View source for Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989

{{Short description|none}}
{{Infobox International Labour Organization convention
|code= C169
|name= Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989
|adopt= June 27, 1989
|force= September 5, 1991
|classify= Indigenous and Tribal Peoples    
|subject= Indigenous and Tribal Peoples   
|prev= [[Employment Promotion and Protection against Unemployment Convention, 1988]]
|next= [[Chemicals Convention, 1990]]
|shelved= 
}}
{{Glist global labour}}
The '''Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989''' is an [[International Labour Organization]] [[List of International Labour Organization Conventions|Convention]], also known as '''ILO Convention 169''', or '''C169'''. It is the major [[Contract|binding]] [[International law|international convention]] concerning [[Indigenous peoples]] and [[Tribe|tribal peoples]], and a forerunner of the [[Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples]].

It was established in 1989, with the preamble stating:<ref name="ILO">ILO [http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:C169 Convention C169]</ref>
<blockquote>Noting the international standards contained in the [[Indigenous and Tribal Populations Convention, 1957|Indigenous and Tribal Populations Convention]] and Recommendation, 1957, and

Recalling the terms of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], the [[International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]], the [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]], and the many [[international human rights instruments|international instruments]] on the prevention of [[discrimination]], and

Considering that the developments which have taken place in international law since 1957, as well as developments in the situation of indigenous and tribal peoples in all regions of the world, have made it appropriate to adopt new international standards on the subject with a view to removing the [[Cultural assimilation|assimilationist]] orientation of the earlier standards, and

Recognising the aspirations of these peoples to exercise control over their own institutions, ways of life and economic development and to maintain and develop their identities, languages and religions, within the framework of the States in which they live, and

Noting that in many parts of the world these peoples are unable to enjoy their fundamental [[human rights]] to the same degree as the rest of the population of the States within which they live, and that their laws, values, customs and perspectives have often been eroded, and...</blockquote>

==Provisions==
The convention is made of a Preamble, followed by forty-four articles, divided in ten parts. These are:<ref name="ilo.org-Document">{{cite web |title=C169 - Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 (No. 169) |url=https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:55:0::NO::P55_TYPE,P55_LANG,P55_DOCUMENT,P55_NODE:REV,en,C169,/Document |access-date=11 October 2022 |website=www.ilo.org }}</ref>

*Part I. General Policy
*Part II. Land
*Part III. Recruitment And Conditions Of Employment
*Part IV. Vocational Training, Handicrafts And Rural Industries
*Part V. Social Security And Health
*Part VI. Education And Means Of Communication
*Part VII. Contacts And Co-operation Across Borders
*Part VIII. Administration
*Part IX. General Provisions
*Part X. Final Provisions

== Modification ==
This convention revised Convention C107, the [[Indigenous and Tribal Populations Convention, 1957]]. Some of the nations ratifying the 1989 Convention "[[Treaty#Ending_treaty_obligations|denounced]]" the 1957 Convention.<ref name="ilo.org-Document-PART-X">{{cite web |title=C169 - Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 (No. 169) |url=https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:55:0::NO::P55_TYPE,P55_LANG,P55_DOCUMENT,P55_NODE:REV,en,C169,/Document |access-date=11 October 2022 |website=www.ilo.org |location=Part X. Final Provisions}}</ref>

==Purpose and history==

The ILO 169 convention is the most important operative international law guaranteeing the rights of Indigenous and tribal peoples. Its strength, however, is dependent on a high number of [[ratification]]s among nations.<ref>{{cite book |title=Indigenous Peoples and Governance Structures: A Comparative Analysis of Land and Resource Management Rights |last=Nettheim |first=Garth |publisher=Aboriginal Studies Press |year=2002 |isbn=0-85575-379-X}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Human Rights in Natural Resource Development: Public Participation in the Sustainable Development of Mining and Energy Resources |last=N. Zillman |first=Donald |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2002 |isbn=0-19-925378-1}}</ref><ref name=survivalinternationalc169>[http://www.survivalinternational.org/law Survival International website – ILO 169] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018032845/http://www.survivalinternational.org/law |date=October 18, 2016 }}</ref>

