View source for Presidency of Pedro Pablo Kuczynski

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox administration
| image = Pedro Pablo Kuczynski (cropped 2).jpg
| caption = 
| term_start = 28 July 2016
| term_end = 28 March 2018
| president = <!-- Pedro Pablo Kuczynski -->
| president_link = President of Peru
| cabinet = ''[[#Members|See list]]''
| party = [[Peruvians for Change|Peruanos Por el Kambio (PPK)]]
| election = [[2016 Peruvian general election|2016]]
| seat = [[Government Palace (Peru)|Palacio de Gobierno]]
| predecessor = [[Presidency of Ollanta Humala|Ollanta Humala]]
| successor = [[Martín Vizcarra]]
| archive_url = 
}}

The presidency of [[Pedro Pablo Kuczynski]] in Peru began with his inauguration on [[Peru independence]] day (July 28, 2016) and ended with the president's resignation following a [[First impeachment process against Pedro Pablo Kuczynski|corruption scandal]] on March 23, 2018.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://peru21.pe/politica/crisis-presidencial-pleno-congreso-debate-hoy-renuncia-pedro-pablo-kuczynski-peru-400534|title=Pleno acepta renuncia de PPK con 105 votos a favor [EN VIVO]|last=PERÚ21|first=Redacción|date=23 March 2018|website=Peru21|language=es|access-date=9 February 2019}}</ref>

In [[2016 Peruvian general election|June 2016]], Kuczynski won over [[Keiko Fujimori]] of [[Popular Force]] with 8,596,937 votes (50.12% of the vote).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://resultadoselecciones2016.onpe.gob.pe/PRP2V2016/Resultados%2DUbigeo%2DPresidencial.html|title=Wayback Machine|access-date=9 February 2019}}{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://resultadoselecciones2016.onpe.gob.pe/PRP2V2016/Resultados-Ubigeo-Presidencial.html |date=* }}</ref> However, in those same elections, she achieved a majority in the [[Congress of the Republic of Peru|Congress]] while the ruling group, [[Peruvians for Change|Peruanos Por el Kambio]], drew a few congressmen.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/patricia-donayre-renuncio-fuerza-popular-437896|title=Donayre renunció a Fuerza Popular: "No hay una auténtica democracia"|author=Redacción EC|date=28 June 2017|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=9 February 2019}}</ref>

From the beginning, relations between the [[Legislature|Legislative]] and the Executive were strained and on September 15, 2017, the Congress denied the [[Motion of no confidence|vote of confidence]] to then president of the Council of Ministers [[Fernando Zavala]], with which Kuczynski had to appoint a new cabinet.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/1098773-patricia-donayre-se-pasa-a-las-filas-de-peruanos-por-el-kambio|website=larepublica.pe|access-date=9 February 2019|title=Patricia Donayre se suma a las filas de Peruanos por el Kambio|date=14 September 2017}}</ref> This included 5 new ministers and was chaired by the [[Vice President of Peru|second vice president]] and also congresswoman [[Mercedes Aráoz|Mercedes Aráoz Fernández]]. His government has also been marked by the [[Odebrecht]] case. Kuczynski himself was the subject of two [[First impeachment process against Pedro Pablo Kuczynski|impeachments]] in Congress for its [[Conflict of interest|conflicts of interest]] with the company, the first of which failed.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/fernando-zavala-congreso-republica-decide-otorgar-confianza-gabinete-ministerial-noticia-458242|title=Congreso decidió no otorgar la confianza al Gabinete Zavala|author=Redacción EC|date=15 September 2017|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=9 February 2019}}</ref> Soon after, Congress pardoned former President [[Alberto Fujimori]], who was serving a 25-year sentence for felonies  [[Crimes against humanity|against humanity]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/mercedes-araoz-juro-nueva-presidenta-consejo-ministros-noticia-458823|title=Mercedes Aráoz juró como nueva jefa del Gabinete Ministerial|author=Redacción EC|date=17 September 2017|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=9 February 2019}}</ref> The decision triggered [[protest]]s in Lima and eight other cities as well as the resignation of three of its ministers and the criticism of a broad spectrum of personalities. National [[political crisis]] finally led to a [[First impeachment process against Pedro Pablo Kuczynski|second process of presidential vacancy]], promoted by the Fujimoristas of [[Popular Force]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2017/12/18/america/1513569754_480012.html|title=Kuczynski defiende su inocencia y dice que desconocía los lazos de su empresa con Odebrecht|last=Fowks|first=Jacqueline|date=18 December 2017|work=El País|access-date=9 February 2019|language=es|issn=1134-6582}}</ref> But a few days before the Congress debated the vacancy request, the Fujimoristas revealed videos and audios that showed that government operators, including a minister of state, were negotiating with a Popular Force congressman to buy their vote against the government vacancy, in exchange for works for your region.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-42449511|title=El presidente Pedro Pablo Kuczynski sobrevive a la votación para destituirlo en el Congreso de Perú|last=Redacción|date=22 December 2017|access-date=9 February 2019}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2017/12/25/america/1514162677_335441.html|title=Kuczynski concede un indulto humanitario al expresidente peruano Alberto Fujimori|last=Fowks|first=Jacqueline|date=25 December 2017|work=El País|access-date=9 February 2019|language=es|issn=1134-6582}}</ref> The next day, the president sent his [[letter of resignation]] to Congress, which was accepted on 23 March 2018.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2017/12/28/america/1514492198_786885.html|title=Protesta masiva en Lima contra Kuczynski por el indulto a Fujimori|last=Fowks|first=Jacqueline|date=29 December 2017|work=El País|access-date=9 February 2019|language=es|issn=1134-6582}}</ref> That same day the engineer [[Martín Vizcarra]] was sworn in as new president, for being in the line of succession as he was the [[Vice President of Peru|first vice president of the Republic]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2017/12/26/america/1514313943_067743.html|title=La ola de rechazo al indulto a Fujimori aísla a Kuczynski|last1=Fowks|first1=Jacqueline|date=27 December 2017|work=El País|access-date=9 February 2019|last2=Cué|first2=Carlos E.|language=es|issn=1134-6582}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2017/12/28/opinion/1514462305_818635.html|title=Tribuna {{!}} La traición de Kuczynski|last=Llosa|first=Mario Vargas|date=31 December 2017|work=El País|access-date=9 February 2019|language=es|issn=1134-6582}}</ref>

The slogan of the Kuczynski administration was: "trabajando para tod@s l@s peruan@s" ("Working for all Peruvians" in [[inclusive language]]).<ref>{{Cite news |last=PERÚ |first=NOTICIAS EL COMERCIO |date=2017-01-17 |title="Trabajando para tod@s l@s peruan@s" es el eslogan del gobierno {{!}} POLITICA |url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/gobierno/trabajando-tod-s-l-s-peruan-s-eslogan-gobierno-159492-noticia/ |access-date=2022-12-09 |newspaper=El Comercio |language=es}}</ref>

== Transition period ==
The second round of voting took place on June 5, 2016, which Kuczynski won by a narrow margin. A few days after the ballot, he confirmed that Alfredo Thorne Vetter would assume the position of [[Minister of Economy|Minister of Economy and Finance]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite news|url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/775585-ppk-confirma-alfredo-thorne-como-ministro-de-economia|title=PPK confirma a Alfredo Thorne como ministro de Economía|last=LR|first=Redacción|date=9 June 2016|access-date=9 February 2019|language=es}}</ref> On  June 28, the National Elections Board presented the credentials of Kuczynski as president and [[Martín Vizcarra]] and [[Mercedes Aráoz]] as [[Vice President of Peru|vice-presidents]], in a ceremony held at the [[Lima|Municipal Theater of Lima]].<ref name=":13">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/elecciones/ppk-recibio-credenciales-presidente-peru-397353|title=PPK recibió sus credenciales de presidente del Perú|author=Redacción EC|date=28 June 2016|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=9 February 2019}}</ref> On Sunday,  July 10, he announced that [[Fernando Zavala|Fernando Zavala Lombardi]] would be the president of the [[Council of Ministers]] and days later, both announced the members of the first ministerial cabinet.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|url=https://peru21.pe/politica/fernando-zavala-primer-ministro-ppk-222901|title=Fernando Zavala: El primer ministro de PPK|last=PERÚ21|first=Redacción|date=10 July 2016|website=Peru21|language=es|access-date=9 February 2019}}</ref><ref name=":18">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/gobierno/ppk-son-miembros-primer-gabinete-ministerial-236416|title=PPK: estos son los miembros de su primer Gabinete Ministerial|last=Elcomercio.pe|first=Redacción|date=16 July 2016|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=9 February 2019}}</ref>

== Tenure of power ==
The [[Inauguration|inauguration ceremony]] was held on 28 July 2016, at the [[Legislative Palace (Peru)|Legislative Palace]]. It counted with the presence of [[Juan Carlos I of Spain|King Juan Carlos I of Spain]], the [[Latin America|Latin American presidents]]: [[Mauricio Macri]], [[Horacio Cartes]], [[Michelle Bachelet]], [[Enrique Peña Nieto]], [[Juan Manuel Santos]] and [[Rafael Correa]]; Vice presidents [[Álvaro García Linera|Alvaro Garcia Linera]], [[Raúl Fernando Sendic Rodríguez|Raúl Fernando Sendic]], Óscar Ortiz Ascencio and Jafeth Cabrera Franco; the Brazilian Foreign Minister, [[José Serra]]. Among the international delegations was the US Trade Representative, [[Michael Froman]], along with the [[Assistant Secretary of State|Assistant Secretary of State for Latin America]], [[Mari Carmen Aponte]], and the [[Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs|Assistant Secretary of State for Security Affairs]], [[William Brownfield]]; also the former Japanese economy minister, Toshihiro Nikai.

In his first speech given to the nation from the headquarters of the [[National Congress (Peru)|National Congress]], Kuczynski presented six topics, which, in his view, were of an urgent nature: [[Drainage|water and drainage]] for all Peruvians, quality [[Public Education]], service of [[public health]] sensitive to the patient, formalize the country, build infrastructure and development, and complete intolerance for corruption, discrimination, and crime.<ref name=":16">{{Cite news|url=http://larepublica.pe/politica/789361-mensaje-presidencial-las-propuestas-de-ppk-para-cumplir-sus-6-compromisos|title=Mensaje presidencial: las propuestas de PPK para cumplir sus 6 compromisos|last=LR|first=Redacción|date=28 July 2016|access-date=9 February 2019|language=es}}</ref>

== Members ==
=== President and Vice presidents (July 2016 – March 2018) ===
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Pedro Pablo Kuczynski 2016 (cropped).jpg|'''President [[Pedro Pablo Kuczynski]]'''
File:Martín Vizcarra em fevereiro de 2018.png|'''First Vice President [[Martín Vizcarra|Martin Vizcarra]]'''
File:Mercedes Araoz.jpg|'''Second Vice President [[Mercedes Aráoz]]'''
</gallery>

=== Prime Ministers (varied) ===
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Fernando Zavala.jpg|'''Prime Minister [[Fernando Zavala]]''' <br /><small>(July 2016 – September 2017)</small>
File:Mercedes Araoz.jpg|'''Prime Minister''' '''[[Mercedes Aráoz]]''' <small>(Sept 2017 – March 2018)</small>
</gallery><br />

