View source for Operation Halberd

{{EngvarB|date=March 2024}}
{{Short description|World War II maintenance convoy operation}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}
{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict    = Operation Halberd
|partof      = the [[Battle of the Mediterranean]] of the [[Second World War]]
|image       = The Royal Navy during the Second World War A5634.jpg
|image_size  = 250px
|caption     = An Italian torpedo bomber on fire and crashing during Operation Halberd, just beyond is {{HMS|Ark Royal|91|6}}
|date        = 27 September 1941
|place       = Southwest of [[Calabria]], [[Mediterranean Sea]]
|coordinates = {{coord|37|31|0.12|N|10|46|0.12|E|source:kolossus-fiwiki|display=INLINE,title}}
|result      = British victory
|combatant1  = {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} <br /> {{flagdeco|Netherlands}} [[Dutch government-in-exile|Netherlands]] <br /> {{flagdeco|Poland|1928}} [[Polish Armed Forces in the West|Poland]]
|combatant2  = {{flagcountry|Fascist Italy (1922-1943)}}
|commander1  = {{flagdeco|UK|naval}} [[James Somerville]]
|commander2  = {{flagdeco|Fascist Italy (1922-1943)}} [[Angelo Iachino]]
|strength1   = 1 aircraft carrier <br /> 3 battleships <br /> 5 light cruisers <br /> 18 destroyers <br /> 8 submarines <br /> 9 merchantmen <br /> 66 aircraft
|strength2   = 2 battleships <br /> 3 heavy cruisers <br /> 2 light cruisers <br /> 14 destroyers <br /> 11 submarines <br /> 8 torpedo boats <br /> 130 aircraft
|casualties1 = 8 killed <br /> 1 battleship damaged <br /> 1 merchantman scuttled <br /> 4 aircraft destroyed
|casualties2 = 83–90 killed <br /> 1 submarine sunk <br /> 21 aircraft destroyed
|campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Mediterranean Campaign}}
}}

'''Operation Halberd''' was a British naval operation that took place on 27 September 1941, during the [[Second World War]]. The British were attempting to deliver a [[Malta Convoys|convoy]] from [[Gibraltar]] to [[Malta]]. The convoy was escorted by several battleships and an aircraft carrier, to deter interference from the Italian surface fleet, while a close escort of cruisers and destroyers provided an anti-aircraft screen.

The Italian fleet sortied after the convoy was detected, but turned back after learning the strength of the escorting force. Air attacks by Italian bombers and fighters damaged several ships, and forced one of the merchant vessels to be scuttled. The rest of the convoy arrived at Malta and discharged their cargo.

==The convoy==
Operation Halberd was at the time the largest Malta supply effort of the war.{{sfn|Greene|Massignani|1998|p=181}} Nine merchant ships carrying 81,000 tons of military equipment and supplies sailed from [[Liverpool]] on 16 September and from the [[River Clyde|Clyde]] on 17 September as part of convoy WS ('''W'''inston '''S'''pecials) 11X, passing Gibraltar on 24 September 1941, with a close escort under the command of Rear-Admiral [[Harold Burrough]].{{sfn|Hague|2000|p=195}} The nine ships were

(Data from Llewellyn-Jones (2007) unless indicated.){{sfn|Llewellyn-Jones|2007|p=116}}
* {{MV|Ajax|1931|2}} ({{GRT|7549}}) [[Blue Funnel Line]]
* {{MV|Breconshire}} ({{GRT|9776}}) Convoy Commodore Auxiliary Supply Ship
* {{SS|City of Calcutta|1940|2}} ({{GRT|8063}}) [[Ellerman Lines|Ellerman's City Line]]
* {{SS|City of Lincoln|1938|2}} ({{GRT|8039}}) [[Ellerman Lines|Ellerman & Bucknall]]
* {{SS|Clan Ferguson||2}} ({{GRT|7347}}) [[Clan Line]]
* {{SS|Clan MacDonald||2}} ({{GRT|9653}}) Clan Line
* {{MV|Dunedin Star||2}} ({{GRT|12891}}) [[Blue Star Line]]
* {{MV|Imperial Star||2}} ({{GRT|12427}}) Blue Star Line
* {{MV|Rowallan Castle||2}} ({{GRT|7798}}) [[Union-Castle Line]]

