View source for Pig War (1859)

{{Short description|Border dispute between the United States and the United Kingdom}}
<!-- DO NOT ADD THE PIG AS A CASUALTY. THERE IS A CONSENSUS THAT THIS IS NOT APPROPRIATE, DISCUSS ON THE TALK PAGE FIRST.-->
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = Pig War
| image             = The Pig War Map.svg
| image_size        = 300px
| caption           = {{Legend0|#fbc7c7ff}} — [[San Juan Islands]] <br> {{Legend0|#fbe7c7ff}} — [[USA]] <br> {{Legend0|#e5e5e5ff}} — [[UK]] <br> {{Legend0|#0909feff}} — Border proposed by the USA <br> {{Legend0|#fd1107ff}} — Border proposed by the UK <br> {{Legend0|#b60afeff}} — Compromise proposal <br> {{Legend0|#000000ff}} — [[Canada–United States border|Modern border]]
| date              = June 15 – October 1859 (troops stationed on [[San Juan Island]] until 1874)
| place             = [[San Juan Islands]]
| coordinates       = {{Coord|48|27|42|N|123|00|24|W|region:US-WA_type:event|display=title,inline}}
| result            = A [[bloodless war]]—San Juan Islands awarded to the United States following third-party arbitration by the [[German Empire]].
| combatant1        = {{flag|United States|1858}}
* {{flagdeco|United States|1858}} [[Washington Territory]]
| combatant2        = {{flag|United Kingdom}}
* {{flagdeco|United Kingdom}} [[Colony of Vancouver Island]]
| commander1        = {{ubl|{{flagdeco|United States|1858}} [[Silas Casey]]|{{flagdeco|United States|1858}} [[William S. Harney]]|{{flagdeco|United States|1858}} [[George Pickett]]}}
| commander2        = {{ubl|{{flagdeco|UK}} [[James Douglas (governor)|James Douglas]]|{{flagdeco|UK|naval}} [[Robert Lambert Baynes|R. L. Baynes]]|{{flagdeco|UK|naval}} [[Geoffrey Hornby]]}}
| strength1         = 461 combatants, 14 cannons
| strength2         = 2,140 combatants; 5 warships mounting 70 cannons
}}
{{Campaignbox Canada-US}}
[[File:Vancouver1798map-SanJuan-Gulf.png|thumb|[[Vancouver]]'s 1798 map, showing some confusion in the vicinity of southeastern [[Vancouver Island]], the [[Gulf Islands]], and Haro Strait]]

The '''Pig War''' was a confrontation in 1859 between the [[United States]] and the [[United Kingdom]] over the [[Canada–United States border|British–U.S. border]] in the [[San Juan Islands]], between [[Vancouver Island]] (present-day [[Canada]]) and the [[Washington Territory]] (present-day [[Washington (state)|State of Washington]]). The Pig War, so called because it was triggered by the shooting of a [[pig]], is also called the '''Pig Episode''', the '''Pig and Potato War''', the '''San Juan Boundary Dispute''', and the '''Northwestern Boundary Dispute'''. Despite being referred to as a "war", there were no human casualties on either side.

==Background==

===Border ambiguity===
The [[Oregon Treaty]] of June 15, 1846, resolved the [[Oregon boundary dispute]] by dividing the [[Oregon Country]]/[[Columbia District]] between the United States and Britain "along the [[49th parallel north|forty-ninth parallel]] of north latitude to the middle of the channel which separates the continent from [[Vancouver Island]], and thence southerly through the middle of the said channel, and of the [[Strait of Juan de Fuca]], to the [[Pacific Ocean]]."<ref name="Oregon Treaty on Wikisource">{{wikisource-inline|Oregon Treaty|single=true}}</ref>