The revision to the Convention 107 forbade governments from pursuing approaches deemed integrationist and [[assimilationist]].<ref name=JuriculturalPluralism>{{cite book |title=Juricultural Pluralism Vis-a-Vis Treaty Law:State Practice and Attitudes  |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cqnbAdWJ-QIC&q=integration+and+assimilation&pg=PA129 |last=Bunn-Livingstone |first=Sandra |publisher=Springer |year=2002 |isbn=90-411-1801-2}}</ref> It asserts the rights of Indigenous and tribal peoples to choose to integrate or to maintain their cultural and political independence. Articles 8–10 recognize the cultures, traditions, and special circumstances of Indigenous tribal peoples.

In November 2009, a court decision in [[Chile]], considered to be a landmark in [[Indigenous rights]] concerns, made use of the ILO convention law. The court ruled unanimously in favor of granting a water flow of 9 liters per second to [[Chusmiza]] and [[Usmagama]] communities. The legal dispute had dragged on for 14 years, and centers on community [[Water right|water rights]] in one of the driest deserts on the planet. The Supreme Court decision on [[Aymara people|Aymara]] water rights upholds rulings by both the [[Pozo Almonte]] tribunal and the [[Iquique]] Court of Appeals, and marks the first judicial application of ILO Convention 169 in Chile.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.santiagotimes.cl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=17739:chiles-supreme-court-upholds-indigenous-water-use-rights&catid=19:other&Itemid=142 |title=Chile's Supreme Court Upholds Indigenous Water Use Rights |publisher=The Santiago Times |date=2009-11-30 |access-date=2010-03-02}}</ref> Before this decision, some protests had escalated over the failure to respect the Convention 169 in Chile. [[Mapuche]] leaders filed an injunction against [[Michelle Bachelet]]<!--who?  need to expand--> and minister of the presidency [[José Antonio Viera Gallo]], who is also coordinator of Indigenous affairs, with the argument that the government had failed to fully comply with the Convention 169 clause on the right to "prior consultation", which must be carried out "in good faith and in a form appropriate to the circumstances, with the objective of achieving agreement or consent to the proposed measures," such as logging, agribusiness or mining projects in Indigenous territories. There were already several examples of the successful use of the ILO Convention in Chile, like the case of a [[Machi (shaman)|Machi]] woman who brought legal action to protect a plot of land with herbs used for medicinal purposes, which was threatened by the forest industry. Some concerns were however raised at the time over the political framework of the government being brought in line with the convention, and not the other way around.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=48761 |title=Chile: Indigenous Protests on Several Fronts |publisher=IPS |date=2009-10-07 |access-date=2010-03-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027130228/http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=48761 |archive-date=2009-10-27 }}</ref>

==Ratifications==
[[File:C169 ratification map.svg|center|thumb|500px|Countries that ratified the convention]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Ratifications of Convention 169:<ref name="ilo.org">{{cite web|date=April 1, 2020 |url=https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:11300:0::NO:11300:P11300_INSTRUMENT_ID:312314 |title=Convention No. C169 |publisher=ilo.org |access-date=April 1, 2020 |last=ILO }}</ref>
|-
! Country
! Date
! Notes
|-
|{{Flagicon|Argentina}} [[Argentina]] 
|{{dts|format=dmy|2000|7|3}}
|ratified
|-
|{{Flagicon|Bolivia}} [[Bolivia]] 
|{{dts|format=dmy|1991|12|11}}
|ratified  
|-
|{{Flagicon|Brazil}} [[Brazil]] 
|{{dts|format=dmy|2002|7|25}}
|ratified 
|-
|{{Flagicon|Central African Republic}} [[Central African Republic]] 
|{{dts|format=dmy|2010|08|30}}
|ratified  
|-
|{{Flagicon|Chile}} [[Chile]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2008|9|15}}
|ratified
|-
|{{Flagicon|Colombia}} [[Colombia]] 
|{{dts|format=dmy|1991|8|7}}
|ratified  
|-
|{{Flagicon|Costa Rica}} [[Costa Rica]] 
|{{dts|format=dmy|1993|4|2}}
|ratified  
|-
|{{Flagicon|Denmark}} [[Denmark]] 
|{{dts|format=dmy|1996|2|22}}
|ratified  
|-
|{{Flagicon|Dominica}} [[Dominica]] 
|{{dts|format=dmy|2002|6|25}}
|ratified 
|-
|{{Flagicon|Ecuador}} [[Ecuador]] 
|{{dts|format=dmy|1998|5|15}}
|ratified  
|-
|{{Flagicon|Fiji}} [[Fiji]] 
|{{dts|format=dmy|1998|3|3}}
|ratified  
|-