==British forces==
[[Force H]], under the command of Admiral [[James Somerville]], accompanied the convoy as defence against Italian surface ships. Force H consisted of the [[battleship]]s {{HMS|Nelson|28|6}}, {{HMS|Rodney|29|2}} and {{HMS|Prince of Wales|53|2}} with the [[aircraft carrier]] {{HMS|Ark Royal|91|6}} operating 12 [[Fairey Swordfish]] and 27 [[Fairey Fulmar]]s of [[807 Naval Air Squadron|807]] and [[808 Naval Air Squadron]]s. Force H included [[cruiser]]s {{HMS|Kenya|14|6}}, {{HMS|Edinburgh|16|2}}, {{HMS|Sheffield|C24|2}}, {{HMS|Euryalus|42|2}} and {{HMS|Hermione|74|2}}, and was screened by [[destroyer]]s {{HNLMS|Isaac Sweers|1940|6}}, [[HMS Garland (H37)|ORP ''Garland'']] and {{ORP|Piorun|G65|6}}, and {{HMS|Duncan|D99|6}}, {{HMS|Farndale|L70|2}}, {{HMS|Foresight|H68|2}}, {{HMS|Forester|H74|2}}, {{HMS|Fury|H76|2}}, {{HMS|Heythrop|L85|2}}, {{HMS|Laforey|G99|2}}, {{HMS|Lance|G87|2}}, {{HMS|Legion|G74|2}}, {{HMS|Lightning|G55|2}}, {{HMS|Lively|G40|2}}, {{HMS|Oribi|G66|2}}, {{HMS|Cossack|F03|2}}, {{HMS|Gurkha|G63|2}} and {{HMS|Zulu|F18|2}}. Submarines {{HMS|Ursula|N59|6}} and {{HMS|Unbeaten|N93|2}} patrolled south of the [[Strait of Messina]] while {{HMS|Upright|N89|6}} and {{HMS|Utmost|N19|2}} patrolled north of the Strait. The Polish submarine {{ship|ORP|Sokół|1940|6}} patrolled north of [[Sicily]] with {{HMS|Urge||6}} and {{HMS|Upholder|P37|2}} while the Dutch submarine {{HNLMS|O 21}} patrolled south of [[Sardinia]]. Malta had recently received 27 long-range fighters (22 [[Bristol Beaufighter]]s and 5 [[Bristol Blenheim]]s), which had been bombing and strafing Italian airfields on Sicily and Sardinia, and would provide air cover for the convoy after Force H retired before reaching the Sicilian narrows.{{sfn|Greene|Massignani|1998|pp=182–187}}

==Italian forces==
Italian submarines deployed to ambush the British battleships thought to be planning a bombardment raid against the Italian coast. [[Marcello class submarine#Dandolo|''Dandolo'']], {{ship|Italian submarine|Adua||2}} and {{ship|Italian submarine|Turchese||2}} patrolled south of [[Ibiza]] while {{ship|Italian submarine|Axum||2}}, ''Serpente'', {{ship|Italian submarine|Aradam||2}} and {{ship|Italian submarine|Diaspro||2}} patrolled east of the [[Balearic Islands]]. ''Squalo'', ''Bandiera'' and {{ship|Italian submarine|Delfino|1930|2}} patrolled Southwest of Sardinia and ''Narvalo'' was off the African shore of the Sicilian narrows. Light cruisers {{ship|Italian cruiser|Muzio Attendolo||2}} and {{ship|Italian cruiser|Luigi di Savoia Duca degli Abruzzi||2}} of the 8th cruiser division sailed from [[Palermo]] with {{sclass|Maestrale|destroyer|1}}s ''Maestrale'', ''Grecale'' and ''Scirocco'' of the 10th destroyer flotilla to take position off [[La Maddalena]]. Battleships {{ship|Italian battleship|Vittorio Veneto||2}} and {{ship|Italian battleship|Littorio||2}} were prepared to sortie from [[Naples]] with {{ship|Italian destroyer|Granatiere|1938|2}}, {{ship|Italian destroyer|Fuciliere|1938|2}}, {{ship|Italian destroyer|Bersagliere|1938|2}} and [[Oriani-class destroyer|''Gioberti'']] of the 13th flotilla, and {{ship|Italian destroyer|Nicoloso da Recco||2}}, {{ship|Italian destroyer|Emanuele Pessagno||2}} and {{ship|Italian destroyer|Folgore||2}} of the 16th flotilla while cruisers {{ship|Italian cruiser|Trieste||2}}, {{ship|Italian cruiser|Trento||2}} and {{ship|Italian cruiser|Gorizia||2}} from [[Taranto]] with {{ship|Italian destroyer|Corazziere|1938|2}}, {{ship|Italian destroyer|Carabiniere|1938|2}}, {{ship|Italian destroyer|Ascari||2}} and {{ship|Italian destroyer|Lanciere|1938|2}} of the 12th flotilla prepared to join them. Sardinia deployed thirty [[Macchi C.200]], twenty [[Fiat CR.42 Falco]] fighters and twenty-six [[Savoia-Marchetti SM.79]] and [[Savoia-Marchetti SM.84|SM.84]] torpedo bombers against the convoy while Sicily deployed fifteen C.200 and three [[Reggiane Re.2000]] fighters and nine [[Junkers Ju 87]] with twenty-four [[Fiat BR.20]], SM.79 and SM.84 as high-level bombers and plus three with torpedoes. More Italian aircraft were operational but were assigned other missions including bombing Malta.{{sfn|Greene|Massignani|1998|pp=182–187}}