However, two straits could be called the middle of the channel: [[Haro Strait]], along the west side of the [[San Juan Islands]]; and [[Rosario Strait]], along the east side.<ref name="Matthews">{{cite web |url=http://www.wahmee.com/pigwar.html |title=The Pig War of San Juan Island |last=Matthews |first=Todd |work=The Tablet |publisher=www.wahmee.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709060607/http://www.wahmee.com/pigwar.html |archive-date=2008-07-09 |access-date=2012-09-07 }}</ref>

In 1846, there was still some uncertainty about the region's physical geography. The most commonly available maps were those of [[George Vancouver]], published in 1798, and of [[Charles Wilkes]], published in 1845. In both cases, the maps are unclear in the vicinity of the southeastern coast of Vancouver Island and the [[Gulf Islands]]. As a result, Haro Strait is not fully clear either.{{sfn |Hayes |1999 |pp=[https://archive.org/details/historicalatlaso0000haye_i1k9/page/170/mode/2up 171]–174}}

In 1856, the US and Britain set up a Boundary Commission to resolve several issues regarding the international boundary, including the water boundary from the [[Strait of Georgia]] to the Strait of Juan de Fuca. The British appointed [[James Charles Prevost]] First Commissioner, [[George Henry Richards]] Second Commissioner, and [[W. A. G. Young|William A. G. Young]] Secretary. The US appointed Archibald Campbell First Commissioner,<ref name="Dougherty 2010">{{cite web |last=Dougherty |first=Phil |title=The International Boundary Commission first meets on June 27, 1857. |website=HistoryLink.org |date=2010-02-28 |url=https://www.historylink.org/File/9328 |id=Essay 9328 |access-date=2024-01-08}}</ref> [[John Parke]] Second Commissioner, and William J. Warren Secretary. On June 27, 1857, the American and British commissioners met for the first time on board the British ship [[HMS Satellite (1826)|HMS ''Satellite'']],<ref name="Dougherty 2010"/> anchored in [[Esquimalt Harbour]]. The two sides met several more times in 1857 in Esquimalt Harbour and [[Nanaimo]] Harbour, and corresponded by letter between meetings. The water boundary was discussed from October to December. From the start, Prevost maintained that Rosario Strait was required by the treaty's wording and was intended by the treaty framers, while Campbell had the same opinion for [[Haro Strait]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Pig War of 1859 |url=https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofBritain/The-Pig-War/ |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=Historic UK |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Prevost held that the channel specified in the treaty must have three essential qualities:
* it must separate the continent from Vancouver Island
* it must carry the boundary in a southerly direction
* it must be navigable

Only Rosario fulfilled these requirements, he wrote. Campbell countered that the expression "southerly", in the treaty, was to be understood in a general sense, that Rosario Strait did not separate the continent from Vancouver Island, but the San Juan Islands from [[Lummi Island]], [[Cypress Island]], [[Fidalgo Island]], and others, and that navigability was not germane to the issue, but even if it was, [[Haro Strait]] was the wider and more direct passage. Finally, he challenged Prevost to produce any evidence showing that the treaty framers had intended [[Rosario Strait]]. Prevost responded to the challenge by referring to American maps showing the boundary running through [[Rosario Strait]], including one by [[John C. Frémont]], produced for and published by the US government, and another by John B. Preston, [[Surveyor General]] of Oregon in 1852. To the other points, Prevost repeated his statements about [[Rosario Strait]]'s navigability—the channels between [[Lummi Island|Lummi]], [[Cypress Island|Cypress]], and [[Fidalgo Island|Fidalgo islands]] not being navigable—and that a line through [[Rosario Strait|Rosario]] would be southerly. At the same time, one through [[Haro Strait|Haro]] would have to be drawn westerly. The two continued to discuss the issue into December 1857, until it was clear what each side's argument was and that neither would be convinced of the other. Prevost made a final offer at the sixth meeting, on December 3. He suggested a compromise line through San Juan Channel, which would give the US all the main islands except San Juan Island. This offer was rejected and the commission adjourned, agreeing to report back to their respective governments. Thus ambiguity over the water boundary remained.{{sfn |Howay |1914 |pp=[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89061993564&seq=482&view=2up 301–306]}}

