View source for Living wage

{{short description|Minimum income to meet a worker's basic needs}}
[[File:Cost of Basic but Decent Living.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Cost of a basic but decent life for a family<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iFjiDQAAQBAJ|title=Living Wages Around the World: Manual for Measurement|last1=Anker|first1=Richard|last2=Anker|first2=Martha|date=27 January 2017|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|isbn=9781786431462|pages=19|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://livingwage.mit.edu/resources/Living-Wage-User-Guide-and-Technical-Notes-2016.pdf|title=Living Wage Calculator, User's Guide / Technical Notes|last=Glasmeier|first=Amy|date=2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218234040/http://livingwage.mit.edu/resources/Living-Wage-User-Guide-and-Technical-Notes-2016.pdf|archive-date=18 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>]]
A '''living wage''' is defined as the minimum [[income]] necessary for a worker to meet their basic needs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/living-wage|title=LIVING WAGE {{!}} definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary|website=dictionary.cambridge.org|language=en-US|access-date=26 January 2020}}</ref> This is not the same as a subsistence wage, which refers to a biological minimum, or a solidarity wage, which refers to a [[minimum wage]] tracking [[labor productivity]]. Needs are defined to include food, housing, and other essential needs such as clothing. The goal of a living wage is to allow a worker to afford a basic but decent [[standard of living]] through employment without government [[Subsidy|subsidies]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Living wages around the world : manual for measurement|last=Richard|first=Anker|isbn=9781786431462|location=Cheltenham|pages=8|oclc=970036008|date = 27 January 2017}}</ref> Due to the flexible nature of the term "needs", there is not one universally accepted measure of what a living wage is and as such it varies by location and household type.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2015/05/economist-explains-24|title=How a living wage is calculated|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=27 April 2017|date=20 May 2015}}</ref> A related concept is that of a [[family wage]] – one sufficient to not only support oneself, but also to raise a family.

The living wage differs from the [[minimum wage]] in that the latter can fail to meet the requirements for a basic [[quality of life]], which leaves the worker to rely on government programs for additional income.<ref name="NYT-20141027-LA">{{cite news |last1=Alderman |first1=Liz |last2=Greenhouse |first2=Steven |title=Fast Food in Denmark Serves Something Atypical: Living Wages |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/28/business/international/living-wages-served-in-denmark-fast-food-restaurants.html |date=27 October 2014 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=27 October 2014 }}</ref> Living wages have typically only been adopted in [[Municipality|municipalities]]. In [[Economics|economic]] terms, a minimum wage is a [[price floor]] for labor created by a legal threshold, rather than a [[reservation wage]] created by [[price discovery]]. The living wage is one possible guideline for determining a target price floor, while a minimum wage is a policy to enforce a chosen price floor.

[[File:Calculating a Living Wage.png|thumb|300x300px|Calculating a living wage<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" />]]
In the [[United Kingdom]] and [[New Zealand]], advocates define a living wage to mean that a person working 40 hours a week, with no additional income, should be able to afford the basics for a modest but decent life, such as, [[food]], [[Housing|shelter]], [[utilities]], [[transport]], [[health care]], and [[child care]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.resolutionfoundation.org/app/uploads/2017/11/Living-Wage-calculation-paper.pdf|title=Calculating a Living Wage for London and the rest of the UK|last=Conor D’Arcy|first=David Finch|date=November 2017|publisher=Living Wage Foundation}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news|url=http://www.livingwage.org.nz/what_is_the_living_wage|title=What is the Living Wage?|work=Living Wage Movement Aotearoa NZ|access-date=15 December 2017}}</ref> Living wage advocates have further defined a living wage as the wage equivalent to the [[poverty line]] for a family of four. The income would have to allow the family to "secure food, shelter, clothing, health care, transportation and other necessities of living in modern society".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Clary|first=Betsy Jane|date=1 November 2009|title=Smith and Living Wages: Arguments in Support of a Mandated Living Wage|journal=American Journal of Economics and Sociology|language=en|volume=68|issue=5|pages=1063–1084|doi=10.1111/j.1536-7150.2009.00653.x|issn=1536-7150}}</ref> The definition of a living wage used by the [[Greater London Authority]] (GLA) is the threshold wage, calculated as an income of 60% of the median, and an additional 15% to allow for unforeseen events.<ref name=":0" />

Living wage campaigns came about partially as a response to [[Reaganomics]] and [[Thatcherism]] in the US and UK, respectively, which shifted [[Macroeconomics|macroeconomic]] policy towards [[neoliberalism]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Werner|first1=Andrea|last2=Lim|first2=Ming|date=1 September 2016|title=The Ethics of the Living Wage: A Review and Research Agenda|journal=Journal of Business Ethics|language=en|volume=137|issue=3|pages=433–447|doi=10.1007/s10551-015-2562-z|issn=0167-4544|doi-access=free|hdl=2381/42274|hdl-access=free}}</ref> A living wage, by increasing the [[purchasing power]] of low income workers, is supported by [[Keynesian economics|Keynesian]] and [[Post-Keynesian economics|post-Keynesian]] economics, which focuses on stimulating demand in order to improve the state of the economy.<ref name=":1" />

== History ==
{{quote box
| quote = "It seems to me to be equally plain that no business which depends for existence on paying less than living wages to its workers has any right to continue in this country."
| source = [[President Franklin D. Roosevelt]], 1933<ref name="NYT-20140307">{{cite news |last=Tritch |first=Teresa |title=F.D.R. Makes the Case for the Minimum Wage |url=https://takingnote.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/03/07/f-d-r-makes-the-case-for-the-minimum-wage/ |date=March 7, 2014 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=March 7, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/odnirast.html|title=Franklin Roosevelt's Statement on the National Industrial Recovery Act|date=16 June 1933|website=Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum Our Documents|access-date=17 March 2018}}</ref>
| width = 250px
}}
The concept of a living wage, though it was not defined as such, can be traced back to the works of ancient Greek philosophers such as [[Plato]] and [[Aristotle]]. Both argued for an income that considers needs, particularly those that ensure the communal good.<ref name=":1" /> Aristotle saw self-sufficiency as a requirement for happiness which he defined as, 'that which on its own makes life worthy of choice and lacking in nothing'.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198240174.001.0001/acprof-9780198240174-chapter-3|chapter=Happiness and Self-Sufficiency|last=Kenny|first=Anthony|pages=23–42|language=en|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198240174.003.0003|title=Aristotle on the Perfect Life|year=1992|isbn=9780198240174}}</ref> As he placed the responsibility in ensuring that the poor could earn a [[sustainable living]] in the state, his ideas are seen as an early example of support for a living wage. 
{{quote box
| quote = "Everyone who works has the right to just and favourable remuneration ensuring for himself and for his family an existence worthy of human dignity."
| source = [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], Art. 23 Sec. 3
| width = 250px
}}

The evolution of the concept can be seen later on in medieval scholars such as [[Thomas Aquinas]] who argued for a 'just wage'.<ref name=":1" /> The concept of a just wage was related to that of [[just price]]s, which were those that allowed everyone access to necessities. Prices and wages that prevented access to necessities were considered unjust as they would imperil the virtue of those without access.<ref>{{cite book | last=Stabile | first=Donald | title=The Living Wage | publisher=Edward Elgar Pub | publication-place=Cheltenham, UK ; Northampton, MA | date=2008 | isbn=978-1-84844-197-2 | oclc=246985166 | page=}}</ref>

