View source for Institute of Space and Astronautical Science

{{Short description|Japanese research institute}}
{{redirect|ISAS}}
{{Coord|35.558389|139.395255|display=title}}
{{one source|date=February 2014}}
{{Use American English|date=March 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox space agency
| name             = Institute of Space and Astronautical Science
| native_name      = ISAS
| native_name_a    = {{Native name|ja|宇宙科学研究所}}
| native_name_r    = {{lang|ja-Latn|Uchū Kagaku Kenkyūsho}}

| seal             = 
| seal_caption     = 
| seal_size        =

| logo             = Image:ISAS_logo.png
| logo_caption     = 
| logo_size        =

| image            = <!-- image of the agency -->
| caption          = 
| image_size       =

| acronym          = ISAS
| nickname         = 
| former_name      = 
| formed           = <!-- date of foundation of the agency, use {{start date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} -->
| preceding1       = <!-- up to | preceding6 = -->
| dissolved        = <!-- date of dissolution of the agency, use {{end date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} -->
| superseding1     = <!-- up to | superseding6 = -->
| type             = <!-- or | agency_type = -->
| jurisdiction     = [[Japan]]
| status           = <!-- legal status of the agency (e.g. active, inactive, defunct, merged with foo, etc.) -->
| headquarters     = [[Sagamihara]], [[Kanagawa Prefecture]], [[Japan]]
| coordinates      = <!-- headquarters coordinates using {{coord}}, see documentation at {{coord}} for fields -->
| motto            = <!-- official motto/slogan of the agency -->
| language         = Japanese
| administrator    = <!-- name of current administrator responsible for the agency -->
| leader_title     = <!-- title of current agency leader (e.g. administrator, deputy minister, etc.), up to | leader_title8 = -->
| leader_name      = <!-- name of current agency leader, up to | leader_name8 = -->
| key_people       = <!-- key people of the agency that are not necessarily agency leaders -->

| spaceport        = [[Uchinoura Space Center]]
| owner            = <!-- owner of the agency, use | owners = for more than one owner  -->
| employees        = 353 (FY2018)

| budget           = [[Japanese yen|¥]]13.5 billion (FY2018)<ref name="annual2018"/><br/>(US$ {{To USD|13.5|Japan|year=2018}} billion)
| website          = {{Official URL}} <!-- use {{URL|www.example.com}} -->
| agency_id        = <!-- unique identifier assigned by records office or similar organization -->

| map              = <!-- map of the agency -->
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| map_caption      = 
| map_type         = <!-- the name of a location map (e.g. Indonesia or Russia) -->
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| embed            = <!-- to embed another child (subsidiary) infobox at the bottom -->
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}}

{{nihongo|'''Institute of Space and Astronautical Science'''|宇宙科学研究所|Uchū Kagaku Kenkyūsho}}, or '''ISAS''', is a Japanese national research organization of [[astrophysics]] using [[rocket]]s, [[astronomy|astronomical]] satellites and [[interplanetary probe]]s which played a major role in [[Japan's space development]]. Established as part of the [[University of Tokyo]] in 1964, the institute spun off from the university to come under direct purview of the [[Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology|Ministry of Education]]. Since 2003, it is a division of [[Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency]] (JAXA).<ref>{{cite web|title=JAXA History|url=http://www.jaxa.jp/about/history/index_e.html|publisher=JAXA Official Website (English)|access-date=February 21, 2013|archive-date=22 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222165858/http://www.jaxa.jp/about/history/index_e.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== History ==
[[Image:Front Entrance to ISAS.jpeg|thumb|upright=1.1|right|Entrance to the ISAS [[Sagamihara Campus]]]]

The ISAS originated as part of the [[Institute of Industrial Science]] of the [[University of Tokyo]], where [[Hideo Itokawa]] experimented with miniature [[solid-fuel rocket]]s ([[Pencil Rocket]] and {{Ill|Baby Rocket|ja|ベビーロケット}}) in the 1950s. This experimentation eventually led to the development of the [[Kappa (rocket)|Κ (''Kappa'')]] [[sounding rocket]], which was used for observations during the [[International Geophysical Year]] (IGY). By 1960, the Κ-8 rocket had reached an altitude of 200&nbsp;km.

In 1964, the rocket group and the ''Institute of Aeronautics'', along with [[high altitude balloon|scientific ballooning]] team<!--from Kobe Univ?-->, were merged to form {{nihongo|''Institute of Space and Aeronautical Science''|宇宙航空研究所|Uchū kōkū kenkyūjo}} within the University of Tokyo. The rocket evolved into the [[Lambda (rocket)|L (''Lambda'')]] series, and, in 1970, L-4S-5 was launched as Japan's first artificial satellite [[Ohsumi (satellite)|Ohsumi]].

Although ''Lambda'' rockets were only sounding rockets, the next generation of [[Mu (rocket family)|M (''Mu'') rocket]]s was intended to be satellite launch vehicles from the start. Beginning in 1971, ISAS launched a series of [[scientific satellites]] to observe the [[ionosphere]] and [[magnetosphere]]. Since the launch of [[Hakucho]] in 1979, ISAS has had [[X-ray astronomy]] satellites consecutively in orbit, until it was briefly terminated by the launch failure of [[ASTRO-E]].