Because of this ambiguity, both the United States and Britain claimed [[sovereignty]] over the San Juan Islands.<ref name="GOV">{{cite web | url=http://www.nps.gov/archive/sajh/Pig_War_new.htm | title=The Pig War | publisher=National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110072744/http://www.nps.gov/archive/sajh/Pig_War_new.htm | archive-date=2007-01-10 | access-date=2012-09-07}}</ref> During this period of disputed sovereignty, Britain's [[Hudson's Bay Company]] established operations on San Juan and turned the island into a sheep ranch. Meanwhile, by mid-1859, twenty-five to twenty-nine American settlers had arrived.<ref name="Matthews"/>{{sfn |Howay |1914 |p=[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/wu.89061993564?urlappend=%3Bseq=484%3Bownerid=13510798902276257-572 303]}}

San Juan Island held significance not for its size, but as a military strategic point. While the British held [[Fort Victoria (British Columbia)|Fort Victoria]] on Vancouver Island to the west, overlooking the Strait of Juan de Fuca, the entry point to Haro Strait, leading to the Strait of Georgia, the nation that held the San Juan Islands would be able to dominate all the straits connecting the Strait of Juan de Fuca with the Strait of Georgia.{{sfn |Vouri |1999 |pp=[https://archive.org/details/pigwarstandoffat0000vour/page/24/mode/2up 24], [https://archive.org/details/pigwarstandoffat0000vour/page/80/mode/2up 81], [https://archive.org/details/pigwarstandoffat0000vour/page/152/mode/2up 152]}}

===Political context===

General [[George B. McClellan]], [[George Pickett]]’s West Point classmate and lifelong friend, claimed that General [[William S. Harney]] and Pickett conspired with a cabal, to start a war with  [[Great Britain|Britain]], creating a common enemy, to head off a north–south confrontation. However, General [[Granville O. Haller]] disputed McClellan's theory. He said they had wanted to start a war, but with hope of distracting the north so that the south could secede from the union.{{sfn |Vouri |1999 |p=[https://archive.org/details/pigwarstandoffat0000vour/page/82/mode/2up 82]–[https://archive.org/details/pigwarstandoffat0000vour/page/84/mode/2up 84]}}
The theories are given credence when it is noted that [[Major General]] [[Silas Casey]], then a [[lieutenant colonel]] and deputy commander of the [[9th Infantry Regiment (United States)|9th Infantry Regiment]], was reduced to a support role for [[Captain]] George Pickett who was given independent jurisdiction over a vast area by Harney, then a [[Brevet (military)|brevet]] [[Major (rank)|major]], and was also passed over by Harney in favor of Pickett when given this choice command.{{sfn |Vouri |1999 |p=[https://archive.org/details/pigwarstandoffat0000vour/page/82/mode/2up 82]–[https://archive.org/details/pigwarstandoffat0000vour/page/84/mode/2up 84]}}

On the other hand, it can be said that Lieutenant Colonel Casey had not been reduced, for he was given command over the [[USS Massachusetts (1845)|USS ''Massachusetts'']] and Major Haller to protect and supervise the water of Puget Sound. Based on his military experience, he was given discretion to deviate from his orders.{{sfn |Vouri |1999 |p=[https://archive.org/details/pigwarstandoffat0000vour/page/82/mode/2up 82]–[https://archive.org/details/pigwarstandoffat0000vour/page/84/mode/2up 84]}}

