View source for Luanda

{{short description|Capital and largest city of Angola}}
{{Coord|8|50|18|S|13|14|04|E|region:AO_type:city|display=title}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                            = Luanda
| other_name                      = 
| settlement_type                 = [[Capital city]]
| native_name                     = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English -->
| nickname                        = 
| motto                           = 
| image_skyline                   =  {{Multiple image
 |perrow = 1/3/2/1
 |border = infobox
 |total_width = 290
 |caption_align = center
 | image1   = Luanda Skyline - Angola 2015 (cropped).jpg
 | caption1 = [[List of tallest buildings in Luanda|Skyline of Luanda]]
 | image2   = Monument of the Unknown Soldier in Luanda.jpg
 | caption2 = [[Tomb of the Unknown Soldier|Unknown Soldier Memorial]]
 | image3   = Memorial Antonio Agostinho Neto (19882325368).jpg
 | caption3 = Agostinho Neto Memorial
 | image4   = National Assembly Building (19898889148) (cropped).jpg
 | caption4 = [[National Assembly (Angola)|National Assembly]]
 | image5   = Igreja_de_Nossa_Senhora_dos_Remédios_(19929834976).jpg
 | caption5 = [[Church of Our Lady of Remedies]]
 | image6   = Luanda-SMiguelFort2.jpg
 | caption6 = [[Fortress of São Miguel]]
 | image7   = Bahia_de_Luanda_-_panorama.jpg
 | caption7 = Panoramic view of [[Luanda Bay]]
 | color    = white
}}
| image_flag                      = 
| flag_size                       = 
| seal_size                       = 
| image_shield                    = 
| shield_size                     = 
| image_map                       = 
| map_caption                     = 
| pushpin_map                     = Angola#Africa#Earth
| pushpin_relief                  = 1
| pushpin_map_caption             = Location of Luanda in Angola
| pushpin_mapsize                 = 300
| subdivision_type                = Country
| subdivision_name                = {{flag|Angola}}
| subdivision_type1               = [[Provinces of Angola|Province]]
| subdivision_name1               = [[Luanda Province|Luanda]]
| government_footnotes            = 
| government_type                 = 
| leader_title                    = 
| leader_name                     = 
| leader_title1                   = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager -->
| leader_name1                    = 
| established_title               = Founded
| established_date                = 25 January 1576
| established_title2              = <!-- Incorporated (town) -->
| established_date2               = 
| established_title3              = <!-- Incorporated (city) -->
| established_date3               = 
| unit_pref                       = <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired-->
| area_footnotes                  = 
| area_total_km2                  = 116
| area_land_km2                   = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion-->
| area_water_km2                  = 
| area_water_percent              = 
| area_metro_km2                  = 1876
| population_as_of                = 2022
| population_footnotes            = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://citypopulation.de/php/angola-admin.php |title=Angola: Administrative Division (Provinces and Municipalities) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |access-date=2018-02-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212142147/http://citypopulation.de/php/angola-admin.php |archive-date=2018-02-12 }} Citypopulation reporting on Instituto Nacional de Estatística, República de Angola (web) projection July 2019</ref>
| population_note                 = 2022
| population_total                = 2,831,280<ref name="ReferenceA">Instituto Nacional de Estatística, República de Angola.</ref>
| population_density_km2          = auto
| population_metro                = 9,079,811
| population_density_metro_km2    = auto
| population_demonym              = Luandan; luandense (Portuguese)
| timezone                        = [[West Africa Time]]
| utc_offset                      = +01:00
| timezone_DST                    = (Not Observed)
| coordinates                     = {{coord|8|50|18|S|13|14|4|E|region:AO|display=inline}}
| elevation_footnotes             = <!--for references: use  tags-->
| elevation_m                     = 6
| postal_code_type                = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... -->
| postal_code                     = 
| area_code                       = 
| blank_name_sec1                 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2019)
| blank_info_sec1                 = 0.697<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{Cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|language=en|access-date=2018-09-13|archive-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|url-status=live}}</ref><br/>{{color|#FFD215|Medium}}
| blank_name                      = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank_info                      = [[Semi-arid climate#Hot semi-arid climates|BSh]]
| website                         = 
| footnotes                       = 
| official_name                   = 
}}<!-- Infobox ends -->
'''Luanda''' (/luˈændə, -ˈɑːn-/, Portuguese: [luˈɐ̃dɐ]) is the [[Capital city|capital]] and [[List of cities and towns in Angola|largest city]] of [[Angola]]. It is Angola's primary [[port]], and its major industrial, cultural and urban centre. Located on Angola's northern Atlantic coast, Luanda is Angola's [[administrative centre]], its chief seaport, and also the capital of the [[Luanda Province]]. Luanda and its [[metropolitan area]] is the most populous Portuguese-speaking capital city in the world and the most populous [[Lusophone]] city outside [[Brazil]]. In 2020 the population reached more than 8.3 million inhabitants (a third of Angola's population).

Among the oldest colonial cities of Africa, Luanda was founded in January 1576 as ''São Paulo da Assunção de Loanda'' by Portuguese explorer [[Paulo Dias de Novais]], being occasionally called "Leonda" or "St Paul de Leonda" by non-portuguese sources. The city served as the centre of the [[Slavery in Angola|slave trade]] to Brazil before the institution was prohibited. 

At the start of the [[Angolan Civil War]] in 1975, most of the white Portuguese left as refugees,<ref name=":0" /> principally migrating to Portugal. Luanda's population increased greatly from internal refugees fleeing the war, but its infrastructure was inadequate to handle the increase. This also caused the exacerbation of slums, or [[musseques]], around Luanda. 

In the 21st century, the city has been undergoing a major reconstruction.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.angola-today.com/tourism/destinations/luanda/|title=Luanda - Angola Today|work=Angola Today|access-date=2017-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420082038/http://www.angola-today.com/tourism/destinations/luanda/|archive-date=2017-04-20|url-status=dead|language=en-US}}</ref> Many new large developments are taking place that will alter its cityscape significantly.

Industries present in the city include the processing of agricultural products, beverage production, textile, cement, new car assembly plants, construction materials, plastics, metallurgy, cigarettes and shoes. The city is also notable as an economic centre for oil,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2019/jan/22/after-the-oil-boom-luanda-faces-stark-inequality-photo-essay|title=After the oil boom: Luanda faces stark inequality – photo essay|author=Guardian Staff|date=2019-01-22|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-06-15|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190615045024/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2019/jan/22/after-the-oil-boom-luanda-faces-stark-inequality-photo-essay|archive-date=2019-06-15|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/06/01/extreme-city-specter|title=Luxury Living in a Failed State|last=Specter|first=Michael|magazine=The New Yorker |date=2015-05-25|access-date=2019-06-15|language=en|issn=0028-792X|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109003719/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/06/01/extreme-city-specter|archive-date=2019-01-09|url-status=live}}</ref> and a refinery is located in the city. 