In ''[[Wealth of Nations]]'', [[Adam Smith]] recognized that rising real wages lead to the "improvement in the circumstances of the lower ranks of people" and are therefore an advantage to society.<ref name="ReferenceA">([1776] 1976). An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations.</ref> Growth and a system of liberty were the means by which the laboring poor were able to secure higher wages and an acceptable standard of living. Rising real wages are secured by growth through increasing productivity against stable price levels, i.e. prices not affected by inflation. A system of liberty, secured through political institutions whereupon even the "lower ranks of people" could secure the opportunity for higher wages and an acceptable standard of living.
{{blockquote|Servants, labourers and workmen of different kinds, make up the far greater part of every great political society. But what improves the circumstances of the greater part can never be regarded as an inconvenience to the whole. No society can surely be flourishing and happy, of which the far greater part of the members are poor and miserable. It is but equity, besides, that they who feed, clothe, and lodge the whole body of the people, should have such a share of the produce of their own labour as to be themselves tolerably well fed, clothed and lodged.|Adam Smith, ''Wealth of Nations'', I .viii.36<ref name="ReferenceA"/>}}

Based on these writings, Smith advocated that labor should receive an equitable share of what labor produces. For Smith, this equitable share amounted to more than subsistence. Smith equated the interests of labor and the interests of land with overarching societal interests. He reasoned that as wages and rents rise, as a result of higher productivity, societal growth will occur thus increasing the quality of life for the greater part of its members.<ref name="Clary, B. 2009">{{Cite journal|last1=Clary|first1=B. J.|year=2009|title=Smith and Living Wages:Arguments in Support of a Mandated Living Wage|journal=American Journal of Economics and Sociology|volume=68|issue=5|pages=1063–1084|doi=10.1111/j.1536-7150.2009.00653.x}}</ref>

Like Smith, supporters of a living wage argue that the greater good for society is achieved through higher wages and a living wage. It is argued that government should in turn attempt to align the interests of those pursuing profits with the interests of the labor in order to produce societal advantages for the majority of society. Smith argued that higher productivity and overall growth led to higher wages that in turn led to greater benefits for society. Based on his writings, one can infer that Smith would support a living wage commensurate with the overall growth of the economy. This, in turn, would lead to more happiness and joy for people, while helping to keep families and people out of poverty. Political institutions can create a system of liberty for individuals to ensure opportunity for higher wages through higher production and thus stable growth for society.

In 1891, [[Pope Leo XIII]] issued a papal bull entitled ''[[Rerum novarum]]'', which is considered the Catholic Church's first expression of a view supportive of a living wage. The church recognized that wages should be sufficient to [[family wage|support a family]]. This position has been widely supported by the church since that time, and has been reaffirmed by the papacy on multiple occasions, such as by [[Pope Pius XI]] in 1931 ''[[Quadragesimo anno]]'' and again in 1961, by [[Pope John XXIII]] writing in the encyclical ''[[Mater et magistra]].'' More recently, [[Pope John Paul II]] wrote, "Hence in every case a just wage is the concrete means of verifying the whole socioeconomic system and, in any case, of checking that it is functioning justly."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.americamagazine.org/content/article.cfm?article_id=4928|title=The Living Wage and Catholic Social Teaching|last=William P.|first=Quigley|date=28 August 2006|work=[[America (Jesuit magazine)|America]]|access-date=29 February 2012}}</ref>

== Contemporary thought ==
[[File:Suffrage campaigning- Women Underpaid - Men out of Work. Let's Help Them Get The Vote and A Living Wage, c.1913 (22677789078).jpg|thumb|305x305px|Suffrage campaign seeking the right of women to vote and a living wage (c. 1903)]]
Different ideas on a living wage have been advanced by modern campaigns that have pushed for localities to adopt them. Supporters of a living wage have argued that a wage is more than just compensation for labour. It is a means of securing a living and it leads to public policies that address both the level of the wage and its decency.<ref name="Clary, B. 2009" /> Contemporary research by Andrea Werner and Ming Lim has analyzed the works of [[John A. Ryan|John Ryan]], Jerold Waltman and Donald Stabile for their philosophical and ethical insights on a living wage.<ref name=":1" />

John Ryan argues for a living wage from a rights perspective. He considers a living wage to be a right that all labourers are entitled to from the 'common bounty of nature'.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=A living wage: Its ethical and economic aspects.|last=Ryan|first=John|publisher=MacMillan.|year=1912|isbn=978-1532703553|location=London|pages=27, 43, 46}}</ref> He argues that private ownership of resources precludes access to them by others who would need them to maintain themselves. As such, the obligation to fulfill the right of a living wage rests on the owners and employers of private resources. His argument goes beyond that a wage should provide mere subsistence but that it should provide humans with the capabilities to 'develop within reasonable limits all [their] faculties, physical, intellectual, moral and spiritual.'<ref name=":2" /> A living wage for him is 'the amount of remuneration that is sufficient to maintain decently the laborer'''.''<ref>Werner, A. and Lim, M., 2016. The ethics of the living wage: A review and research agenda. Journal of Business Ethics, 137(3), pp.433-447.</ref>

Jerold Waltman, in ''A Case for the Living Wage,'' argues for a living wage not based on individual rights but from a communal, or '[[Classical republicanism|civic republicanism]]', perspective. He sees the need for citizens to be connected to their community, and thus, sees individual and communal interests as inseparably bound. Two major problems that are antithetical to [[Classical republicanism|civic republicanism]] are poverty and inequality. A living wage is meant to address these by providing the material basis that allows individuals a degree of autonomy and prevents disproportionate income and wealth that would inevitably lead to a societal fissure between the rich and poor. A living wage further allows for political participation by all classes of people which is required to prevent the political interests of the rich from undermining the needs of the poor. These arguments for a living wage, taken together, can be seen as necessary elements for 'social sustainability and cohesion'.<ref name=":1" />

[[File:Waiting for a Living Wage Poster Catherine Courtauld 1913.jpg|thumb|upright|Waiting for a living wage poster (1913)]]
Donald Stabile argues for a living wage based on [[Moral economy|moral economic thought]] and its related themes of sustainability, capability and [[externality]]. Broadly speaking, Stabile indicates that sustainability in the economy may require that people have the means for 'decent accommodation, transport, clothing and personal care'.<ref name=":1" /> He qualifies the statement as he sees individual necessities as contextual and therefore able to change over time, between cultures and under different macroeconomic circumstances.<ref name=":1" /> This suggests that the concept and definition of a living wage cannot be made objective over all places and in all times. Stabile's thoughts on capabilities make direct reference to [[Amartya Sen]]'s work on [[capability approach]].<ref name=":1" /> The tie-in with a living wage is the idea that income is an important, though not exclusive, means for capabilities. The enhancement of people's capabilities allows them to better function both in society and as workers. These capabilities are further passed down from parents to children. Finally, Stabile analyses the lack of a living wage as the imposition of [[Externality#Negative|negative externalities]] on others. These externalities take the form of depleting the stock of workers by 'exploiting and exhausting the workforce'.<ref name=":1" /> This leads to economic inefficiency as businesses end up overproducing their products due to not paying the full cost of labour.<ref name=":1" />

