View source for Melagiri

{{morefootnotes|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                            = Melagiri
| native_name                     = 
| native_name_lang                = 
| other_name                      = 
| nickname                        = 
| settlement_type                 = Reserve forest
| image_skyline                   = Spider Valley Aiyur Melagiri.jpg
| image_alt                       = 
| image_caption                   = Spider Valley, Melagiri
| pushpin_map                     = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position          = right
| pushpin_map_alt                 = 
| pushpin_map_caption             = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates                     = {{coord|12|12|33|N|77|49|25|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type                = Country
| subdivision_name                = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1               = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1               = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2               = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2               = [[Krishnagiri district|Krishnagiri]] and [[Dharmapuri district|Dharmapuri]]
| established_title               = <!-- Established -->
| established_date                = 
| founder                         = 
| named_for                       = 
| government_type                 = 
| governing_body                  = 
| unit_pref                       = Metric
| area_footnotes                  = 
| area_rank                       = 
| area_total_km2                  = 1295
| elevation_footnotes             = 
| elevation_m                     = 1395
| population_total                = 
| population_as_of                = 
| population_rank                 = 
| population_density_km2          = auto
| population_demonym              = 
| population_footnotes            = 
| demographics_type1              = Languages
| demographics1_title1            = Official
| demographics1_info1             = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1                       = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1                     = +5:30
| postal_code_type                = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] -->
| postal_code                     = 
| registration_plate              = 
| blank1_name_sec1                = Nearest Place
| blank1_info_sec1                = Denkanikottai, Dharmapuri,(palacode)
| website                         = 
| footnotes                       = 
| official_name                   = 
}}

The '''Melagiris''' are a range of hills on the Eastern Ghats, bound by the river [[Cauvery]] on the west. Melagiri contain an expanse of 1295&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> of dry deciduous and semi-evergreen forests. It is an elephant country and contains two traditional elephant corridors. With the [[Bannerghatta National Park]] in the North east and Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary in the south, the forest range stretches to sanctuaries of [[BR Hills]] and Sathyamangala and joins the tiger reserves of [[Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve|Nilgiri Biosphere]]. As the meeting point of the [[Western Ghats]] and [[Eastern Ghats]], these forests form a vital link in the elephant corridors of South India, connecting the [[Bannerghatta National Park]] and the River Cauvery. It borders some of the prominent tiger sanctuaries of the south.

Part of Melagiri hills ranges were declared as a [[Cauvery North Wildlife Sanctuary]] with effect from 12 March 2014 by the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] as per the [[Wildlife Protection Act, 1972]].

==Geography==

Melagiri hills lie between the [[Dharmapuri]] and [[Krishnagiri]] Districts of [[Tamil Nadu]] on one side and bordered by [[Cauvery]] on the [[Karnataka]] side. Forest covered hills and valleys are the predominant landscape, with the highest peak of Gutherayan rising up to {{convert|1390|m|ft|sp=us}} and lowest {{convert|635|m|ft|sp=us}}. The forests are largely dry deciduous with some stretches of shola forests on the slopes of Gutherayan peak. The Melagiri hills receive a minimum of 700mm and maximum of 900mm of rainfall annually. 

Water sources: Cauvery, Dodahalla, Hebbahalla, Chinnar, Ponnaiar, Anaibiddahalla rivers

== Flora==
The Melagiri hills host mixed vegetation types such as thorn scrub, dry tropical riverine, dry deciduous, mixed deciduous, dry evergreen, and semi evergreen. The forests of the hill harbor many rare plants and trees such as giant Mangifera indica, Garcinia gummi-gutta, wild Balsam, wild jack, etc. Endangered species such as Shorea roxburghii also occur in the division. Significant trees such as old growth Mutti (Terminalia arjuna), Hardwickia binata, Ippe (Madhuca longifolia), Diospyros malabarica etc. occur here.