==Prelude==
Ships of the [[Mediterranean Fleet]] operating from [[Alexandria]] began making heavy radio traffic in the hope of diverting ''Luftwaffe'' attention to possible preparations for a major operation in the eastern Mediterranean. On 24 September Admiral Somerville shifted his flag from ''Nelson'' to ''Rodney'' and ''Nelson'' sailed west into the [[Atlantic]] at 18:15 escorted by ''Garland'', ''Piorun'' and ''Isaac Sweers'' to give the impression the strength of Force H was being reduced. ''Nelson'' turned back after dusk to join the merchant ships from Convoy WS 11X, now renamed convoy GM 2 as the second convoy from '''G'''ibraltar to '''M'''alta. Force H separated from the merchant ships in the early hours of 25 September so [[Axis powers|Axis]] aerial reconnaissance might think only Force H was at sea. Fulmars from ''Ark Royal'' provided air cover over the convoy.{{sfn|Greene|Massignani|1998|pp=182–187}}

Italian aircraft found Force H on the afternoon of 25 September, and assumed the battleships were on a bombardment raid against the Italian coast. A [[CANT Z.506]] seaplane observing Force H at 09:32 on 26 September reported a battleship with an aircraft carrier incorrectly identified as {{HMS|Furious|47|6}}. Since ''Ark Royal'' had been seen leaving Gibraltar, the Italians assumed ''Furious'' might be flying off aircraft to reinforce Malta while ''Ark Royal'' attacked [[Genoa]]. The Italian fleet sailed from Naples to take a defensive position with the 8th cruiser division off northern Sardinia, but was ordered not to engage the British fleet unless the Italians held a decisive superiority of forces.{{sfn|Greene|Massignani|1998|pp=182–187}}

==Battle of 27 September==
Force H rejoined the convoy at 07:10 27 September. Sixteen destroyers formed a bent line screen ahead of two columns of merchant ships. The port column was led by the cruiser ''Kenya'', followed by ''Ajax'', ''Clan MacDonald'', ''Imperial Star'', ''Rowallan Castle'' and ''City of Calcutta''. The starboard column was led by the cruiser ''Edinburgh'' followed by ''Clan Ferguson'', {{MV|Dunedin Star}}, HMS ''Breconshire'' and ''City of Lincoln''. ''Rodney'' took position behind the port wing of the screen followed by ''Prince of Wales''. ''Nelson'' took position behind the starboard wing of the screen followed by ''Ark Royal'' in formation with the [[Dido-class cruiser|anti-aircraft cruisers]] ''Euryalus'' and ''Hermione''. The cruiser ''Sheffield'' took position astern of the merchant ships, while the destroyers ''Piorun'' and ''Legion'' assumed [[plane guard]] positions astern of ''Ark Royal''.{{sfn|Greene|Massignani|1998|p=186}}

Italian aircraft correctly identified ''Ark Royal'' at 08:10, and at 10:45 reported the convoy speed of {{cvt|16|kn}}, which indicated that merchant ships were with the convoy. The battleships from Naples rendezvoused with the cruisers from Taranto at 10:40 and were joined by the 8th cruiser division at 11:48. The Italian fleet was faster than the battleships of Force H, but was inferior to the British force in firepower. The ''[[Regia Aeronautica]]'' gave priority to fighter defence of bomber strikes, and the six fighters providing air cover over the Italian fleet could not travel more than {{cvt|100|km|order=flip}} from their base. Since Italian aircraft had reported only a single British battleship, the Italian fleet received authorisation at noon to engage the British formation. The ''Regia Aeronautica'' was requested to provide increased air cover for the Italian fleet by 14:00.{{sfn|Greene|Massignani|1998|pp=187–191}}