Other contemporary accounts have taken up the theme of [[Externality|externalities]] arising due to a lack of living wage. Muilenburg and Singh see welfare programs, such as housing and school meals, as being a subsidy for employers that allow them to pay low wages.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Muilenburg|first1=Kamal|last2=Singh|first2=Gangaram|date=1 January 2007|title=The Modern Living Wage Movement|journal=Compensation & Benefits Review|language=en|volume=39|issue=1|pages=21–28|doi=10.1177/0886368706297430|s2cid=153379818|issn=0886-3687}}</ref> This subsidy, taking the form of an externality, is of course paid for by society in the form of taxes. This thought is repeated by Grimshaw who argues that employers offset the social costs of maintaining their workforce through tax credits, housing, benefits and other wage subsidies.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Living wage movements: Global perspectives|last=Grimshaw|first=D.|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|location=London|pages=101–121}}</ref> The issue was raised during the [[Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2016|Democratic party primary election of 2016]] in the United States, when presidential candidate [[Bernie Sanders]] mentioned that "struggling working families should not have to subsidise the wealthiest family in the country", and therefore, implied that the large retailer [[Walmart]], who is owned by the wealthiest family in the country, was not paying fair wages and was being subsidised by taxpayers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sanders.senate.gov/newsroom/press-releases/sanders-wal-mart-wages-nowhere-near-enough|title=Sanders: Wal-Mart Wages 'Nowhere Near Enough'|website=Sen. Bernie Sanders|language=en-US|access-date=27 April 2017}}</ref>

Those in favor of living wage ordinances primarily research the negative impacts of insufficient minimum wages. In a cross-comparison between minimum wage and living wage ordinances, there are profound psychological impacts to living wage implementations.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2018|title=Why Is Living Wage Not the Minimum Wage?|journal=TIP: The Industrial-Organizational Psychologist|volume=56|pages=50–57|via=EBSCO}}</ref> Those in favor of living wage oriented policies assert that it is important to acknowledge the region-specific costs that is severely lacking in minimum wage measurements. This line of thinking argues that a living wage can both enhance engagement and performance if implemented.

== Implementations ==

=== Australia ===
[[File:SLNSW 14421 Living Wage Inquiry.jpg|thumb|Living wage inquiry in Sydney, Australia (1935)]]
In [[Australia]], the 1907 [[Harvester Judgement]] ruled that an employer was obliged to pay his employees a wage that guaranteed them a standard of living which was reasonable for "a human being in a civilised community" to live in "frugal comfort estimated by current... standards,"<ref>[http://www.aph.gov.au/library/intguide/law/harvester.pdf] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006041249/http://www.aph.gov.au/library/intguide/law/harvester.pdf|date=6 October 2009}}</ref> regardless of the employer's capacity to pay. Justice [[H. B. Higgins]] established a wage of 7/- ([[Coins of the Australian pound#Australian £sd|7 shillings]]) per day or 42/- per week as a 'fair and reasonable' minimum wage for unskilled workers.

=== Bangladesh ===
In Bangladesh, salaries are among the lowest in the world. During 2012 wages hovered around US$38 per month depending on the exchange rate. Studies by Professor Doug Miller during 2010 to 2012, have highlighted the evolving global trade practices in ''Towards Sustainable Labour Costing in UK Fashion Retail''.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Towards Sustainable Labour Costing in UK Fashion Retail|first=Doug|last=Miller|date=5 February 2013| journal=SSRN Electronic Journal | doi=10.2139/ssrn.2212100 |ssrn = 2212100|s2cid=166733679 }}</ref> This white paper published in 2013 by University of Manchester, appears to suggest that the competition among buying organisation has implications to low wages in countries such as Bangladesh. It has laid down a road map to achieve sustainable wages.

=== United Kingdom ===
{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 90%; "
|-
|+ Living wage <br> Select regions (2017)<ref>The living wage per hour for an individual is calculated for a family unit with two working adults and two children.</ref>
|-
! Regions
! Hourly (USD)
|-
| align="center" |New Zealand
| align="center" |
${{nts|{{To USD|20.50 | New Zealand |round=no | year=2017}} }}

(NZ$20.50<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.familycentre.org.nz/Publications/PDF's/Living_Wage_Investigation_Report_2013.pdf?PHPSESSID=350455423487260428345f65091bd94b|title=Report of an investigation into defining a living wage for New Zealand|last=Peter King|first=Charles Waldegrave|publisher=Family Centre Social Policy Research Unit}}</ref>)
|-
| align="center" |United States
| align="center" |$16.07<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://livingwage.mit.edu/articles/27-new-data-up-calculation-of-the-living-wage|title=Results from the 2017 Data Update|last=Glasmeier|first=Amy|date=2017|website=livingwage.mit.edu|publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)|access-date=6 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |Los Angleles
| align="center" |$18.95<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://livingwage.mit.edu/counties/06037|title=Living Wage Calculation for Los Angeles County, California|last=Glasmeier|first=Amy|date=2017|website=livingwage.mit.edu|publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)|access-date=6 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |New York City
| align="center" |$21.55<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://livingwage.mit.edu/counties/36061|title=Living Wage Calculation for New York County, New York|last=Glasmeier|first=Amy|date=2017|website=livingwage.mit.edu|publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)|access-date=6 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |San Francisco
| align="center" |$23.79<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://livingwage.mit.edu/counties/06075|title=Living Wage Calculation for San Francisco County, California|last=Glasmeier|first=Amy|date=2017|website=livingwage.mit.edu|publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)|access-date=6 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
|}
Municipal regulation of wage levels began in some towns in the British Isles in 1524. National [[minimum wage law]] began with [[Winston Churchill]]'s [[Trade Boards Act 1909]], and the [[Wages Councils Act 1945]] set minimum wage standards in many sectors of the economy.  Wages Councils were abolished in 1993 and subsequently replaced with a single statutory national [[minimum wage]] by the [[National Minimum Wage Act 1998]], which is still in force. The rates are reviewed each year by the country's [[Low Pay Commission]]. From 1 April 2016 the minimum wage has been paid as a mandatory [[National Living Wage]] for workers over 25. It was phased in between 2016 and 2020 and was set at a significantly higher level than previous minimum wage rates. By 2020 it was expected to have risen to at least £9 per hour and represent a full-time annual pay equivalent to 60% of the median UK earnings.<ref name="Guardian-Live">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/blog/live/2015/jul/08/budget-2015-live#block-559d1f1be4b032a39a3bb3d5|title=Budget 2015 live: George Osborne announces 'living wage' of £9 an hour|author=Andrew Sparrow and Nick Fletcher|date=8 July 2015|access-date=8 July 2015}}</ref> In practice the level remained below £9 per hour until 2022.<ref>{{cite web|title=National Minimum Wage and National Living Wage rates|url=https://www.gov.uk/national-minimum-wage-rates|website=GOV.UK|access-date=29 March 2023}}</ref>

The National Living Wage is nevertheless lower than the value of the Living Wage calculated by the [[Living Wage Foundation]].<ref>{{cite news|title=George Osborne's 'living wage' is not actually a living wage, says Living Wage Foundation|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/george-osborne-s-living-wage-is-not-actually-a-living-wage-says-living-wage-foundation-10375897.html|date=8 July 2015|author=Jon Stone|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=12 April 2016}}</ref> Some organisations voluntarily pay a living wage to their staff, at a level somewhat higher than the statutory level. From September 2014 all [[NHS Wales]] staff have been paid a minimum of the "living wage" recommended by the Living Wage Commission.  About 2,400 employees received an initial salary increase of up to £470 above the UK-wide [[Agenda for Change]] rates.<ref name="Mark Smith">{{cite news |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/lowest-paid-nhs-staff-wales-receive-7395693 |title=Lowest-paid NHS staff in Wales to receive living wage increase in pay |author=Mark Smith |newspaper=Wales Online |date=9 July 2014 |access-date=6 August 2014}}</ref>

