View source for Hinode (satellite)

{{Short description|Japanese satellite}}
{{Use American English|date=April 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name                  = Hinode
| names_list            = Solar-B
| image                 = [[Image:SOLAR-B artists concept.jpg|300px|Artist's impression of the Hinode spacecraft in orbit]]
| image_caption         = Artist's impression of the Hinode spacecraft (then known as Solar-B) in orbit
| image_alt             = <!--image alt text-->
| image_size            = <!--include px/em; defaults to 220px-->

<!--Basic details-->
| mission_type          = <!--eg. Technology, Reconnaissance, ISS assembly, etc-->
| operator              = [[Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency|JAXA]]&nbsp;/ [[NASA]]&nbsp;/ [[Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council|PPARC]]
| Harvard_designation   = <!--spacecraft launched 1962 and earlier only (eg. 1957 Alpha 2)-->
| COSPAR_ID             = 2006-041A
| SATCAT                = 29479
| website               = [http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/e/enterp/missions/hinode/ JAXA Hinode mission], [http://hinode.msfc.nasa.gov/ NASA Hinode mission]
| mission_duration      = Elapsed: {{Age in years, months and days | year = 2006 | month = 09 | day = 22}}
| distance_travelled    = <!--How far the spacecraft travelled (if known)-->
| orbits_completed      = <!--number of times the spacecraft orbited the Earth - see below for spacecraft beyond Earth orbit-->
| suborbital_range      = <!--downrange distance reached if spacecraft did not enter orbit-->
| suborbital_apogee     = <!--altitude reached if spacecraft did not enter orbit-->

<!--Spacecraft properties-->
| spacecraft            = <!--Spacecraft name/serial number (eg. Space Shuttle ''Discovery'', Apollo CM-118), etc-->
| spacecraft_type       = <!--eg. GPS Block II, Kobalt-M, US-K, etc-->
| spacecraft_bus        = <!--eg. A2100M, Star-2, etc-->
| manufacturer          = <!--company or companies who built the satellite-->
| launch_mass           = 700 kg<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hinode/spacecraft.html |title=Hinode |date=16 March 2015 |publisher=NASA |access-date=November 30, 2022}}</ref>
| BOL_mass              = <!--spacecraft mass in orbit at beginning of operational life, after LEOP phase-->
| landing_mass          = <!--Mass after landing (recovered spacecraft only)-->
| dry_mass              = <!--spacecraft mass in orbit without fuel-->
| payload_mass          = <!--Mass of cargo carried by spacecraft (eg. for Space Shuttle), or total mass of instrumentation/equipment/experiments for mission-->
| dimensions            = <!--body dimensions and solar array span-->
| power                 = <!--end-of-life power, in watts-->

<!--Launch details-->
| launch_date           = {{start date|2006|09|22|21|36|00|7=Z|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite news | author=Stephen Clark| title=Solar observatory launched to space by Japanese rocket | url=http://www.spaceflightnow.com/m5/solarb/ | work=Spaceflightnow | date=22 September 2006 | access-date=2010-02-20}}</ref>

| launch_rocket         = [[M-V|M-V rocket]]
| launch_site           = [[Uchinoura Space Center]]
| launch_contractor     = <!--organisation(s) that conducted the launch (eg. United Launch Alliance, Arianespace, etc)-->
| deployment_from       = <!--place where deployed from-->
| deployment_date       = <!--date deployed-->
| entered_service       = <!--date on which the spacecraft entered service, if it did not do so immediately after launch-->
<!-- * - e.g. Proton-M/Briz-M not Proton-M, but Titan IV(401)A not Titan IV(401)A-Centaur-->

<!--end of mission-->
| disposal_type         = <!--Whether the spacecraft was deorbited, decommissioned, placed in a graveyard orbit, etc-->
| deactivated           = <!--when craft was decommissioned-->
| destroyed             = <!--when craft was destroyed (if other than by re-entry)-->
| last_contact          = <!--when last signal received if not decommissioned-->
| recovery_by           = <!--recovered by-->
| recovery_date         = <!--recovery date-->
| decay_date            = <!--when craft re-entered the atmosphere, not needed if it landed-->
| landing_date          = <!--when the spacecraft made a controlled landing, not needed if it did not return intact-->
| landing_site          = <!--where the craft landed; site/runway or coordinates-->
<!--
    The following template should be used for ONE of the three above fields "end_of_mission", "decay" or "landing" if the spacecraft is no longer operational.
    If it landed intact, use it for the landing time, otherwise for the date it ceased operations, or the decay date if it was still operational when it re-entered.
    {{end date|YYYY|MM|DD|hh|mm|ss|TZ=Z}} (for Zulu/UTC) or {{end date|YYYY|MM|DD}} (if time unknown) 
-->

