View source for Hinghwa Romanized

{{Infobox writing system
|name        = Hinghwa Romanized
|altname     = {{sans-serif|Hing-hua̍ báⁿ-uā-ci̍}} 
|type        = [[Latin alphabet]]
|typedesc    = (modified)
|time        = 1890 — 1950
|languages   = [[Putian dialect]] of the [[Pu-Xian Min language]] 
|creator     = [[William N. Brewster]]
|fam1        = [[Pe̍h-ōe-jī]], [[Foochow Romanized]]
|children    = 
|sample      = HinghwaBible1.gif|alt=A sample of Hinghwa Romanized text
|imagesize   = 250px
|caption     = Bible in Hinghwa (Xinghua) Romanized ([[Book of Genesis|Genesis]]), published by the [[British and Foreign Bible Society]].
|footnotes   = 
|note        =
}}
{{RCL}}
{{Special characters}}
'''Hinghwa Romanized''', also known as '''Hing-hua̍ báⁿ-uā-ci̍''' (興化平話字) or '''Báⁿ-uā-ci̍''' (平話字), is a [[Latin script|Latin alphabet]] of the [[Putian dialect]] of [[Pu-Xian Min|Pu-Xian Chinese]]. It was invented by [[William N. Brewster]] (蒲魯士), an [[American Methodist Episcopal Mission|American Methodist]] pioneer missionary in Hinghwa (modern [[Putian]]) in 1890.

==Writing system==
===Alphabet===
Hinghwa Romanized has 23 letters: {{Not a typo|a a̤ b c ch d e e̤ g h i k l m n ng o o̤ p s t u ṳ}}.

{| class="wikitable" border="1" style="text-align:center"
|+ Puxian Min Initial Chart
|-
! colspan="2" | &nbsp;
! [[Bilabial]] !! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] !! [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]] !! [[Velar]] !! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Plosive]]
| unaspirated
| {{IPA|p}} 巴 (b)
| {{IPA|t}} 打 (d)
|
| {{IPA|k}} 家 (g)
| {{IPA|ʔ}} 烏
|-
| [[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]]
| {{IPA|pʰ}} 彭 (p)
| {{IPA|tʰ}} 他 (t)
|
| {{IPA|kʰ}} 卡 (k)
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal stop|Nasals]]
| {{IPA|m}} 麻 (m)
| {{IPA|n}} 拿 (n)
|
| {{IPA|ŋ}} 雅 (ng)
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Fricatives]]
| [[voiceless]]
|
|
| {{IPA|ɬ}} 沙 (s)
|
| {{IPA|h}} 下 (h)
|-
| [[voiced]]
| 
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Affricates]]
| unaspirated
|
| {{IPA|ts}} 渣 (c)
|
|
|
|-
| [[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]]
|
| {{IPA|tsʰ}} 査 (ch)
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=2 | [[Approximant]]
|
|
| {{IPA|l}} 拉 (l)
|
|
|}

===Finals===
{| class="wikitable" border="1" style="text-align:center"
|-
! !! Vowel !! Diphthong !! Nasal !! Glottal
|-
! rowspan="6" | no glide
| {{IPA|a}} 鴉 (a)
| {{IPA|au}} 拗 (au)
| {{IPA|aŋ}} 王 (ang)
| {{IPA|aʔ}} 壓 (ah)
|-
| {{IPA|ɒ}} 奥 (o̤)
|
| {{IPA|ɒŋ}} 用 (o̤ng)
| {{IPA|ɒʔ}} 屋 (o̤h)
|-
| {{IPA|o}} 科 (eo)
| {{IPA|ɔu}} 烏 (o)
| {{IPA|oŋ}} 温 (eong)
| {{IPA|oʔ}} 熨 (eoh)
|-
| {{IPA|e}} 裔 (a̤)
| {{IPA|ai}} 愛 (ai)
| {{IPA|ɛŋ}} 煙 (eng)
| {{IPA|ɛʔ}} 黑 (eh)
|-
| {{IPA|œ}} 改 (e̤)
|
| {{IPA|œŋ}} 換 (e̤ng)
| {{IPA|œʔ}} 郁 (e̤h)
|-
|
|
| {{IPA|ŋ}} 伓 (ng)
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | /-i-/
| {{IPA|i}} 衣 (i)
| {{IPA|iu}} 油 (iu)
| {{IPA|iŋ}} 引 (ing)
| {{IPA|iʔ}} 益 (ih)
|-
| {{IPA|ia}} 夜 (ia)
| {{IPA|iau}} 要 (a̤u)
| {{IPA|iaŋ}} 鹽 (iang)
| {{IPA|iaʔ}} 葉 (iah)
|-
! rowspan="2" | /-u-/
| {{IPA|u}} 夫 (u)
| {{IPA|ui}} 位 (ui)
|'' {{IPA|uŋ}}'' 黄 (ng)
|-
| {{IPA|ua}} 画 (ua)
| {{IPA|ue}} 歪 (oi)
| {{IPA|uaŋ}} 碗 (uang)
| {{IPA|uaʔ}} 活 (uah)
|-
! rowspan="2" | /-y-/
| {{IPA|y}} 余 (ṳ)
|
| {{IPA|yŋ}} 恩 (ṳng)
| {{IPA|yʔ}} 役 (ṳh)
|-
| {{IPA|yɒ}} 安 (io̤ⁿ)
|
| {{IPA|yɒŋ}} 羊 (io̤ng)
| {{IPA|yɒʔ}} 藥 (io̤h)
|}