=== Composition ===

{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
{{Cabinet table minister
 | title                  = [[President of the Council of Ministers of Peru|Office of the President of the Council of Ministers]]
 | minister1              = [[Fernando Zavala|Fernando Zavala Lombardi]]
 | minister1_termstart    = 28 July 2016
 | minister1_termend      = 17 September 2017
 | minister1_party        = Independent politician
 | minister2              = [[Mercedes Aráoz|Mercedes Aráoz Fernández]]
 | minister2_termstart    = 17 September 2017
 | minister2_termend      = 23 March 2018
 | minister2_party        = Independent politician
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
 | title                  = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Peru)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]
 | minister1              = Ricardo Luna Mendoza
 | minister1_termstart    = 28 July 2016
 | minister1_termend      = 9 January 2018
 | minister1_party        = Independent politician
 | minister2              = [[Cayetana Aljovín|Cayetana Aljovín Gazzani]]
 | minister2_termstart    = 9 January 2018
 | minister2_termend      = 23 March 2018
 | minister2_party        = Independent politician
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
 | title                  = [[Ministry of Defense (Peru)|Ministry of Defense]]
 | minister1              = Mariano González Fernández
 | minister1_termstart    = 28 July 2016
 | minister1_termend      = 5 December 2016
 | minister1_party        = Independent politician
 | minister2              = Jorge Nieto Montesinos
 | minister2_termstart    = 5 December 2016
 | minister2_termend      = 9 January 2018
 | minister2_party        = Independent politician
 | minister3              = Jorge Kisic Wagner
 | minister3_termstart    = 9 January 2018
 | minister3_termend      = 23 March 2018
 | minister3_party        = [[All for Peru|TPP]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
 | title                  = [[Ministry of Economy and Finance (Peru)|Ministry of Economy and Finance]]
 | minister1              = Alfredo Thorne Vetter
 | minister1_termstart    = 28 July 2016
 | minister1_termend      = 23 June 2017
 | minister1_party        = Independent politician
 | minister2              = [[Fernando Zavala|Fernando Zavala Lombardi]]
 | minister2_termstart    = 23 June 2017
 | minister2_termend      = 17 September 2017
 | minister2_party        = Independent politician
 | minister3              = Claudia Cooper Fort
 | minister3_termstart    = 17 September 2017
 | minister3_termend      = 23 March 2018
 | minister3_party        = Independent politician
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
 | title                  = [[Ministry of the Interior (Peru)|Ministry of the Interior]]
 | minister1              = [[Carlos Basombrío Iglesias]]
 | minister1_termstart    = 28 July 2016
 | minister1_termend      = 27 December 2017
 | minister1_party        = Independent politician
 | minister2              = Vicente Romero Fernández
 | minister2_termstart    = 27 December 2017
 | minister2_termend      = 23 March 2018
 | minister2_party        = Independent politician
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
 | title                  = [[Ministry of Justice and Human Rights (Peru)|Ministry of Justice and Human Rights]]
 | minister1              = [[Marisol Pérez Tello]]
 | minister1_termstart    = 28 July 2016
 | minister1_termend      = 17 September 2017
 | minister1_party        = [[Christian People's Party (Peru)|PPC]]
 | minister2              = Enrique Mendoza Ramírez
 | minister2_termstart    = 17 September 2017
 | minister2_termend      = 23 March 2018
 | minister2_party        = Independent politician
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
 | title                  = [[Ministry of Education (Peru)|Ministry of Education]]
 | minister1              = Jaime Saavedra Chanduví
 | minister1_termstart    = 28 July 2016
 | minister1_termend      = 18 December 2016
 | minister1_party        = Independent politician
 | minister2              = [[Marilú Martens|Marilú Martens Cortés]]
 | minister2_termstart    = 18 December 2016
 | minister2_termend      = 17 September 2017
 | minister2_party        = Independent politician
 | minister3              = Idel Vexler Talledo
 | minister3_termstart    = 17 September 2017
 | minister3_termend      = 23 March 2018
 | minister3_party        = Independent politician
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
 | title                  = [[Ministry of Health (Peru)|Ministry of Health]]
 | minister1              = [[Patricia J. Garcia|Patricia García Funegra]]
 | minister1_termstart    = 28 July 2016
 | minister1_termend      = 17 September 2017
 | minister1_party        = Independent politician
 | minister2              = Fernando d'Alessio Ipinza
 | minister2_termstart    = 17 September 2017
 | minister2_termend      = 9 January 2018
 | minister2_party        = Independent politician
 | minister3              = Abel Salinas Rivas
 | minister3_termstart    = 9 January 2018
 | minister3_termend      = 23 March 2018
 | minister3_party        = [[American Popular Revolutionary Alliance|PAP]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
 | title                  = [[Ministry of Agriculture (Peru)|Ministry of Agriculture]]
 | minister1              = José Manuel Hernández Calderón
 | minister1_termstart    = 28 July 2016
 | minister1_termend      = 9 January 2018
 | minister1_party        = Independent politician
 | minister2              = José Arista Arbildo
 | minister2_termstart    = 9 January 2018
 | minister2_termend      = 23 March 2018
 | minister2_party        = Independent politician
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
 | title                  = [[Ministry of Labor and Promotion of Employment (Peru)|Ministry of Labor and Promotion of Employment]]
 | minister1              = Alfonso Grados Carraro
 | minister1_termstart    = 28 July 2016
 | minister1_termend      = 9 January 2018
 | minister1_party        = Peruvians for Change
 | minister2              = [[Javier Barreda|Javier Barreda Jara]]
 | minister2_termstart    = 9 January 2018
 | minister2_termend      = 23 March 2018
 | minister2_party        = [[American Popular Revolutionary Alliance|PAP]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
 | title                  = [[Ministry of Production (Peru)|Ministry of Production]]
 | minister1              = Bruno Giuffra Monteverde
 | minister1_termstart    = 28 July 2016
 | minister1_termend      = 25 May 2017
 | minister1_party        = Independent politician
 | minister2              = [[Pedro Olaechea|Pedro Olaechea Álvarez-Calderón]]
 | minister2_termstart    = 25 May 2017
 | minister2_termend      = 9 January 2018
 | minister2_party        = Independent politician
 | minister3              = Lieneke Schol Calle
 | minister3_termstart    = 9 January 2018
 | minister3_termend      = 23 March 2018
 | minister3_party        = Independent politician
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
 | title                  = [[Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism (Peru)|Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism]]
 | minister1              = [[Eduardo Ferreyros Kuppers]]
 | minister1_termstart    = 28 July 2016
 | minister1_termend      = 23 March 2018
 | minister1_party        = Independent politician
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
 | title                  = [[Ministry of Energy and Mines (Peru)|Ministry of Energy and Mines]]
 | minister1              = Gonzalo Tamayo Flores
 | minister1_termstart    = 28 July 2016
 | minister1_termend      = 27 July 2017
 | minister1_party        = Independent politician
 | minister2              = [[Cayetana Aljovín|Cayetana Aljovín Gazzani]]
 | minister2_termstart    = 27 July 2017
 | minister2_termend      = 9 January 2018
 | minister2_party        = Independent politician
 | minister3              = Ángela Grossheim Barrientos
 | minister3_termstart    = 9 January 2018
 | minister3_termend      = 23 March 2018
 | minister3_party        = Independent politician
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
 | title                  = [[Ministry of Transportation and Communications (Peru)|Ministry of Transportation and Communications]]
 | minister1              = [[Martín Vizcarra Cornejo]]
 | minister1_termstart    = 28 July 2016
 | minister1_termend      = 25 May 2017
 | minister1_party        = Independent politician
 | minister2              = Bruno Giuffra Monteverde
 | minister2_termstart    = 25 May 2017
 | minister2_termend      = 23 March 2018
 | minister2_party        = Independent politician
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
 | title                  = [[Ministry of Housing, Construction and Sanitation (Peru)|Ministry of Housing, Construction and Sanitation]]
 | minister1              = Edmer Trujillo Mori
 | minister1_termstart    = 28 July 2016
 | minister1_termend      = 17 September 2017
 | minister1_party        = Independent politician
 | minister2              = [[Carlos Bruce|Carlos Bruce Montes de Oca]]
 | minister2_termstart    = 17 September 2017
 | minister2_termend      = 23 March 2018
 | minister2_party        = Independent politician
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
 | title                  = [[Ministry of Women and Vulnerable Populations]]
 | minister1              = Ana María Romero-Lozada Lauezzari
 | minister1_termstart    = 28 July 2016
 | minister1_termend      = 27 July 2017
 | minister1_party        = Independent politician
 | minister2              = [[Ana María Choquehuanca|Ana María Choquehuanca de Villanueva]]
 | minister2_termstart    = 27 July 2017
 | minister2_termend      = 23 March 2018
 | minister2_party        = Independent politician
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
 | title                  = [[Ministry of Environment (Peru)|Ministry of Environment]]
 | minister1              = [[Elsa Patricia Galarza Contreras]]
 | minister1_termstart    = 28 July 2016
 | minister1_termend      = 23 March 2018
 | minister1_party        = Independent politician
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
 | title                  = [[Ministry of Culture (Peru)|Ministry of Culture]]
 | minister1              = Jorge Nieto Montesino
 | minister1_termstart    = 28 July 2016
 | minister1_termend      = 5 December 2016
 | minister1_party        = Independent politician
 | minister2              = [[Salvador del Solar|Salvador del Solar Labarthe]]
 | minister2_termstart    = 5 December 2016
 | minister2_termend      = 9 January 2018
 | minister2_party        = Independent politician
 | minister3              = Alejandro Neyra Sánchez
 | minister3_termstart    = 9 January 2018
 | minister3_termend      = 23 March 2018
 | minister3_party        = Independent politician
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
 | title                  = [[Ministry of Development and Social Inclusion (Peru)|Ministry of Development and Social Inclusion]]
 | minister1              = [[Cayetana Aljovín|Cayetana Aljovín Gazzani]]
 | minister1_termstart    = 28 July 2016
 | minister1_termend      = 27 July 2017
 | minister1_party        = Independent politician
 | minister2              = Fiorella Molinelli Aristondo
 | minister2_termstart    = 27 July 2017
 | minister2_termend      = 9 January 2018
 | minister2_party        = Independent politician
 | minister3              = Jorge Meléndez Celis
 | minister3_termstart    = 9 January 2018
 | minister3_termend      = 23 March 2018
 | minister3_party        = Peruvians for Change
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

== Political climate  ==
=== First ministerial cabinet ===
[[File:Presidente de la República Pedro Pablo Kuczynski tomó juramento al nuevo Canciller (28618663135).jpg|thumb|President [[Pedro Pablo Kuczynski]] alongside his newly inaugurated [[Cabinet of Peru|ministerial cabinet]] in 2017. |alt=|left|300x300px]]
On 28 July 2016, the [[Minister of State|Ministers of State]] were sworn in as part of the inauguration ceremony. The swearing-in, unlike previous occasions in which it had been held in the [[Golden Hall]] of the [[Government Palace (Peru)|Government Palace]], was held this time in the courtyard of honor, outdoors and in full view of the public.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web|url=https://peru.com/actualidad/politicas/ppk-lo-que-no-viste-toma-juramento-sus-ministros-noticia-466858|title=PPK: lo que no viste de la toma de juramento de sus ministros|last=Peru.com|first=Redacción|date=29 July 2016|website=Peru.com|language=es|access-date=9 February 2019}}</ref>

The ministerial cabinet consisted of: [[Fernando Zavala]] ([[Prime minister]]); Víctor Ricardo Luna Mendoza ([[Foreign Affairs]]); Mariano González Fernández ([[Ministry of Defense (Peru)|Defense]]); Alfredo Thorne ([[Finance|Economy and Finance]]); Carlos Basombrío Iglesias ([[Interior ministry|Interior]]); Marisol Pérez Tello ([[Justice|Justice and Human Rights]]); Jaime Saavedra (Education); [[Patricia García Funegra]] (Health); José Manuel Hernández Calderón ([[Agriculture|Agriculture and Irrigation]]); Alfonso Grados Carraro ([[Ministry of Labour (Peru)|Labour]]); Bruno Giuffra ([[Production (economics)|Production]]); Eduardo Ferreyros Küppers ([[Foreign trade|Foreign Trade and Tourism]]); Gonzalo Tamayo ([[Energy|Energy and Mines]]); Martín Vizcarra ([[Transport|Transport and Communications]]); Edmer Trujillo Mori ([[Housing|Housing, Construction and Sanitation]]); Ana María Romero-Lozada ([[Woman|Woman and Vulnerable Populations]]); Elsa Galarza ([[Ministry of Environment (Peru)|Environment]]); Jorge Nieto Montesinos (Culture); and Cayetana Aljovín ([[Development and Educational Communication Unit|Development and Social Inclusion]]).

Of the members of the cabinet, six were [[economist]]s (Zavala, Thorne, Saavedra, Tamayo, Giuffra and Galarza). Some of them had previously held a [[ministerial position]]: Zavala had been head of the economy in 2005–2006 during the mandate of [[Alejandro Toledo]]; Romero-Lozada was [[Woman|Minister of Women]] twice, also during the mandate of Alejandro Toledo; Ferreyros was in [[Foreign Trade]] in 2010 (during [[Alan García|Alan García's second tenure]]); and Saavedra was Minister of Education since 2013 (during [[Ollanta Humala|Ollanta Humala's mandate]]. On the other hand, the lack of [[Gender equality|equity in terms of gender]] was questioned, since it was made up of 14 men and 5 women.<ref name=":18"/>

=== Vote of confidence ===
[[File:Fernando Zavala.jpg|thumb|Prime Minister [[Fernando Zavala]], head of Kuczynski's first ministerial cabinet.]]
On 18 August 2016, [[Prime Minister of Peru|Prime Minister Fernando Zavala]] appeared before the plenary of the [[Congress of the Republic of Peru]] to request a [[Motion of no confidence|vote of confidence]] from his cabinet, in accordance with the [[Nominalism|constitutional norm]].<ref name=":19">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/gobierno/son-puntos-claves-discurso-zavala-infografia-248767|title=Estos son los puntos claves del discurso de Zavala [INFOGRAFÍA]|last=Elcomercio.pe|first=Redacción|date=18 August 2016|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=9 February 2019}}</ref> In a speech that lasted two hours, he presented in four blocks the main issues to consider: opportunities, [[Socially responsible investing|social investment]], [[Water pollution|water]] and infrastructure; [[Security of person|citizen security]] and fight against corruption; employment, [[Bureaucracy|formalization]] and [[Economic stimulus|reactivation of the economy]]; and bringing the state closer to the citizen. He highlighted the progress made by each of the last five governments, including that of [[Alberto Fujimori]].<ref name=":20">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/gobierno/fernando-zavala-peru-hoy-producto-cooperacion-248707|title=Fernando Zavala: "El Perú de hoy es producto de la cooperación"|last=Elcomercio.pe|first=Redacción|date=18 August 2016|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=9 February 2019}}</ref> Although there were doubts that a Congress, which had an absolute [[majority]] opposed to the government (represented by the 73 members of [[Popular Force]] of a total of 130) could easily grant the vote of confidence, after a long debate that lasted 21 hours, it was approved, with 121 votes in favor, 2 against and one abstention.<ref name=":21">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/congreso/fernando-zavala-gano-confianza-congreso-republica-249417|title=Fernando Zavala ganó la confianza del Congreso de la República|last=Espinosa|first=Martín León|date=20 August 2016|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=9 February 2019}}</ref>

=== Granting of legislative powers ===
Another moment of tension between the Executive and the [[Congress of the Republic of Peru|Congress]] came when the former asked the latter to grant powers to legislate on [[Economy|economic matters]],<ref name=":22">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/gobierno/ppk-momentos-tensos-primeros-5-meses-gobierno-155805|title=PPK: momentos tensos de los primeros 5 meses de gobierno|last=Morote|first=Aldo Ruiz|date=1 January 2017|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=9 February 2019}}</ref> citizen security, [[anti-corruption]], water and sanitation, and the reorganization of [[Petroperú]]. On 30 September 2016, after a six-hour debate,<ref name=":23">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/congreso/congreso-aprueba-pedido-facultades-ejecutivo-90-dias-265021|title=Congreso aprueba pedido de facultades del Ejecutivo por 90 días|last=Elcomercio.pe|first=Redacción|date=30 September 2016|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=9 February 2019}}</ref> Congress granted the Executive Branch legislative powers for a term of 90 days. Voting was done by topic and not by block. On 7 January 2017, at the expiration of the 90-day period, Prime Minister Zavala announced the publication of 112 [[Decree|legislative decrees]].<ref name=":24">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/gobierno/tarea-cumplida-dice-zavala-publicacion-112-decretos-157720|title="Tarea cumplida", dice Zavala tras publicación de 112 decretos|last=Elcomercio.pe|first=Redacción|date=7 January 2017|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=9 February 2019}}</ref>

=== Bribery scandal ===
Carlos Moreno served as [[Presidential Adviser]] on [[Health|health issues]] since the beginning of the government. He was, apparently, a very trustworthy person of Kuczynski. So, when he resigned on 4 October 2016, he caught the attention of the media. Kuczynski said at first that the resignation of his advisor was for personal reasons and his heavy workload. However, Moreno himself explained that the reason was because they had recorded their conversations in the [[Government Palace (Peru)|Government Palace]] and that they were involved in a [[Corruption|corruption case]].<ref name=":25">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/gobierno/negociazo-carlos-moreno-sacude-gobierno-ppk-268693|title=El 'negociazo' de Carlos Moreno sacude al gobierno de PPK|last=Elcomercio.pe|first=Redacción|date=10 October 2016|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=9 February 2019}}</ref>

On 9 October, the television program Cuarto Poder broadcast an [[Sound recording and reproduction|audio]] in which Moreno commented on negotiation for a clinic to sign an agreement with the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lima|Archbishopric of Lima]] and, thus, be able to access an agreement to serve patients insured in the System Integral de Salud (SIS). "It's the negotiation, I have the people who do it, I have the patients," Moreno said, as heard in the audio record. "That is our mine. You do not know how much money we are going to win," he added. Although Moreno was separated from the government as soon as the "negotiation" was exposed, the scandal shook an administration that was barely three months since initiation.<ref name=":26">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/gobierno/audio-moreno-negociazo-pacientes-268161|title=Audio de Moreno: "Es el negociazo, yo tengo a los pacientes"|last=Elcomercio.pe|first=Redacción|date=8 October 2016|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=9 February 2019}}</ref>

=== Resignation of Minister Mariano Gonzalez ===
[[File:Mariano González Fernández.jpg|left|thumb|277x277px|Minister Mariano Gonzalez]]
On 27 November 2016, a report from a [[news program]] revealed that [[Defence minister|Defense Minister]] Cosme Mariano González Fernández maintained a [[Scandal|sentimental relationship]] with an advisor from his office, which he presumably had favored with a promotion. The minister denied having favored his partner and said in his defense: "What I have committed is a fact of love. I have fallen in love."<ref name=":27">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/gobierno/ministro-mariano-gonzalez-niega-haber-favorecido-pareja-150627|title=Ministro Mariano González niega haber favorecido a su pareja|last=Elcomercio.pe|first=Redacción|date=27 November 2016|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=9 February 2019}}</ref>

The next day, González submitted his resignation to the position, which was accepted by [[Prime Minister of Peru|Prime Minister Zavala.]] A week later, he was appointed as [[Jorge Nieto Montesinos]],<ref name=":28">{{Cite web|url=https://diariocorreo.pe/politica/mariano-gonzalez-ministro-de-defensa-pone-su-cargo-a-disposicion-714151/|title=Mariano González: Fernando Zavala aceptó renuncia del ministro de Defensa (VIDEO) {{!}} Foto 1 de 2|date=28 November 2016|website=Diario Correo|language=es|access-date=9 February 2019}}</ref> until then head of the [[Culture minister|Ministry of Culture]]<ref name=":29">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/gobierno/jorge-nieto-dejo-cultura-juro-nuevo-ministro-defensa-151916|title=Jorge Nieto dejó Cultura y juró como nuevo ministro de Defensa|last=Huaraca|first=Mario Mejía|date=5 December 2016|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=9 February 2019}}</ref> headed by the actor and film director Salvador del Solar.<ref name=":30">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/gobierno/salvador-solar-jura-nuevo-ministro-cultura-151979|title=Salvador del Solar jura como nuevo ministro de Cultura|last=Elcomercio.pe|first=Redacción|date=5 December 2016|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=9 February 2019}}</ref>

=== Censorship of Minister Jaime Saavedra ===
[[Education minister]] Jaime Saavedra, who held that position since the [[Humala administration]] in 2013, was [[Censorship|censored]] by Congress and forced to resign.<ref name=":31">{{Cite web|url=http://semanaeconomica.com/article/legal-y-politica/sector-publico/207168-saavedra-durante-su-interpelacion-no-es-cierto-que-yo-pude-autorizar-la-postulacion-ni-dar-una-carta-de-respaldo-para-esta-postulacion/|title=Saavedra: "No autoricé la postulación a los Panamericanos, ni di una carta de respaldo"|last=económica|first=SEMANA|date=7 December 2016|website=Semana Económica|access-date=9 February 2019}}</ref>

The [[opposition (politics)|opposition]] to the government, represented in the Congress by an overwhelming [[Fujimorism|Fujimorist majority]] allied with the [[American Popular Revolutionary Alliance|APRA]] party, began to question the work of the Minister of Education, Jaime Saavedra.