In 1981, as a part of university system reform, and for the mission expansion, ISAS was spun out from University of Tokyo as an inter-university national research organization, ''Institute of Space and Astronautical Science''.

ISAS was responsible for launching Japan's first interplanetary probes, [[Sakigake]] and [[Suisei (spacecraft)|Suisei]], to [[Halley's Comet]] in 1985. It also launched [[Hiten (spacecraft)|Hiten]], Japan's first lunar probe, in 1990. The [[Nozomi (spacecraft)|Nozomi]] probe was launched in 1998 in an attempt to orbit Mars, but the spacecraft suffered system failures and was unable to enter orbit. In 2003, ISAS launched the [[Hayabusa]] spacecraft, the first asteroid sample return mission in the world.

Later in 2003, three national aerospace organizations including ISAS were merged to form [[Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency]] (JAXA). The English name ''Institute of Space and Astronautical Science'' is still used, although the Japanese name was changed to 宇宙科学研究本部 (literally, ''Space Science Research Division'', whereas the previous name's literal translation was ''Space Science Laboratory'').  In 2010, the name was changed back to the previous {{nihongo||宇宙科学研究所|Uchū kagaku kenkyūjo}}. Under JAXA, ISAS continues to be responsible for space-based astronomy, and lunar and planetary exploration missions.

== List of spacecraft by ISAS ==

Launch failures, cancelled projects, proposals etc. are not listed.

=== Before establishment of JAXA ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Launch date  !!  Name before launch  !!  Name after launch  !!  Mission
|-
| 11 February 1970 || || [[Ohsumi (satellite)|Ohsumi]] || Technology demonstration
|-
| 16 February 1971 || MS-T1 || [[Tansei]]|| Technology demonstration
|-
| 28 September 1971 || MS-F2 || {{Ill|Shinsei (satellite)|lt=Shinsei|ja|しんせい (人工衛星)|simple|Shinsei}}|| Ionosphere / cosmic-ray / solar-radio observation
|-
| 19 August 1972 || REXS || [[Denpa (satellite)|Denpa]] || Ionosphere / magnetosphere observation
|-
| 16 February 1974 || MS-T2 || {{Ill|Tansei–2|ja|たんせい2号|hu|Tansei–2}}|| Technology experiment
|-
| 24 February 1975 || SRATS || {{Ill|Taiyo (satellite)|lt=Taiyo|ja|たいよう|simple|Taiyo (satellite)}}|| Thermosphere and sun
|-
| 19 February 1977 || MS-T3 || {{Ill|Tansei–3|ja|たんせい3号|hu|Tansei–3}}|| Technology experiment
|-
| 4 February 1978 || EXOS-A || {{Ill|Kyokko|ja|きょっこう|simple|Kyokko}}|| Aurora and ionosphere
|-
| 16 September 1978 || EXOS-B || {{Ill|Jikiken|ja|じきけん|simple|Jikiken}}|| Magnetosphere and thermosphere observation
|-
| 21 February 1979 || CORSA-b || [[Hakucho]] || X-ray astronomy
|-
| 17 February 1980 || MS-T4 || {{Ill|Tansei–4|ja|たんせい4号|hu|Tansei–4}}|| Technology experiment
|-
| 21 February 1981 || ASTRO-A || [[Hinotori (satellite)|Hinotori]] || Solar X-ray observation
|-
| 20 February 1983 || ASTRO-B || [[Tenma]] || X-ray astronomy
|-
| 14 February 1984 || EXOS-C || {{Ill|Ohzora (satellite)|lt=Ohzora|ja|おおぞら (人工衛星)|simple|Ohzora}}|| Mesosphere observation
|-
| 8 January 1985 || MS-T5 || [[Sakigake]] || Technology experiment / Comet observation
|-
| 19 August 1985 || PLANET-A || [[Suisei (spacecraft)|Suisei]] || Comet observation
|-
| 19 August 1987 || ASTRO-C || [[Ginga (satellite)|Ginga]] || X-ray astronomy
|-
| 22 February 1989 || EXOS-D || [[Akebono (satellite)|Akebono]] || Aurora observation
|-
| 24 January 1990 || MUSES-A || [[Hiten (spacecraft)|Hiten]] || Lunar flyby / Interplanetary technology experiment
|-
| 30 August 1991 || SOLAR-A || [[Yohkoh]] || Solar X-ray observation (with [[NASA]] / UK)
|-
| 24 July 1992 || GEOTAIL || [[GEOTAIL]] || Magnetosphere observation (with NASA)
|-
| 20 February 1993 || ASTRO-D || [[Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics|ASCA]] || X-ray astronomy (with NASA)
|-
| 18 March 1995 || SFU || [[Space Flyer Unit|SFU]] || Multi-purpose experiment flyer (with [[NASDA]] / [[New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization|NEDO]] / [[Institute for Unmanned Space Experiment Free Flyer|USEF]])
|-
| 12 February 1997 || MUSES-B || [[HALCA]] || Space VLBI technology development
|-
| 4 July 1998 || PLANET-B || [[Nozomi (probe)|Nozomi]] || Mars atmosphere observation
|-
| 9 May 2003 || MUSES-C || [[Hayabusa]] || Planetary sample return technology development
|}