Luanda has been ranked as one of the most expensive cities in the world for expatriates.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-40346559|title=Luanda most expensive city for expats|date=2017-06-21|access-date=2019-06-15|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223013451/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-40346559|archive-date=2019-02-23|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/most-expensive-cities-expats-2018/index.html|title=Most expensive city for expats revealed|last=Neild|first=Barry|date=2018-06-26|website=CNN Travel|language=en|access-date=2019-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530220607/https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/most-expensive-cities-expats-2018/index.html|archive-date=2019-05-30|url-status=live}}</ref> The inhabitants of Luanda are mostly members of the ethnic [[Ambundu]] people. In recent decades of the 21st century, the number of ethnic [[Bakongo]] and [[Ovimbundu]] have also increased. Ethnic Europeans are mainly Portuguese. 

Luanda was the main host city for the matches of the [[2010 Africa Cup of Nations|2010 African Cup of Nations]].

==History==
{{see also|Timeline of Luanda}}
===Portuguese colonization===
{{see also|Portuguese Angola|Colonial history of Angola}}
[[File:Museu Nacional de Historia Militar in Luanda - Angola 2015.jpg|right|thumb|[[Fortress of São Miguel|São Miguel Fortress]], founded in 1576 by [[Paulo Dias de Novais]], today hosts the [[Museum of the Armed Forces (Angola)|Armed Forces Museum]].]]
[[File:Cidade de São Paulo da Assumpção de Loanda.jpg|thumb|left|Depiction of ''São Paulo da Assunção de Luanda'', 1755.]]
[[Portugal|Portuguese]] explorer [[Paulo Dias de Novais]] founded Luanda on 25 January 1576<ref>{{Cite web|last=Leitão|first=José|title=A Missão no Reino de Angola|url=https://repositorio.ucp.pt/bitstream/10400.14/4910/1/LS_S2_05_JoseADLeitao.pdf|access-date=2020-12-07|archive-date=2021-01-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131222233/https://repositorio.ucp.pt/bitstream/10400.14/4910/1/LS_S2_05_JoseADLeitao.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> as "São Paulo da Assumpção de Loanda". He had brought one hundred families of settlers and four hundred soldiers. Most of the Portuguese community lived within the fort.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} Several sources from as early as the 17th century called the city "St. Paul de Leonda".<ref name="IT">{{cite web | title=Carta particolare che comincia con l'Isola di S:Tomaso ò Tome è c:d'S:Clara è finisce con il c:d'Aldeas: la longitudine comincia da i'isola di Pico d'Asores di Europa Carta VIII. Lº6º | website=am.uc.pt | url=https://almamater.uc.pt/bib-geral/nabaisconde/item/44369 | access-date=2024-08-30}}</ref><ref name="NZ">{{cite web | publisher=National Library of New Zealand | title=BY ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH. (FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT.) | website=Papers Past | url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NOT18670409.2.10 | access-date=2024-08-30}}</ref><ref name="UK">{{cite web | title=Daily British Columbian | website=UBC Library Open Collections | url=https://open.library.ubc.ca/viewer/dbc/1.0346007#p0z-1r0f:leonda | access-date=2024-08-30}}</ref>

In 1618, the Portuguese built the fortress called ''Fortaleza São Pedro da Barra'', and they subsequently built two more: [[Fortaleza de São Miguel]] (1634) and [[Fortress of Sao Francisco do Penedo|Forte de São Francisco do Penedo]] (1765–66). Of these, the Fortaleza de São Miguel is the best preserved.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.colonialvoyage.com/remainP.html |title=Portuguese Colonial Remains |publisher=Colonialvoyage.com |access-date=2011-04-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225142326/http://www.colonialvoyage.com/remainP.html |archive-date=2010-12-25 }}</ref>

Luanda was Portugal's bridgehead from 1627, except during the [[Dutch Loango-Angola|Dutch rule of Luanda]], from 1640 to 1648, as Fort Aardenburgh. The city served as the centre of [[Slavery in Angola|slave trade]] to [[Colonial Brazil|Brazil]] from {{circa|1550}} to 1836.<ref>See Joseph Miller, ''Way of Death: Merchant Capitalism and the Angolan Slave Trade'', London & Madison/Wis, : James Currey & University of Wisconsin Press, 1988</ref> The slave trade was conducted mostly with the Portuguese colony of Brazil; Brazilian ships were the most numerous in the port of Luanda. This slave trade also involved local merchants and warriors who profited from the trade.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=13661080113274 |title=João C. Curto. Álcool e Escravos: O Comércio Luso-Brasileiro do Álcool em Mpinda, Luanda e Benguela durante o Tráfico Atlântico de Escravos (c. 1480-1830) e o Seu Impacto nas Sociedades da África Central Ocidental. Translated by Márcia Lameirinhas. Tempos e Espaços Africanos Series, vol. 3. Lisbon: Editora Vulgata |isbn=978-972-8427-24-5 |publisher=H-net.org |year=2002 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050122054905/http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=13661080113274 |archive-date=2005-01-22 |access-date=2009-05-14 }}</ref> During this period, no large scale territorial conquest was intended by the Portuguese; only a few minor settlements were established in the immediate hinterland of Luanda, some on the last stretch of the [[Kwanza River]].

In the 17th century, the [[Imbangala]] became the main rivals of the [[Northern Mbundu people|Mbundu]] in supplying slaves to the Luanda market. In the 1751, between 5,000 and 10,000 slaves were annually sold.<ref name=a>{{cite book|last=Njoku|first=Onwuka N.|year=1997|title=Mbundu|url=https://archive.org/details/mbundu00njok|url-access=registration|pages=[https://archive.org/details/mbundu00njok/page/38 38–39]|publisher=Rosen Pub. |isbn=9780823920044 }}</ref> By this time, Angola, a Portuguese colony, was in fact like a colony of Brazil, paradoxically another Portuguese colony. A strong degree of Brazilian influence was noted in Luanda until the [[Independence of Brazil]] in 1822.

In the 19th century, still under Portuguese rule, Luanda experienced a major economic revolution. The [[Atlantic slave trade|slave trade]] was abolished in 1836, and in 1844, Angola's ports were opened to foreign shipping. By 1850, Luanda was one of the greatest and most developed Portuguese cities in the vast [[Portuguese Empire]] outside [[Continental Portugal]], full of trading companies, exporting (together with [[Benguela]]) [[palm oil|palm]] and [[peanut oil]], wax, [[copal]], timber, ivory, cotton, coffee, and [[Cocoa bean|cocoa]], among many other products. Maize, tobacco, [[jerky|dried meat]], and [[cassava|cassava flour]] are also produced locally. The Angolan bourgeoisie was born by this time.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Angola Embassy in Cairo|url=https://www.angolaeg.net/|website=www.angolaeg.net|access-date=2020-05-28|archive-date=2021-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604225442/https://www.angolaeg.net/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1889, Governor [[Hermenegildo Capelo|Brito Capelo]] opened the gates of an aqueduct which supplied the city with water, a formerly scarce resource, laying the foundation for major growth.