First, it was related to the organization of the [[2019 Pan American Games|2019 Panamerican Games]] in Lima, despite having been announced in 2013 (shortly before taking office as minister), not enough had been done in terms of infrastructure construction.<ref name=":32">{{Cite book  |doi=10.1163/1570-6664_iyb_sim_person_15460 |title=Kuczynski, Pedro Pablo }}</ref>

Then, a Sunday television program launched a report in which he denounced that the minister's trusted staff had made a deviation from a [[budget]] of 150 million soles destined for the [[Computer|purchase of computers]].<ref name=":33">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/congreso/fujimorismo-presentara-mocion-censura-jaime-saavedra-152332|title=Fujimorismo presentará moción de censura contra Jaime Saavedra|last=Elcomercio.pe|first=Redacción|date=8 December 2016|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=9 February 2019}}</ref> The opposition in Congress announced that it would [[interpellation (politics)|interpellate]] the minister to demand that he give an account of his administration, particularly in relation to the alleged corruption. President Kuczynski publicly supported his minister and argued that the campaign against him originated with a group of legislators associated with [[Private university|private universities]] who wanted to make changes in the University Law to favor their interests.<ref name=":34">{{Cite web|url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/997108-jaime-saavedra-no-piensa-renunciar-a-pesar-del-anuncio-de-censura |title= Jaime Saavedra no piensa renunciar a pesar del anuncio de censura |lang=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222105408/https://larepublica.pe/politica/997108-jaime-saavedra-no-piensa-renunciar-a-pesar-del-anuncio-de-censura |archive-date=22 Dec 2017 |website=larepublica.pe|access-date=9 February 2019}}</ref>

On 7 December 2016, Saavedra was questioned at the Congress, whose campus he voluntarily attended to answer a list of 11 questions. After eleven hours of exhibitions and debate, in which the minister accepted that there were irregularities in the purchases made by his sector by people who had "betrayed his trust", the [[Fujimorism|Fujimorist]] block announced that it would submit a motion of censure against the minister, because, to his see, he was politically responsible and had not responded satisfactorily to the [[interpellator]]y statement. Saavedra told the press that he would not resign before the [[Censorship|censorship request]].<ref name=":35">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/congreso/jaime-saavedra-congreso-aprobo-mocion-censura-153805|title=Jaime Saavedra: Congreso aprobó moción de censura|last=Elcomercio.pe|first=Redacción|date=15 December 2016|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=9 February 2019}}</ref>

On 15 December, the minister's censorship debate was held, obtaining as a final result 78 votes in favor, none against and no abstention (due to the fact that the benches of [[Peruvians for Change]] and Open Front, against the censorship, they retired of the hemicycle before the voting). Saavedra was given a period of 72 hours to present his resignation letter.<ref name=":36">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/gobierno/marilu-martens-juro-nueva-ministra-educacion-154332|title=Marilú Martens juró como nueva ministra de Educación|last=Elcomercio.pe|first=Redacción|date=18 December 2016|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=9 February 2019}}</ref>

On 17 December, Saavedra resigned and the following day she was sworn in by educator [[Marilú Martens]].

=== Secret bilateral meetings between Pedro Pablo Kuczynski and Keiko Fujimori ===
[[File:Keiko Fujimori 2.jpg|thumb|246x246px|Keiko Fujimori]]
In December 2016, following an initiative by [[Juan Luis Cipriani Thorne|Cardinal Juan Luis Cipriani]], the leader of [[Popular Force]], [[Keiko Fujimori]], and [[Pedro Pablo Kuczynski|President Kuczynski]] met to talk at the archbishop's residence. A similar meeting took place in July 2017, after Fujimori invited the president to talk.<ref name=":37">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/pedro-pablo-kuczynski-hitos-gestion-presidente-peru-noticia-506168|title=PPK: los hitos de su gestión como presidente del Perú|last=Sánchez|first=Roger Hernández|date=23 March 2018|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=9 February 2019}}</ref> This time, the meeting took place at the [[Government Palace (Peru)|Government Palace]]. In view of the subsequent events, the second vice president [[Mercedes Aráoz]] considered that it was an error to believe in Fujimori's demands for dialogue, since, apparently, since the first moment his intention had been to undermine the government and seek the vacancy of the president.

=== Interpellation of Minister Martin Vizcarra ===
After months of study, the government decided to carry out the project of the construction of the [[Chinchero District|International Airport of Chinchero]], signing on 3 February 2017<ref name=":38">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/economia/peru/aeropuerto-chinchero-mitos-verdades-cambio-contrato-233940|title=Aeropuerto de Chinchero: mitos y verdades de cambio al contrato|last=Cordova|first=Viviana Gálvez|date=5 February 2017|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=9 February 2019}}</ref> an [[addendum]] to contract modifications with [[Kuntur Wasi]], the [[consortium]] had won the award the project in 2014. This was a work that had decades of waiting and was longed for by the people of Cusco, who threatened to get up if it were paralyzed; it seems that the political and social solution prevailed more on the part of the government than on technical issues.<ref name=":39">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/economia/dia-1/aeropuerto-chinchero-politica-detras-proyecto-163243|title=Aeropuerto de Chinchero: La política detrás del proyecto|last=Mendoza|first=Carlos Hurtado de|date=6 February 2017|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=9 February 2019}}</ref>

President Kuczynski and the [[Ministry of Transport and Communications (Peru)|Minister of Transport and Communications]] [[Martín Vizcarra]] defended the addendum, stating that it was the best option for the State and citizens. It was argued that the State saved $590&nbsp;million (which was the amount of debt that was held with the company).<ref name=":40">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/congreso/martin-vizcarra-defendio-adenda-contrato-chinchero-163814|title=Martín Vizcarra defendió la adenda al contrato de Chinchero|last=Elcomercio.pe|first=Redacción|date=9 February 2017|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=9 February 2019}}</ref>
[[File:Martín Vizcarra em julho de 2016.jpg|thumb|Minister Vizcarra]]
However, since the [[Congress]], specifically on behalf of [[Member of Congress|Congressman]] [[Victor Andres Garcia Belaunde Velarde|Víctor Andrés García Belaunde]], a vehement opposition arose, considering the addendum as harmful to the interests of the State.<ref name=":41">{{Cite web|url=https://larepublica.pe/economia/1010911-polemica-entre-garcia-belaunde-y-vizcarra-por-la-adenda-para-el-aeropuerto|title=Polémica entre García Belaunde y Vizcarra por la adenda para el aeropuerto|last=LR|first=Redacción|date=28 January 2017|website=larepublica.pe|language=es|access-date=9 February 2019}}</ref> A photo published in the [[Correos|Correo]] newspaper, dating from June 2016, showed Vizcarra in a thankful meeting of the Peruanos Por el Kambio party for the contributors to his campaign, where [[Carlos Vargas Loret de Mola]], president of the Kuntur Wasi consortium, appears.

For Garcia Belaunde, that would be the link that would explain the alleged government [[Cronyism|favoritism]] toward consortium, so it Vizcarra branded as a "[[Treason|traitor]]" and demanded his resignation.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web|url=https://rpp.pe/peru/actualidad/garcia-belaunde-martin-vizcarra-es-un-vende-patria-y-debe-irse-ya-noticia-1032699|title=García Belaunde: "Martín Vizcarra es un vende patria y debe irse ya"|website=RPP|date=22 February 2017|language=es|access-date=9 February 2019}}</ref> Harassed by critics, Vizcarra said that the state would no outlay of money to Kuntuhuasi to wait for the final report. On 1 March 2017, [[Popular Action (Peru)|Popular Action]] presented a statement against Vizcarra, seconded by representatives of [[Popular Force]], [[Broad Front (Peru)|Frente Amplio]] and the [[American Popular Revolutionary Alliance|APRA]].

However, following the onslaught of [[El Niño|El Nino]], in which some parliamentarians moved to the affected areas to care for the victims, Congress decided to suspend "until further notice" the interpellation to Vizcarra,<ref name=":43">{{Cite web|url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/852021-vizcarra-no-se-va-hacer-ningun-desembolso-kuntur-wasi-sin-el-informe-final-de-la-contraloria|website=larepublica.pe|access-date=9 February 2019|title=Vizcarra: "No vamos a hacer ningún desembolso a Kuntur Wasi sin el informe final de la Contraloría"|date=25 February 2017}}</ref> which was scheduled for 23 March and consisted of 83 questions. Amended the [[El Niño]] phenomenon, on 5 May, a group of 35 congressmen presented a new motion to question the minister.

On 11 May, the motion was approved with 71 votes and the interpellation was scheduled for 18 May 48 in which the minister answered a list of 83 questions for more than three hours. In the Congress, it was agreed to wait for the report of the Comptroller's Office, indicated for Monday, before proceeding to the [[Censorship|vote of censorship.]]<ref name=":44">{{Cite web|url=https://gestion.pe/peru/politica/martin-vizcarra-presentan-mocion-interpelacion-aeropuerto-chinchero-129796|title=Martín Vizcarra: Presentan moción de interpelación por Aeropuerto de Chinchero|last=Gestión|first=Redacción|date=1 March 2017|website=Gestion|language=es|access-date=9 February 2019}}</ref>

But before that happened, Vizcarra submitted his resignation<ref name=":45">{{Cite web|url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/1023540-interpelacion-a-vizcarra-se-suspende-hasta-nuevo-aviso-por-las-inundaciones|title=Interpelación a Vizcarra se suspende "hasta nuevo aviso" por las inundaciones|last=LR|first=Redacción|date=16 March 2017|website=larepublica.pe|language=es|access-date=9 February 2019}}</ref> as minister, after announcing in a television interview that he was going to cancel the contract and the addendum for the construction of the [[Chinchero District|Chinchero]] airport, in view of not having had acceptance in the Congress or the Comptroller's Office. Indeed, moments later, the comptroller general Edgar Alarcon presented his report on the contract Chinchero where recommended legal action against ten officials (six of MTC, two of the MEF and two Ositran) for alleged irregularities in the addendum for the company Kuntur Wasi.<ref name=":46">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/congreso/martin-vizcarra-nueva-mocion-busca-interpelarlo-chinchero-418501|title=Martín Vizcarra: nueva moción busca interpelarlo por Chinchero|author=Redacción EC|date=4 May 2017|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=9 February 2019}}</ref>

With Vizcarra, there were already two ministers who left office by Congress in less than a year, after being questioned (the other was Saavedra in Education); What's more, it was the most prestigious government ministers. For this reason, Zavala criticized the majority caucus in the Congress (of Fujimorism), arguing that "one thing is political control, another is the abuse of power. It is one thing to control, another is to obstruct. "<ref name=":47">{{Cite web|url=https://peru21.pe/politica/ministro-martin-vizcarra-sera-interpelado-18-mayo-caso-chinchero-75947|title=Ministro Martín Vizcarra será interpelado el 18 de mayo por caso Chinchero|last=PERÚ21|first=Redacción|date=11 May 2017|website=Peru21|language=es|access-date=9 February 2019}}</ref>

Succeeding as the [[Vice President of Peru|First Vice President of Peru]] and following after Kuczynski's resignation,<ref name=":48">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/martin-vizcarra-respondio-tres-horas-interpelacion-chinchero-423614|title=Martín Vizcarra respondió por más de tres horas interpelación por Chinchero|author=Redacción EC|date=18 May 2017|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=9 February 2019}}</ref> Vizcarra assumed the Presidency of Peru.<ref name=":49">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/martin-vizcarra-renuncia-mtc-dejar-efecto-contrato-chinchero-425052|title=Martín Vizcarra renuncia al MTC tras dejar sin efecto contrato de Chinchero|last=Vásquez|first=Rocío la Rosa|date=22 May 2017|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=9 February 2019}}</ref> Vizcarra has mentioned that he will get his revenge soon.<ref name=":50">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/fernando-zavala-fuerza-popular-cosa-control-politico-abuso-425773|title=Zavala a Fuerza Popular: "Una cosa es el control político, otra es el abuso de poder"|author=Redacción EC|date=24 May 2017|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=9 February 2019}}</ref>

=== Ministerial changes (May 2017) ===
On 25 May 2017, Bruno Giuffra, who until then was the Minister of Production, left that position and swore as Minister of Transport and Communications, replacing Martín Vizcarra. While the official congressman Pedro Olaechea happened to occupy the Ministry of the Production. The swearing-in ceremony of both was held in the Golden Hall of the Government Palace.<ref name=":51">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/bruno-giuffra-pedro-olaechea-juraron-ministros-transportes-produccion-426070|title=Giuffra y Olaechea juraron como ministros de Transportes y de la Producción|author=Redacción EC|date=25 May 2017|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

=== Audio Thorne-Alarcón ===
On 28 May 2017 the television program Panorama revealed some transcripts of an audio in which the Minister of Economy Alfredo Thorne was holding a conversation with the Comptroller General of the Republic Edgar Alarcón, dated 17 May, days before the delivery of the report of the Comptroller on the addendum to the Chinchero Airport contract. On 4 June, some excerpts of the audio were published, and later, on the claim that it was being published in a biased manner, it was published in full, on 11 June.<ref name=":52">{{Cite news|url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/882856-chinchero-revelan-audios-de-supuestas-presiones-de-ministro-thorne-contralor-alarcon|title=Chinchero: Revelan audios de supuestas presiones de ministro Thorne a contralor Alarcón|last=LR|first=Redacción|date=4 June 2017|access-date=10 February 2019|language=es}}</ref>

In this conversation, the interlocutors talk about additional funds for the Comptroller's Office that should be approved by the Ministry of Economy, and about the report that the Comptroller was about to draw on the Chinchero Contract. In a part of it we hear that Thorne tells Alarcón: "Now everything depends on you: if Chinchero passes, we are doing well; if Chinchero is taken down, it is going but badly ". After the audio was broadcast, Thorne was accused of exerting political pressure on the comptroller on behalf of the Executive, conditioning the increase in the budget of the Comptroller's Office in exchange for a positive report in what refers to Chinchero.<ref name=":53">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/alfredo-thorne-claves-caso-generado-audio-contralor-434082|title=Alfredo Thorne: las claves del audio que complica su continuidad en el MEF|last=Sánchez|first=Roger Hernández|date=14 June 2017|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

The plenary session of the Congress, held on 15 June (that is, several days after the announcement of the audio), summoned Thorne to appear urgently in the floor to give his explanations about his conversations with the comptroller. But the minister excused himself from attending his busy work schedule, announcing that he would attend the Congress's oversight committee on 16 June, as scheduled.<ref name=":54">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/alfredo-thorne-confirma-acudira-hoy-pleno-congreso-responder-audio-434850|title=Congreso vuelve a citar a Alfredo Thorne: deberá presentarse mañana|author=Redacción EC|date=15 June 2017|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

Given this, the chairman of the audit committee, Hector Becerril, announced that the summons to the said working group was without effect and that only his immediate presence was expected before the plenary session of the Congress, and that in case of not attending, it could be cause for censorship.<ref name=":55">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/comision-fiscalizacion-deja-efecto-citacion-ministro-alfredo-thorne-434886|title=Comisión de Fiscalización deja sin efecto citación a ministro Alfredo Thorne|author=Redacción EC|date=15 June 2017|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref> Thorne then confirmed his attendance at the Congress on the 16th, where he made an exhibition that lasted ten minutes. He denied the accusation of conditioning the budget increase of the Comptroller's Office in exchange for a positive report on the Chinchero contract, and unless President Kuczynski had instructed him to condition the comptroller.<ref name=":56">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/alfredo-thorne-momento-ppk-instruyo-pedirle-contralor-chinchero-434983|title=Thorne: "En ningún momento PPK me instruyó pedirle al contralor sobre Chinchero"|author=Redacción EC|date=16 June 2017|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref> After a debate among the congressmen, the opposition caucuses they raised the minister to renounce his position; otherwise, they would promote a motion of censure against him.<ref name=":57">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/thorne-renuncia-proximos-dias-presentaremos-mocion-censura-435103|title=Si Thorne no renuncia en los próximos días, presentaremos una moción de censura|author=Redacción EC|date=17 June 2017|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