==The pig incident==
[[File:San Juan Island Belle-Vue-Sheep-Farm-photo.jpg|thumb|A photograph of Belle Vue Sheep Farm Sep 1859 on San Juan Island circa the Pig War]]
[[File:Belle-Vue-Sheep-farm-watercolor.gif|thumb|Watercolor of Belle Vue sheep farm San Juan Island at time of Pig War]]
[[File:Olympics Belle-Vue-Farm-site.jpg|thumb|Modern view of Belle Vue sheep farm site and Olympic Mountains in the background]]
On June 15, 1859, exactly 13 years after the adoption of the Oregon Treaty, the ambiguity led to direct conflict. Lyman Cutlar, an American farmer who had moved onto [[San Juan Island]] claiming rights to live there under the [[Donation Land Claim Act]], found a pig rooting in his garden<ref name="Matthews"/><ref name="GOV"/><ref name="Woodbury">{{cite news |last=Woodbury |first=Chuck |title=How One Pig Could Have Changed American History |url=http://www.outwestnewspaper.com/pigwars.html |newspaper=Out West Newspaper |issue=15 |publication-place=Edmonds, WA |publisher=Out West |date=July 1991 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980214012500/http://www.outwestnewspaper.com/pigwars.html |archive-date=1998-02-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and eating his [[tuber]]s. This was not the first occurrence and as a result Cutlar shot the pig, killing it. It turned out that the pig was owned by an Irishman, Charles Griffin, who was employed by the [[Hudson's Bay Company]] to run the sheep ranch on the island.<ref name="Matthews"/><ref name="GOV"/><ref name="Woodbury"/> He also owned several pigs that he allowed to roam freely. The two had lived in peace until this incident. Cutlar offered $10 ({{Inflation|US|10|1859|r=-1|fmt=eq}}) to Griffin to compensate for the pig, but Griffin was unsatisfied with this offer and demanded $100 ({{Inflation|US|100|1859|r=-2|fmt=eq}}). Following this reply, Cutlar believed he should not have to pay for the pig because the pig had been trespassing on his land. One likely apocryphal account has Cutlar saying to Griffin, "It was eating my potatoes"; and Griffin replying, "It is up to you to keep your potatoes out of my pig."<ref name="Woodbury"/> When British authorities threatened to arrest Cutlar, American settlers called for [[military]] protection.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

==Military escalation==
[[File:Roberts Redoubt San Juan Island.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of Roberts redoubt San Juan Island]] [[Brigadier general (United States)|Brigadier General]] [[William S. Harney]], commanding the [[Department of Oregon]], initially dispatched [[Captain (United States)|Captain]] [[George Pickett]] and 66 American soldiers of the [[9th Infantry Regiment (United States)|9th Infantry Regiment]] under Pickett's command, to San Juan Island with orders to prevent the British from landing; the regiment sailed aboard {{USS|Massachusetts|1845|6}}.<ref name="Matthews" /><ref name="GOV" /> Concerned that a squatter population of Americans would begin to occupy San Juan Island if the Americans were not kept in check, the British sent three [[warship]]s under the command of [[Captain (Royal Navy)|Captain]] [[Geoffrey Hornby]] to counter the Americans.<ref name="Matthews" /><ref name="GOV" /><ref name="Woodbury" /> Pickett was quoted as saying defiantly, "We'll make a [[Battle of Bunker Hill|Bunker Hill]] of it," placing him in the national limelight.{{sfn |Tagg |2008 |loc=[https://web.archive.org/web/20141028004849/http://www.rocemabra.com/~roger/tagg/generals/general47.html 47. Major General George Edward Pickett]}} Pickett sited his company and battery near the [[Hudson's Bay Company]]'s Belle Vue sheep farm near today's [[Cattle Point Light]], and directly under the guns of HMS ''Satellite'', a British ship. When this tactical error was pointed out, Capt Pickett moved his battery of cannon a few miles north to high ground overlooking both Griffin Bay and the [[Strait of Juan de Fuca]], and commenced to build a [[redoubt]] for his cannon.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