===Estado Novo===
[[File:Luanda,desfilemilitar (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[Portuguese Armed Forces]] marching in Luanda during the [[Portuguese Colonial War]]s (1961–74).]]
{{main|Estado Novo (Portugal)}}
Throughout Portugal's dictatorship, known as the [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]], Luanda grew from a town of 61,208 with 14.6% of those inhabitants being white in 1940, to a wealthy cosmopolitan major city of 475,328 in 1970 with 124,814 Europeans (26.3%) and around 50,000 mixed race inhabitants (10.5%).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RsD7bjz6ILY|title=Angola antes da Guerra (Parte 2)|last=angolaPT|date=3 December 2008|access-date=12 September 2017|via=YouTube|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519222311/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RsD7bjz6ILY|archive-date=19 May 2016}}</ref>

Like most of [[Portuguese Angola]], the [[wiktionary:Cosmopolitan|cosmopolitan]]<ref name="sister">{{cite web |url=http://www.pbh.gov.br/bh-internacional/bhz-acordos_irmas.htm |title=Mayor's International Council Sister Cities Program |publisher=Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais|access-date = 2008-08-18 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071223020811/http://www.pbh.gov.br/bh-internacional/bhz-acordos_irmas.htm |archive-date = 2007-12-23}}</ref> city of Luanda was not affected by the [[Portuguese Colonial War]] (1961–1974); economic growth and development in the entire region reached record highs during this period. In 1982, a report called Luanda the "Paris of Africa".{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

===Independence===
{{main|Angolan War of Independence|Portuguese Colonial War|Angolan Civil War}}
[[File:Luanda - Angola (6276460346).jpg|thumb|left|President [[José Eduardo dos Santos]] with President of Brazil [[Dilma Rousseff]] at the Presidential Palace in 2011.]]
By the time of [[Angolan War of Independence|Angolan independence]] in 1975, Luanda was a modern city with the majority of its population being African, but also dominated by a strong minority of white Portuguese origin.{{Citation needed|date=April 2015}}

After the [[Carnation Revolution]] in Lisbon on April 25, 1974, with the advent of independence and the start of the [[Angolan Civil War]] (1975–2002), most of the white Portuguese Luandans left as refugees,<ref name=":0">[http://www.economist.com/world/mideast-africa/displayStory.cfm?story_id=12079340 Flight from Angola] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723131954/http://www.economist.com/node/12079340?story_id=12079340 |date=2013-07-23 }}, [[The Economist]] (August 16, 1975).</ref> principally for Portugal, however many travelled over land to [[South Africa]].
[[File:Porto de Luanda - Angola 2015.jpg|thumb|right|Luanda is experiencing widespread urban renewal and redevelopment in the 21st century, backed largely by profits from oil and diamond industries.]]
The large numbers of skilled technicians among the force of [[Cuba]]n soldiers sent in to support the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola ([[MPLA]]) government in the Angolan Civil War were able to make a valuable contribution to restoring and maintaining basic services in the city.

In the following years, however, slums called ''[[musseques]]''—which had existed for decades—began to grow out of proportion and stretched several kilometres beyond Luanda's former city limits as a result of the decades-long civil war, and because of the rise of deep social inequalities due to large-scale migration of civil war refugees from other Angolan regions. For decades, Luanda's facilities were not adequately expanded to handle this huge increase in the city's population.

===21st century===
{{see also|Luanda Agreement}}
After 2002, with the end of the civil war and high economic growth rates fuelled by the wealth provided by the increasing oil and diamond production, major reconstruction started.<ref>[http://www.economist.com/node/12009946?story_id=12009946 The Economist: Marching towards riches and democracy?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920042156/http://www.economist.com/node/12009946?story_id=12009946 |date=2011-09-20 }} August 28, 2008</ref>

Luanda has also become one of the world's most expensive cities.<ref name="ft">{{cite news |url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/505424e6-1455-11e5-9bc5-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3d7FKVaI7 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210201209/https://www.ft.com/content/505424e6-1455-11e5-9bc5-00144feabdc0#axzz3d7FKVaI7 |archive-date=2022-12-10 |url-access=subscription |title=Tokyo falls out of top 10 most expensive cities - FT.com |newspaper=Financial Times |date=16 June 2015 |publisher=ft.com |access-date=2016-02-07 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:National Assembly Building (19898889148).jpg|thumb|left|The [[National Assembly of Angola]]]]
The central government supposedly allocates funds to all regions of the country, but the capital region receives the bulk of these funds. Since the end of the [[Angolan Civil War]] (1971–2002), stability has been widespread in the country, and major reconstruction has been going on since 2002 in those parts of the country that were damaged during the civil war.

Luanda has been of major concern because its population had multiplied and had far outgrown the capacity of the city, especially because much of its infrastructure (water, electricity, roads etc.) had become obsolete and degraded.

Luanda has been undergoing major road reconstruction in the 21st century, and new highways are planned to improve connections to [[Cacuaco]], [[Viana, Angola|Viana]], [[Samba, Luanda|Samba]], and the new airport.<ref name="otal.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.otal.com/angola/ |title=OT Africa Line - Angola |publisher=Otal.com |date=2004-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618063941/http://www.otal.com/angola/ |archive-date=2009-06-18 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Major [[social housing]] is also being constructed to house those who reside in slums, which dominate the landscape of Luanda. A large Chinese firm has been given a contract to construct the majority of replacement housing in Luanda.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chinainternationalfund.com/projects1.asp?Id=287 |title=China International Fund Limited |publisher=Chinainternationalfund.com |access-date=2010-06-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618232837/http://www.chinainternationalfund.com/projects1.asp?Id=287 |archive-date=2009-06-18 }}</ref> The Angolan minister of health recently stated poverty in Angola will be overcome by an increase in jobs and the housing of every citizen.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.portalangop.co.ao/motix/pt_pt/noticias/economia/Pobreza-sera-combatida-com-emprego-habitacoes-sociais-diz-ministro-adjunto,d4542ae2-820b-4c6b-bdee-85dc280983b5.html |title=Angola Press - Economia - Pobreza será combatida com emprego e habitações sociais, diz ministro-adjunto do PM |publisher=Portalangop.co.ao |date=2010-05-25 |access-date=2010-06-28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125155231/http://www.portalangop.co.ao/motix/pt_pt/noticias/economia/Pobreza-sera-combatida-com-emprego-habitacoes-sociais-diz-ministro-adjunto,d4542ae2-820b-4c6b-bdee-85dc280983b5.html |archive-date=2011-01-25 }}</ref>


==Geography==
[[File:Luanda_13.23266E_8.80761S.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of the City of Luanda and the [[Ilha de Luanda]].]]
[[File:Marginal Avenida 4 de Fevreiro Luanda March 2013 05 (cropped) (cropped).JPG|thumb|right|The Bay of Luanda]]
[[File:Ilha de Luanda.JPG|thumb|right|Beach cabanas on [[Ilha de Luanda]]]]
===Human geography===
Luanda is divided into two parts, the ''Baixa de Luanda'' (lower Luanda, the old city) and the ''Cidade Alta'' (upper city or the new part). The ''Baixa de Luanda'' is situated next to the port, and has narrow streets and old colonial buildings.<ref>[http://www.gpl.gv.ao/Revista/VIAS%20DE%20LUANDA%20-%20Relat%C3%B3rio%20de%20Actividades%20n%C2%BA29%20-%20NOVEMBRO%20e%20DEZEom MBRO%20de%202010.pdf Streets of Luanda from the Luanda Provincial Government website]{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} new pictures from Luanda City (Portuguese)</ref> However, new constructions have by now covered large areas beyond these traditional limits, and a number of previously independent nuclei&nbsp;— like Viana&nbsp;— were incorporated into the city.