=== United States ===
[[File:Living City, Living Wage - 21838011340.jpg|thumb|New York City ''Living City, Living Wage'' event in 2015]]
As of 2006, U.S. cities with living wage laws include [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]] and [[Albuquerque, New Mexico|Albuquerque]] in [[New Mexico]]; [[San Francisco, California]]; and [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/27/AR2006072700197.html|title=Chicago Council Passes 'Living Wage' Act|author=Bellandi, Deanna|access-date=12 October 2007|date=27 July 2006|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> The city of [[Chicago, Illinois]], also passed a [[2006 Chicago Big Box Ordinance|living wage ordinance]] in 2006, but it was vetoed by Mayor [[Richard M. Daley]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.usatoday.com/money/economy/employment/2006-09-11-chicago-wage_x.htm | work=USA Today | title=Mayor vetoes Chicago's 'living wage' ordinance aimed at big retailers | date=11 September 2006 | access-date=17 September 2010}}</ref> Living wage laws typically cover only businesses that receive state assistance or have contracts with the government.<ref>{{cite web |title=Living Wage: Frequently Asked Questions |url=http://www.epi.org/content.cfm/issueguides_livingwage_livingwagefaq |format=factsheet |access-date=29 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720042603/http://www.epi.org/content.cfm/issueguides_livingwage_livingwagefaq |archive-date=20 July 2008 |url-status=dead  }}</ref>
[[File:Living_wage_by_state.png|thumb|A [[heat map]] of the United States by living wage for a single, childless individual according to the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] living wage calculator as of 2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=Living Wage Calculator |url=https://livingwage.mit.edu/ |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=livingwage.mit.edu}}</ref>{{legend|#1E90FF;|$15-15.99}}{{legend|#B0E0E6;|$16.00-16.99}}{{legend|#FFFF00;|$17.00-17.99}}{{legend|#FF8C00;|$18.00-18.99}}{{legend|#FF0000;|$19.00-19.99}}{{legend|#000000;|$20+}}]]
In 2014, Wisconsin Service Employees International Union teamed up with public officials against legislation to eliminate local living wages. According to U.S. Department of Labor data, Wisconsin Jobs Now - a non-profit organization fighting inequality through higher wages - has received at least $2.5 million from SEIU organizations from 2011 to 2013.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Tobias|first1=Adam|title=Union group coordinated with elected officials to defeat anti-living wage bill|url=http://watchdog.org/169954/union-wisconsin-wage/|access-date=22 September 2014}}</ref>

Although these ordinances are recent, a number of studies have attempted to measure the impact of these policies on wages and employment. Researchers have had difficulty measuring the impact of these policies because it is difficult to isolate a control group for comparison. A notable study defined the control group as the subset of cities that attempted to pass a living wage law but were unsuccessful.<ref>Scott Adams and David Neumark, " The Effects of Living Wage Laws: Evidence from Failed and Derailed Living Wage Campaigns, " ''Journal of Urban Economics'' 58 (September 2005): 177-202.</ref> This comparison indicates that living wages raise the average wage level in cities. However, it reduces the likelihood of employment for individuals in the bottom percentile of wage distribution.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}

==Impact==
[[File:CalMac signs up for Living Wage (20658599598).jpg|thumb|Government direction can help employers move towards offering a living wage.]]
Research shows that minimum wage laws and living wage legislation impact poverty differently: evidence demonstrates that living wage legislation reduces poverty.<ref name="JoLR">{{Cite journal | last1 = Clain | first1 = S. H. | title = How Living Wage Legislation Affects U.S. Poverty Rates | doi = 10.1007/s12122-007-9028-8 | journal = Journal of Labor Research | volume = 29 | issue = 3 | pages = 205–218 | year = 2007 | s2cid = 153424688 }}</ref> The parties impacted by minimum wage laws and living wage laws differ as living wage legislation generally applies to a more limited sector of the population. It is estimated that workers who qualify for the living wage legislation are currently between 1-2% of the bottom quartile of wage distribution.<ref name="JoLR" /> Real life implications to living wage legislation is important to address. Raising wages can decrease job opportunities for low wage workers as it cuts costs for profit seeking organizations and companies. The pool gets smaller despite an increase in wage rates.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forworkingfamilies.org/resources/policy-tools-living-wage|title=Policy & Tools: Living Wage {{!}} The Partnership For Working Families|website=www.forworkingfamilies.org|date=17 October 2012 |access-date=19 February 2020}}</ref>

Neumark and Adams, in their paper, "Do living wage ordinances reduce urban poverty?", state, "There is evidence that living wage ordinances modestly reduce the poverty rates in locations in which these ordinances are enacted. However, there is no evidence that state minimum wage laws do so."<ref>Neumark D, Adams S (2003a) Do living wage ordinances reduce urban poverty? J Hum Resour 38:490–521 (Summer)</ref>

A study carried out in [[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton, Canada]] by Zeng and Honig indicated that living wage workers have higher affective commitment and lower turnover intention.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Zeng|first1=Zhaocheng|last2=Honig|first2=Benson|date=1 March 2017|title=A study of living wage effects on employees' performance-related attitudes and behaviour|journal=Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences|language=en|volume=34|issue=1|pages=19–32|doi=10.1002/cjas.1375|issn=1936-4490}}</ref> Workers paid a living wage were more likely to support the organization they work for in various ways including: "protecting the organizations public image, helping colleagues solve problems, improving their skills and techniques, providing suggestions or advice to a management team, and caring about the organization."<ref name=":3" /> The authors interpret these finding through [[social exchange theory]], which points out the mutual obligation employers and employees feel towards each other when employees perceive they are provided favorable treatment.<ref name=":3" />

==Living wage estimates==
As of 2003, there are 122 living wage ordinances in American cities and an additional 75 under discussion.<ref name="Anker, R. 2006">Anker, R. (2006). Living wages around the world: A new methodology and internationally comparable estimates. International Labour Review, 145(4), 308-338.</ref> Article 23 of the [[United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] states that "Everyone who works has the right to just and favourable remuneration ensuring for himself and for his family an existence worthy of human dignity."

In addition to legislative acts, many corporations have adopted voluntary codes of conduct. The [[Sullivan Principles]] in South Africa are an example of a voluntary code of conduct that state that firms should compensate workers to at least cover their basic needs.

In the table below, cross national comparable living wages were estimated for twelve countries and reported in local currencies and [[purchasing power parity]] (PPP). Living wage estimates for the year 2000 range from US$1.7 PPP per hour, in low-income examples, to approximately US$11.6 PPP per hour, in high-income examples.<ref name="Anker, R. 2006" />

{| class="wikitable"
|- '''Living Wage Calculations'''
! Country !! One full-time worker (four person household) !! Average number of full-time worker equivalents in country (four person household)  !! One full-time worker (household size varies by country)  !! Average number of full-time worker equivalents in each country 
|-
| Bangladesh || 1.61 || 1.14 || 2.02 || 1.44
|-
| India || 1.55|| 1.32 || 1.79 || 1.52
|-
| Zimbabwe|| 2.43 || 1.70 || 3.18 || 2.22
|-
! ''Low income average'' || 1.86 || 1.39 || 2.33 || 1.72
|-
| Armenia || 3.03|| 2.05 || 2.52 || 1.70 
|-
| Ecuador || 1.94 || 1.74 || 2. 23 || 2.01
|-
| Egypt || 1.96 || 1.77 || 2.45 || 2.21
|-
| China || 2.08 || 1.47 || 1.95 || 1.38
|-
| South Africa || 3.10 || 2.60 || 3.35 || 2.81
|-
! ''Lower middle income average'' || 2.42 || 1.93 || 2.50 || 2.02
|-
| Lithuania || 4.62 || 3.21 || 3.97 || 2.76
|-
| Costa Rica|| 3.68 || 3.38 || 3.90 || 3.58
|-
! ''Upper middle income average'' || 4.14 || 3.30 || 3.94 || 3.17
|-
| United States || 13.10 || 11.00 || 13.36 || 11.23
|-
| Switzerland || 16.41 || 13.23 || 14.76 || 11.91
|-
! ''High income average'' || 14.75 || 12.10 || 14.06  || 11.57
|}