Pickett established the American camp near the south end of San Juan Island, today one of two historical sites on the island, the other being the British camp, defended by the [[Royal Marines]] on the north end of the island. The camp redoubt was built under the supervision of new [[West Point]] graduate 2nd Lieutenant [[Henry Martyn Robert]]; Robert went on to become a general in the [[Army of the Potomac]] during the [[American Civil War]] and author of ''[[Robert's Rules of Order]]''.<ref name="Robert’s Redoubt 2016">{{cite web |title=The Redoubt - San Juan Island National Historical Park  |website=U.S. National Park Service |date=2016-04-10 |url=https://www.nps.gov/sajh/learn/historyculture/the-redoubt.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008235817/https://www.nps.gov/sajh/learn/historyculture/the-redoubt.htm |archive-date=2016-10-08 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Belle Vue Sheep Farm - San Juan Island National Historical Park 2015">{{cite web |title=Belle Vue Sheep Farm - San Juan Island National Historical Park |website=U.S. National Park Service |url=https://www.nps.gov/sajh/learn/historyculture/belle-vue-sheep-farm.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723065623/https://www.nps.gov/sajh/learn/historyculture/belle-vue-sheep-farm.htm |archive-date=2015-07-23 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Robert's Redoubt is considered the best-preserved fortification of its kind in the United States. (To the east is Jackle's Lagoon, named for George Jackle, a soldier stationed at the American camp.)<ref name="Jackle's Lagoon">{{cite web |title=Jakle's Lagoon, San Juan Island |website=thesanjuans.com |url=https://www.thesanjuans.com/san-juan-island-places/sanjuan-parks-forest/jakles_lagoon_sanjuan_island.shtml |access-date=2024-01-07}}</ref>{{sfn |Vouri |1999 |p={{page needed|date=January 2024}}}}

The situation continued to escalate. By August 10, 1859, 461 Americans with 14 cannons under [[Colonel (United States)|Colonel]] [[Silas Casey]] were opposed by five British warships mounting 70 guns and carrying 2,140 men.<ref name="Matthews"/><ref name="GOV"/><ref name="Woodbury"/>

The governor of the [[Colony of Vancouver Island]], [[James Douglas (governor)|James Douglas]], had ordered Captain Hornby to dislodge the American troops, avoiding armed conflict if possible. At the time, the additional reinforcements sent by American General Harney had not yet arrived, and the island was occupied by only Pickett's 66 men. Hornby refused to take any action until British [[Rear admiral (Royal Navy)|Rear Admiral]] [[Robert Lambert Baynes|Robert L. Baynes]], who was in command of the British Navy in the Pacific, would arrive himself. When Baynes finally came and took stock of the situation, he told Governor Douglas that he would not escalate the conflict into a war between great nations "over a squabble about a pig".<ref name="GOV"/><ref name="Woodbury"/>

==Resolution==
[[File:Pig War Sign.png|thumb|A sign commemorating the Pig War at the entrance of the British camp]]When news about the crisis reached London and Washington, D.C., officials from both nations were shocked and took action to calm the potentially explosive international incident.<ref name=sajh/>

In September, [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[James Buchanan]] sent General [[Winfield Scott]] to negotiate with Governor Douglas and resolve the growing crisis.<ref name="GOV"/><ref name="Woodbury"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20220911-the-us-island-that-nearly-ignited-a-war|title=The US island that nearly ignited a war|last= Sainsbury|first=Brendan|date=12 September 2022|publisher=BBC Travel |website=bbc.com|access-date=17 Sep 2022}}</ref> This was in the best interest of the United States, as [[sectionalist]] tensions within the country were increasing, soon to culminate in the [[American Civil War]].<ref name="Woodbury"/> Scott had calmed two other border crises between the two nations in the late 1830s. He arrived in the San Juans in October and began negotiations with Douglas.<ref name=sajh/>

As a result of the negotiations, both sides agreed to retain joint military occupation of the island until a final settlement could be reached, reducing their presence to a token force of no more than 100 men.<ref name="GOV"/> The British camp was established on the north end of San Juan Island along the shoreline, for ease of supply and access; and the American camp was created on the south end on a high, windswept meadow, suitable for artillery barrages against shipping.<ref name="Woodbury"/> Today the [[Union Jack]] still flies above the British camp site, being raised and lowered daily by park rangers, making it one of the few places without diplomatic status where U.S. government employees regularly hoist the flag of another country, though this is only for commemorative purposes.{{sfn |Gibbs |1859 |p={{page needed|date=January 2024}}}}