===Metropolitan Luanda===
Until 2011, the former Luanda Province comprised what now forms five [[List of municipalities of Angola|municipalities]]. In 2011 the Province was enlarged by the addition of two additional municipalities transferred from [[Bengo Province]], namely Icolo e Bengo, and Quiçama. Excluding these additions, the five municipalities comprise Greater Luanda:

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! Name  || Area in <br> km<sup>2</sup> || Population<br>Census<br>2014 ||Population<br>Estimate<br>2019<ref name="ReferenceA">Instituto Nacional de Estatística, República de Angola.</ref>
|-
| [[Belas, Luanda|Belas]] ||align="right"|1,046||align="right"|1,071,046||align="right"|1,271,854
|-
| [[Cacuaco]] ||align="right"|312||align="right"|1,077,438||align="right"|1,279,488
|-
| [[Cazenga]] ||align="right"|37||align="right"|880,639||align="right"|1,045,722
|-
| Luanda (city) ||align="right"|116||align="right"|2,165,867||align="right"|2,571,861
|-
| [[Viana, Luanda|Viana]] ||align="right"|693||align="right"|1,600,594||align="right"|1,900,688
|-
| '''''Totals''''' ||align="right"|''2,204''||align="right"|''6,795,584''||align="right"|''8,069,613''
|}

Two new municipalities have been created within Greater Luanda since 2017: [[Talatona]] and [[Kilamba-Kiaxi]]

====Districts====
[[File:Miradouro da Lua (Angola).jpg|thumb|left|Miradouro da Lua in Samba district]]
The city of Luanda is divided in six urban districts: [[Ingombota]], Angola Quiluanje, Maianga, Rangel, Samba and Sambizanga.

In Samba and Sambizanga, more high-rise developments are to be built. The capital Luanda is growing constantly - and in addition, increasingly beyond the official city limits and even provincial boundaries.

Luanda is the seat of a [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] archbishop. It is also the location of most of Angola's educational institutions, including the private [[Catholic University of Angola]] and the public [[University of Agostinho Neto]]. It is also the home of the colonial Governor's Palace and the [[Estádio da Cidadela]] (the "Citadel Stadium"), Angola's main stadium, with a total seating capacity of 60,000.<ref name="zerozero">{{cite web |url=http://www.zerozero.pt/estadio.php?id=1064 |title=Estádio da Cidadela |publisher=zerozero.pt |access-date=2016-02-07 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504213205/http://www.zerozero.pt/estadio.php?id=1064 |archive-date=2014-05-04 }}</ref>

===Climate===
Luanda has a [[hot semi-arid climate|hot semi-desert climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''BSh''), bordering upon a [[desert climate#Hot desert climates|hot desert climate]] (''BWh''). The climate is warm to hot but surprisingly dry, owing to the cool [[Benguela Current]], which prevents moisture from easily condensing into rain. Frequent fog prevents temperatures from falling at night even during the completely dry months from May to October. Luanda has an annual rainfall of {{convert|405|mm|in|1}}, but the variability is among the highest in the world, with a co-efficient of variation above 40 percent.<ref>Dewar, Robert E. and Wallis, James R; "Geographical patterning in interannual rainfall variability in the tropics and near tropics: An L-moments approach"; in ''Journal of Climate'', 12; pp. 3457–3466</ref> The climate is largely influenced by the offshore Benguela current. The current gives the city a surprisingly low humidity despite its tropical latitude, which makes the hotter months considerably more bearable than similar cities in Western/Central Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Visit Luanda, Angola |url=https://visitafrica.site/cities/experience-luanda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421003943/https://visitafrica.site/luanda.html |archive-date=2021-04-21 |access-date=2021-02-13 |website=visitafrica.site |language=en-GB}}</ref> Observed records since 1858 range from {{convert|55|mm|in}} in 1958 to {{convert|851|mm|in}} in 1916. The short rainy season in March and April depends on a northerly counter current bringing moisture to the city: it has been shown clearly that weakness in the Benguela Current can increase rainfall about sixfold compared with years when that current is strong.<ref>[http://traveltoafrica.info/chuva-em-luanda-angola.html Video from heavy rain falls in Luanda] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120727171345/http://traveltoafrica.info/chuva-em-luanda-angola.html |date=2012-07-27 }} December 28, 2010</ref>

{{Weather box|location = Luanda (1961-1990, extremes 1879-present)
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|temperature colour = 
|Jan record high C = 33.9
|Feb record high C = 34.1
|Mar record high C = 37.2
|Apr record high C = 36.1
|May record high C = 36.1
|Jun record high C = 35.0
|Jul record high C = 28.9
|Aug record high C = 28.3
|Sep record high C = 31.0
|Oct record high C = 31.2
|Nov record high C = 36.1
|Dec record high C = 33.6
|year record high C = 37.2
|Jan high C = 29.5
|Feb high C = 30.5
|Mar high C = 30.7
|Apr high C = 30.2
|May high C = 28.8
|Jun high C = 25.7
|Jul high C = 23.9
|Aug high C = 24.0
|Sep high C = 25.4
|Oct high C = 26.8
|Nov high C = 28.4
|Dec high C = 28.6
|year high C = 27.7
|Jan mean C = 26.7
|Feb mean C = 28.5
|Mar mean C = 28.6
|Apr mean C = 28.2
|May mean C = 27.0
|Jun mean C = 23.9
|Jul mean C = 22.1
|Aug mean C = 22.1
|Sep mean C = 23.5
|Oct mean C = 25.2
|Nov mean C = 26.7
|Dec mean C = 26.9
|year mean C = 25.8
|Jan low C = 23.9
|Feb low C = 24.7
|Mar low C = 24.6
|Apr low C = 24.3
|May low C = 23.3
|Jun low C = 20.3
|Jul low C = 18.7
|Aug low C = 18.8
|Sep low C = 20.2
|Oct low C = 22.0
|Nov low C = 23.3
|Dec low C = 23.5
|year low C = 22.3
|Jan record low C = 18.0
|Feb record low C = 16.1
|Mar record low C = 20.0
|Apr record low C = 17.8
|May record low C = 17.8
|Jun record low C = 12.8
|Jul record low C = 11.0
|Aug record low C = 12.2
|Sep record low C = 15.0
|Oct record low C = 17.8
|Nov record low C = 17.2
|Dec record low C = 17.8
|year record low C = 11.0
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 30
|Feb rain mm = 36
|Mar rain mm = 114
|Apr rain mm = 136
|May rain mm = 16
|Jun rain mm = 0
|Jul rain mm = 0
|Aug rain mm = 1
|Sep rain mm = 2
|Oct rain mm = 7
|Nov rain mm = 32
|Dec rain mm = 31
|Jan humidity = 80
|Feb humidity = 78
|Mar humidity = 80
|Apr humidity = 83
|May humidity = 83
|Jun humidity = 82
|Jul humidity = 83
|Aug humidity = 85
|Sep humidity = 84
|Oct humidity = 81
|Nov humidity = 82
|Dec humidity = 81
|year humidity = 82
|unit rain days = 0.1&nbsp;mm
|Jan rain days = 4
|Feb rain days = 5
|Mar rain days = 9
|Apr rain days = 11
|May rain days = 2
|Jun rain days = 0
|Jul rain days = 0
|Aug rain days = 1
|Sep rain days = 3
|Oct rain days = 5
|Nov rain days = 8
|Dec rain days = 5
|Jan sun = 217.0
|Feb sun = 203.4
|Mar sun = 207.7
|Apr sun = 192.0
|May sun = 229.4
|Jun sun = 207.0
|Jul sun = 167.4
|Aug sun = 148.8
|Sep sun = 150.0
|Oct sun = 167.4
|Nov sun = 186.0
|Dec sun = 201.5
|year sun = 
|Jand sun = 7.0
|Febd sun = 7.2
|Mard sun = 6.7
|Aprd sun = 6.4
|Mayd sun = 7.4
|Jund sun = 6.9
|Juld sun = 5.4
|Augd sun = 4.8
|Sepd sun = 5.0
|Octd sun = 5.4
|Novd sun = 6.2
|Decd sun = 6.5
|yeard sun = 6.2
|source 1 = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]]<ref name = DWD>{{cite web
| url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_661600_kt.pdf
| title = Klimatafel von Luanda, Prov. Luanda / Angola
| work = Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world
| publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst
| language = de
| access-date = 11 June 2016
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190512103602/https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_661600_kt.pdf
| archive-date = 12 May 2019
| url-status = live
}}</ref>
|source 2 = Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)<ref name = meteoclimat>
{{cite web
| url = http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=1479
| title = Station Luanda
| publisher = Meteo Climat
|language = fr
| access-date = 11 June 2016}}</ref>
|date=August 2010
}}