Living wage estimates vary considerably by area, and may be calculated in different ways. In a 2019 report, the U.S. advocacy group [[National Low Income Housing Coalition]] calculated the necessary full-time hourly wage to spend 30% of income on rental of a fair-market, 2-bedroom apartment. Estimates range from a high of $36.82/hr in Hawaii (where minimum wage is $10.10/hr) to $14.26 in Arkansas (the lowest state, raising its minimum from $9.25 to $11/hr) and $9.59/hr in Puerto Rico (where minimum wage is $7.25/hr).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://reports.nlihc.org/oor|title=Out Of Reach|website=National Low Income Housing Coalition}}</ref>

==Living wage movements==

===Living Wage Foundation===
{{main|Living Wage Foundation}}
[[File:Ritzy Living Wage Striking Workers.jpg|thumb|Workers protesting for a living wage in London, United Kingdom (2017)]]
The Living Wage Campaign in the United Kingdom originated in London, where it was launched in 2001 by members of the community organisation London Citizens (now [[Citizens UK]]). It engaged in a series of Living Wage campaigns and in 2005 the [[Greater London Authority]] established the Living Wage Unit to calculate the London Living Wage, although the authority had no power to enforce it. The London Living Wage was developed in 2008 when Trust for London awarded a grant of over £1 million for campaigning, research and an employer accreditation scheme. The Living Wage campaign subsequently grew into a national movement with local campaigns across the UK. The [[Joseph Rowntree Foundation]] funded the [[Centre for Research in Social Policy]] (CRSP) at [[Loughborough University]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/research/crsp/mis/thelivingwage/|title=The Living Wage|work=Loughborough University:Centre for Research in Social Policy}}</ref> to calculate a UK-wide Minimum Income Standard (MIS) figure, an average across the whole of the UK independent of the higher living costs in London.

In 2011 the CRSP used the MIS as the basis for developing a standard model for setting the UK Living Wage outside of London. [[Citizens UK]], a nationwide community organising institution developed out of London Citizens, launched the [[Living Wage Foundation]] and Living Wage Employer mark.<ref>{{cite web|title=History|url=http://www.livingwage.org.uk/history|publisher=Living Wage Foundation|access-date=12 April 2016}}</ref> Since 2011, the Living Wage Foundation has accredited thousands of employers that pay its proposed living wage. The living wage in London is calculated by GLA Economics and the CRSP calculates the out-of-London Living Wage. Their recommended hourly rates for 2015 are £9.40 for London and £8.25 for the rest of the UK.<ref name="lwf-calc">{{cite web|title=The Calculation|url=http://www.livingwage.org.uk/calculation|publisher=Living Wage Foundation|access-date=8 November 2014}}</ref> These rates are updated annually in November. In January 2016 the Living Wage Foundation set up a new Living Wage Commission to oversee the calculation of the Living Wage rates in the UK.<ref>{{cite press release|title=New Living Wage Commission launched to oversee the Living Wage calculation|date=12 January 2016|url=http://www.livingwage.org.uk/news/new-living-wage-commission-launched-oversee-living-wage-calculation|publisher=Living Wage Foundation|access-date=12 April 2016}}</ref>
[[File:Living wage rises to £8.75 (24358142978).jpg|thumb|[[Keith Brown (Scottish politician)|Keith Brown]] (SNP) and other Scottish campaigners, supporting an £8.75 living wage in 2017]]
In 2012, research into the costs and benefits of a living wage in London was funded by the [[City Parochial Foundation|Trust for London]] and carried out by [[Queen Mary University of London]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trustforlondon.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Living-Wage-Costs-and-Benefits.pdf|title=Costs and Benefits of a Living Wage|work=Queen Mary University of London|access-date=12 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034637/http://www.trustforlondon.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Living-Wage-Costs-and-Benefits.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Further research was published in 2014 in a number of reports on the potential impact of raising the UK's statutory national minimum wage to the same level as the Living Wage Foundation's living wage recommendation. This included two reports funded by the Trust for London<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trustforlondon.org.uk/policy-change/strategic-work-item/london-living-wage/|title=London Living Wage|work=Trust for London}}</ref> and carried out by the [[Institute for Public Policy Research]] (IPPR) and [[Resolution Foundation]]: "Beyond the Bottom Line"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.resolutionfoundation.org/media/media/downloads/Beyond_the_Bottom_Line_-_FINAL.pdf|title=Beyond the Bottom Line|work=Resolution Foundation|access-date=30 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215190641/http://www.resolutionfoundation.org/media/media/downloads/Beyond_the_Bottom_Line_-_FINAL.pdf|archive-date=15 February 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> and "What Price a Living Wage?"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trustforlondon.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Final_What_Price_a_Living_Wage_1.pdf|title=What price a living wage?|work=Trust for London|access-date=12 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213229/http://www.trustforlondon.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Final_What_Price_a_Living_Wage_1.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Additionally, Landman Economics published "The Economic Impact of Extending the Living Wage to all Employees in the UK".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unison.org.uk/upload/sharepoint/Briefings%20and%20Circulars/Landman%20Economics%20Living%20Wage%20Report%20-%20Final.pdf|title=The Economic Impact of Extending the Living Wage to all Employees in the UK|work=Landman Economics|access-date=30 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023125250/https://www.unison.org.uk/upload/sharepoint/Briefings%20and%20Circulars/Landman%20Economics%20Living%20Wage%20Report%20-%20Final.pdf|archive-date=23 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

A 2014 report by the Living Wage Commission, chaired by Doctor [[John Sentamu]], the [[Archbishop of York]], recommended that the UK government should pay its own workers a "living wage", but that it should be voluntary for the private sector.<ref>{{cite web|title=Working poverty is 'national scandal' says Archbishop|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-27981975|date=24 June 2014|work=BBC News|access-date=12 April 2016}}</ref> Data published in late 2014 by [[New Policy Institute]] and Trust for London found 20% of employees in London were paid below the Living Wage Foundation's recommended living wage between 2011 and 2013. The proportion of residents paid less than this rate was highest in [[London Borough of Newham|Newham]] (37%) and [[London Borough of Brent|Brent]] (32%).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.londonspovertyprofile.org.uk/indicators/topics/low-pay/low-paid-residents/|title=Low-paid residents by borough|work=London's poverty profile}}</ref> Research by the [[Office for National Statistics]] in 2014 indicated that at that time the proportion of jobs outside London paying less than the living wage was 23%. The equivalent figure within London was 19%.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=More jobs paying below living wage |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-34505114 |newspaper=BBC News |date=12 October 2015 |access-date=12 October 2015 }}</ref> Research by Loughborough University, commissioned by Trust for London, shows 4 in 10 Londoners cannot afford a decent standard of living - that is one that allows them to meet their basic needs and participate in society at a minimum level. This is significantly higher than the 30% that fall below the standard in the UK as a whole. This represents 3.5 million Londoners, an increase of 400,000 since 2010/11. The research highlights the need to improve incomes through better wages, mainly, the London Living Wage, to ensure more Londoners reach a decent standard of living.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.trustforlondon.org.uk/publications/minimum-income-standard-london-201617/|title=A Minimum Income Standard for London 2016/17|website=Trust for London}}</ref>