On 19 June, Thorne formalized before Congress a question of confidence to continue in office, something he had requested in his speech on the 16th. The issue of trust was debated on 21 June by the full Congress, where the caucuses of Popular Force, APRA, Acción Popular, Frente Amplio and Alliance for Progress voted against, adding 88 votes in total. There were only 11 votes in favor of giving him the confidence (of the members of the ruling party) and 2 abstentions. Before this, Thorne resigned from the Ministry of Economy, being replaced by Prime Minister Fernando Zavala, who was sworn in the following day, although his role as president of the Council of Ministers.<ref name=":58">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/alfredo-thorne-tendra-renunciar-congreso-le-renovo-confianza-436319|title=Alfredo Thorne tendrá que renunciar: Congreso no le renovó confianza|author=Redacción EC|date=21 June 2017|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref><ref name=":59">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/fernando-zavala-juro-nuevo-ministro-economia-finanzas-436899|title=Fernando Zavala juró como nuevo ministro de Economía y Finanzas|author=Redacción EC|date=23 June 2017|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

=== Interpellation of Minister Basombrío ===
On 21 June 2017, Interior Minister [[Carlos Basombrío Iglesias]] appeared before the full Congress to answer the interpellatory list of 39 questions. This occurred immediately after Congress denied confidence to Minister Thorne. The exhibition of Basombrío lasted three hours and not only answered the questions, but made announcements about his management. Once the presentation was over, the parliamentary debate began and continued until the following day. Although the opposition groups to the government questioned some of their responses, none raised their censure nor asked for their resignation.<ref name=":60">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/carlos-basombrio-congreso-respondio-interpelacion-recibio-criticas-frases-436555|title=Basombrío en el Congreso: así respondió a interpelación y recibió estas críticas [FRASES]|author=Redacción EC|date=22 June 2017|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

=== Ministerial changes (July 2017) ===
On 27 July 2017, three changes were made official in the ministerial cabinet: the government congresswoman Ana María Choquehuanca assumed the Ministry of Women; Until then Minister of Development and Social Inclusion Cayetana Aljovín became the owner of Energy and Mines; while Fiorella Molinelli was appointed Minister of Development and Social Inclusion. The appointment of the latter generated some criticism from the opposition in Congress, because as an official of the Ministry of Transport and Communications had signed the contract addendum for the construction of the Chinchero airport.<ref name=":61">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/ppk-les-tomo-juramento-nuevas-ministras-molinelli-choquehuanca-noticia-445592|title=Cambios en Fiestas Patrias: Molinelli y Choquehuanca juraron como ministras|last=Olivera|first=Gino Alva|date=27 July 2017|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

=== Second "Address to the Nation" ===
On 28 July 2017, after one year of the government, it began celebrating the traditional Mass and Te Deum in the Cathedral of Lima; After that, the president arrived at the headquarters of the Congress, where he gave his second [[Mensaje a la nación|message to the nation]], for national holidays, which lasted an hour and 15 minutes. According to the Political Constitution, the president on this date must give a message to the nation in which to account for what has been done and present their future plans. Kuczynski began by mentioning the most serious problems he faced during his first year in office, such as the El Niño Costero disaster and the Lava Jato scandal, which cost 2% of GDP. He emphasized that National Reconstruction will boost the national economy. It also presented five bills, which address the obtaining of buildings required for the execution of infrastructure works; the creation of an urban transport authority for Lima and Callao; the reform of the conformation and requirements to be a member of the National Council of the Magistracy; the promotion of projects for wastewater treatment through public-private partnerships; and the strengthening of the labor inspection system through Sunafil. Contrary to the message given at the beginning of his mandate, his second message to the nation was received with little expectation and disbelief among several of the leading political and economic analysts.<ref name=":62">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/economia/peru/fiestas-patrias-kuczynski-acepta-primer-ano-esperaba-444976|title=Fiestas Patrias: "En lo económico se esperaba más del gobierno de Kuczynski"|last=Izaguirre|first=Miriam Romainville|date=27 July 2017|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref> After the message, Kuczynski walked to the Government Palace, where he was held a tribute to the people who helped during the disaster caused by the coastal El Nino.<ref name=":63">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/minuto-minuto-ppk-ofrece-hoy-mensaje-nacion-noticia-445725|title=PPK brindó su mensaje a la nación: revisa la cobertura de la jornada de Fiestas Patrias|author=Redacción EC|date=28 July 2017|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

=== Interpellation of Minister Martens and the cabinet crisis ===
On 17 August 2017 the congresspeople of Popular Force filed a motion of interpretation against the Minister of Education Marilú Martens who was in negotiations with the representatives of the teachers, in search of the solution to a prolonged teacher strike.<ref name=":64">{{Cite web|url=https://diariocorreo.pe/politica/fuerza-popular-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministra-marilu-martens-video-768195/|title=Fujimorismo se une a la izquierda para interpelar a ministra Marilú Martens (VIDEO)|date=18 August 2017|website=Diario Correo|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref> On 25 August 2017 the plenary session of the Congress of the Republic approved, with 79 votes in favor, 12 against and 6 abstentions, to make said interpellation. The votes in favor were from the bench of Popular Force, APRA, Frente Amplio and Acción Popular. It was set as the date of the interpellation on 8 September. The minister responded to a list of 40 questions, mainly about the teachers 'strike that still persisted. Martens acknowledged deficiencies in facing the teachers' strike, but assured that his management would not reverse the recognition of meritocracy within the teaching profession.<ref name=":65">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/marilu-martens-interpelacion-congreso-noticia-452771|title=Marilú Martens será interpelada por huelga de maestros|author=Redacción EC|date=26 August 2017|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

On 13 September, the Popular Force bench announced that it would submit a motion of censure against the minister, as it considered that it had not responded satisfactorily to the questions of interpellation.<ref name=":66">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/fuerza-popular-presentara-mocion-censura-ministra-marilu-martens-noticia-457695|title=Fuerza Popular presentará moción de censura contra la ministra Marilú Martens|author=Redacción EC|date=13 September 2017|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref> Faced with this threat of censorship (which would be the second against an Education minister in less than a year), Prime Minister Fernando Zavala asked Congress for a question of confidence for the full ministerial cabinet; in other words, a renewal of the vote of confidence that had been given to him at the beginning of his administration.

From the Congress this request was criticized, pointing out the fact that Zavala showed solidarity with a minister who was questioned, endangering her entire cabinet, and even more so, when the motion of censure had not yet been made official. It was also said that the "renewal of trust" was something that the Constitution did not contemplate.<ref name=":67">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/cuestion-confianza-claves-pedido-primer-ministro-fernando-zavala-noticia-457853|title=Cuestión de confianza: claves sobre el pedido que busca Zavala|last=Bustamante|first=Martin Hidalgo|date=14 September 2017|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

But anyway, the Board of Spokespersons of the Congress summoned Zavala at four o'clock on the afternoon of 14 September to support her request for confidence. Zavala presented himself to the plenary session of the Congress with the ministers and presented his request in 12 minutes; his argument focused on the government's intention to defend the educational policy that was intended, according to him, to undermine the education minister's censure. Then came the parliamentary debate.<ref name=":68">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/congreso-convoca-fernando-zavala-4-p-m-cuestion-confianza-noticia-458011|title=Cuestión de confianza: Congreso convoca a Zavala para las 4 p.m.|author=Redacción EC|date=14 September 2017|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref> The question of trust was debated for 7 hours and voted on at dawn on the 15th.

There were 77 parliamentarians who voted against Zavala's request, while 22 supported it and 16 abstained. Kenji Fujimori was the only one of the 71 representatives of Popular Force who adhered to the request for trust. All the others opposed. The representatives of the Broad Front also voted against the confidence. Thus the crisis of the cabinet occurred.

Members of Popular Force considered that all the members of the cabinet had to resign, but finally the opinion prevailed that only the prime minister was obliged to resign, and that the rest of the ministers could remain, except those who were questioned, as was the case of Minister Martens.

=== Second cabinet minister (Aráoz) ===
On 17 September 2017, the second vice president and congresswoman [[Mercedes Aráoz]] was sworn in as President of the Council of Ministers of Peru and with it joined five new ministers: Claudia Cooper Fort (Economy), Idel Vexler (Education), Enrique Mendoza Ramírez (Justice and Human Rights), Fernando D'Alessio (Health) and Carlos Bruce (Housing). The new head of the cabinet was sworn in with the 18 ministers in a ceremony held in the Court of Honor of the Government Palace.

On 12 October, Mercedes Aráoz appeared before the plenary session of the Congress to request a vote of confidence from her ministerial cabinet. His exhibition lasted two hours. After a parliamentary debate that lasted until one o'clock in the morning of the following day, 83 congressmen (from the opposing blocs of Popular Force, Alianza para el Progreso, Partido Aprista Peruano and Acción Popular, voted in favor of the motion of confidence). as of the official Peruanos Por el Kambio) and against 17 (of Frente Amplio and the nascent New Peru bench).<ref name=":69">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/congreso-otorgo-voto-confianza-gabinete-mercedes-araoz-noticia-465373|title=Congreso otorgó voto de confianza a Gabinete de Mercedes Aráoz [VIDEO]|author=Redacción EC|date=13 October 2017|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref> The next step for the Executive will be to request legislative powers from the Congress, set for 7 December 2017.

=== First process to impeach the president ===
On 13 December 2017, Lava Jato Commission President Rosa Bartra released information from the Odebrecht company in which it claimed that Westfield Capital, an investment banking advisory firm, founded and directed by Kuczynski had carried out seven consultancies for Odebrecht between November 2004 and December 2007 for 782,207 million dollars, that is, coinciding with the time when Kuczynski had been Minister of Economy (2004–2005) and President of the Council of Ministers (2005–2006).

The information also revealed that another company, First Capital, constituted by the Chilean Gerardo Sepúlveda (partner of Kuczynski), He had done advisory services for Odebrecht between 2005 and 2013, receiving US$4,043,941 as payment for his services. It was also known that both advisory firms shared the same tax address.<ref name=":70">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/ppk-interoceanica-pagos-odebrecht-westfield-cronologia-noticia-481682|title=PPK, la Interoceánica y los pagos de Odebrecht a Westfield|author=Redacción EC|date=15 December 2017|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

The information was seriously compromising for the president, who had always denied having had relations with the Odebrecht company, and because the payments to his personal consulting company had been made when he was Minister of State (something prohibited by constitutional norm for typifying conflict of interest), and even worse when they came from a company like Odebrecht, which had paid bribes to win the concession of works precisely under the government of Toledo, when Kuczynski had been minister. The president then announced that he would receive the Lava Jato Commission on 22 December, but this gesture was considered delayed, after repeatedly insisting on responding only in writing.<ref name=":71">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/ppk-recibira-comision-lava-jato-22-diciembre-noticia-481524|title=PPK recibirá a la Comisión Lava Jato el 22 de diciembre|author=Redacción EC|date=14 December 2017|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

Opposition to the government, led by Popular Force, demanded the resignation of Kuczynski. and threatened to kick him out of the presidency if he did not. Frente Amplio, on the other hand, stated that the vacancy should proceed directly. At midnight on 14 December, he denied the accusations and said he would not resign his position. "I am here to tell you: I am not going to abdicate to my honor or my values or my responsibilities as president of all Peruvians," he said in a message to the nation.

In his defense, he assured that he had no relationship with the company. First Capital, which was the exclusive property of Sepúlveda, and that only one of the payments mentioned had to do with him, the one dated in 2012, when he was no longer Minister of State; and that regarding Westfield Capital, although he recognized that it was his sole proprietorship, he affirmed that he was never under his direction and administration while he was Minister of State, and that the contracts dated at that time had been signed by Sepúlveda, his partner. He also pointed out that all payments to his company were legal, duly registered, billed and banked.<ref name=":72">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/ppk-abdicar-mis-responsabilidades-presidente-noticia-481752|title=No voy a abdicar a mis responsabilidades como presidente|author=Redacción EC|date=15 December 2017|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

Kuczynski's explanations did not convince the opposition, and he was accused of continuing to lie, especially in relation to the fact that he had left Westfield. Capital when he was minister, when, according to public records, he always figured as the director of that company. In this regard, Kuczynski argued in its defense the concept of the "Chinese wall", expression used in business to refer to when the partner or owner has no contact or receive information about the management of the company. But this argument did not convince its opponents either, since being a sole proprietorship, there was no way that it would have remained alien to the management of it. Faced with the refusal of the president to resign, several of the opposition caucuses of the Congress then proposed to submit their position to the vacancy. The Frente Amplio filed a motion to request the vacancy to be debated in the plenary session of the Congress. The congresspersons of Popular Force, Apra and Alianza para el Progreso joined the request and thus exceeded the 26 signatures needed to proceed with the process. Once the motion was approved, the debate began at 4 and 38 in the afternoon of 15 December and lasted until the night.

The opposition legislators who introduced the motion cited a moral inability to denounce that the president lied in the statements he gave on his ties with the Brazilian company. On the other hand, the congressmen demanded that due process be followed, reproaching the fact that the opposition proceeded with unusual speed and that several of its members had already decided to vote the president without having heard his defense. They also questioned the fact that a single report from Odebrecht was considered sufficient evidence, which would openly disregard the investigation that demanded such a delicate and far-reaching case.

According to the regulations, the vacancy request was required to be accepted for acceptance. vote of 40% of able congressmen. As 118 congressmen were present, only 48 votes were needed, which was widely exceeded, as they voted 93 in favor and 17 against; the latter were, for the most part, those of the ruling party caucus.{{citation needed|date=October 2017}}<!-- WP:RS needed; removed link to WP-->

Once the vacancy request was approved, Congress agreed that on Thursday, 21 December, at 9 o'clock in the morning, Kuczynski should present itself, with or without its lawyer, the plenary session of the Congress to make his discharges, giving him all the necessary time; then it would proceed to debate and finally vote to decide the presidential vacancy, needed for this 87 votes of the total of 130 congressmen.<ref name=":74">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/vacancia-ppk-resuelve-proximo-jueves-21-noticia-482039|title=La vacancia de PPK se resuelve el próximo jueves 21|last=Bustamante|first=Martín Hidalgo|date=16 December 2017|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

On the day, Kuczynski went to Congress to exercise their defense, accompanied by his lawyer Alberto Borea Odría. The defense began with the speech of the president himself, who reiterated in denying that he had committed any act of corruption. Then came the defense of Borea, described as brilliant, which was at the core of his argument that the request for vacancy was an exaggeration because you could not accuse a president of the Republic without demonstrating evidence of his "permanent moral incapacity." It considered that the imputed crimes had to ventilate first in the investigating commission, before drawing hasty conclusions. He also rejected that Kuczynski has repeatedly lied about his relationship with Odebrecht, since the events in question had occurred 12 years ago and he did not have to keep them in mind.<ref name=":75">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/alberto-borea-he-defendido-causa-republicana-noticia-483527|title=Alberto Borea: "Yo he defendido una causa republicana"|author=Redacción EC|date=22 December 2017|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

Once Borea's address was over, the congressional debate began, which lasted fourteen hours. Voting for the vacancy took place after eleven o'clock at night, with the following result: 78 votes in favor, 19 against and 21 abstentions. One of the benches, the one of New Peru, retired before the voting, adducing that they would not be lent to the game raised by the fujimoristas. Since 87 votes were needed to proceed with the vacancy, it was dismissed.<ref name=":76">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/ppk-vacado-congreso-republica-noticia-483477|title=PPK no fue vacado por el Congreso de la República|author=Redacción EC|date=22 December 2017|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref> The entire People's Power caucus voted in favor of the vacancy, with the exception of 10 of its members, headed by Kenji Fujimori, who abstained, and who thus decided the result. The rumor spread that this dissident group had negotiated its votes with the government in exchange for the presidential pardon in favor of Alberto Fujimori, its historical leader imprisoned for ten years.<ref name=":77">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/luis-galarreta-alberto-fujimori-merece-canjeado-blindajes-noticia-483614|title=Galarreta: "Fujimori no merece ser canjeado por blindajes"|author=Redacción EC|date=22 December 2017|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