==== Climate change ====
A 2019 paper published in [[PLOS One]] estimated that under [[Representative Concentration Pathway#4.5|Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5]], a "moderate" scenario of [[climate change]] where global warming reaches ~{{convert|2.5-3|C-change|F-change}} by 2100, the climate of Luanda in the year 2050 would most closely resemble the current climate of [[Guatemala City]]. The annual temperature would increase by {{convert|0.7|C-change|F-change}}, the temperature of the coldest month by {{convert|0.4|C-change|F-change}}, and the temperature of the warmest month by {{convert|0.1|C-change|F-change}}.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bastin |first1=Jean-Francois |last2=Clark |first2=Emily |last3=Elliott |first3=Thomas |last4=Hart |first4=Simon |last5=van den Hoogen |first5=Johan |last6=Hordijk |first6=Iris |last7=Ma |first7=Haozhi |last8=Majumder |first8=Sabiha |last9=Manoli |first9=Gabriele |last10=Maschler |first10=Julia |last11=Mo |first11=Lidong |last12=Routh |first12=Devin |last13=Yu |first13=Kailiang |last14=Zohner |first14=Constantin M. |last15=Thomas W. |first15=Crowther |title=Understanding climate change from a global analysis of city analogues |journal=PLOS ONE |date=10 July 2019 |volume=14 |issue=7 |at=S2 Table. Summary statistics of the global analysis of city analogues. |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0217592 |pmid=31291249 |pmc=6619606 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1417592B |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://crowtherlab.pageflow.io/cities-of-the-future-visualizing-climate-change-to-inspire-action |title=Cities of the future: visualizing climate change to inspire action |at=Current vs. future cities |access-date=8 January 2023 |archive-date=8 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108082440/https://crowtherlab.pageflow.io/cities-of-the-future-visualizing-climate-change-to-inspire-action |url-status=dead }}</ref> According to [[Climate Action Tracker]], the current warming trajectory appears consistent with {{convert|2.7|C-change|F-change}}, which closely matches RCP 4.5.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://climateactiontracker.org/global/cat-thermometer/ |title=The CAT Thermometer |access-date=8 January 2023 |archive-date=14 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414131223/https://climateactiontracker.org/global/cat-thermometer/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Moreover, according to the 2022 [[IPCC Sixth Assessment Report]], Luanda is one of 12 major African cities ([[Abidjan]], [[Alexandria]], [[Algiers]], [[Cape Town]], [[Casablanca]], [[Dakar]], [[Dar es Salaam]], [[Durban]], [[Lagos]], [[Lomé]], Luanda and [[Maputo]]) which would be the most severely affected by the future [[sea level rise]]. It estimates that they would collectively sustain cumulative damages of USD 65 billion under RCP 4.5 and USD 86.5 billion for the high-emission scenario RCP 8.5 by the year 2050. Additionally, RCP 8.5 combined with the hypothetical impact from [[marine ice sheet instability]] at high levels of warming would involve up to 137.5 billion USD in damages, while the additional accounting for the "low-probability, high-damage events" may increase aggregate risks to USD 187 billion for the "moderate" RCP4.5, USD 206 billion for RCP8.5 and USD 397 billion under the high-end ice sheet instability scenario.<ref>Trisos, C.H., I.O. Adelekan, E. Totin, A. Ayanlade, J. Efitre, A. Gemeda, K. Kalaba, C. Lennard, C. Masao, Y. Mgaya, G. Ngaruiya, D. Olago, N.P. Simpson, and S. Zakieldeen 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter09.pdf Chapter 9: Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206082533/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter09.pdf |date=2022-12-06 }}. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228114918/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ |date=2022-02-28 }} [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke,V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2043–2121</ref> Since sea level rise would continue for about 10,000 years under every scenario of climate change, future costs of sea level rise would only increase, especially without adaptation measures.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf |title=Technical Summary. In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |date=August 2021 |publisher=IPCC |page=TS14 |access-date=12 November 2021 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201719/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Demographics==
{|  style="float: right; border:1"
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | Year
! style="background:#efefef;" | Population
|-
| 1970 (Census) || style="text-align:right;"| 475,328<ref name="Archived copy">{{Cite web |url=http://citypopulation.de/Angola-Cities.html |title=Angola: Provinces, Major Cities, Urban Localities & Urban Agglomerations - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information |access-date=2019-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702220225/http://www.citypopulation.de/Angola-Cities.html |archive-date=2019-07-02 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2014 (Census) || style="text-align:right;"| 6,760,439<ref name="Archived copy"/>
|-
| 2018 (Projection) || style="text-align:right;"| 7,774,200<ref name="Archived copy"/>
|}
{{Main|Demographics of Angola}}
[[File:Igreja de Nossa Senhora dos Remédios (19929834976).jpg|thumb|left|[[Church of Our Lady of Remedies|Luanda Cathedral]] was built in 1628]]
The inhabitants of Luanda are primarily members of African ethnic groups, mainly [[Northern Mbundu people|Ambundu]], [[Ovimbundu]], and [[Bakongo]]. The official and the most widely used language is [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], although several [[Bantu languages]] are also used, chiefly [[Kimbundu]], [[Umbundu]], and [[Kikongo]].<ref name=":1" />

The population of Luanda has grown dramatically in recent years, due in large part to war-time migration to the city, which is safe compared to the rest of the country.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-adv/specialsales/spotlight/angola/article8.html |title=International Spotlight: Angola |work=Washingtonpost.com |access-date=2011-04-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106155002/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-adv/specialsales/spotlight/angola/article8.html |archive-date=2012-11-06 }}</ref> In 2006, however, Luanda saw an increase in violent crime, particularly in the shanty towns that surround the colonial urban core.<ref>{{cite news |title=Angola: Easy access to guns concern as election nears - Angola {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/angola/angola-easy-access-guns-concern-election-nears |access-date=26 September 2023 |work=reliefweb.int |agency=The New Humanitarian |date=13 March 2006 |language=en}}</ref>

