power trio]] (guitar, bass and drums, with one or more of the members singing) to larger bands with multiple guitarists, keyboards, a bassist, a drummer and a vocalist. Some metal bassists sing lead vocals while they play bass, a role that [[Lemmy Kilmister]] of [[Motörhead]] did, and which [[Tom Araya]] of [[Slayer]] and [[Grutle Kjellson]] of [[Enslaved (band)|Enslaved]] continue to do. Some metal bassists sing [[backup vocals]] while they play bass. Some metal bassists are also [[bandleader]]s or [[songwriter]]s for their bands examples being [[Steve Harris (musician)|Steve Harris]] and [[Nikki Sixx]]. In a few cases, traditional metal group bass players have also played another instrument, such as [[Led Zeppelin]]'s [[John Paul Jones (musician)|John Paul Jones]], who played [[Hammond organ]] on some songs or the bassists from mainstream metal bands such as [[Styx (band)|Styx]] and the [[Scorpions (band)|Scorpions]] who use a [[pedal keyboard]], which is played with the feet.

Professional metal bassists may have a [[guitar technician#bass guitar technician|bass technician]] who tunes their basses before and during a performance, sets up the speaker cabinets, amplifiers and effects units, and performs routine maintenance on the instruments and equipment (e.g., changing strings, replacing speakers, replacing amplifier [[Vacuum tube|tubes]], etc.).

==Role of women==
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:JoBench.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Jo Bench]] of the death metal band [[Bolt Thrower]].]] -->
[[File:Talena Atfield.jpg|thumb|right|180px|[[Talena Atfield]] of the Canadian metal band [[Kittie]].]]
In relation to the gender composition of heavy metal bands, it has been said that "[h]eavy metal performers are almost exclusively male"<ref name="Brake 1990 87–91">{{cite book |last=Brake |first=Mike |editor1-last=Frith |editor1-first=Simon |editor2-last=Goodwin  |editor2-first=Andrew  |title=On Record: Rock, Pop and the Written Word |url=https://archive.org/details/onrecordrockpopw00frit_710 |url-access=limited |publisher=Routledge |date=1990  |pages=[https://archive.org/details/onrecordrockpopw00frit_710/page/n101 87]–91 |chapter=Heavy Metal Culture, Masculinity and Iconography }}</ref> "... [a]t least until the mid-1980s" <ref>{{cite book |last=Walser |first=Robert |date=1993 |title=Running with the Devil:Power, Gender and Madness in Heavy Metal Music |publisher=Wesleyan University Press |page=76 }}</ref> apart from "... exceptions such as [[Girlschool]]."<ref name="Brake 1990 87–91"/> However, "... now [in the 2010s] maybe more than ever–strong metal women have put up their dukes and got down to it",<ref>{{cite journal |last=Eddy |first=Chuck |date=1 July 2011 |title=Women of Metal |journal=Spin |publisher=SpinMedia Group}}</ref>"carv[ing] out a considerable place for [them]selves."<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kelly |first=Kim |date=17 January 2013 |title=Queens of noise: heavy metal encourages heavy-hitting women |journal=The Telegraph}}</ref> Given that most heavy metal musicians are male, most metal bassists are male. Almost all of the most well-known metal bassists are male.

Women have less roles in rock music genres like metal because the "... rebellion of rock music was largely a male rebellion."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Oglesbee |first=Frank W. |date=June 1999 |title=Suzi Quatro: A prototype in the archsheology of rock |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03007769908591731 |journal=Popular Music and Society |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=29 |doi=10.1080/03007769908591731 |issn=0300-7766}}</ref> Philip Auslander says that "Although there were many women in rock by the late 1960s, most performed only as singers, a traditionally feminine position in popular music". Though some women played instruments in American [[all-female bands|all-female garage rock bands]], none of these bands achieved more than regional success. So they "did not provide viable templates for women's on-going participation in rock".<ref name="I Wanna Be Your Man">{{cite journal
 | last = Auslander
 | first = Philip
 | date = 28 January 2004
 | title = I Wanna Be Your Man: Suzi Quatro's musical androgyny
 | journal = Popular Music
 | volume = 23
 | issue = 1
 | pages = 1–16
 | location = United Kingdom
 | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]]
 | doi = 10.1017/S0261143004000030
 | s2cid = 191508078
 | access-date = 25 April 2012
 | url = http://lmc.gatech.edu/~auslander/publications/quatro.pdf
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130524032035/http://lmc.gatech.edu/~auslander/publications/quatro.pdf
 | archive-date = 24 May 2013
 | url-status = dead
 }}</ref>{{rp|2–3}} When the female bassist and singer [[Suzi Quatro]] emerged in 1973, "no other prominent female musician worked in rock simultaneously as a singer, instrumentalist, songwriter, and bandleader".<ref name="I Wanna Be Your Man" />{{rp|2}} She was "kicking down the male door in rock and roll and proving that a female ''musician''&nbsp;... and this is a point I am extremely concerned about&nbsp;... could play as well if not better than the boys".<ref name="I Wanna Be Your Man" />{{rp|3}}