The ''Regia Aeronautica'' launched a strike of 28 SM.79 and SM.84 torpedo planes with 20 Cr.42 fighters. The convoy came under air attack at 13:00. The strike was met by defending Fulmars and heavy anti-aircraft fire. Three bombers pressed through the barrage of starboard wing destroyers to launch torpedoes at ''Nelson''. ''Nelson'' turned to comb the torpedo tracks, and inadvertently steadied on the reciprocal course of a torpedo which struck the port side of the [[forecastle]].{{efn|This account states that the torpedo attacks were carried out by [[SM-79]] and [[Fiat BR.20|BR-20]] torpedo bombers.{{sfn|Llewellyn-Jones|2007|p=21}}}} ''Nelson'' slowed to 15 knots, but maintained position in the convoy. The Italian plane had released the torpedo at a range of only {{cvt|450|yd}} and endured concentrated anti-aircraft fire from ''Prince of Wales'' before being shot down by one of the Fulmars. Six more torpedo planes and 1 fighter failed to return from the strike. [[Friendly fire]] from ''Rodney'' and ''Prince of Wales'' shot down two Fulmars, and a patrolling Swordfish had been shot down by the Italian fighters before the strike ended at 13:30.{{sfn|Greene|Massignani|1998|pp=187–191}}

The Italian fleet was shadowed by British aircraft from Malta beginning at 13:07. At 14:30 the Italian fleet was about {{cvt|40|nmi}} from the convoy, but "...decided to return home around 14:30 on 27 September when..." it "... learned that the British had two battleships, a carrier and six cruisers at sea."{{sfn|Sadkovich|1994|p=181}}{{efn|"He therefore decided to return home around 14:30 on the 27th when he learned that the British had two battleships, a carrier and six cruisers at sea."{{sfn|Sadkovich|1994|p=181}}}} Aircraft from ''Ark Royal'' shadowed the Italian fleet from 15:15 to 17:50. Cr.42 fighters arrived at 15:30 to provide air cover but the squadron leader of the first flight was shot down by friendly fire from an Italian destroyer. Two more Italian pilots were lost when another flight of ten C.200s ran out of fuel and ditched in the sea. At 14:46 ''Prince of Wales'', ''Rodney'', ''Sheffield'', ''Edinburgh'', and six destroyers steamed toward the Italian fleet but were recalled at 17:00 before making contact and rejoined the convoy at 18:30.{{sfn|Llewellyn-Jones|2007|p=28}} ''Nelson'', ''Rodney'', ''Prince of Wales'' and ''Ark Royal'' turned west to return to Gibraltar, escorted by ''Duncan'', ''Fury'', ''Gurkha'', ''Lance'', ''Legion'', ''Lively''. ''Garland'', ''Piorun'', and ''Isaac Sweers''. ''Euryalus'' fell in astern of the port column of merchant ships while ''Sheffield'' and ''Hermione'' joined the starboard column as the remaining destroyers closed into a night steaming formation. The formation was attacked by a few torpedo bombers, and ''Imperial Star'' was struck by a single torpedo. ''Oribi'' took the damaged freighter in tow. Italian [[MAS (boat)|''Motoscafo armato silurante'']] (MAS torpedo boats) deployed through the Strait of Messina, but failed to find the convoy.{{sfn|Greene|Massignani|1998|pp=187–191}}

==Aftermath==
''Hermione'' detached from the convoy to bombard [[Pantelleria]] to put the airfield out of action when the convoy arrived in Malta. The damaged ''Imperial Star'' was scuttled without loss of life to maintain convoy speed and the convoy arrived in Malta on 28 September. Force H was attacked on its return journey by three submarines and ''Adua'' was sunk by ''Gurkha'' and ''Legion''. Another ''Ark Royal'' Fulmar fell to friendly fire from ''Prince of Wales'', raising British aircraft losses to three Fulmars from friendly fire and one Swordfish shot down by the Italians.{{sfn|Greene|Massignani|1998|pp=187–191}} Italian aircraft losses were 21 including seven bombers and one fighter from enemy action, one fighter from friendly fire and ten fighters from fuel exhaustion.{{sfn|Sadkovich|1994|p=182}}