There is a sizable minority population of [[Europe]]an origin, especially [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] (about 260,000), as well as [[Brazilian people|Brazilians]]. In recent years, mainly since the mid-2000s, immigration from Portugal has increased due to greater opportunities present in Angola's booming economy.<ref name="spiegel">{{cite news|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/tens-of-thousands-of-portuguese-emigrate-to-fast-growing-angola-a-833360.html|title=Tens of Thousands of Portuguese Emigrate to Fast-Growing Angola - SPIEGEL ONLINE|newspaper=Der Spiegel |date=17 May 2012 |publisher=spiegel.de|access-date=2016-02-07|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119133405/http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/tens-of-thousands-of-portuguese-emigrate-to-fast-growing-angola-a-833360.html|archive-date=2016-01-19|last1=Zuber |first1=Helene }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/sep/16/portuguese-exodus-angola-el-dorado | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=David | last=Smith | title=Portuguese escape austerity and find a new El Dorado in Angola | date=2012-09-16 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113020932/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/sep/16/portuguese-exodus-angola-el-dorado | archive-date=2017-01-13 }}</ref> There is a sprinkling of immigrants from other African countries as well, including a small expatriate [[South Africa]]n community. A small number of people of Luanda are of mixed race — European/Portuguese and native African. Over the last decades, a significant [[Chinese people|Chinese]] community has formed, as has a much smaller [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]] community.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}
[[File:Igreja de Nossa Senhora da Nazaré (19307975263).jpg|thumb|right|[[Nossa Senhora da Nazaré|N. Sra. da Nazaré Church]], b. 1664]]

=== Places of worship ===
Among the [[places of worship]], several are predominantly [[Christianity|Christian]] churches and congregations:<ref name=":1">Britannica,
[https://www.britannica.com/place/Angola Angola] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409161150/https://www.britannica.com/place/Angola |date=2019-04-09 }}, britannica.com, USA, accessed on July 7, 2019</ref>
*[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Luanda]] ([[Catholic Church]])
*[[Evangelical Congregational Church in Angola]] ([[World Communion of Reformed Churches]])
*[[Evangelical Reformed Church in Angola]] ([[World Communion of Reformed Churches]])
*[[Baptist Convention of Angola]] ([[Baptist World Alliance]])
*[[Universal Church of the Kingdom of God]]
*[[Assemblies of God]].
*Jehovah’s Witnesses.
==Culture==
[[File:Nzingambande.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Statue of [[Nzinga of Ndongo and Matamba|Queen Nzinga]]]]
[[File:Museu_Nacional_de_Antropologia_in_Luanda_-_Angola_2015_(cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[Museu Nacional de Antropologia (Angola)|National Museum of Anthropology]]]]
[[File:Museu da Escravatura (Luanda, Angola) (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[National Museum of Slavery (Angola)|National Museum of Slavery]]]]
As the economic and political center of Angola, Luanda is similarly the epicenter of Angolan culture. The city is home to numerous cultural institutions, including the [[Sindika Dokolo Foundation]].

The city hosts the annual [[Luanda International Jazz Festival]], since 2009.

The city is home to numerous museums, including:
*[[Museu Nacional de Antropologia (Angola)|National Museum of Anthropology]]
*[[Museu Nacional de História Natural de Angola|National Museum of Natural History]]
*[[Museum of the Armed Forces (Angola)|Museum of the Armed Forces]]
*[[National Museum of Slavery (Angola)|National Museum of Slavery]]

Other monuments in the city include:
*[[Palácio de Ferro]]
*[[Fortress of São Miguel]]
*[[Fortress of São Francisco do Penedo]]
*[[Church of Our Lady of Remedies|Luanda Cathedral]]
*[[Igreja de Jesus (Luanda)|Igreja de Jesus]]
*[[Igreja da Nossa Senhora do Cabo]]
*[[Igreja de Nossa Senhora da Conceição (Luanda)|Igreja da Nossa Senhora da Conceição]]
*[[Nossa Senhora da Nazaré|Igreja da Nossa Senhora da Nazaré]]
*[[Nossa Senhora do Carmo|Igreja da Nossa Senhora do Carmo]]
*[[Arquivo Histórico Nacional (Angola)|Arquivo Histórico Nacional]]

==Economy==
{{See also|Economy of Angola}}
[[File:Cidade Financeira de Luanda 2.jpg|thumb|left|''Cidade Financeira de Luanda'']]
[[File:Marginal Avenida 4 de Fevreiro Luanda March 2013 03 (cropped).JPG|thumb|right|High rises in downtown Luanda]]
Around one-third of Angolans live in Luanda, 53% of whom live in poverty. Living conditions in Luanda are poor for most of the people, with essential services such as safe drinking water and electricity still in short supply, and severe shortcomings in traffic conditions.<ref>[http://www.dfid.gov.uk/Media-Room/Case-Studies/2009/Keeping-the-flow-in-Angolas-slums/ Keeping the flow in Angola's slums] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090715122124/http://www.dfid.gov.uk/Media-Room/Case-Studies/2009/Keeping-the-flow-in-Angolas-slums/ |date=2009-07-15 }}, [[Department for International Development]] (DFID), United Kingdom (February 13, 2009)</ref>

Luanda is one of the world's [[List of most expensive cities for expatriate employees|most expensive]] cities for resident foreigners.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mercer.com/newsroom/cost-of-living-survey.html |title=Worldwide Cost of Living survey 2015 - City rankings |publisher=www.mercer.com |access-date=2015-06-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619201330/http://www.mercer.com/newsroom/cost-of-living-survey.html |archive-date=2015-06-19 }}</ref> In Mercer’s cost of living index, Luanda was ranked as top of the list due to the extremely high costs of goods and security. Luanda sits above [[Seoul]], [[Geneva]] and [[Shanghai]] in the rankings. These costs have fueled rampant inequality in the city. Skyscrapers are left barren as the price of oil drops.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mayda |first=Matteo de |date=2017-07-07 |title=Divided Luanda: life inside a city fueled by inequality – in pictures |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/gallery/2017/jul/07/luanda-angola-expensive-city-divided-oil-in-pictures |access-date=2022-09-26 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
[[File:Marginal Promenade in Luanda - Angola 2015.jpg|thumb|right|''Marginal'' promenade along the bay]]
[[File:Rua Kwame Nkrumah Luanda 05.JPG|thumb|left|Tower on ''Rua Kwame Nkrumah'']]
New import tariffs imposed in March 2014 made Luanda even more expensive. As an example, a half-litre tub of vanilla ice cream at the supermarket was reported to cost US$31. The higher import tariffs applied to hundreds of items, from garlic to cars. The stated aim was to try to diversify the heavily oil-dependent economy and nurture farming and industry, sectors that have remained weak. These tariffs have caused much hardship in a country where the average salary was US$260 per month in 2010, the latest year for which data was available. However, the average salary in the booming oil industry was over 20 times higher at US$5,400 per month.<ref name="www.independent.co.uk">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/angolas-new-import-tariffs-putting-the-squeeze-on-the-poorest-residents-in-one-of-the-worlds-most-expensive-cities-9278530.html|title=Angola's new import tariffs putting the squeeze on the poorest residents in one of the world's most expensive cities|newspaper=The Independent|date=2014-04-23|access-date=2014-05-02|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427052726/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/angolas-new-import-tariffs-putting-the-squeeze-on-the-poorest-residents-in-one-of-the-worlds-most-expensive-cities-9278530.html|archive-date=2014-04-27}}</ref>