|{{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Germany]] 
|{{dts|format=dmy|2021|4|15}}
|ratified  
|-
|{{Flagicon|Guatemala}} [[Guatemala]] 
|{{dts|format=dmy|1996|6|5}}
|ratified  
|-
|{{Flagicon|Honduras}} [[Honduras]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|1995|3|28}}
|ratified  
|-
|{{Flagicon|Luxembourg}} [[Luxembourg]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2018|6|5}}
|ratified  
|-
|{{Flagicon|Mexico}} [[Mexico]] 
|{{dts|format=dmy|1990|9|5}}
|ratified  
|-
|{{Flagicon|Nepal}} [[Nepal]] 
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|9|14}}
|ratified 
|-
|{{Flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Netherlands]] 
|{{dts|format=dmy|1998|2|2}}
|ratified 
|-
|{{Flagicon|Nicaragua}} [[Nicaragua]] 
|{{dts|format=dmy|2010|8|25}}
|ratified 
|-
|{{Flagicon|Norway}} [[Norway]] 
|{{dts|format=dmy|1990|6|19}}
|ratified 
|-
|{{Flagicon|Paraguay}} [[Paraguay]] 
|{{dts|format=dmy|1993|8|10}}
|ratified  
|-
|{{Flagicon|Peru}} [[Peru]] 
|{{dts|format=dmy|1994|2|2}}
|ratified
|-
|{{Flagicon|Spain}} [[Spain]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|2|15}}
|ratified
|-
|{{Flagicon|Venezuela}} [[Venezuela]] 
|{{dts|format=dmy|2002|5|22}}
|ratified
|}

== References ==
<references/>

== External links ==
{{Wikisourcepar|Convention concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries|Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989}}
*[http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:C169 ILO convention 169 (English)] - International Labour Organization website
*[https://www.unpo.org/content/view/8278/236/ Campaign for Ratification of the 1989 ILO Convention] – [[Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization|UNPO]] petition for the ILO 169
*[https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/international-law-and-indigenous-peoples-historical-stands International Law and Indigenous Peoples: Historical stands and contemporary developments] – [[James Anaya|S. James, Anaya]], Cultural Survival
*[http://www.survivalinternational.org/law International Law] – Survival International

{{Indigenous peoples by continent}}
{{Indigenous rights footer}}
{{International human rights legal instruments}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indigenous And Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989}}
[[Category:Treaties concluded in 1989]]
[[Category:Treaties entered into force in 1991]]
[[Category:Indigenous law]]
[[Category:International Labour Organization conventions]]
[[Category:Treaties of Argentina]]
[[Category:Treaties of Bolivia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Brazil]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Central African Republic]]
[[Category:Treaties of Chile]]
[[Category:Treaties of Colombia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Costa Rica]]
[[Category:Treaties of Denmark]]
[[Category:Treaties of Dominica]]
[[Category:Treaties of Ecuador]]
[[Category:Treaties of Fiji]]
[[Category:Treaties of Guatemala]]
[[Category:Treaties of Honduras]]
[[Category:Treaties of Mexico]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Treaties of Nicaragua]]
[[Category:Treaties of Norway]]
[[Category:Treaties of Paraguay]]
[[Category:Treaties of Peru]]
[[Category:Treaties of Spain]]
[[Category:Treaties of Venezuela]]
[[Category:Treaties of Nepal]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Greenland]]
[[Category:1989 in labor relations]]