=== The Fujimorist majority opposition ===
[[File:Keiko Fujimori 2.jpg|thumb|[[Keiko Fujimori]], former leader of the majority opposition faction [[Popular Force]].]]
The governance crisis was originated by the existence of a majority opposition caucus in Congress, which continuously confronts a weakened Executive Power, which it accuses of ineffectiveness to solve the country's problems. Until September 2017, that is to say, in one year and two months of government, Fujimorism had led to the fall of five ministers. Several analysts considered that what Fujimorism was looking for was to bring down the country's institutions and control the Public Prosecutor's Office. Constitutional Court and the Presidency of the Republic. All this would point to shield its leader Keiko Fujimori, seriously involved in the Odebrecht case.<ref name=":78">{{Cite web|url=https://larepublica.pe/politica|website=larepublica.pe|access-date=10 February 2019|title=Últimas noticias de política y actualidad del Perú - la República}}</ref><ref name=":80">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/salaverry-denuncia-sanchez-vinculada-otros-casos-noticia-471609|title=Salaverry: Denuncia contra Sánchez no es represalia por Keiko|author=Redacción EC|date=7 November 2017|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

* '''Against the Public Ministry:''' Fujimorism, through its congressman Daniel Salaverry, made a constitutional accusation against the prosecutor of the Nation Pablo Sanchez, because supposedly not He had initiated investigations against several Peruvian companies that were members of Odebrecht.<ref name=":80"/> To which was added another constitutional complaint against the same prosecutor raised by Yeni Vilcatoma, a former member of the Fujimorist caucus, who questioned her functional responsibility for issuing a resolution which provided that any new complaint for organized crime and money laundering be remitted only to the office of prosecutor Hamilton Castro, responsible for the Odebrecht case.<ref name=":81">{{Cite web|url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/1144667-yeni-vilcatoma-denuncia-constitucionalmente-a-fiscal-de-la-nacion|title=Yeni Vilcatoma denuncia constitucionalmente a Pablo Sánchez|last=LR|first=Redacción|date=13 November 2017|website=larepublica.pe|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>
* '''Against the Constitutional Court (TC):''' From the Subcommission of Constitutional Accusations of Congress, Fujimorism, allied with the aprismo, approved to recommend to the full of the Congre or the dismissal and disqualification for 10 years of Judge Eloy Espinosa-Saldaña and the suspension for 30 days to three other judges: Manuel Miranda, Marianella Ledesma and Carlos Ramos, all of them accused by eleven retired sailors of having violated the constitutional precept of the "immutability of res judicata" by issuing a resolution in which they rendered null and void the statement of a sentence of 2013, in which it was said that the El Frontón massacre of 1986 was not a crime against humanity.<ref name=":82">{{Cite web|url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/1157954-fujimorismo-aprueban-destituir-y-suspender-a-magistrados-del-tc|website=larepublica.pe|access-date=10 February 2019|title=Caso TC: Fujimorismo aprueba recomendar la destitución y suspensión de magistrados|date=14 December 2017}}</ref> The members of the TC went to the Inter-American Court of Human Rights to denounce what they considered a threat to the independence of their functions by the Peruvian Congress. That court gave the reason to the magistrates and asked Congress to file the accusation.<ref name=":83">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/corte-idh-pide-archivar-acusacion-magistrados-tc-noticia-496057|title=Corte IDH pide archivar acusación contra magistrados del TC|author=Redacción EC|date=9 February 2018|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>
* '''Against His Excellency, the President:''' The revelations that Odebrecht had made payments for consultancies to the Kuczynski sole proprietorship when he was Minister of State, would have been made in search of the presidential vacancy, that although it was not achieved during the vote in the Congress of 21 December 2017, Fujimorism spokesmen warned that they would seek more evidence to commit the president in the Odebrecht case to raise another vacancy motion (as, indeed, they did). Also the leftists of Frente Amplio and Nuevo Peru pointed to the same, although adding another motivation for the vacancy, referred to the humanitarian pardon to Alberto Fujimori, which they considered illegal.

=== Pardon of Former President Alberto Fujimori ===
[[File:Protestas contra el Indulto a Alberto Fujimori.jpg|thumb|[[Protest]]s against the pardon of [[Alberto Fujimori|former President Alberto Fujimori]], imprisoned for corruption and multiple cases of human rights abuses.]]
On 24 December 2017, the president granted a humanitarian pardon to Alberto Fujimori, who had been imprisoned for 12 years, with a sentence of 25 years for crimes of human rights violations (La Cantuta and Barrios Altos cases). Kuczynski called on young people not to be carried away by hatred and turn the page, to lead the country towards "a fraternal Bicentennial of peace and prosperity."<ref name=":84">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/ppk-indulto-decision-dificil-mi-vida-noticia-484215|title=PPK: Indulto quizás fue la decisión más difícil de mi vida|author=Redacción EC|date=27 December 2017|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref> The government assured that the pardon had been decided for purely humanitarian reasons, in view of the various physical ills afflicting the former president of the Republic, confirmed by reports of a medical board.<ref name=":85">{{Cite web|url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/1161969-alberto-fujimori-libre-ppk-le-otorgo-el-indulto-al-exdictador|website=larepublica.pe|access-date=10 February 2019|title=Alberto Fujimori en libertad: PPK le dio el indulto al exdictador|date=24 December 2017}}</ref>

However, a strong suspicion arose that the pardon would have been the result of a furtive pact of the Kuczynski government with the sector of the Fujimorist bloc that had abstained during the vote for the presidential vacancy and that in that way had prevented it from concrete this. The pardon also motivated the resignation of the official congressmen Alberto de Belaunde, Vicente Zeballos and Gino Costa; of the Minister of Culture Salvador del Solar and of the Minister of Defense Jorge Nieto Montesinos; as well as the accomplishment of diverse marches in Lima and the interior of the country in protest against the pardon.

Since the beginning of the crisis, Minister Carlos Basombrío had also presented his resignation, which was accepted by Kuczynski on 27 December 2017, being replaced by retired Police General Vicente Romero Fernández.<ref name=":86">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/vicente-romero-juro-nuevo-ministro-interior-noticia-484620|title=Vicente Romero juró como nuevo ministro del Interior|author=Redacción EC|date=28 December 2017|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

The writer Mario Vargas Llosa considered the pardon as a "betrayal" of Kuczynski to the democratic electorate that had elected him in rejection of autocratic Fujimori.<ref name=":87">{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2017/12/28/opinion/1514462305_818635.html|title=Tribuna {{!}} La traición de Kuczynski|last=Llosa|first=Mario Vargas|date=31 December 2017|work=El País|access-date=10 February 2019|language=es|issn=1134-6582}}</ref> Fujimori, who days before the pardon had been admitted to a clinic for complications in his health, was discharged on 4 January 2018 and thus could, for the first time, move freely.<ref name=":88">{{Cite web|url=https://diariocorreo.pe/politica/alberto-fujimori-sale-de-clinica-tras-indulto-humanitario-795573/|title=Alberto Fujimori dejó clínica y quedó en libertad gracias a indulto humanitario (VIDEO)|date=5 January 2018|website=Diario Correo|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

Kuczynski also announced its desire to form a new ministerial cabinet, which he called "the Cabinet of Reconciliation", which according to him, should mark a new stage in the relationship between the Executive and the Legislative.

=== The Cabinet of Reconciliation (Aráoz, second phase) ===
President Kuczynski and his "Cabinet of Reconciliation", in the official photo after the swearing-in ceremony.

On 9 January 2018, the president swore to his cabinet that he called the "Cabinet of Reconciliation." Mercedes Aráoz was presided over and eight ministerial changes were made, the most important renewal so far in the government. Cayetana Aljovín, who held the portfolio of Energy and Mines, went on to Foreign Affairs. The new ministers who were sworn in were: Jorge Kisic (Defense), José Arista Arbildo (Agriculture), Lieneke Schol (Production), Jorge Meléndez Celis (Development and Social Inclusion), Ángela Grossheim (Energy and Mines), Abel Salinas Rivas ( Health), Javier Barreda (Work) and Alejandro Neyra (Culture). The ceremony was held in the Great Hall of Government Palace.<ref name=":89">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/miembros-gabinete-reconciliacion-juran-palacio-noticia-487696|title="Gabinete de la reconciliación" juró en Palacio de Gobierno|author=Redacción EC|date=9 January 2018|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

Two of the new ministers (Barreda and Salinas) were apristas militants, being expelled from their party when knowing that they would integrate the cabinet, to demarcate like this any collaboration with the government. Meléndez is an official congressman, representing Loreto. Kisic is a retired general of the FAP. Neyra is a diplomat, writer and former director of the National Library. The other ministers are linked to the business sector. Kuczynski has also highlighted that it is a cabinet that represents the diversity of Peru and that it will seek reconciliation with dialogue.<ref name=":90">{{Cite web|url=https://diariocorreo.pe/edicion/lima/ppk-juramentacion-gabinete-reconciliacion-796389/|title=PPK afirma que nuevo equipo ministerial buscará diálogo e integración (VIDEO)|date=10 January 2018|website=Diario Correo|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

=== Internal faction disputes in Popular Force ===
On 30 January 2018, the disciplinary committee of Popular Force advised to expel Congressmen Kenji Fujimori, Bienvenido Ramírez and Maritza García from their parliamentary caucus, the same ones who, along with six other congressmen, had abstained from voting in favor of the Presidential vacancy. The next day Kenji Fujimori and the 9 parliamentarians in question agreed to present their irrevocable resignation to their caucus, thus giving themselves the most important schism within Fujimorism since their appearance on the political scene. Kenji Fujimori justified this decision by citing the repeated abuses that he had been receiving from the People's Power leadership only because he had opted for the country's governability and reconciliation; when asked if he would form a new caucus, he said he would wait for the Court's ruling on the unconstitutionality suit filed against the law that prohibits the formation of new parliamentary groups in Congress.<ref name=":91">{{Cite web|url=https://peru.com/actualidad/politicas/kenji-fujimori-y-9-congresistas-su-grupo-renuncian-fuerza-popular-video-noticia-552472|title=Kenji Fujimori y 9 congresistas más renunciaron a Fuerza Popular|last=Peru.com|first=Redacción|date=31 January 2018|website=Peru.com|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

On 1 March 2018, Kenji Fujimori announced his departure from Popular Force, following the revelation that the Odebrecht company had contributed one million two hundred thousand dollars to the party for the 2011 electoral campaign.<ref name=":92">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/kenji-fujimori-dejo-fp-implicancias-fujimorismo-noticia-501376|title=Kenji dejó Fuerza Popular: las implicancias en el fujimorismo|last=Sánchez|first=Roger Hernández|date=2 March 2018|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

=== Second process to impeach the president ===
In January 2018, the Frente Amplio caucus put forward a new request for a presidential vacancy, with the cause of the pardon to Alberto Fujimori, which allegedly had been negotiated and granted illegally. This did not prosper, given the lack of support from Popular Force, whose votes were necessary to carry out such an initiative. Under that experience, the leftist groups of Frente Amplio and Nuevo Peru promoted another vacancy motion, concentrating exclusively on the Odebrecht case, arguing that new indications of corruption and conflict of interest had been discovered by Kuczynski when he was Minister of State in the Government of Toledo.<ref name=":93">{{Cite web|url=http://ppk.pe/|title=Peruanos por el Kambio Blog|website=Peruanos por el Kambio Blog|access-date=10 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527232237/http://ppk.pe/|archive-date=27 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> This time they won the support of Popular Force, as well as other groups like the Alliance for Progress, thus gathering the 27 minimum votes needed to present a multiparty motion before the Congress of the Republic, which was held on 8 March 2018.<ref name=":94">{{Cite web|url=https://diariocorreo.pe/politica/tramite-de-vacancia-contra-ppk-empieza-hoy-y-manana-va-al-pleno-806708/|title=Presentan moción de vacancia contra PPK por "incapacidad moral"|date=8 March 2018|website=Diario Correo|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

On 15 March, the admission of this motion was debated in the plenary session of the Congress, with the result being 87 votes in favor, 15 votes against and 15 abstentions. The motion received the backing of all the parties, except for Peruvians for the Kambio and non-grouped congressmen, among them, the three ex-oficialistas and the Kenji Fujimori bloc.<ref name=":95">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/congreso-admite-debate-mocion-vacancia-ppk-noticia-504662|title=Congreso admite a debate moción de vacancia contra PPK|author=Redacción EC|date=15 March 2018|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref> The Board of Spokespersons scheduled the debate on the presidential vacancy request for Thursday, 22 March.

A confidential report from the Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU) sent to the Public Ministry and the Lava Jato Commission of Congress was leaked to public knowledge. This 33-page document revealed that from the companies and consortiums linked to the Odebrecht Group, transfers had been made to Westfield Capital, the sole proprietorship of Kuczynski, for $1,893,841, that is, one million more than what was known up to the moment. The leak of this report, which is presumed to have been made by the Lava Jato Commission chaired by Rosa Bartra, would have been intended to further dent the credibility of the President of the Republic, although it added little to what was already known. But the deadly blow to Kuczynski came a few days later.<ref name=":96">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hildebrandtensustrece.com/redaccion.html|title=Redacción – Hildebrandt en sus trece|website=hildebrandtensustrece.com|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

=== "Kenjivideos" scandal ===
On 20 March 2018, the Popular Force bench showed evidence that the government was buying the support of congressmen to vote against the presidential vacancy, a rumor that had already circulated during the first process. It was a set of videos showing the conversations that legislators Bienvenido Ramírez and Guillermo Bocángel (from the bench of Kenji Fujimori) had made to try to convince congressman Moisés Mamani (from Puno) not to join in supporting the presidential vacancy. In one of the videos, Kenji Fujimori is seen in a meeting with Mamani, which also includes Bienvenido Ramírez. The latter makes a series of offers to the parliamentarian from Pune to enable him to streamline projects and projects for his region, in exchange for joining his group and supporting Kuczynski. In another video you see Bocángel talking about the administrative control of the Congress, once they access the Board. And in a third video, you see Alberto Borea Odría, Kuczynski's lawyer on the subject of vacancy, explaining to Mamani about aspects of that process and giving him the telephone number of a minister of state.<ref name=":97">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/dialogo-kenji-fujimori-guillermo-bocangel-moises-mamani-noticia-505953|title=El diálogo entre Kenji, Bocángel y Mamani|author=Redacción EC|date=21 March 2018|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

A few hours later, the Fujimoristas gave the final thrust, by broadcasting a set of audios, in which the Minister of Transport and Communications, Bruno Giuffra is heard offering works to Mamani in exchange for his vote to avoid the vacancy. The press highlighted a phrase from Giuffra in which he says: "Compadre, you know what the nut is and what you are going to get out", presumably referring to the benefits Mamani would get if he voted against the vacancy.<ref name=":98">{{Cite news|url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/1215272-fujimorista-moises-mamani-tambien-grabo-reunion-con-ppk-en-su-casa-con-giuffra-y-choquehuanca|title=Moisés Mamani también grabó reunión con PPK en su casa con Giuffra|last=Páez|first=Ángel|date=22 March 2018|access-date=10 February 2019|language=es}}</ref>

=== Resignation of President Kuczynski ===
Main article: Resignation of Pedro Pablo Kuczynski