During the years of joint [[military occupation]], the small British and American units on San Juan Island had an amicable mutual social life, visiting one another's camps to celebrate their respective [[National day|national holidays]] and holding various athletic competitions. Park rangers tell visitors the biggest threat to peace on the island during these years was "the large amounts of alcohol available".{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

This state of affairs continued for the next 12 years. The dispute was peacefully resolved after more than a decade of confrontation and military bluster, during which time local British authorities lobbied London to seize back the [[Puget Sound region]] while the Americans were busy elsewhere with the [[American Civil War|Civil War]].{{sfn |Jewell |2015 |pp=[https://content.ucpress.edu/chapters/12840.ch01.pdf#page=5 19]–[https://content.ucpress.edu/chapters/12840.ch01.pdf#page=6 20]}} 
In 1866, the Colony of Vancouver Island was merged with the [[Colony of British Columbia (1858–66)|Colony of British Columbia]] to form an [[Colony of British Columbia (1866–71)|enlarged Colony of British Columbia]]. 

In 1871, the enlarged colony joined the newly formed [[Canadian Confederation|Dominion of Canada]]. That year, the United Kingdom and the United States signed the [[Treaty of Washington (1871)|Treaty of Washington]], which dealt with various differences between the two nations, including border issues involving the newly formed dominion. Among the results of the treaty was the decision to resolve the San Juan dispute by [[international arbitration]], with German Emperor [[Wilhelm I of Germany|Wilhelm I]] chosen to act as arbitrator, meaning that the [[German Empire]] would decide if the British or the Americans would officially own the San Juan Islands.  Presenting for the United States in the San Juan arbitration was [[George Bancroft]] who displayed great versatility and skill and won the case.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baker |first=Melissa |title=Arbitration Explained |url=https://islandhistories.com/items/show/181 |access-date=2023-02-27 |website=Island Histories |language=en}}</ref>  
Wilhelm referred the issue to a three-man arbitration commission which met in [[Geneva]] for nearly a year.<ref name=sajh>{{cite web |title= The Pig War |work= San Juan Island National Historical Park |publisher= [[National Park Service]] |url= http://www.nps.gov/sajh/historyculture/the-pig-war.htm |access-date= 2009-06-19}}</ref> 
On October 21, 1872, the commission decided in favor of the United States' offer.<ref name="Matthews"/><ref name="GOV"/><ref name="Woodbury"/> The arbitrators chose the American-preferred marine boundary via [[Haro Strait]], to the west of the islands, over the British preference for [[Rosario Strait]] which lay to their east.

On November 25, 1872, the British withdrew their [[Royal Marines]] from the British camp.<ref name="Matthews"/> The Americans followed by July 1874.<ref name="Matthews"/><ref name="GOV"/>

The Pig War is commemorated in [[San Juan Island National Historical Park]].<ref name="Woodbury"/>

==Key figures==
* [[Henry Martyn Robert]] who later published ''[[Robert's Rules of Order]]'' was stationed on the island for much of the period.{{sfn |Vouri |1999 |p=[https://archive.org/details/pigwarstandoffat0000vour/page/234/mode/2up 235]}}
* Captain [[George Pickett]], later of [[Pickett's Charge]] fame, was in charge of the initial American landing force.{{sfn |Vouri |1999 |pp=[https://archive.org/details/pigwarstandoffat0000vour/page/1/mode/2up 1]–[https://archive.org/details/pigwarstandoffat0000vour/page/4/mode/2up 5]}}
* Captain [[Geoffrey Hornby]], commander of the initial British naval force deployed, was later promoted to [[Admiral of the Fleet]], the highest rank in the Royal Navy, and earned a reputation as a pre-eminent tactician and fleet commander.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