<!--orbit parameters-->
<!--as science-related articles, SI units should be the principal units of measurement, however we usually use {{convert}} to display imperial units in parentheses after the initial values-->
| orbit_reference       = [[Geocentric orbit|Geocentric]]
| orbit_regime          = [[sun-synchronous orbit]]
| orbit_longitude       = <!--geosynchronous satellites only-->
| orbit_slot            = <!--Designation of orbital position or slot, if not longitude (e.g plane and position of a GPS satellite)-->
| orbit_semimajor       = <!--semimajor axis-->
| orbit_eccentricity    = <!--orbital eccentricity-->
| orbit_periapsis       = <!--periapsis altitude--> 
| orbit_apoapsis        = <!--apoapsis altitude--> 
| orbit_inclination     = <!--orbital inclination--> 
| orbit_period          = <!--time taken to complete an orbit-->
| orbit_RAAN            = <!--right ascension of the ascending node-->
| orbit_arg_periapsis   = <!--argument of perigee/periapsis-->
| orbit_mean_anomaly    = <!--mean anomaly at epoch, only use in conjunction with an epoch value-->
| orbit_mean_motion     = <!--mean motion of the satellite, usually measured in orbits per day-->
| orbit_repeat          = <!--repeat interval/revisit time-->
| orbit_velocity        = <!--speed at which the spacecraft was travelling at epoch - only use for spacecraft with low orbital eccentricity-->
| orbit_epoch           = <!--the date at which the orbit parameters were correct-->
| orbit_rev_number      = <!--revolution number-->
| apsis                 = <!--planet specific apsis term (eg. gee/helion/selene/etc - defaults to generic "apsis")-->

<!--Telescope parameters-->
| instrument_type       = <!--converts telescope fields to suit a camera or other similar instrument-->
| telescope_name        = <!--name, if different to the satellite-->
| telescope_type        = <!--type of telescope, mirror arrangement, etc--> 
| telescope_diameter    = <!--diameter of telescope-->
| telescope_focal_length= <!--focal length of telescope-->
| telescope_area        = <!--collecting area-->
| telescope_wavelength  = [[Optical]], [[X-ray]], [[Ultraviolet|EUV]]
| telescope_resolution  = <!--resolution of telescope-->
| instruments           = Solar Optical Telescope (SOT) <br/> X-ray Telescope (XRT) <br/> {{nowrap|Extreme-Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrometer}} (EIS)

| programme             = '''[[Solar Terrestrial Probes program]]'''
| previous_mission      = [[TIMED]]
| next_mission          = [[Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory|STEREO]]
}}

'''Hinode''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|iː|n|oʊ|d|eɪ}}; {{langx|ja|ひので}}, {{IPA|ja|çinode|IPA}}, Sunrise), formerly '''Solar-B''', is a [[Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency]] [[Sun|Solar]] mission with [[United States]] and [[United Kingdom]] collaboration. It is the follow-up to the [[Yohkoh]] (Solar-A) mission and it was launched on the final flight of the [[M-V|M-V rocket]] from [[Uchinoura Space Center]], [[Japan]] on 22 September 2006 at 21:36 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] (23 September, 06:36 [[Japan Standard Time|JST]]).  Initial orbit was perigee height 280&nbsp;km, apogee height 686&nbsp;km, inclination 98.3 degrees. Then the satellite maneuvered to the quasi-circular [[Sun-synchronous orbit]] over the day/night [[terminator (solar)|terminator]], which allows near-continuous observation of the Sun. On 28 October 2006, the probe's instruments captured their first images.

The data from Hinode are being downloaded to the [[Norway|Norwegian]], terrestrial [[Svalsat]] station, operated by ''[[Kongsberg Gruppen|Kongsberg]]'' a few kilometres west of [[Longyearbyen]], [[Svalbard]]. From there, data is transmitted by [[Telenor]] through a fibre-optic [[Svalbard Undersea Cable System|network]] to mainland Norway at [[Harstad]], and on to data users in North America, Europe and Japan.

== Mission ==
Hinode was planned as a three-year mission to explore the magnetic fields of the Sun. It consists of a coordinated set of optical, [[extreme ultraviolet]] (EUV), and [[x-ray]] instruments to investigate the interaction between the Sun's magnetic field and its corona. The result will be an improved understanding of the mechanisms that power the solar atmosphere and drive solar eruptions. The EUV imaging spectrometer (EIS) was built by a consortium led by the Mullard Space Science Laboratory ([[MSSL]]) in the [[UK]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://solarb.mssl.ucl.ac.uk/SolarB/Solar-B.jsp |title=MSSL Hinode EIS page}}</ref> [[NASA]], the space agency of the United States, was involved with three science instrument components: the Focal Plane Package (FPP), the X-Ray Telescope (XRT), and the Extreme Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrometer (EIS) and shares operations support for science planning and instrument command generation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/210019main_NASA_FY09_Budget_Estimates.pdf |title=NASA FY 2009 Budget Request |pages=Sci{{hyphen}}281 |publisher=NASA |access-date=30 May 2008 |archive-date=11 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311092444/http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/210019main_NASA_FY09_Budget_Estimates.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{As of|March 2024}}, the operation is planned to continue until 2033.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.isas.jaxa.jp/outreach/isas_news/files/ISASnews516.pdf |language=ja |script-title=ja:ISASニュース |publisher=Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, JAXA |issn=0285-2861 |issue=516 |date=March 2024 |page=4}}</ref>

==Instruments==
[[File:Hinode Views the 2012 Venus Transit.jpg|thumb|Hinode view of the [[Transit of Venus, 2012|2012 Venus transit]]]]
Hinode carries three main instruments to study the [[Sun]].