=== After establishment of JAXA ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Launch date  !!  Name before launch  !!  Name after launch  !!  Mission
|-
| 10 July 2005 || ASTRO-EII || [[Suzaku (satellite)|Suzaku]] || X-ray astronomy
|-
| 24 August 2005 || INDEX || [[Reimei]] || Technology / Aurora research
|-
| 21 February 2006 || ASTRO-F || [[Akari (satellite)|Akari]] || Infrared astronomy 
|-
| 22 September 2006 || SOLAR-B || [[Hinode (satellite)|Hinode]] || Solar observation
|-
| 14 September 2007 || [[SELENE]] || Kaguya || Lunar orbiter
|-
| 20 May 2010 || PLANET-C || [[Akatsuki (spacecraft)|Akatsuki]] || Venus atmosphere observation
|-
| 14 September 2013 || SPRINT-A || [[Hisaki (satellite)|Hisaki]] || EUV observation
|-
| 3 December 2014 || Hayabusa2 || [[Hayabusa2]] || Asteroid sample return
|-
| 17 February 2016 || ASTRO-H || [[Hitomi (satellite)|Hitomi]] || X-ray astronomy
|-
| 20 December 2016 || ERG || [[Arase (satellite)|Arase]] || Magnetosphere research
|-
| 20 October 2018<br/>(in transit) || MMO || [[BepiColombo#Mio (Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter)|Mio]]|| Exploration of [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]] as part of the [[BepiColombo]] mission with [[European Space Agency|ESA]]
|-
| 14 April 2023 || JUICE || [[Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer|JUICE]] || Ganymede exploration (with ESA / NASA)
|-
| 6 September 2023 || XRISM || [[X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission|XRISM]] || X-ray astronomy
|-
| 6 September 2023 || SLIM || [[Smart Lander for Investigating Moon|SLIM]] || Lunar landing demonstration
|-
| 7 October 2024 || [[Hera (space mission)|Hera]] || Asteroid observation (with ESA)
|}

=== Future missions ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Planned launch date !! Name !! Mission
|-
| 2026 || [[Martian Moons Exploration|MMX]] || Phobos sample return
|-
| 2027 || [[Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope|Roman Space Telescope]] || Infrared astronomy (with NASA)
|-
| July 2028<ref>{{cite conference |last=Shimizu |first=Toshifumi |url=https://agu.confex.com/agu/fm23/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/1295860 |title=SH54A-03 The SOLAR-C EUVST mission: Coronal physics advanced by novel EUV spectroscopy |conference=[[American Geophysical Union|AGU23]] |date=15 December 2023 |access-date=26 December 2023}}</ref> || [[Solar-C EUVST]]|| Solar observation
|-
| 2028 || [[DESTINY+|DESTINY<sup>+</sup>]] || [[Near Earth object]]s multi-flyby
|-
| 2028 || [[JASMINE (satellite)|JASMINE]] || Infrared [[astrometry]]
|-
| 2030 || {{Ill|HiZ-GUNDAM|ja|HiZ-GUNDAM}}|| [[Gamma-ray burst]] observation
|-
| 2032 || [[LiteBIRD]] || [[Cosmic microwave background|CMB]] astronomy
|-
| 2035 || [[Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics|ATHENA]] || X-ray astronomy (with ESA / NASA)
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
* [[Comet Interceptor]], a Europe-led mission with contributions from ISAS
* [[Winged Reusable Sounding rocket#Development|HIMES]]
* [[IKAROS]], a [[solar sail]] spacecraft
* [[Lunar Polar Exploration Mission]], a future lunar lander
* [[OMOTENASHI]], a planned lunar lander
* [[PROCYON]] and [[EQUULEUS]], deep space probes developed with University of Tokyo
* [[Reusable Vehicle Testing]]
* [[SELENE-2]]
* [[Space Flyer Unit|SFU]], a joint mission with NASDA

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=

<ref name="annual2018">{{cite report|title=Annual Report of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science|date=24 December 2019 |publisher=Institute of Space and Astronautical Science Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency |issn=2423-8627|volume=2018|pages=1–127 |url=https://jaxa.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=pages_view_main&active_action=repository_view_main_item_detail&item_id=46277&item_no=1&page_id=13&block_id=21}}</ref>
}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|ISAS}}
* [http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/e/index.html Official website]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NO4HtOw_iks From Pencil to M-V &mdash; History of Rocket Development] - Official JAXA YouTube Channel (in Japanese)

{{Japanese space program}}
{{Public sector space agencies}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:JAXA]]
[[Category:Aerospace]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Japan]]
[[Category:Aerospace research institutes]]
[[Category:Scientific organizations established in 1981]]
[[Category:1981 establishments in Japan]]
[[Category:Sagamihara]]
[[Category:University of Tokyo]]