[[Ed Miliband]], the leader of the [[Labour Party UK|Labour Party]] in opposition from 2010 until 2015, supported a living wage<ref name="The Living Wage Campaign">{{cite web |title=The Living Wage Campaign |url=http://livingwage.edmiliband.org |access-date=17 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722013144/http://livingwage.edmiliband.org/ |archive-date=22 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and proposed tax breaks for employers who adopted it.<ref name="BBC News">{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24807471 | work=BBC News | title=Ed Miliband: Only Labour can secure 'recovery for all' | date=5 November 2013}}</ref> The Labour Party has implemented a living wage in some [[Local government in the United Kingdom|local councils]] which it controls, such as in [[Birmingham]]<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-birmingham-18392068 | work=BBC News | title=Birmingham City Council plans to introduce 'living wage' | date=11 June 2012}}</ref> and [[Cardiff]]<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-18694130 | work=BBC News | title=Cardiff council low paid get £1,500 'living wage' rise | date=3 July 2012}}</ref> councils. The [[Green Party of England and Wales|Green Party]] also supports the introduction of a living wage, believing that the national minimum wage should be 60% of net national average earnings.<ref name="greenparty.org.uk">{{cite web|title=Green Party - Jobs and a Living Wage |url=http://greenparty.org.uk/values/jobs-2010/ |access-date=16 November 2014}}</ref> [[Sinn Féin]] also supports the introduction of a living wage for [[Northern Ireland]]. Other supporters include ''[[The Guardian]]'' newspaper columnist [[Polly Toynbee]], [[Church Action on Poverty]],<ref name="Living wage">{{cite web|url=http://www.church-poverty.org.uk/livingwage|title=Living wage|work=Church-poverty.org.uk\accessdate=2015-05-19}}</ref> the Scottish Low Pay Unit, and Bloomsbury Fightback!.<ref name="test">{{cite web|url=http://bloomsburyfightback.wordpress.com/2011/08/03/no-poverty-wages-write-to-the-vc-of-the-university-of-london|title=Support the Senate House London Living Wage Campaign|work=Bloomsbury Fightback!|date=3 August 2011}}</ref>

===Republic of Ireland===
There has been an active living wage campaign in the [[Republic of Ireland]] since 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.ie/en/publication/9463f6-historic-nmw-rates/|title=The history of the minimum wage in Ireland|website=www.gov.ie|date=9 January 2020 }}</ref> It is supported by The Vincentian Partnership for Social Justice (VPSJ), Nevin Economic Research Institute (NERI), [[TASC (think tank)|TASC]], Social Justice Ireland, UCD School of Social Policy, Social Work and Social Justice, [[SIPTU]], [[Unite the Union]] and the [[Society of St Vincent de Paul]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livingwage.ie/about/who-supports-the-living-w/|title=Who Supports the Living Wage|first=Living Wage|last=Ireland|date=August 25, 2016|website=Living Wage Ireland}}</ref>

Below is a table of the hourly minimum wage (for adults), and the living wage recommended by the living wage campaign, for each year since 2014.
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Living wage !! Minimum wage
|-
| 2014 || €11.45 || €8.65
|-
| 2015 || €11.50 || €8.65
|-
| 2016 || €11.50 || €9.15
|-
| 2017 || €11.70 || €9.25
|-
| 2018 || €11.90 || €9.55
|-
| 2019–20 || €12.30 || €9.80
|-
| 2020–21 || €12.30 || €10.20 
|-
| 2021–22 || €12.90 || €10.44
|}

It is calculated on the basis of the VPSJ’s Minimum Essential Standard of Living (MESL) research, and set by the Living Wage Technical Group, benchmarked against the cost of minimum [[standard of living]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.budgeting.ie/living-wage/|title=Living Wage 2021/22 - €12.90 per hour|first=Minimum Essentials Budget for|last=Ireland|date=October 4, 2016|website=Minimum Essentials Budget for Ireland}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thejournal.ie/low-pay-commission-living-wage-minimum-wage-5410418-Apr2021/|title=Low Pay Commission to examine increasing minimum wage by €2.10 per hour|first=Stephen|last=McDermott|website=TheJournal.ie|date=15 April 2021 }}</ref> It is supported by the political parties [[Sinn Féin]], [[Labour Party (Ireland)|Labour]] and the [[Social Democrats (Ireland)|Social Democrats]], while [[Solidarity–People Before Profit]] recommend a living wage of €15.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sinnfein.ie/decent-work-and-a-living-wage-policy|title=Decent Work And A Living Wage|website=www.sinnfein.ie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.socialdemocrats.ie/social-democrats-support-living-wage-increase-but-stress-need-to-reduce-living-costs/|title=Social Democrats support Living Wage increase - but stress need to reduce living costs|date=July 5, 2017|website=Social Democrats}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newstalk.com/news/smith-solidarity-pbp-want-living-wage-least-e15-00-961932|title=Smith: Solidarity-PBP want living wage of at least €15.00|first=Jack|last=Quann|website=Newstalk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.labour.ie/livingwage/|title=Towards a Living Wage|date=November 25, 2015|website=The Labour Party}}</ref> [[Aontú]] support a living wage, with different regional rates, and have also recommended a "living pension."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://aontu.ie/workers-rights|title=Workers Rights|website=Aontú}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Hunt | first=Conor | title=Aontú outlines its childcare policies | website=RTE.ie | date=5 February 2020 | url=https://www.rte.ie/news/campaign-daily/2020/0205/1113407-aontu-outlines-its-childcare-policies/ | access-date=31 August 2024}}</ref>

It has been opposed by employers including [[Ibec]] and the Irish Small Firms Association (ISFA), while the supermarket chains [[Lidl]] and [[Aldi Süd|Aldi]] committed to pay all their employees the living wage in 2020.<ref name="f702">{{cite web | last=Goodbody | first=Will | title=Living Wage group recommends 60c rise to €12.90 an hour | website=RTE.ie | date=29 September 2021 | url=https://www.rte.ie/news/business/2021/0929/1249536-living-wage/ | access-date=31 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theconversation.com/living-wage-ireland-wants-to-be-worlds-leader-but-could-crush-small-businesses-161012|title=Living wage: Ireland wants to be world's leader – but could crush small businesses|first=Maeve|last=O'Sullivan|website=The Conversation|date=2 June 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.irishmirror.ie/news/irish-news/aldi-living-wage-ireland-2020-21345449|title=Living Wage to be paid to Aldi staff in Ireland from February 1|first=Ian|last=Mangan|date=January 23, 2020|website=Irish Mirror}}</ref>

In 2021, the Low Pay Commission began to study the living wage, and to decide if there should be different living wages for different age categories or regions.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/government-asks-low-pay-commission-to-design-living-wage-in-irish-context-1.4537593|title=Government asks Low Pay Commission to design 'living wage' in Irish context|first=Martin|last=Wall|newspaper=The Irish Times}}</ref>