===Tone===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|Tone
|Ing-báⁿ 陰平
|Ing-siō̤ng 陰上
|Ing-kṳ̍ 陰去
|Ing-ci̍h 陰入
|Ió̤ng-báⁿ 陽平
|Ió̤ng-kṳ̍ 陽去
|Ió̤ng-ci̍h 陽入
|-
|'''Hinghwa Romanized'''
|''none'' (a)
|ˆ (â)
|ˈ (a̍)
|''none'' (ah)
|　́ (á)
|¯ (ā)
|ˈ (a̍h)
|-
|Putian
| ˥˧˧ (533)
| ˦˥˧ (453)
| ˦˨ (42)
| ʔ˨˩ (ʔ21)
| ˩˧ (13)
| ˩ (11)
| ʔ˦ (ʔ4)
|-
|Xianyou
| ˥˦˦ (544)
| ˧˧˨ (332)
| ˥˨ (52)
| ʔ˨ (ʔ2)
| ˨˦ (24)
| ˨˩ (21)
| ʔ˦ (ʔ4)
|}

===Example text===
Tai̍-che̤ ū Dō̤, Dō̤ gah Siō̤ng-Da̤̍ dó̤ng-cāi, Dō̤ cuh sī Siō̤ng-Da̤̍. Ca̤̍ Dō̤ ta̍i-che̤ gah Sio̤ng-Da̤̍ dó̤ng-cāi. Māng-beo̍h sī ciā da̤u̍h I cho̤̍ ē; hang pī cho̤̍, beo̍ seo̍h-ā̤uⁿ ng-sī ciā da̤u̍h I cho̤̍ ē.

太初有道，道佮上帝同在，道就是上帝。這道太初佮上帝同在。萬物是借著伊造兮，含被造兮，無一樣呣是借著伊造兮。

In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. The same was in the beginning with God. All things were made by him; and without him was not any thing made that was made. (John 1:1-3 KJV)

==Compared with Pe̍h-ōe-jī and Foochow Romanized==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|IPA
|Hinghwa Romanized
|[[Foochow Romanized]]
|-
| pʰ
| p
| p
|-
| tʰ
| t
| t
|-
| kʰ
| k
| k
|-
| p
| b
| b
|-
| t
| d
| d
|-
| k
| g
| g
|-
| tsʰ
| ch
| ch
|-
| ts
| c
| c
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|Tone
|陰平 Ing-báⁿ
|陰上 Ing-siō̤ng
|陰去 Ing-kṳ̍
|陰入 Ing-ci̍h
|陽平 Ió̤ng-báⁿ
|陽去 Ió̤ng-kṳ̍
|陽入 Ió̤ng-ci̍h
|-
|Hinghwa Romanized
| a
| â
| a̍
| ah
| á
| ā
| a̍h
|-
|[[Pe̍h-ōe-jī]]
| a
| á
| à
| ah
| â
| ā
| a̍h
|}

==References==
*刘福铸：兴化话罗马字研究
*高德矞：兴化话与罗马字

==External links==
*[https://transliterationtools.blogspot.com/2019/04/puxian-min-conversion-tool.html Chinese Character to Puxian Min (Hinghwa) Transliterator]
*[https://wikisource.org/wiki/Si%CC%8Dng-ging The Holy Bible, containing the Old and New Testaments in Hinghwa dialect, romanized]

[[Category:Pu-Xian Min]]
[[Category:Latin-script orthographies]]
[[Category:Romanization of Chinese]]
[[Category:1890 introductions]]