Somerville was knighted in recognition of his command of Force H during Operation Halberd. It was the second time Somerville had received that honour, and it occasioned a memorable congratulatory message from [[Andrew Cunningham, 1st Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope|Andrew Cunningham]] "Fancy, twice a knight at your age".{{sfn|Greene|Massignani|1998|p=191}}

==See also==
* [[Battle of the Mediterranean]]
* [[Malta Convoys]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==Footnotes==
{{reflist|20em}}

==References==
* {{cite book |last1=Greene |first1=Jack |last2=Massignani |first2=Alessandro |title =The Naval War in the Mediterranean 1940–1943 |publisher=Chatham Publishing |date=1998 |location=London |isbn=1-885119-61-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Hague |first=Arnold |title =The Allied Convoy System 1939–1945 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |date=2000 |location=Annapolis, Maryland |isbn =1-55750-019-3}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Llewellyn-Jones |editor-first=Malcolm |series=Naval Staff Histories |title=The Royal Navy and the Mediterranean Convoys: A Naval Staff History |year=2007 |publisher=Whitehall History Publishing with Routledge |location=Abingdon |isbn=978--0-415-86459-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Sadkovich |first=James J. |title=The Italian Navy in World War II |year=1994 |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=Westport CN |isbn=978-0-313-28797-8}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Bragadin |first=M. |author-link=Marcantonio Bragadin (admiral) |editor-last=Fioravanzo |editor-first=G. |translator-last=Hoffman |translator-first=G. |title=The Italian Navy in World War II |year=1957 |orig-year=1948 |publisher=United States Naval Institute |location=Annapolis, Maryland |edition=Eng. trans. |oclc=602717421}}
* {{cite book |last=Dannreuther |first=Raymond |title=Somerville's Force H: The Royal Navy's Gibraltar-based Fleet, June 1940 to March 1942 |year=2005 |publisher=Aurum Press |location=London |isbn=1-84513-020-0}}
* {{cite book |last=O'Hara |first=Vincent P. |year=2009 |title=Struggle for the Middle Sea: The Great Navies at War in the Mediterranean Theater, 1940–1945 |publisher=Conway |location=London |isbn=978-1-84486-102-6}}
* {{cite book |first1=I. S. O. |last1=Playfair |author1-link=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair |first2=G. M. S. |last2=Stitt |first3=C. J. C. |last3=Molony |first4=S. E. |last4=Toomer |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=J. R. M. |editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler |series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series |title=The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941) |volume=I |publisher=[[HMSO]] |year=1959 |orig-year=1954 |edition=4th impr. |oclc=494123451 |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-Med-I/index.html |access-date=28 May 2018 |display-authors=1}}
* {{cite book |last1=Rohwer |first1=Jürgen |author-link1=Jürgen Rohwer |last2=Hümmelchen |first2=Gerhard |title=Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, Maryland |year=2005 |edition=3rd rev. |isbn=1-59114-119-2}}
* {{cite book |series=History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series |title=The War at Sea 1939–1945: The Defensive |volume=I |last=Roskill |first=S. W. |author-link=Stephen Roskill |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=J. R. M. |editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler |year=1957 |orig-year=1954 |publisher=HMSO |location=London |edition=4th impr. |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-RN-I/index.html |oclc=881709135 |access-date=24 November 2017 |archive-date=27 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227021618/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-RN-I/index.html |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Woodman |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Woodman |title=Malta Convoys 1940–1943 |year=2003 |publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-7195-6408-6}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Operation Halberd}}
* [http://www.merlinsovermalta.com/ Merlins over Malta]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060723104117/http://www.naval-history.net/WW2CampaignsMaltaConvoys.htm Malta Convoys]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091215084028/http://freespace.virgin.net/e.gilroy/ The story of HMS Lightning - a WW2 destroyer ]
* [http://ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/LondonGazette/38377.pdf MEDITERRANEAN CONVOY OPERATIONS] ([[London Gazette]])
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=it3pOYM0JkA Newsreel footage of Operation Halberd, as filmed from HMS ''Prince of Wales'']

{{World War II}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Halberd}}
[[Category:Aerial operations and battles of World War II]]
[[Category:Malta Convoys]]
[[Category:Allied naval victories in the battle of the Mediterranean]]
[[Category:Naval battles and operations of World War II involving the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:September 1941 events]]