===SOT (Solar Optical Telescope)===
A 0.5 meter Gregorian [[optical telescope]] with an [[angular resolution]] of about 0.2 [[arcsecond]] over the [[field of view]] of about 400 x 400 arcsec. At the SOT [[focal plane]], the Focal Plane Package (FPP) built by the [[Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory]] in [[Palo Alto, California]] consists of three optical instruments: the Broadband Filter Imager (BFI) which produces images of the solar photosphere and chromosphere in six wide-band interference filters; the Narrowband Filter Imager (NFI) which is a tunable Lyot-type birefringent filter capable of producing [[Solar magnetogram|magnetogram]] and [[dopplergram]] images of the solar surface; and the Spectropolarimeter (SP) which produces the most sensitive [[vector magnetograph]] maps of the photosphere to date.

The FPP also includes a Correlation Tracker (CT) which locks onto [[solar granulation]] to stabilize the SOT images to a fraction of an [[arcsecond]]. The spatial resolution of the SOT is a factor of 5 improvement over previous space-based solar telescopes (e.g., the MDI instrument on the [[Solar and Heliospheric Observatory|SOHO]]).

===XRT (X-ray Telescope)===
A modified Wolter I telescope design that uses grazing incidence optics to image the [[solar corona]]'s hottest components (0.5 to 10 Million K) with an angular resolution consistent with 1 arcsec pixels at the CCD. The telescope has an imaging field of view of 34 arcminutes. It is capable of capturing an image of the full sun when pointed at the center of the solar disk. The telescope was designed and built by [[Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory]] (SAO), which, with the Harvard College Observatory (HCO) form the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA). The camera was developed by [[NAOJ]] and [[JAXA]].

===EIS (Extreme-Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrometer)===
A normal incidence extreme ultraviolet (EUV) [[spectrometer]] that obtains spatially resolved spectra in two wavelength bands: 17.0–21.2 and 24.6–29.2&nbsp;nm.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://msslxr.mssl.ucl.ac.uk:8080/SolarB/ |title=SOLAR-B Website – Home Page |access-date=2008-01-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080112164239/http://msslxr.mssl.ucl.ac.uk:8080/SolarB/ |archive-date=2008-01-12 }}</ref> Spatial resolution is around 2 arcsec, and the field of view is up to 560 x 512 arcsec<sup>2</sup>. The emission lines in the EIS wavelength bands are emitted at temperatures ranging from 50,000 K to 20 million K. EIS is used to identify the physical processes involved in heating the [[solar corona]].

==See also==
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
* [[Sunrise (telescope)|Sunrise]] – balloon-borne solar telescope
* [[SOLAR-C]] – planned follow-up to Hinode

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|SOLAR-B}}
*[http://www.nasa.gov/hinode NASA Mission Site for Hinode]
*[http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/e/enterp/missions/hinode/index.shtml JAXA overview of mission]
*Mission overview [http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/tv_isas/moviehtml/hinode/hinode_qt.html QuickTime], preparation for launch [http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/tv_isas/moviehtml/hinode/before_qt.html QuickTime] [http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/tv_isas/moviehtml/hinode/before_wmp.html Windows Media], launch [http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/tv_isas/moviehtml/hinode/launch_qt.html QuickTime] [http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/tv_isas/moviehtml/hinode/launch_wmp.html Windows Media] (in Japanese)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070802044332/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode=SOLAR-B Solar-B Mission Profile] by [http://solarsystem.nasa.gov NASA's Solar System Exploration]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120322214057/http://solar-b.nao.ac.jp/index_e.shtml Solar-B project page] of [[National Astronomical Observatory of Japan]]
*[http://sot.lmsal.com Solar-B project page] of Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080112164239/http://msslxr.mssl.ucl.ac.uk:8080/SolarB/ Solar-B project page] of [[Mullard Space Science Laboratory]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060926070959/http://www.pparc.ac.uk/roadmap/rmProject.aspx?q=94 Solar-B project page] of [[Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council|PPARC]]
*[http://solarb.msfc.nasa.gov/ Solar-B project page] of [[NASA]] [[Marshall Space Flight Center|MSFC]]
*[http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/solar/solarb/default.asp HINODE (SOLAR-B) SOT-FPP Education/Public Outreach] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928095705/http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/solar/solarb/default.asp |date=28 September 2006 }} at [[Chabot Space and Science Center]]
*{{cite news|last=Amos|first=Jonathan|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5330526.stm|title=Probe to study mighty explosions|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=2006-09-09|access-date=2006-09-09}}

{{Japanese space program}}
{{Orbital launches in 2006}}
{{Sun spacecraft}}
{{Space observatories}}

[[Category:Satellites orbiting Earth]]
[[Category:Missions to the Sun]]
[[Category:Space telescopes]]
[[Category:X-ray telescopes]]
[[Category:Satellites of Japan]]
[[Category:Solar telescopes]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched in 2006]]