===Asia Floor Wage===
Launched in 2009, Asia Floor Wage is a loose coalition of labour and other groups seeking to implement a Living Wage throughout Asia, with a particular focus on [[textile manufacturing]]. There are member associations in Bangladesh, Cambodia, Hong Kong S.A.R., India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Turkey as well as supporters in Europe and North America. The campaign targets multinational employers who do not pay their developing world workers a living wage.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.eu-china.net/web/cms/upload/pdf/materialien/2011_Musiolek-Asia_Floor_Wage.pdf|title=The Asia Floor Wage campaign – Decent income for garment workers in Asia|author=Bettina Musiolek|date=October 2011|publisher=Ostwind Institut|access-date=19 January 2016}}</ref>

=== United States living wage campaigns ===

====New York City====
[[File:Fight for $15 on 4-15 (17160504492).jpg|thumb|Living wage protest and march in New York City (2015)]]
The proposed law will inform tax-payers of where their investment dollars go and will hold developers to more stringent employment standards. The proposed act will require developers who receive substantial tax-payer funded subsidies to pay employees a minimum living wage. The law is designed to raise quality of life and stimulate local economy. Specifically the proposed act will guarantee that workers in large developmental projects will receive a wage of at least $10.00 an hour. The living wage will get indexed so that it keeps up with [[cost of living]] increases. Furthermore, the act will require that employees who do not receive health insurance from their employer will receive an additional $1.50 an hour to subsidize their healthcare expenses. Workers employed at a subsidized development will also be entitled to the living wage guarantee.<ref name="Folbre">{{cite news|url=https://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/05/23/a-new-york-city-living-wage/|title=A New York City 'Living Wage'? A New York City 'Living Wage'? A New York City 'Living Wage'?|last=Folbre|first=Nancy|date=23 May 2011|work=[[New York Times]]|access-date=29 February 2012}}</ref>

Many city officials have opposed living wage requirements because they believe that they restrict business climate thus making cities less appealing to potential industries. Logistically cities must hire employees to administer the ordinance. Conversely advocates for the legislation have acknowledged that when wages aren't sufficient, low-wage workers are often forced to rely on [[public assistance]] in the form of [[Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program|food stamps]] or [[Medicaid]].<ref name="Folbre" />

James Parrott of the [[Fiscal Policy Institute]] testified during a May 2011 New York City Council meeting that real wages for low-wage workers in the city have declined substantially over the last 20 years, despite dramatic increases in average education levels. A [http://www.fiscalpolicy.org/TopTenReasonsALivingWageMakesSenseForNYC_20110505.pdf report] by the Fiscal Policy Institute indicated that business tax subsidies have grown two and a half times faster than overall New York City tax collections and asks why these public resources are invested in poverty-level jobs. Mr. Parrott testified that [[income inequality]] in New York City exceeds that of other large cities, with the highest-earning 1 percent receiving 44 percent of all income.

====Miami-Dade County====
The Community Coalition for a Living Wage (CCLW) was launched in 1997 in [[Miami]], [[Florida]], as a partnership between local [[anti-poverty]] and [[Wage labour|labor]] organizations [[Catalyst Miami]], Legal Services of Greater Miami, and the South Florida [[AFL–CIO]]. The CCLW organized the successful campaign for the passage of a [[Miami-Dade County, Florida|Miami-Dade County]] living wage ordinance in 1999, the first of its kind in the South.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nissen |first1=Bruce |title=Living Wage Campaigns from a 'Social Movement' Perspective: The Miami Experience. |journal=Labor Studies Journal |date=Fall 2000 |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=29–50|doi=10.1177/0160449X0002500302 |s2cid=145285720}}</ref> The ordinance requires [[Miami-Dade County]] and its contractors to pay all employees a living wage pegged to inflation: $12.63/hr with benefits, or $15 without (as of 2018).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Turken |first1=Sam |title=Miami-Dade Commission Approves Extension Of Living Wage Ordinance To Airport Workers |url=https://www.wlrn.org/post/miami-dade-commission-approves-extension-living-wage-ordinance-airport-workers |access-date=11 May 2019 |publisher=WLRN |date=10 July 2018}}</ref>

====University of Virginia====
In February 2012, a Living Wage Campaign at the [[University of Virginia]] released a series of demands to University administrators calling for a living wage policy at the University. These demands included a requirement that the University "explicitly address" the issue by 17 February. Although University President Teresa Sullivan did respond to the demands in a mass email sent to the University community shortly before the end of the day on 17 February, the Campaign criticized her response as "intentionally misleading" and vowed to take action.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www2.dailyprogress.com/news/2012/feb/08/uva-living-wage-campaign-threatens-action-ar-1674692/|title=UVa Living Wage Campaign threatens 'action'|last=Davis|first=Megan|date=8 February 2012|work=[[The Daily Progress]]|access-date=29 February 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130120062308/http://www2.dailyprogress.com/news/2012/feb/08/uva-living-wage-campaign-threatens-action-ar-1674692/|archive-date=20 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 18 February, the campaign announced that 12 students would begin a hunger strike to publicize the plight of low-paid workers.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www2.timesdispatch.com/news/2012/feb/20/12-uva-students-go-hunger-strike-protest-employee--ar-1702202/|title=12 U.Va. students go on hunger strike to protest employee pay|date=20 February 2012|work=[[Richmond Times-Dispatch]]|access-date=29 February 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130205024655/http://www2.timesdispatch.com/news/2012/feb/20/12-uva-students-go-hunger-strike-protest-employee--ar-1702202/|archive-date=5 February 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Criticism==
[[File:Martin Luther King Jr. Day March for a Living Wage (12076913196).jpg|thumb|March for a living wage in Seattle, United States (2014)]]
Criticisms against the implementation of living wage laws have taken similar forms to those against [[minimum wage]]. Economically, both can be analyzed as a [[price floor]] for labor. A [[price floor]], if above the [[Economic equilibrium|equilibrium price]] and thus effective, necessarily leads to a surplus. This means the number of employees an employer is willing to hire at a living wage is below the number they would be willing to hire at the equilibrium wage price. Many argue that, in the context of a [[Labour economics|labor market]], this would reduce the [[macroeconomic]] [[aggregate demand]] for labor across all employers, and so presume setting the minimum wage at a living wage would possibly raise unemployment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iea.org.uk/blog/living-wage-likely-to-destroy-jobs-and-increase-poverty|title=Living Wage likely to destroy jobs and increase poverty|date=11 September 2012|publisher=Institute of Economic Affairs|author=Len Shackleton|access-date=5 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/britain/21565994-sense-and-nonsense-about-minimum-wages-wage-flaws|title=Wage flaws|date=10 November 2012|newspaper=The Economist}}</ref> [[Rehn-Meidner model|Rehn and Meidner]] instead proposed a higher minimum wage would induce productivity growth from [[structural change]], reorganizing workers into different jobs across employers with different [[microeconomic]] labor demands, rather than reducing aggregate demand for labor. A large amount of empirical study has focused on the employment effects of minimum wage, much of it following a study by [[David Card]] and [[Alan Krueger]] finding no difference in unemployment rates in two states following a minimum wage increase in one.