The revelation of those videos and audios caused much commotion in the political environment. Until then, it was expected that the vote to achieve the vacancy would be very tight and that even Kuczynski could again succeed as had happened in the first process.<ref name=":99">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/videos-inclinan-balanza-votos-vacancia-ppk-noticia-506063|title=PPK: Videos inclinan la balanza de los votos de la vacancia contra el presidente|last=Bustamante|first=Martin Hidalgo|date=21 March 2018|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref> But the kenjivideos determined that several congressmen who until then had manifested their abstention (among them the three ex- oficialistas) they folded in favor of the vacancy, and thus they made it known openly. Faced with the foreseeable scenario that awaited him in the debate scheduled for the Congress on the 22nd, Kuczynski opted to renounce the Presidency of the Republic, sending the respective letter to Congress, and giving a message to the Nation transmitted at two forty in the morning. afternoon of 21 March 2018.<ref name=":100">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/ppk-comunico-ministros-renuncia-difusion-videos-noticia-506143|title=PPK renuncia a su cargo y afirma que habrá transición ordenada [VIDEO]|author=Redacción EC|date=21 March 2018|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref><blockquote>"I believe that the best thing for the country is for me to resign from the Presidency of the Republic. I wish not to be an obstacle for our nation's efforts to find the path of unity and harmony that is so critically needed and has been denied to me. I do not want the country or my family to continue suffering with the uncertainty of recent times (...) There will be a constitutionally ordered transition."</blockquote><blockquote>- Kuczynski, in his message of resignation to the Presidency of the Republic. Lima, March 21, 2018.</blockquote>The Board of Spokespersons of the Congress, although rejected the terms of the letter of resignation of Kuczynski, which considered nothing self-critical, accepted the same and scheduled for 22 March, from four in the afternoon, a debate in Congress to evaluate the resignation, the same one that continued the next day. Although a section of congressmen on the left argued that Kuczynski's resignation should not be accepted and that Congress should proceed to vacancy due to moral incapacity, the majority of congressmen considered that they should accept to close the page at once.<ref name=":101">{{Cite web|url=https://diariocorreo.pe/politica/junta-de-portavoces-aceptar-renuncia-de-ppk-809304/|title=Congreso de la República debatió la renuncia de Pedro Pablo Kuczynski|date=23 March 2018|website=Diario Correo|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref> When the preliminary text of the resolution of the Congress in which Kuczynski was pointed out to him as a "traitor to the fatherland" became public, he announced that he would withdraw his letter of resignation if that qualification was maintained. The Board of Spokesmen decided then to omit that expression. The resignation was accepted with 105 votes in favor, 12 against and 3 abstentions.<ref name=":102">{{Cite web|url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/1215897-congreso-acepto-renuncia-de-ppk|website=larepublica.pe|access-date=10 February 2019|title=Congreso aceptó renuncia de PPK|date=22 March 2018}}</ref> Moments later, Martín Vizcarra, newly arrived from Canada, was sworn in as the new constitutional president of the Republic.<ref name=":103">{{Cite web|url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/1215856-martin-vizcarra-este-viernes-jura-como-presidente-de-la-republica-en-vivo|website=larepublica.pe|access-date=10 February 2019|title=Martín Vizcarra juró es tarde como nuevo presidente de la República|date=22 March 2018}}</ref>

== The Odebrecht case ==
On 21 December 2016, a document was published by the US Department of Justice that revealed that Brazilian construction company Odebrecht had paid bribes to public officials in 12 countries (including Peru) to win public works tenders. It would be the biggest corruption scandal in Latin America.<ref name=":104">{{Cite web|url=https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2016/12/22/escandalo-odebrecht-ee-uu-dice-que-12-paises-recibieron-sobornos/|title=Escándalo Odebrecht: EE.UU. dice que 12 países recibieron sobornos|date=22 December 2016|publisher=CNN|language=es-ES|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

In the case of Peru, according to judicial investigators, Odebrecht would have paid approximately 29 million dollars in bribes to officials, which generated more than 143&nbsp;million dollars in benefits, although it is likely that the amount of bribes and bribes been much older. This would have occurred between 2005 and 2014, corresponding to the governments of Alejandro Toledo (2001–2006), Alan García (2006–2011) and Ollanta Humala (2011–2016). Since November 2016, the Prosecutor's Office in Peru had been investigating the case known from Brazil as Operation Lava Jato.<ref name=":105">{{Cite web|url=http://semanaeconomica.com/tema/la-corrupcion-de-odebrecht-en-el-peru/|title=La corrupción de Odebrecht en el Perú|date=9 January 2017|website=Semana Económica|access-date=10 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402182121/http://semanaeconomica.com/tema/la-corrupcion-de-odebrecht-en-el-peru/|archive-date=2 April 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Upon hearing the news, President Kuczynski said he would support everything necessary for the investigation. He denied being involved in the corruption scandal when he was prime minister of the Toledo government.<ref name=":106">{{Cite web|url=http://semanaeconomica.com/article/legal-y-politica/politica/208389-ppk-sobre-sobornos-de-odebrecht-puedo-garantizar-que-no-recibi-nada-ni-hice-nada/|title=PPK sobre sobornos de Odebrecht: "Puedo garantizar que no recibí nada, ni hice nada"|last=Burgos|first=Manuel|date=22 December 2016|website=Semana Económica|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

=== Statements by Jorge Barata and Marcelo Odebrecht ===
Marcelo Odebrecht (former president of the construction company) and Jorge Barata (executive director of the company in Peru), welcomed the award-winning or effective collaboration to reduce their sentences and are collaborating with the justice of Brazil and Peru.<ref name=":107">{{Cite web|url=https://rpp.pe/politica/judiciales/lo-que-se-sabe-de-la-confesiones-de-odebrecht-y-barata-sobre-el-caso-lava-jato-en-peru-noticia-1051870|title=Las confesiones de Odebrecht y Barata sobre el caso Lava Jato en Perú|website=RPP|date=25 June 2017|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref> The declarations of these characters have compromised Peruvian presidents and officials, about the receipt of bribes to favor the Brazilian company in the bidding for public works, as well as "ghost" contributions to finance the electoral campaigns of various candidates (the latter would come to configure the criminal figure of money laundering).

Marcelo Odebrecht answered the questions of the Peruvian prosecutors in May and November 2017, about the contribution of three million dollars that he made for the election campaign of Ollanta Humala in 2011, as well as about his annotations in his agenda, where he mentioned some politicians like Keiko Fujimori.<ref name=":108">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/marcelo-odebrecht-dijo-ppk-keiko-alan-video-noticia-473817|title=Marcelo Odebrecht: lo que dijo sobre PPK, Keiko y Alan [VIDEO]|author=Redacción EC|date=15 November 2017|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

Barata, in his first declarations, revealed the delivery of 20 million dollars as a bribe to President Alejandro Toledo for the South Interoceanic Highway. Then, before a team of Peruvian prosecutors, on 27 and 28 February 2018, he answered several questions, revealing the contributions made by the Odebrecht company to the presidential candidacies of 2011 (Humala, Keiko, Kuczynski), detailing the amounts and intermediaries.<ref name=":109">{{Cite web|url=https://gestion.pe/peru/odebrecht-jorge-barata-revela-aportes-ppk-fuerza-popular-nacionalistas-apra-228272|title=Odebrecht: Jorge Barata revela aportes a PPK, Fuerza Popular, Nacionalistas y Apra|last=Gestión|first=Redacción|date=28 February 2018|website=Gestion|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

=== Main stakeholders ===
The most resounding case is that of former President Alejandro Toledo, who would have received 20 million dollars, delivered by Barata, in exchange for the concession of sections II and III of the South Interoceanic Highway. The capture of Toledo was ordered, who is currently fugitive in the United States. He was opened an extradition booklet, sustained by influence peddling, collusion and money laundering to the detriment of the State. On 15 March 2018, the Supreme Court declared the request for extradition admissible, which was approved by the Executive Power, through the Council of Ministers.

Another accusation was the payment of bribes in the tender for Line 1 of the Lima Metro, which occurred under García's second government, when Enrique Cornejo was Minister of Transport and Communications. They were accused Jorge Cuba, former deputy communications minister; Miguel Navarro, former official of the Vice Ministry of Communications; and Mariella Huerta, former director of the bidding committee of the Lima Metro; Edwin Luyo, member of the same committee. Cuba, Navarro and Luyo were captured and imprisoned, while Huerta is fugitive. The former volleyball player Jéssica Tejada, a couple from Cuba, was also arrested for having lent her name to one of the offshore accounts where the bribe money was deposited.<ref name=":110">{{Cite web|url=https://rpp.pe/politica/judiciales/conoce-el-perfil-de-los-primeros-denunciados-en-peru-por-el-caso-odebrecht-noticia-1025470|title=Conoce el perfil de los involucrados en el caso Odebrecht en el Perú|website=RPP|date=25 April 2017|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

The revelations of other former Odebrecht officials also involved two regional governors: Félix Moreno Caballero (Callao) and Jorge Acurio Tito (Cuzco). Moreno has been related to receiving a bribe of 4.2 million dollars for the concession to the Brazilian company of a section of the Costa Verde, for which he was given preventive detention.<ref name=":111">{{Cite journal|last=Alonso|first=Ana|date=1 April 2012|title=Presencia de la literatura extranjera en la prensa hispánica (1868–1898)|journal=Çédille|volume=8|pages=393|doi=10.21071/ced.v8i.5500|issn=1699-4949|doi-access=free}}</ref> Acurio is accused of having agreed to a 3 million dollar bribe to favor the Brazilian company with the work Via de Evitamiento in Cuzco. The Office of the Prosecutor issued 18 months of preventive detention.<ref name=":112">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/odebrehct-jose-zaragoza-salio-libertad-acogerse-colaboracion-eficaz-426148|title=Odebrecht: José Zaragozá salió en libertad tras acogerse a la colaboración eficaz|last=Quiroz|first=Karem Barboza|date=26 May 2017|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref> In relation to this case, the lawyer José Zaragozá, syndicated as an intermediary in the payments, has also been arrested, who accepted the award. Both Acurio and Moreno appealed the mandate of preventive detention.<ref name=":113">{{Cite news|url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/883798-caso-odebrecht-sala-confirma-prision-preventiva-para-jorge-acurio|title=Caso Odebrecht: Sala confirma prisión preventiva para Jorge Acurio|last=LR|first=Redacción|date=7 June 2017|access-date=10 February 2019|language=es}}</ref> The Appeals Chamber confirmed the preventive detention of Acurio, but revoked the one of Moreno, who happened to face the process in restricted appearance (7 June 2017).<ref name=":114">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/revocan-orden-prision-felix-moreno-caso-odebrecht-432490|title=Revocan prisión preventiva contra Félix Moreno por Caso Odebrecht|last=Quiroz|first=Karem Barboza|date=7 June 2017|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

Among those involved in the scandal is the former president Ollanta Humala and his wife Nadine Heredia, because Barata said he had given the latter three million dollars, at the request of the Brazilian Workers Party, political affinity to the Nationalist Party of Humala. That amount would have been destined for the electoral campaign of 2011, in which Humala was elected president. On 13 July 2017, the First Preparatory Investigation Court, headed by Judge Richard Concepción Carhuancho, approved the request for 18 months of preventive detention against Humala and his wife, presented by the money laundering office, which alleged risk of escape or asylum claim.<ref name=":115">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/ollanta-humala-nadine-heredia-pj-dicto-18-meses-prision-preventiva-442046|title=Ollanta Humala y Nadine Heredia irán 18 meses a prisión preventiva|author=Redacción EC|date=13 July 2017|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref> The next day, Humala was interned in the Diroes prison (Ate), and Nadine Heredia went to the Virgen de Fátima prison, attached to the women's prison of Chorrillos.<ref name=":116">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/ollanta-humala-internado-diroes-prision-alberto-fujimori-442265|title=Ollanta Humala fue internado en la Diroes, prisión donde está Alberto Fujimori|author=Redacción EC|date=14 July 2017|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

In investigations is the ex-president Alan García, whose initials of his name appear on the agenda of Marcelo Odebrecht, as revealed by a journalistic publication. In its statements to Peruvian prosecutors in November 2017, Odebrecht confirmed that these acronyms of AG correspond to Alan García, although without linking it to any bribe payment.

In November 2017, the former mayor of Lima Susana Villarán, who was already in the process of investigation, was directly related to the case by the Brazilian consultant Valdemir Garreta, an aspiring collaborator, who told the Peruvian prosecutor's office that the Odebrecht companies and OAS financed the campaign for the No to the revocation in 2013 for an amount of three million dollars, and that in that transaction served as an intermediary municipal official José Miguel Castro, right arm of the then mayor of Lima. All that revelation has been confirmed by Jorge Barata himself. Although, in the opinion of some, Villarán would be given preventive detention, he was only prevented from leaving the country for eight months.<ref name=":117">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/susana-villaran-claves-caso-vincula-odebrecht-oas-noticia-475934|title=Susana Villarán: claves del caso que la vincula a Odebrecht y OAS|author=Redacción EC|date=27 November 2017|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

=== The Kuczynski investigation ===
President Kuczynski was also included in the investigation of the Lava Jato case, for having been prime minister under the Toledo government (when the interoceanic highway was awarded to the Odebrecht company) and for the alleged financing he received from the government. The same company in its campaign for the 2011 and 2016 presidencies. In this regard, Kuczynski sent in October 2017 an official letter to the Lava Jato commission of the Congress in which it explained the matters on which it could be consulted, and that it would respond in writing.<ref name=":118">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/ppk-envio-escrito-descargos-comision-lava-jato-noticia-468428|title=PPK envió por escrito respuestas a la Comisión Lava Jato|last=Olivera|first=Gino Alva|date=25 October 2017|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

Kuczynski's refusal to receive the Commission in person (up to six times), was due to the fact that, according to his version, when in February 2017 he received the Supervisory Commission (chaired by Héctor Becerril), he had received a series of abuse.<ref name=":119">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/revelan-momento-tenso-ppk-comision-fiscalizacion-noticia-478235|title=Revelan momento tenso entre PPK y la Comisión de Fiscalización|author=Redacción EC|date=1 December 2017|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref> However, the Fujimorista bloc demanded that the explanations be given in person and even pushed for a bill so that a president of the Republic is obliged to appear before congressional commissions, which, according to constitutional experts, has no support in the Constitution.<ref name=":120">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/ppk-constitucionalistas-dicen-obligado-comparecer-congreso-noticia-463829|title=PPK no está obligado a recibir a Comisión Lava Jato, dicen constitucionalistas|last=Huaraca|first=Mario Mejía|date=7 October 2017|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

In November 2017, it transpired that Marcelo Odebrecht would have revealed some advice that Kuczynski provided to his company. Although Kuczynski flatly denied having had a working relationship with the Odebrecht company, Congress was once again required to receive the Lava Jato Commission in person.<ref name=":121">{{Cite web|url=https://peru.com/actualidad/politicas/ppk-niega-recibido-aportes-tenido-vinculos-odebrecht-noticia-542724|title=PPK niega haber recibido aportes o tenido vínculos con Odebrecht|last=Peru.com|first=Redacción|date=14 November 2017|website=Peru.com|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

In December 2017, the president of the Lava Jato Commission, Rosa Bartra, insisted that Kuczynski respond in person before the commission, giving it as a sort of ultimatum. Given the repeated response of Kuczynski that only respond in writing, Bartra made the disclosure of payments that the Odebrecht company had made between 2005 and 2006 to the consulting companies Westfield Capital and First Capital, linked to President Kuczynski, then Minister of State. It should be noted, however, that none of these payments were bribes, but that they were all legal; What was questioned was the fact that Kuczynski received them through his sole proprietorship (Westfield Capital) as a Minister of State, something constitutionally forbidden. Pushed by the revelations, Kuczynski agreed to have received a consulting payment for the H2 Olmos project, from the same Brazilian company. This only increased political tension due to its supposed contradictions.

Crisis came about because of the presidential vacancy that Kuczynski was able to overcome, at first, in December 2017. Then, when a second vacancy request was submitted, in March 2018, he had to resign from the presidency shortly before the vote in Congress, due to the scandal of the kenjivideo (see more details in the Political section).