Notable women metal bassists include:
*Jennifer Arroyo from the Canadian metal band [[Kittie]]
*[[Talena Atfield]] (Kittie)
*[[Jo Bench]] from the death metal band [[Bolt Thrower]]
*[[Suzi Quatro]] ([[hard rock]])
*[[Jeanne Sagan]] from [[All That Remains (band)|All That Remains]] and [[The Acacia Strain]]
*[[Sean Yseult]] of [[White Zombie (band)|White Zombie]]
*[[Alla Fedynitch]]
*[[Share Ross]] from [[Vixen (band)|Vixen]]
*[[Gail Greenwood]] of [[L7 (band)|L7]]

==Equipment==

===Bass guitars===
Some metal bassists use unusually-shaped instruments, such as [[Gene Simmons]] from [[Kiss (band)|Kiss]], who had an instrument custom made in the shape of an axe, or those who use instruments like [[ES Guitars]]' Avenger, which has a jagged design. Many metal bassists use electric bass guitars that are used in other rock genres, such as the [[Fender Precision Bass]].

===Amplifiers and effects===
Heavy metal bassists use many different brands of [[Bass instrument amplification|bass amplifiers]] and [[speaker enclosure|speaker cabinet]]s to make the instrument sound loud enough on stage. Bass players also use their amplifier's preamp, gain, overdrive (if present) and tone controls to create their unique personal bass sound. In some genres of music, such as folk and small combo jazz, the other instruments are often acoustic and so bass players in these styles may not need large, powerful bass amps. However, in heavy metal live performances, [[loudness]]—an "onslaught of sound," in sociologist [[Deena Weinstein]]'s description—is considered vital.<ref>Weinstein, p. 23</ref> The need for a loud volume in metal bands is even more paramount in large performance venues, such as stadiums. To get a loud enough bass sound to compete with the loudly amplified electric guitars and the large drum kits used in metal, metal bassists typically use large bass speaker cabinets stacked on top of each other–"bass stacks"–powered by high-wattage amplifiers. Traditional heavy metal bands were early users of "bass stacks". Bassist [[Alex Webster]] from the death metal band [[Cannibal Corpse]] plays with two 8x10 speaker cabinets (each cabinet contains eight 10" speakers).

One early bass stack was the 300-watt [[Ampeg SVT|Super Vacuum Tube (SVT)]] amplifier head, which was intended for large performance venues. The SVT was intended for use with one or two speaker cabinets containing eight 10" speakers. Some metal bassists use [[vacuum tube]] amplifiers, which were the dominant active electronic components in bass amplifiers manufactured until the early 1970s. Many bass players believe that tube amplifiers produce a "warmer" or more "natural" sound than solid state amplifiers when lightly or moderately [[fuzz bass|overdriven]], and more pleasing distortion characteristics when heavily overdriven.

Some metal bassists play with a [[fuzz bass]] tone, which is obtained by overdriving the bass signal. Cliff Burton of Metallica used fuzz bass. Lemmy Kilmister, the bassist for Motörhead, obtains a natural fuzz bass tone by overdriving his twin 100 watt Marshall Bass stacks. Fuzz bass can also be obtained with a bass overdrive pedal or an "overdrive" or distortion effect built into their bass amp. The Peavey Century 200 has an onboard "distortion" effect on the second channel. The Peavey VB-2 also has built-in overdrive. Aguilar Amplification's AG 500 bass head is a two-channel amplifier, one of which offers a "saturation" control for overdrive. Metal bassists may also use other [[Effects unit|effects]] to alter their bass sound, such as a [[wah pedal]] (e.g., Cliff Burton) or an [[audio compressor]] to smooth out the sound.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Works cited==
*[[Deena Weinstein|Weinstein, Deena]] (1991). ''Heavy Metal: A Cultural Sociology''. Lexington. {{ISBN|0-669-21837-5}}. Revised edition: (2000). ''Heavy Metal: The Music and its Culture''. Da Capo. {{ISBN|0-306-80970-2}}.
{{Heavy metal music}}

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