==Gallery==
{{Gallery
|align=center
|height=150
|mode=packed
|File:The redoubt commanding view of SJI southern tip and approach from Griffin Bay and Strait of Juan de Fuca.jpg|The redoubt had a commanding view of San Juan Island's southern tip and the approaches to the prairie from Griffin bay (left) and the Strait of Juan de Fuca
|File:Building the redoubt.jpg|Watercolor of US Army building Roberts Redoubt on San Juan Island
|File:American Camp painting.gif|Water color of American camp, San Juan Island
|File:American Camp today.jpg|American camp as it exists today
|File:San Juan Island NHP Eng Camp.JPG|Union Jack at the British camp in San Juan Island National Historical Park
|File:British troops evacuate San Juan Island, Washington Terr, 1872 - Restored.jpg|British troops evacuate San Juan Island
}}

==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=40em|
* {{annotated link|Aroostook War}}
* {{annotated link|List of conflicts in the United States}}
* {{annotated link|List of bloodless wars}}
* {{annotated link|Military history of Canada}}
* {{annotated link|Military history of the United Kingdom}}
* {{annotated link|Military history of the United States}}
* {{annotated link|Point Roberts}}
* {{annotated link|The Great Rapprochement}}
* {{annotated link|War of the Stray Dog}}
* {{annotated link|War of the Donkey}}
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{cite book |last=Gibbs |first=George |author-link=George Gibbs (ethnologist) |title=Journal, Northwest Boundary Survey, 1857-1862 |year=1859 |doi=10.5962/bhl.title.97030 |oclc=1126180670}}
* {{cite book |last=Hayes |first=Derek |chapter=The San Juan Boundary Dispute |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/historicalatlaso0000haye_i1k9/page/170/mode/2up |chapter-url-access=registration |title= Historical Atlas of the Pacific Northwest: Maps of Exploration and Discovery: British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, Alaska, Yukon |publisher=Sasquatch Books |publication-place=Seattle |year=1999 |isbn=978-1-57061-215-2 |id={{OCLC|1302092235|1271313554}} |url=https://archive.org/details/historicalatlaso0000haye_i1k9 |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive}}
* {{cite book |last1=Howay <!--Only Howay listed as author on volume 2-->|first1=Frederic William. |author-link=Frederic William Howay |title=British Columbia: From the Earliest Times to the Present |volume=2 |edition=1st |publisher=S.J. Clarke Pub. Co |publication-place=Vancouver |year=1914 |oclc=682270302 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89061993564 |via=HathiTrust}} Reprinted in 2014 as {{ISBN|978-0-659-09797-2}} ({{OCLC|1089544991}})
* {{cite book |last=Jewell |first=James Robbins |chapter=Chapter 1: Thwarting Southern Schemes and British Bluster in the Pacific Northwest |chapter-url=https://content.ucpress.edu/chapters/12840.ch01.pdf |editor1-last=Arenson |editor1-first=Adam |editor2-last=Graybill |editor2-first=Andrew R. |title=Civil War Wests: Testing the Limits of the United States |publisher=University of California Press |publication-place=Oakland, California |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-520-28378-7 |oclc=881875924 |doi=10.1525/9780520959576-002 |jstor=10.1525/j.ctt13x1gqn |s2cid=198809524}} {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802001301/http://example.com/ |title=Chapter 1 archived}}
* {{cite book |last=Tagg |first=Larry |author-link=Larry Tagg |chapter=Major General George Edward Pickett |chapter-url=http://www.rocemabra.com/~roger/tagg/generals/general47.html |title=The Generals of Gettysburg: The Leaders of America's Greatest Battle |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022014655/http://www.rocemabra.com/~roger/tagg/generals/ |publisher=Da Capo Press |publication-place=Cambridge, MA |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-7867-4394-0 |oclc=818854736|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028004849/http://www.rocemabra.com/~roger/tagg/generals/general47.html |archive-date=2014-10-28 }}
* {{cite book |last=Vouri |first=Michael |title=The Pig War: Standoff at Griffin Bay |edition=1st |publisher=Griffin Bay Bookstore |publication-place=Friday Harbor, WA |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-9634562-5-0 |oclc=1285762895 |url=https://archive.org/details/pigwarstandoffat0000vour |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last1=Baker |first1=Betty |author-link=Betty Baker |last2=Lopshire |first2=Robert |author2-link=Robert Lopshire |title=The Pig War |publisher=Harper & Row |publication-place=New York |year=1969 |isbn=978-0-06-020333-7 |oclc=556845785 |url=https://archive.org/details/pigwarbett00bake |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive}}
* {{cite book |last=Coleman |first=E. C. |title=The Pig War: The Most Perfect War in History |publisher=History Press |publication-place=Stroud |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-7524-9670-2 |oclc=760693820}}
* {{cite book |last=Holtzen |first=Mark |title=The Pig War |publisher=CreateSpace |publication-place=North Charleston, SC |year=2012 | isbn=978-1-4750-5136-0 |oclc=1280806982}}
* {{cite book |last=Kaufman |first=Scott |title=The Pig War: the United States, Britain, and the balance of power in the Pacific Northwest, 1846–72 |publisher=Lexington Books |publication-place=Lanham, Md. |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-7391-0729-4 |oclc=607045433}}
* {{cite book |last=Neering |first=Rosemary |author-link=Rosemary Neering |title=The Pig War: The Last Canada–US Border Conflict |publisher=Heritage House |publication-place=Surrey, BC, CA |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-926936-63-5 |oclc=1359398968 |url=https://archive.org/details/pigwarlastcanada0000neer |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive}}
* {{cite book |last=Victor |first=Frances Fuller |author-link=Frances Fuller Victor |title=Atlantis Arisen, or, Talks of a Tourist About Oregon and Washington |publisher=J.B. Lippincott Co. |publication-place=Philadelphia |year=1891 |oclc=651757753 |pages=328–339 |title-link=s:en:Atlantis Arisen |chapter=[[s:en:Atlantis Arisen/Chapter 26|Ch. 26: The San Juan Archipelago and City of the Sea]]}} Reprinted in 2001: {{ISBN|978-0-87114-109-5}}.