A contention that often impedes the progression of a living wage ordinance has to do with the scope; it is controversial whether it should apply to an individual or an entire family as wages can be nuanced when there are multiple types of households among a state.<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal|last1=Werner|first1=Andrea|last2=Lim|first2=Ming|date=1 September 2016|title=The Ethics of the Living Wage: A Review and Research Agenda|journal=Journal of Business Ethics|language=en|volume=137|issue=3|pages=433–447|doi=10.1007/s10551-015-2562-z|issn=1573-0697|doi-access=free|hdl=2381/42274|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Potential solutions to the complexity of a living wage ordinance include a "specific employer provision," which seeks to evaluate the pros and cons to a living wage on a company to company basis. An argument In favor of this approach asserts that it can help bolster employee morale and increase social capital.<ref name="auto"/>

Critics have warned of not just an increase in unemployment but also price increases and a lack of entry-level jobs due to labor substitutions effects.<ref name=":1" /> The voluntary undertaking of a living wage is criticized as impossible due to the competitive advantage other businesses in the same market would have over the one adopting a living wage.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pollin|first=Robert|date=25 July 2016|title=Evaluating Living Wage Laws in the United States: Good Intentions and Economic Reality in Conflict?|journal=Economic Development Quarterly|language=en|volume=19|issue=1|pages=3–24|doi=10.1177/0891242404268641|s2cid=13831589|url=https://www.peri.umass.edu/fileadmin/pdf/working_papers/working_papers_51-100/WP61.pdf}}</ref> The economic argument would be that, [[ceteris paribus]] (all other things being equal), a company that paid its workers more than required by the market would be unable to [[competitive advantage|compete]] with those that pay according to market rates.<!--  This criticism ignores possible benefits that come out of higher wages that include: higher efficiency and production gains due to reduced absenteeism and a reduction in recruitment, training and supervision costs.--><ref name=":1" /><!-- This criticism ignores comparative advantage and assumes a zero-sum economy. -->

Another issue that has emerged is that living wages may be a less effective anti-poverty tool than other measures. Authors point to living wages as being only a limited way of addressing the problems of rising [[economic inequality]], the increase of long-term low-wage jobs, and a decline of [[Trade union|unions]] and legal protection for workers.<ref name=":1" /> Since living wage ordinances attempt to address the issue of a living wage, defined by some of its proponents as a ''family'' wage, rather than as an ''individual'' wage, many of the beneficiaries may already be in families that make substantially more than that necessary to provide an adequate standard of living; this argument focuses on the portion benefitting who are in poverty, rather than the portion in poverty who are benefitting. According to a survey of labor economists by the Employment Policies Institute in 2000, only 31% viewed living wages as a very or somewhat effective anti-poverty tool, while 98% viewed policies like the US earned income tax credit and general welfare grants in a similar vein.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.epionline.org/studies/r13/|title=The Living Wage: Survey of Labor Economists|work=Employment Policies Institute|access-date=5 November 2015}}</ref> On the other hand, according to Zagros Madjd-Sadjadi, an economist with the State of California's Division of Labor Statistics and Research, the living wage may be seen by the public as preferable to other methods because it reinforces the [[moral hazard|work ethic]] and ensures that there is something of value produced, unlike welfare, that is often believed to be a pure cash "gift" from the public coffers."<ref>Madjd-Sadjadi, Zagros (2001), ''Living Wages: The Issues and the Impact'' Division of Labor Statistics and Research, California Department of Industrial Relations, San Francisco, California, p. 10</ref>

The concept of a living wage based on its definition as a family wage has been criticized by some for emphasizing the role of men as breadwinners.<ref name=":1" />
<br /><!-- However, occupations that would most benefit from a living wage, including cleaning, catering, childcare, care for the elderly and the sick, and routine office jobs, are disproportionately affected by low pay and disproportionately staffed by women.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Living wage movements: Global perspectives|url=https://archive.org/details/livingwagemoveme00figa|url-access=limited|last=Figart|first=Deborah M.|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/livingwagemoveme00figa/page/n21 1]–12}}</ref>-->

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}

* {{Annotated link |Cost of living}}
* {{Annotated link |Decent work}}
* {{Annotated link |Distributism}}
* {{Annotated link |Family wage}}
* {{Annotated link |Guaranteed minimum income}}
* {{Annotated link |Labor market}}
* {{Annotated link |Maximum wage}}
* {{Annotated link |Minimum wage}}
* {{Annotated link |Positive rights}}
* {{Annotated link |Precarious work}}
* {{Annotated link |Standard of living}}
* {{Annotated link |Subsistence crisis}}
* {{Annotated link |Supply and demand}}
* {{Annotated link |Trade Boards Act 1909}}
* {{Annotated link |Universal inheritance}}
* {{Annotated link |Universal basic income}}
* {{Annotated link |Universal Living Wage}}
* {{Annotated link |Working poor}}
{{div col end}}
{{Portal|Economics
}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
* S Webb and B Webb, ''[[Industrial Democracy]]'' (Longmans 1902)
* [[John A. Ryan|Ryan, John A.]] ''Living Wage'' Macmillan, New York 1906 {{OCLC|39046728}}
* Gertner, Jon, [https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/15/magazine/15wage.html "What is a Living Wage?"], The New York Times, 15 January 2006
* Madjd-Sadjadi, Zagros, ''Living Wages: The Issues and the Impact'' Division of Labor Statistics and Research, California Department of Industrial Relations, San Francisco, 2001
* Sklar, Holly; Mykyta, Laryssa; Wefald, Susan, "Raise The Floor: Wages and Policies That Work For All Of Us", 2002, South End Press. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070807100933/http://www.southendpress.org/2004/items/RaisetheFloor South End Press | Raise the Floor] {{ISBN|0-89608-683-6}}
* Nadeem, Shehzad, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-JH33IILFskC&dq=shehzad+nadeem+living+wage+movement&pg=PA137 "The Living Wage Movement and the Economics of Morality,"], Research in Social Movements, Conflicts, and Change 28: 137–67 (2008)
* {{cite journal | last=Miller | first=Doug | title=Towards Sustainable Labour Costing in UK Fashion Retail | journal=SSRN Electronic Journal | date=2013 | issn=1556-5068 | doi=10.2139/ssrn.2212100}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* [https://livingwage.mit.edu/ Living Wage Calculator] ([[MIT]])
* [http://www.universallivingwage.org Universal Living Wage Campaign].
* [http://www.acorn.org/index.php?id=16982&L=1%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D4201, ACORN Living Wage campaign].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120207163335/http://www.epi.org/research/jobs-wages-and-living-standards/ Economic Policy Institute – Living Wage]
* [http://www.epi.org/resources/budget/ Economic Policy Institute – Family Budget Calculator].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080517002521/http://www.london.gov.uk/mayor/economic_unit/workstreams/living-wage.jsp London Living Wage Unit page]
* [http://www.livingwagenyc.org/ New York Living Wage Campaign].
* [http://laborfair.com/resources.php LaborFair Resources] – Fair Labor Practices.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120221032513/http://www.livingwageatuva.org/ Living Wage Campaign at The University of Virginia].
* [https://ssrn.com/abstract=2212100 Use IE techniques to determine Living Wage] (Doug Miller, [[Northumbria University]], UK).
* [http://www.dollarsandsense.org/archives/2006/0506wicks.html Measuring the Full Impact of Minimum and Living Wage Laws] ([[Dollars & Sense|Dollars & Sense Magazine]]).
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/28/business/international/living-wages-served-in-denmark-fast-food-restaurants.html Living Wages, Rarity for U.S. Fast-Food Workers, Served Up in Denmark]. ''[[The New York Times]].'' (October 2014).
<!---
* [http://www.osjspm.org/document.doc?id=54 ''Rerum Novarum (On the Condition of Labor)'']{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[Pope Leo XIII]] (1891); seminal work of modern [[Roman Catholic]] social thought addresses the plight of the industrial workers in the wake of the Industrial Revolution
--->
{{Employment}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Living Wage}}
[[Category:Wages and salaries]]
[[Category:Catholic social teaching]]