Days before his resignation from the presidency, Kuczynski finally received the Lava Jato Commission on 16 March 2018, where he responded to a seven-hour interrogation. In addition to the matter of contractual relations between his consulting firms and the companies of the Odebrecht group, he was questioned about the financing of his 2011 election campaign, when he applied for the group Alianza por el Gran Cambio.<ref name=":122">{{Cite web|url=https://gestion.pe/peru/politica/dijo-ppk-comision-lava-jato-229828|title=¿Qué dijo PPK ante la comisión Lava Jato?|last=Gestión|first=Redacción|date=20 March 2018|website=Gestion|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

No sooner did Kuczynski resign as president, when he was prevented from leaving the country and the raid of his two homes was ordered (one in San Isidro, and the other in Cieneguilla).<ref name=":123">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/ppk-fiscalia-allana-casa-ex-presidente-san-isidro-noticia-506948|title=PPK: Allanan casas del ex presidente en San Isidro y Cieneguilla|author=Redacción EC|date=24 March 2018|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

=== The Keiko Fujimori case and Popular Force ===
Already before the outbreak of the Odebrecht scandal, Keiko Fujimori and his Popular Force party were in the investigation because of the financing of their electoral campaign. A judicial process was opened to Keiko Fujimori, for alleged money laundering. The matter was further complicated for the former presidential candidate when it was revealed that in the agenda of Marcelo Odebrecht's cell phone, there was a very compromising phrase: "Increase Keiko for 500 e eu fazer visita". It was said that the figure referred to five hundred thousand dollars and that it was a contribution for his electoral campaign of 2011.{{citation needed|date=October 2017}}<!-- WP:RS needed; removed link to WP-->

In November 2017, a team of Peruvian prosecutors questioned Marcelo Odebrecht in the city of Curitiba, about the case of Keiko Fujimori. The businessman confirmed that he had contributed to Keiko's presidential campaigns, although he explained that it was Barata who knew the exact amounts.

In February 2018, Barata revealed that she had contributed one million two hundred thousand dollars in favor of Keiko's electoral campaign in 2011, and that the intermediaries of that delivery had been Jaime Yoshiyama, Augusto Bedoya and Ricardo Briceño, the latter's representative of the CONFIEP.<ref name=":125">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/fiscal-vela-testimonio-barata-sido-sumamente-relevante-noticia-500890|title=Fiscal Vela: "Testimonio de Barata ha sido sumamente relevante"|author=Redacción EC|date=28 February 2018|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Alejandro Toledo (8682).jpg|[[Alejandro Toledo Manrique]] <br />''[[Presidente del Perú|President of Peru]]''<br /><small>Extradited</small>
File:Garciaalan09112006-1.jpg|[[Alan García|Alan García Pérez]] (d. 2019) <br />''[[Presidente del Perú|President of Peru]]'' <br /><small>Under investigation</small>  
File:Ollanta Humala 2014.jpg|[[Ollanta Humala|Ollanta Humala Tasso]] <br />''[[Presidente del Perú|President of Peru]]''<br /><small>Convicted</small>
File:Pedro Pablo Kuczynski 2016 (cropped).jpg|[[Pedro Pablo Kuczynski|Pedro Pablo Kuczynski Godard]] <br />''[[Presidente del Perú|President of Peru]]''<br /><small>Under investigation</small>
File:Nadine Heredia.jpg|[[Nadine Heredia|Nadine Heredia Alarcón]] <br />''[[First Lady of Peru]]'' <small>Convicted</small>
File:Mercedes Araoz.jpg|[[Mercedes Aráoz|Mercedes Aráoz Fernández]] <br />''[[Vice President of Peru]]''  <br /><small>Under investigation</small>
File:Keiko Fujimori 2.jpg|[[Keiko Fujimori]] <br />''[[Fuerza Popular|Leader of Fuerza Popular]]'' <br /><small>Convicted</small> 
</gallery>

== El Niño Coastal Storm ==
In early 2017, the north coast of Peru began to suffer the ravages of the so-called El Niño, which became accentuated in February. This is an atypical phenomenon, which occurs almost unannounced.<ref name=":126">{{Cite web |url=https://www.pressreader.com/peru/diario-expreso-peru/20170318/281505046034232 |title=El 'Niño Costero' seguirá hasta abril y con fuertes lluvias |lang=es |via=PressReader |access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref> Unlike the typical El Niño phenomenon, which impacts the entire Pacific basin, affecting even climate on a planetary scale (and whose last devastating exponents have been those of 1983 and 1997–98), El Niño is focalized, since it only affects the coast of Peru and Ecuador.<ref name=":127">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/peru/nino-costero-posible-prever-fenomeno-145189|title=El Niño costero: ¿Era posible prever este fenómeno?|last=Elcomercio.pe|first=Redacción|date=17 March 2017|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref> A similar event occurred in 1925, which was the prelude to the Niño of 1926, which is considered the third mega -child in importance of the twentieth century, only below those of 1983 and 1997–98.

Characteristic of this phenomenon are the intense rains. These are caused by the warming of the sea off the north coast of Peru, up to 29&nbsp;°C, when the normal is 22º or a little more; this causes the water to evaporate, forming clouds that then precipitate as rain on the coast. The rains cause both landslides or mudslides, and river overflows or floods, severely affecting the populations settled in its path.<ref name=":128">{{Cite web|url=http://apiperu.com.pe/Presentaciones/hidraulica/5-EL-NINO/E-Famosas_Lluvias_1925-1926_Nuevo.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320052939/http://apiperu.com.pe/Presentaciones/hidraulica/5-EL-NINO/E-Famosas_Lluvias_1925-1926_Nuevo.pdf |title=Las Famosas Lluvias De 1925 y 1926 |lang=es |archive-date=20 March 2017|date=20 March 2017|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

=== Areas affected ===
The most serious damages were verified in the departments of northern Peru: Tumbes, Piura and Lambayeque, which have endured intense rains, sometimes accompanied by thunderstorms, causing floods, damage to homes and destruction of crops. Several kilometers of roads were also damaged and a lot of unused bridges. Other affected departments have been La Libertad and Áncash.<ref name=":129">{{Cite web |url=https://larepublica.pe/sociedad/1022525-desastres-naturales-sacuden-el-pais-y-habra-lluvias-hasta-abril |website=larepublica.pe |title= Desastres naturales sacuden el país y habrá lluvias hasta abril |lang=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003225507/https://larepublica.pe/sociedad/1022525-desastres-naturales-sacuden-el-pais-y-habra-lluvias-hasta-abril |archive-date=3 Oct 2017 |access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref> In Trujillo, several streets were flooded by water and mud; the mother channel of Chavimochic, from where the drinking water that is distributed to the city comes, suffered a rupture, reason why this service was suspended.<ref name=":130">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/lima/sucesos/nino-costero-fenomeno-brutal-golpeo-lima-noticia-482836|title=El Niño costero, el fenómeno más brutal que golpeó Lima|last=Bedoya|first=Daniel|date=24 December 2017|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref> Huarmey was completely flooded by the overflow of the river of the same name.<ref name=":131">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/peru/ancash/ancash-intensas-lluvias-nino-arrasan-huarmey-145523|title=Áncash: las intensas lluvias de El Niño arrasan con Huarmey|last=Urbina|first=Laura|date=17 March 2017|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref> In the province of Lima, the overflows of the rivers Chillón, Rímac, Huaycoloro and Lurín, affected several riverside localities, the most affected being: Cajamarquilla, Carapongo, Huachipa and Chosica.<ref name=":132">Juan Guillermo Lara / Óscar Paz / Cristina Fernández (18 de marzo de 2017). «Aislados por los desbordes». ''El Comercio (edición impresa)'' (Lima).</ref>

The potable water supply of the Peruvian capital was also affected, since the waters of the rivers were loaded with garbage and mud, the task of capturing the water resource became more complicated, so the Drinking Water and Sewage Service of Lima ([[Sedapal]]), restricted the service for several days.<ref name=":133">Prensa Latina (15 de marzo de 2017). «Capital peruana se queda sin agua por estragos de lluvias». ''www.pressreader.com''. Consultado el 26 de marzo de 2017.</ref> Other provinces of Lima also suffered havoc: Huarochirí, where the most affected town were Santa Eulalia,<ref name=":134">{{Cite web|url=https://peru21.pe/lima/huaico-santa-eulalia-lluvia-intensa-afecta-viviendas-62451|title=Huaico en Santa Eulalia: Lluvia intensa afecta a varias viviendas|last=PERÚ21|first=Redacción|date=15 January 2017|website=Peru21|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref> and Cañete, whose capital, San Vicente de Cañete, suffered flood of the Río Pócoto.<ref name=":135">{{Cite web|url=https://rpp.pe/peru/lima/ciudad-de-canete-bajo-el-agua-por-desborde-del-rio-pocoto-noticia-1037281|title=Ciudad de Cañete bajo el agua por desborde del río Pócoto|website=RPP|date=15 March 2017|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

Further south, the departments of Ica and Arequipa also suffered the ravages of the rains and the overflows of the rivers. In January, the activation of the streams caused the flooding of the town of La Tinguiña (Ica) .<ref name=":136">{{Cite web|url=https://peru21.pe/lima/ica-tinguina-continua-convertida-lago-debido-huaico-fotos-63034|title=Ica: La Tinguiña continúa convertida en un lago debido a huaico [Fotos]|last=PERÚ21|first=Redacción|date=26 January 2017|website=Peru21|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref> The city of Arequipa suffered restrictions in the potable water service, due to the high turbidity recorded in the Chili River, which made treatment system.<ref name=":137">Claudia Beltrán (14 de marzo de 2017). "Inesperada lluvia provocó huaicos y corte del servicio del agua en Arequipa". ''La República'' (Lima).</ref>

=== Government assistance ===
To respond to the emergency situation, the National Emergency Operations Center (COEN) was installed, headed by Defense Minister Jorge Nieto Montesinos (6 February 2017).<ref name=":138">{{Cite web|url=http://esude-cds.unasursg.org/index.php/noticias/403-peru-centro-de-operaciones-de-emergencia-nacional-estara-bajo-el-liderazgo-del-ministerio-de-defensa|title=Perú: Centro de Operaciones de Emergencia Nacional estará bajo el liderazgo del Ministerio de Defensa|website=ESUDE|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327165841/http://esude-cds.unasursg.org/index.php/noticias/403-peru-centro-de-operaciones-de-emergencia-nacional-estara-bajo-el-liderazgo-del-ministerio-de-defensa|archive-date=27 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> President Kuczynski announced on 17 March that a priority of 2,500 million soles would be allocated to deal with disasters; also that facilities would be granted to municipalities and regional governments to execute and expedite the works for the improvement of disaster areas; as well as flexibility to a series of ministries so that they can reallocate the budget items, being the sectors that would have the largest budget those of Defense, Sanitation and Housing, Agriculture, Transport, Production, Health and Interior.<ref name=":139">Mario Mejía (18 de marzo de 2017). "Recursos para la reconstrucción". ''El Comercio (edición impresa)'' (Lima).</ref>

Nine ministers were also designated to organize aid to the different affected regions: Alfonso Grados (Tumbes); Marilú Martens (Piura); Eduardo Ferreyros (Lambayeque); Cayetana Aljovín (La Libertad); Marisol Pérez Tello (Áncash); Ana María Romero-Lozada (districts of Rímac, Cercado and San Juan de Lurigancho); Salvador del Solar (Huachipa and Carapongo); Gonzalo Tamayo (Chosica and Santa Eulalia); and Elsa Galarza (south boy to Mala).<ref name=":140">{{Cite web|url=https://rpp.pe/politica/gobierno/asi-se-organizan-los-ministros-para-atender-las-zonas-afectadas-por-los-huaicos-noticia-1038713|title=Así se organizan los ministros para atender las zonas afectadas por los huaicos|website=RPP|date=22 March 2017|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

As a sign of solidarity towards the victims, the government created the slogan "One force", which began to be used by institutions and people to call for help from citizens. The portal unasolafuerza.pe (#UnaSolaFuerza) was launched to provide up-to-date information on the emergence of the hurricanes and rains that affected the country.<ref name=":141">{{Cite web|url=https://diariocorreo.pe/peru/una-sola-fuerza-asi-nacio-la-frase-del-gobierno-en-solidaridad-con-los-damnificados-video-740843/|title='Una Sola Fuerza': así nació la frase del gobierno en solidaridad con los damnificados (VIDEO)|date=1 April 2017|website=Diario Correo|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

=== Reconstruction with changes ===
In mid-April 2017 the ravages of the coastal Niño began to diminish. By then, the number of those killed in the entire territory of Peru was 113, the victims 178 701 and the people affected 1,049,083. The affected homes totaled 237,906.<ref name=":142">Maricarmen Chinchay (18 de abril de 2017). "'El Niño costero': se eleva a 113 el número de víctimas a nivel nacional". ''La República'' (Lima).</ref> According to Minister Gonzalo Tamayo, the impact of the phenomenon was worse that of an earthquake, since 1,500 kilometers of simultaneous emergency were activated.<ref name=":143">"MEM: Fenómeno del Niño ha sido peor que un terremoto». ''La República'' (Lima). 16 de abril de 2017.</ref>

On 5 May 2017 it was announced that the authority in charge of the reconstruction would be Pablo de la Flor. The title of his position is: Executive Director of the Authority for Reconstruction with Changes.<ref name=":144">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/gobierno/pablo-flor-dirigira-autoridad-reconstruccion-418597|title=Pablo de la Flor dirigirá la autoridad para la reconstrucción|author=Redacción EC|date=5 May 2017|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref> According to the Ministry of Economy and Finance, about 20&nbsp;billion soles (about 6&nbsp;billion dollars) is expected to be spent on reconstruction.<ref name=":145">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/economia/reconstruccion-mef-plantea-gastar-s-20-mil-millones-422858|title=Reconstrucción: MEF plantea gastar más de S/20 mil millones|author=Redacción EC|date=29 April 2017|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

When questioned by the regional governors about the delays in the Reconstruction projects, Pablo de la Flor resigned his post at the end of October 2017.<ref name=":147">{{Citation|title=El contexto de la gobernanza de la prestación de servicios en la República Dominicana|date=1 June 2017|work=Mejores servicios para un crecimiento inclusivo en la Republica Dominicana|series=Estudios de la OCDE sobre Gobernanza Pública|pages=75–126|publisher=OECD|isbn=9789264277618|doi=10.1787/9789264277625-7-es}}</ref> He was replaced by the economist Édgar Quispe.<ref name=":147"/>

== Social Issues ==
=== Social protests ===
==== Protest against the national school curriculum ====
At the beginning of 2017, the implementation of the National School Curriculum 2017, triggered the formation of a self-proclaimed collective with my children do not get involved ([[CMHNTM]]) to change it based on the argument that it promotes homosexuality.

In response, the Minister of Education Marilú Martens said that in the new contents the Curriculum seeks respect for diversity in society, promoting gender equality, in the sense of equal opportunities, rights and responsibilities for men and women without distinction.<ref name=":148">{{Cite journal|last=Rocha|first=Milagros María|date=24 April 2018|title=La práctica pedagógica hoy. El desafío de saborear el saber de lo que se enseña y aprende|journal=Itinerarios Educativos|issue=10|pages=106–112|doi=10.14409/ie.v0i10.7217|issn=2362-5554|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Other advocates of the Curriculum noted the fact that the CMHNTM's criticisms stem from a confusion of concepts, about biological sex (male and female), gender identity and sexual orientation. These responses and other similar ones given by government spokesmen were considered arrogant by the leaders of the CMHNTM collective, since, according to them, they take advantage of values as precious as equality and respect for men and women, to smuggle and overlapping the "[[Anti-gender movement|gender ideology]]" in the Curriculum.