==External links==
{{Sister project links
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* {{YouTube|id=QLq6GEiHqR8|title=The Pig War - OverSimplified}}
* {{cite web |title=The Pig War |website=San Juan Island National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service) |date=2023-05-23 |url=https://www.nps.gov/sajh/learn/historyculture/the-pig-war.htm |access-date=2024-03-29}}
* {{cite web |last=Matthews |first=Todd |title=The Pig War Of San Juan Island |website=wahmee.com |date=2008-03-29 |url=http://www.wahmee.com/pigwar.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709060607/http://www.wahmee.com/pigwar.html |archive-date=2008-07-09 |url-status=dead |access-date=2024-03-29}}
* {{cite web |last=Oldham |first=Kit |title=San Juan Island Pig War -- Part 1 |website=HistoryLink.org |date=2004-09-15 |url=https://www.historylink.org/File/5724 |id=Essay 5724 |access-date=2024-03-29}}
* {{cite web |last=Oldham |first=Kit |title=Lyman Cutlar touches off Pig War between U.S. and Great Britain on June 15, 1859 |website=HistoryLink.org |date=2003-01-10 |id=Essay 5724 |url=https://www.historylink.org/File/5037 |access-date=2024-03-29}}
* {{cite web |last=Sainsbury |first=Brendan |title=The US island that nearly ignited a war |website=BBC Travel |date=2022-09-12 |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20220911-the-us-island-that-nearly-ignited-a-war |ref=none}}
* {{YouTube |id=0qW6i-SlHhc |title=The Pig War: How Shooting a Pig Changed U.S. History by Captivating History}}

{{American conflicts}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Pig War (1859)| ]]