Manufacturing includes [[convenience food|processed foods]], [[drink|beverages]], [[textile]]s, [[cement]] and other building materials, [[plastic]] products, metalware, [[cigarette]]s, and shoes/clothes. [[Petroleum]] (found in nearby off-shore deposits) is refined in the city, although this facility was repeatedly damaged during the [[Angolan Civil War]] of 1975–2002. Luanda has an excellent natural harbour; the chief exports are [[coffee]], [[cotton]], [[sugar]], [[diamond]]s, [[iron]], and [[salt]].{{cn|date=October 2022}}

The city also has a thriving building industry, an effect of the nationwide economic boom experienced since 2002, when political stability returned with the end of the civil war. Economic growth is largely supported by [[oil extraction]] activities, although great [[economic diversification|diversification]] is taking place. Large [[investment (macroeconomics)|investment]] (domestic and international), along with strong economic growth, has dramatically increased construction of all economic sectors in the city of Luanda.<ref name="economist.com">{{cite news |url=http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10316212 |title=GDP growth: A look ahead |magazine=The Economist |date=2007-12-19 |access-date=2010-06-28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125213302/http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10316212 |archive-date=2010-01-25 }}</ref> In 2007, the first modern shopping mall in Angola was established in the city at [[Belas Shopping]] mall.<ref name="angonot">{{cite web|url=http://www.angonoticias.com/Artigos/item/12911|title=Belas shopping inaugurado em Luanda|publisher=Angonoticias.com|date=28 March 2007|access-date=2015-05-26|language=pt|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527002246/http://www.angonoticias.com/Artigos/item/12911|archive-date=27 May 2015}}</ref>

==Transport==
[[File:Terminal Marítimo de Passageiros (19728280430).jpg|thumb|left|The [[Port of Luanda]] administration]]
===Railway===
Luanda is the starting point of the [[Luanda railway]] that goes due east to Malanje. The [[Angolan Civil War|civil war]] left the railway non-functional, but the railway has been restored up to [[Dondo, Angola|Dondo]] and [[Malanje]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chinainternationalfund.com/projects1.asp?Id=284 |title=China International Fund Limited |publisher=Chinainternationalfund.com |access-date=2010-06-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618030958/http://www.chinainternationalfund.com/projects1.asp?Id=284 |archive-date=2009-06-18 }}</ref>

===Airports===
[[File:NAIL Airside View of Terminal.jpg|thumb|right|[[Angola International Airport]], Luanda]]
The main airport of Luanda was [[Quatro de Fevereiro Airport]], which is still the largest in the country. A new [[international airport]], [[Angola International Airport]] was constructed southeast of the city, a few kilometres from [[Viana, Angola|Viana]], and was expected to be opened in 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chinainternationalfund.com/projects1.asp?Id=283 |title=China International Fund Limited |publisher=Chinainternationalfund.com |access-date=2010-06-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618232803/http://www.chinainternationalfund.com/projects1.asp?Id=283 |archive-date=2009-06-18 }}</ref> However, as the Angolan government did not continue to make the payments due to the Chinese enterprise in charge of the construction, the firm suspended its work in 2010. The airport finally opened in November 2023. The new airport will gradually replace the old airport.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-17 |title=Angola Delays Opening of $5 Billion Airport for the Fourth Time |language=en |work=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-06-17/angola-delays-opening-of-5-billion-airport-for-the-fourth-time |access-date=2022-12-04 |archive-date=2023-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220084400/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-06-17/angola-delays-opening-of-5-billion-airport-for-the-fourth-time |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Orban |first1=André |title=New Luanda International Airport opens in Angola after long delay |url=https://www.aviation24.be/airports/luanda-airport-lad/new-luanda-international-airport-opens-in-angola-after-long-delay/ |publisher=Aviation24 |access-date=22 July 2024 |date=10 November 2023}}</ref>

===Port===
The [[Port of Luanda]] serves as the largest [[port]] of [[Angola]] and is one of the busiest ports in Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.africanbusinesscentral.com/2015/06/20/the-top-eight-busiest-ports-in-africa-photos-and-infographic/ |title=African Business Central - Top Eight Busiest Ports in Africa |access-date=2020-01-21 |archive-date=2020-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204061717/https://www.africanbusinesscentral.com/2015/06/20/the-top-eight-busiest-ports-in-africa-photos-and-infographic/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Major expansion of this port is also taking place.<ref>[http://www.scottwilson.com/projects/transportation/maritime/luanda_oil_service_centre.aspx Scott Wilson projects] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080304134946/http://www.scottwilson.com/projects/transportation/maritime/luanda_oil_service_centre.aspx |date=March 4, 2008 }}</ref> In 2014, a new port is being developed at [[Dande]], about 30&nbsp;km to the north.
[[File:First WAFMAX in Angola 2 (8222830395).jpg|thumb|left|The [[Port of Luanda]] is one of the busiest ports in Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.africanbusinesscentral.com/2015/06/20/the-top-eight-busiest-ports-in-africa-photos-and-infographic/ |title=African Business Central - Top Eight Busiest Ports in Africa |access-date=2020-01-21 |archive-date=2020-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204061717/https://www.africanbusinesscentral.com/2015/06/20/the-top-eight-busiest-ports-in-africa-photos-and-infographic/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>]]

===Road transport===
Luanda's roads are in a poor state of repair, but are undergoing an extensive reconstruction process by the government in order to relieve [[traffic]] congestion in the city. Major road repairs can be found taking place in nearly every neighbourhood, including a major 6-lane [[highway]] connected Luanda to [[Viana, Angola|Viana]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200808180008.html |title=Angola: Part of Luanda's Highway Complete By December |publisher=allAfrica.com |date=2008-08-15 |access-date=2010-06-28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091004173236/http://allafrica.com/stories/200808180008.html |archive-date=2009-10-04 }}</ref>

===Public transport===
Public transit is provided by the suburban services of the [[Luanda Railway]], by the public company [[Transporte Colectivo Urbano de Luanda|TCUL]], and by a large fleet of privately owned collective taxis as white-blue painted minibuses called ''Candongueiro''. Candongueiros are usually [[Toyota Hiace]] vans, that are built to carry 12 people, although the candongueiros usually carry at least 15 people. They charge from 100 to 200 kwanzas per trip. They are known to disobey traffic rules, for example not stopping at signs and driving over pavements and aisles.