==Fauna==
[[File:Four-horned Antelope.JPG|thumb|[[four-horned antelope|Four horned antelope]] at Rasimanal, Melagiri]]
[[File:GGSquirrel.jpg|thumb|Grizzled giant squirrel at Melagiri]]
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2023}}
The area is home to the [[Asian elephant]], [[leopard]], [[dhole]], [[sloth bear]], [[marsh crocodile]], [[golden jackal]] and prey species such as [[chital]], [[gaur]], [[sambar (deer)|sambar]], [[grizzled giant squirrel]], [[four-horned antelope]] and [[smooth-coated otter]]. The area is also home to the last few remaining [[gray langur]] in the Hosur Forest Division.

=== Birds ===
[[Grey junglefowl]], [[grey-fronted green pigeon]], [[crested honey buzzard]], [[Egyptian vulture]], [[lesser fish eagle]], [[brown fish owl]], [[changeable hawk eagle]], [[Indian peafowl]], [[osprey]] and [[plain flowerpecker]] inhabit the hills.

=== Reptiles and amphibians ===
[[Indian cobra]], [[Indian python]], [[Russell's viper]], [[Dhaman]] rat snake, keelback water snake and rare snakes like the racer ''[[Coluber bholanathi]]'', the [[marsh crocodile]], lacertid lizard ''[[Ophisops leschenaultii]]'', [[Indian chameleon]], [[Bengal monitor]] and the [[Indian star tortoise]] occur here. Nearly 20 species of frogs and toads occur here including the rare rock-dwelling toad ''[[Bufo hololius]]''.<ref>Ganesh, SR A Kalaimani, P Karthik, N Baskaran, R Nagarajan. 2018. Herpetofauna of Southern Eastern Ghats, India – II, From Western Ghats to Coromandel Coast. Asian Journal of Conservation Biology 17(1):28-45</ref>

==Conflicts and threats==

*Elephant areas are being exploited for bamboo and leased for NTFP collection. Thus, during the migration of elephants, cause contact with human habitations and farms are often damaged. Wild Boars too are a major concern in crop-damage.
* [[Poaching]]
* [[Habitat fragmentation]] due to settlements
* Fuel wood collection, cattle grazing, livestock penning and illegal felling
* Forest fire
* Increased biotic pressure due to industrial expansion around the division
* Cattle competing with elephants for water and the usage of water by the local livestock dries up the waterholes.
* [[Lantana]], an invasive species with thorny bushes, is not eaten by any of the herbivores and its rapid spread has caused other species of fauna too to vanish. Rapid spread of [[Chromolaena odorata]] has severely damaged the bio-diversity, and typical landscapes of this beautiful jungle is making way for this invasive weed.

== References ==

<references />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110721175040/http://www.krishnagiri.tn.nic.in/profile.html Krishnagiri District Administration Website]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101116012717/http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=48572 IPS news on otters in Krishnagiri]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110721180555/http://www.kans.org.in/docs/DC%201%20July%2008.jpg press clip]
*Baskaran, N., K. Senthilkumar & M. Saravanan (2011). A new site record of the Grizzled Giant Squirrel ''Ratufa macroura'' (Pennant, 1769) in the Hosur forest division, Eastern Ghats, India and its conservation significance. ''Journal of Threatened Taxa.'' 3(6): 1837–1841.
*Chandramouli, S.R., S.R. Ganesh & N. Baskaran (2011). On recent sightings of a little known toad, ''Duttaphrynus hololius'' (Günther,1876) with notes on its morphological characterization and ecology.''Herpetology Notes'' 4: 271–274.
*Ganesh S. R., Adimallaiah D., Kailash P. K. (2013). New locality records of Nagarjun Sagar Racer Snake, ''Coluber bholanathi'' Sharma, 1976. ''Herpetotropicos.'' 9 (1-2): 09-12.

==External links==
*[http://melagiri.blogspot.com KANS Melagiri blog]

[[Category:Hills of Tamil Nadu]]