In 2019, the [[Luanda Light Rail]] network with an estimated cost of [[U.S. dollar|US $]]3 billion was announced to begin construction in 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://macauhub.com.mo/en/2019/11/06/pt-metro-de-superficie-de-luanda-vai-custar-3000-milhoes-de-dolares/|title=Luanda surface light rail system will cost US$3 billion – Macauhub|website=Macauhub|date=6 November 2019|access-date=6 November 2019}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Education==
[[File:Lyceum Salvador Correia in Luanda, Angola (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[:pt:Magistério Mutu-ya-Kevela|Mutu-ya Kevela Prep. School]]]]
[[File:New_campus_(6177681401)_(cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[Agostinho Neto University]]]]
International schools:
* [[Escola Portuguesa de Luanda]]
* Colégio Português de Luanda
* Colégio São Francisco de Assis
* [[Luanda International School]]
* English School Community of Luanda

===Higher education===
Universities:
* [[Agostinho Neto University]]
* Lusíada University
* [[Catholic University of Angola]]
* [[Technical University of Angola]]
* [[Methodist University of Angola]]
* Private University of Angola
* [[Jean Piaget University of Angola]]
* [[University of Luanda]]
* Universidade Indepedente de Angola
* Higher Institute of Education Sciences of the Luanda

==Sports==
[[File:Estadio-11Nov-Luanda 03 linke-Seite-Bogen LWS-2011-08-NC 0991.jpg|thumb|[[Estádio 11 de Novembro]]]]
Luanda's [[Pavilhão Multiusos do Kilamba]] hosted games for [[Angola's national basketball team]] on many occasions.<ref>{{cite news |title=Getting to know Africa's flashy basketball arenas |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/news/getting-to-know-africas-flashy-basketball-arenas |access-date=10 December 2020 |work=[[FIBA]] |date=2 September 2019 |archive-date=7 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107193242/https://www.fiba.basketball/news/getting-to-know-africas-flashy-basketball-arenas |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2013 Luanda together with Namibe, today's [[Moçâmedes]], hosted the [[2013 FIRS Men's Roller Hockey World Cup]], the first time that a World Cup of [[roller hockey (quad)|roller hockey]] was held in Africa. The city is home to the Desportivo do Bengo football club.

==International relations==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Africa#Angola|l1=List of twin towns and sister cities in Angola}}

===Twin towns – Sister cities===
{{More citations needed section|date=March 2015}}
Luanda is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:

*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Houston]], [[United States]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Sister Cities|url=http://www.houstontx.gov/abouthouston/sistercities.html|website=www.houstontx.gov|access-date=26 September 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919143424/http://www.houstontx.gov/abouthouston/sistercities.html|archive-date=19 September 2017}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[São Paulo]], [[Brazil]]<ref name="São Paulo twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www3.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cadlem/secretarias/negocios_juridicos/cadlem/integra.asp?alt=11072007L%20144710000|title = Pesquisa de Legislação Municipal - No 14471|access-date=2013-08-23|work=Prefeitura da Cidade de São Paulo [Municipality of the City of São Paulo]|language=pt|trans-title=Research Municipal Legislation - No 14471|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018123138/http://www3.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cadlem/secretarias/negocios_juridicos/cadlem/integra.asp?alt=11072007L%20144710000|archive-date = 2011-10-18}}</ref><ref name="São Paulo WikiSource">[http://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/Lei_Municipal_de_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_14471_de_2007 Lei Municipal de São Paulo 14471 de 2007] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928023927/http://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/Lei_Municipal_de_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_14471_de_2007 |date=2013-09-28 }} WikiSource {{in lang|pt}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|POR}} [[Lisbon]], [[Portugal]]<ref name="Lisbon twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.anmp.pt/anmp/pro/mun1/gem101l0.php?cod_ent=M1100|title=Lisboa - Geminações de Cidades e Vilas|access-date=2013-08-23|work=Associação Nacional de Municípios Portugueses [National Association of Portuguese Municipalities]|language=pt|trans-title=Lisbon - Twinning of Cities and Towns|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201175323/http://www.anmp.pt/anmp/pro/mun1/gem101l0.php?cod_ent=M1100|archive-date=2015-02-01|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Lisbon twinnings 2">{{cite web|url=http://www.cm-lisboa.pt/municipio/relacoes-internacionais |title=Acordos de Geminação, de Cooperação e/ou Amizade da Cidade de Lisboa |access-date=2013-08-23 |work=Camara Municipal de Lisboa |language=pt |trans-title=Lisbon - Twinning Agreements, Cooperation and Friendship |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031202617/http://www.cm-lisboa.pt/municipio/relacoes-internacionais |archive-date=2013-10-31 }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Oaxaca City|Oaxaca]], [[Mexico]]
*{{flagicon|CPV}} [[Praia]], [[Cape Verde]]
*{{flagicon|MOZ}} [[Beira, Mozambique|Beira]], [[Mozambique]]
*{{flagicon|NAM}} [[Windhoek]], [[Namibia]]
*{{flagicon|GNB}} [[Bissau]], [[Guinea-Bissau]]
*{{flagicon|PRC}} [[Beijing]], [[China]]
*{{flagicon|MAC}} [[Macau]], Macau
*{{flagicon|MOZ}} [[Maputo]], [[Mozambique]]
*{{flagicon|NER}} [[Tahoua]], [[Niger]]
*{{flagicon|STP}} [[São Tomé]], [[São Tomé and Príncipe]]
*{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Johannesburg]], [[South Africa]]
*{{flagicon|EGY}} [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]]
*{{flagicon|POR}} [[Porto]], [[Portugal]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Geminações de Cidades e Vilas |url=https://www.anmp.pt/anmp/pro/mun1/gem101l0.php?cod_ent=M4000 |website=www.anmp.pt |access-date=16 August 2021 |archive-date=12 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712203757/https://www.anmp.pt/anmp/pro/mun1/gem101l0.php?cod_ent=M4000 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Porto International">{{cite web|url=http://www.cm-porto.pt/document/449218/481584.pdf |title=International Relations of the City of Porto |publisher=[[copyright|©]] 2006–2009 Municipal Directorateofthe PresidencyServices InternationalRelationsOffice |access-date=2009-07-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113054303/http://www.cm-porto.pt/document/449218/481584.pdf |archive-date=2012-01-13 }}</ref><ref name="Associação Porto Digital">{{cite web |author=Associação Porto Digital |url=http://www.cm-porto.pt/gen.pl?sid=cmp.sections/521 |title=C.M. Porto |publisher=Cm-porto.pt |access-date=2011-04-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515093608/http://www.cm-porto.pt/gen.pl?sid=cmp.sections%2F521 |archive-date=2011-05-15 }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|ANG}} [[Huambo]], Angola
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Toulon]], [[France]]
*{{flagicon|PAR}} [[Asunción]], [[Paraguay]]
*{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Cape Town]], [[South Africa]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
{{See also|Timeline of Luanda#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Luanda}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|voy=Luanda|Luanda}}
{{Commons category|Luanda}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180626051415/http://www.portalluanda.com/ Portal da Cidade de Luanda]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050514015807/http://www.cidadeluanda.com/ www.cidadeluanda.com - Luanda, city map, History, Photos]

{{Municipalities of Angola}}
{{List of African capitals}}
{{World's most populous urban areas}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Luanda| ]]
[[Category:Capitals in Africa]]
[[Category:Municipalities of Angola]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in Angola]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1576]]
[[Category:Populated places in Luanda Province]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns in Angola]]
[[Category:Provincial capitals in Angola]]
[[Category:1576 establishments in the Portuguese Empire]]
[[Category:1576 establishments in Africa]]
[[Category:Cities in Angola]]