As a protest, the CMHNTM organized a march on 4 March 2017, which was held nationwide,<ref name=":149">{{Cite journal|title=Figura 8.7. China: comercio neto de pescado para consumo humano de acuerdo con la puesta en marcha del plan|doi = 10.1787/888933849785}}</ref> bringing together a total of 68,340 people throughout the country, of whom 25,000 were in Lima.<ref name=":150">{{Citation|chapter=La puesta en marcha de un Plan de Voluntariado Corporativo|pages=43–70|publisher=Netbiblo|isbn=9788497451246|doi=10.4272/978-84-9745-124-6.ch4|title=Motivar con la Accion Social. El voluntariado corporativo como herramienta de gestion de personas|year=2007}}</ref> Soon after, Minister Martens announced the realization of some changes in the School Curriculum, to specify concepts that could be confusing to parents, but making it clear that the gender equality approach remained unchanged.<ref name=":151">{{Cite journal|last=Pereira Llaguno|first=Mario Fernando|date=1 June 2017|title=De estudiante a escritor: el rol tutorial en el proceso de formación de una identidad académica|journal=Inter-Cambios. Dilemas y Transiciones de la Educación Superior|volume=4|issue=1|doi=10.29156/v4.i1/9|issn=2301-0118|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==== Magisterial strike ====
One of the promises of Kuczynski's election campaign was the increase of teachers' salaries at all levels. In March 2017, by Supreme Decree No. 070-2017-EF, the increase for the appointed teachers was made official, passing the minimum wage from 1,554 soles to 1,780 soles, with the added promise that by March 2018 it would rise to 2000 With regard to those hired, it was decided that the increases would begin in November 2017.<ref name=":152">{{Cite journal|last=Lima|first=Dinorah de|date=1 September 2016|title=Una experiencia formativa por competencias para educación superior de docentes en servicio en República Dominicana|journal=Ciencia y Sociedad|volume=41|issue=3|pages=431–454|doi=10.22206/cys.2016.v41i3.pp431-454|issn=0378-7680|doi-access=free}}</ref>

However, protest voices rose in the teachers' union, which argued that Kuczynski's promise had been that the increase of 2,000 soles would be from 2017 and not from 2018, and that by 2021 it should reach 1 UIT, that is, 4,050 soles. Other requirements of the union were the payment of the social debt, the repeal of the Law of Public Magisterial Career, the leveling of the teachers hired with the appointed ones and that 10% of the GDP was dedicated to the Education sector.

On 15 June 2017, the teacher strike in Cuzco broke out, encouraged by the Sute-R, that is, the regional section of the SUTEP. Education Minister Marilú Martens responded that what the teachers demanded was not feasible, if the budget was realistically considered. The dialogue tables between the technical team of the Ministry of Education and the representatives of the teachers' union, sponsored by the Regional Government, failed successively, accusing each other of intransigence.<ref name=":153">{{Cite journal|last1=Rodríguez-Sosa|first1=Jorge|last2=Solis-Manrique|first2=Carmen|date=10 April 2017|title=Creencias docentes: Lo que se hace en el aula es consecuencia de lo que se piensa|journal=Propósitos y Representaciones|volume=5|issue=1|pages=07|doi=10.20511/pyr2017.v5n1.155|issn=2310-4635|doi-access=free}}</ref>

The government attributed the strike to the political motivations of the unions, where there were infiltrations by extremist elements, including Movadef, the political facade of the Shining Path. The teachers' strike extended to 13 regions, five of which were radicalized: Puno, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Apurímac, as well as Cusco, which was the nerve center. In response, the Minister notified the Comptroller's Office to take the necessary measures to safeguard the educational service, and demanded that the Regional Governments proceed to dismiss the teachers and hire others, if necessary.<ref name=":154">{{Cite journal|last1=Lucho|first1=Stuardo|last2=Melendez|first2=Karin|last3=Dávila|first3=Abraham|date=18 March 2018|title=Influencia de Factores de Entorno en la Implementación del estándar ISO/IEC 29110|journal=RISTI – Revista Ibérica de Sistemas e Tecnologias de Informação|volume=26|pages=1–16|doi=10.17013/risti.26.1-16|issn=1646-9895|doi-access=free}}</ref>

In search of a solution to the strike that had been going on for more than a month and a half, Minister Martens, Prime Minister Zavala, the 25 regional governors and the Regional Office of Lima met. They reached an agreement that was announced on 3 August, which consisted in the increase of S/.2000 will be held from December 2017 and no longer from March 2018. With this, the matter was considered solved and it was announced that the classes would restart on 7 August.<ref name=":155">{{Cite thesis|title=Diseño e implementación de la estrategia de comunicación del proyecto social y empresarial Fondo de Compensación para el Ordenamiento Pesquero (FONCOPES) para la captación de beneficiarios a nivel nacional en el periodo agosto 2009 – diciembre 2012|publisher=Universidad de Lima|first=Reymert Renán|last=Bartra Choclott| year=2017 |doi=10.26439/ulima.tesis/4682|doi-access=free}}</ref>

However, the teachers indicated that they were not represented in the agreements with the government, so they continued with the strike. On 8 August, the government signed another agreement, this time with the group of regional secretaries of SUTEP (Sute-R), agreeing to lift the strike in Cuzco, Lambayeque, Pasco and Lima Provincials. But in several regions the measure of strength was maintained (18 in total), because the Bases of the teachers' union did not consider themselves duly represented by the National Executive Committee (CEN) of the SUTEP, nor by the Sute-R. It was these Bases, gathered in the National Committee of Struggle of the Bases of the SUTEP and under the leadership of Pedro Castillo Terrones, which in reality ended up managing the mobilizations of the teachers in all the regions.<ref name=":156">{{Cite journal|last=Gómez|first=Jesús|year=2017|journal= Libros de la Corte.es|volume=9.14|issue=2017|doi=10.15366/ldc2017.9.14.003|issn=1989-6425|title=El Liberalismo Económico de Struzzi en Su Diálogo Sobre el Comercio (1624) // Struzzi's Economic Liberalism: His Diálogo Sobre el Comercio &#91;Dialogue on Trade, 1624&#93;|doi-access=free|hdl=10486/678844|hdl-access=free}}</ref> The same Kuczynski president offered himself as mediator, inviting the delegates of the teachers to meet him in the Palace to reach a solution, but the strike got even worse, with the arrival in the capital of the striking teachers of the regions, those who carried out marches in the city and concentrations in the Plaza San Martín.

On 16 August, Martens presented himself to the education commission of the Congress, where he promised to receive the representatives of the regional bases. They accepted the invitation.<ref name=":157">{{Citation|pages=112–149|publisher=El Colegio de México|isbn=9786076283363|doi=10.2307/j.ctv233n57.8|chapter=La Huelga de Agosto 1979 en las Truchas|title=La acción obrera en las Truchas|year=1982}}</ref> On the evening of the same day, President Kuczynski, in a television message to the Nation, exhorted the teachers to strike down and return to the schools.<ref name=":158">{{Cite journal|last1=Oria de Rueda|first1=Ramón|last2=Cáceres|first2=Patricia|date=19 March 2018|title=El papel de los padres en la prevención del acoso: aprender a resolver conflictos en la familia|journal=Padres y Maestros |issue=373|pages=28–32|doi=10.14422/pym.i373.y2018.004|issn=2255-1042|doi-access=free}}</ref> While, on 18 August, dialogue began between the specialists of the Ministry of Education and the leaders of the teachers, who were joined by five congressmen representing the various parties (except for the Popular Force), who were in the capacity of overseers, but ended up becoming intermediaries.<ref name=":159">{{Citation|chapter=Lista de beneficiarios de aod establecida por el cad, por grupos de ingresos|date=1 January 2017|pages=487–488|publisher=OECD Publishing|isbn=9789264266926|doi=10.1787/ayuda_sintesis-2015-81-es|title=La ayuda para el comercio en síntesis 2015|doi-access=free}}</ref>

After four days of meetings, a preliminary agreement was foreseen in which it appeared that the increase of S / 2000 would begin in November 2017, that would be leveled to teachers hired with those named in both salaries and social benefits, would be scheduled the payment of the social debt, would allow the voluntary retirement of teachers from 55 years of age, among other benefits for the teaching sector. However, when the signing of the agreement was only expected, the teachers announced that they would not do so, questioning the fact that the minister had not received them personally and had used the congressmen as intermediaries. But according to the report of the congressmen, it was because the teachers insisted that the evaluation of the teachers be suspended indefinitely and that was the point at which the Ministry of Education did not want to give the arm to twist, considering that the meritocracy in the teaching career it was something non-negotiable.<ref name=":160">{{Cite journal|title=Porcentaje de población que está de acuerdo con la idea de que, en su país, los empresarios exitosos tiene un estatus elevado|doi = 10.1787/888933419636}}</ref> It was then clarified that the teachers do not really oppose the evaluations, but rather the procedure that they intend to apply, which they described as having a subjective character. Interior Minister Carlos Basombrío Iglesias was also pointed out as having been a disturbing element in the negotiations, for organizing the leader of the bases, Pedro Castillo, as close to the Movadef senderista, and for saying that the government would not negotiate with that class of elements. .

Although a large section of the faculty held the strike, on 24 August the government issued a supreme decree formalizing the benefits mentioned in the pre-agreement,<ref name=":161">{{Cite book|chapter=Mejorar la competencia para maximizar los beneficios de los convenios marco|date=11 May 2017|doi = 10.1787/9789264275614-5-es|title=Contratación Pública en Chile|series=Estudios de la OCDE sobre Gobernanza Pública|pages=45–65|isbn=9789264275522 |author1=Oecd }}</ref> and the teachers were warned that if they did not return to the classroom after 28 August, new teachers would be hired.<ref name=":162">{{Citation|title=¿Qué significa comercio de servicios?|date=23 November 2013|work=Movilizar a la Empresa para el Comercio de Servicios|pages=14–27|publisher=United Nations|isbn=9789213614075|doi=10.18356/ec698a70-es}}</ref> In the following week, the teacher marches in the capital followed, which included violent confrontations with the police. Until 2 September, the leader Pedro Castillo announced the temporary suspension of the strike, according to an agreement reached at the Extraordinary National Congress of the regional SUTEs.<ref name=":163">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/huelga-docentes-suspendida-temporalmente-noticia-455167|title=Huelga de docentes fue suspendida temporalmente|author=Redacción EC|date=2 September 2017|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

==== Strikes in the health sector ====
On 4 July 2017, doctors from the Ministry of Health began an indefinite national strike to demand a series of improvements in their sector. The measure paralyzed care in various services, with the exception of the intensive care and emergency units. Among the claims of the Peruvian Medical Federation is the increase in the budget for the health sector and for the Comprehensive Health Insurance (SIS). They also demanded the resignation of the Minister of Health Patricia Garcia Funegra, who is responsible for the very poor situation of the sector, for not having requested a larger budget for the year 2017, which has generated the shortage of medicines, reagents and equipment.<ref name=":164">{{Cite web|url=https://peru21.pe/lima/esto-demanda-federacion-medica-ministerio-salud-85941|title=Esto es lo que demanda la Federación Médica al Ministerio de Salud|last=PERÚ21|first=Redacción|date=7 July 2017|website=Peru21|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref> On 9 August, after a meeting of the representatives of the FMP with Prime Minister Fernando Zavala and Minister Patricia García, the strike was lifted, after agreeing an increase in the budget for the health sector that implies salary increases and greater supply of medicines and implements in health centers, among other agreements.<ref name=":165">{{Cite web|url=https://peru21.pe/lima/levanto-huelga-medica-37-dias-manifestaciones-238892|title=Se levantó huelga médica tras 37 días de manifestaciones|last=PERÚ21|first=Redacción|date=9 August 2017|website=Peru21|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

Likewise, the Federation of Nurses of the Ministry of Health of Peru (Fedeminsap), which brings together nurses working in establishments belonging to the Ministry of Health network (MINSA), began on 8 August 2017 an indefinite strike in all the regions, in demand for an increase in the budget of the Health and SIS sector, the approval of a new salary scale, the implementation of nursing head positions, and the increase in the number of nurses hired.<ref name=":166">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/peru/enfermeras-minsa-inician-huelga-nacional-noticia-448386|title=Enfermeras del Minsa inician huelga nacional|author=Redacción EC|date=8 August 2017|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref> Finally, on 19 August, after several sessions of dialogue between the Ministry of Health and the Federation, an agreement was reached, and the strike was lifted at a national level.<ref name=":167">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/peru/minsa-federacion-enfermeras-levanto-huelga-noticia-451538|title=Minsa: federación de enfermeras levantó huelga|author=Redacción EC|date=19 August 2017|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

A national obstetric strike was also unleashed, which lasted 13 days, from 3 to 16 August 2017.<ref name=":168">{{Cite web|url=https://peru21.pe/lima/federacion-obstetras-le-puso-huelga-acuerdo-ministerio-salud-239686|title=Federación de obstetras le puso fin a la huelga tras acuerdo con el Ministerio de Salud|last=PERÚ21|first=Redacción|date=16 August 2017|website=Peru21|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

==== Agricultural stop of 2018 ====
On 9 January 2018, an "agrarian strike" was initiated in large part of the Peruvian territory by medium and small independent farmers who demanded that the government declare the agricultural sector in a state of emergency, due to serious deficiencies in production and trade, especially in the potato sector, whose price had collapsed severely affecting producers. According to experts, this was due to the fact that, as a consequence of the El Niño phenomenon, the plantings and harvests of potatoes had coincided in the various regions, causing overproduction.<ref name=":169">{{Cite web|url=https://peru21.pe/peru/paro-agrario-puntos-entender-conflicto-productores-papa-394310|title=Paro agrario: Puntos para entender el conflicto entre productores de papa y el Estado|last=PERÚ21|first=Redacción|date=2 February 2018|website=Peru21|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

On 30 January 2018, the demonstrations turned violent and expanded to other departments, causing road blocks and serious material damage. Clashes took place between the national police of Peru and the demonstrators who left two people dead, one in Huancavelica and the other in Pasco. On 2 February, the government reached an agreement with the National Commission of Potato Producers, promising to buy the surplus of white potatoes. Although other leaderships in Huánuco, Ayacucho and Apurímac did not accept that agreement and the protests continued.<ref name=":170">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/peru/paro-agrario-gobierno-cede-violentas-protestas-noticia-494074|title=Paro agrario: el Gobierno cede tras las violentas protestas|author=Redacción EC|date=2 February 2018|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

=== National Census of 2017 ===
On 22 October 2017 the XII Population Census, VII Housing and III Indigenous Communities began, which culminated on 5 November. The entity in charge of its realization was the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics (INEI). The census questionnaire had 47 questions regarding housing and basic services; to home; the migration of the home and the formation of families; on gender, disability and ethnicity. For the urban census the immobility of citizenship was declared on 22 October, but serious deficiencies occurred in its development, mainly due to the lack of training of census takers, mostly young volunteers.<ref name=":171">{{Cite web|url=https://peru21.pe/peru/censo-2017-dia-peru-repitio-censo-2005-rarezas-381290|title=¿Qué consecuencias tiene un censo mal planificado?|last=Acuña|first=Esteban|date=23 October 2017|website=Peru21|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref> The cost of this census was calculated in S/170&nbsp;million (US$52&nbsp;million).<ref name=":172">{{Cite web|url=https://gestion.pe/economia/inei-censo-nacional-poblacion-vivienda-2017-demandara-s-170-millones-120604|title=INEI: Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda del 2017 demandará S/ 170 millones|last=Gestión|first=Redacción|date=16 May 2016|website=Gestion|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

== International relations ==
=== APEC 2016 ===
From 19 to 20 November 2016, the capital of Peru hosted the 28th annual meeting of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum (APEC), and the 24th of its leaders. For the second time, Lima assumed this responsibility, since it had already done so in 2008. It is a summit of the presidents and governors of the twenty-one member countries of the economic forum, including Barack Obama (United States), Vladimir Putin ( Russia) and Xi Jinping (China); and three presidents of Latin American countries: Michelle Bachelet (Chile), Enrique Peña Nieto (Mexico), as well as the president of the host country, Pedro Pablo Kuczynski. As guests attended the president of Colombia Juan Manuel Santos; Mark Zuckerberg (founder of Facebook); and Christine Lagarde (managing director of the IMF); among others.<ref name=":173">{{Cite web|url=https://elcomercio.pe/apec/noticias/apec-2016-lo-que-tienes-que-saber-sobre-cumbre-noticia-1946643|title=APEC 2016: lo que tienes que saber sobre la cumbre de líderes|date=15 November 2016|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

The agreements taken by the members of APEC, contained in the Declaration of Lima, revolved around 4 pillars: foreign trade; workers and small business; the connectivity; and climate change and food security. The most important initiatives were oriented to counteract the tendencies against foreign trade that emerged in some important countries, such as the case of the electoral threat of Donald Trump in the United States.<ref name=":174">{{Cite web|url=https://peru21.pe/politica/apec-2016-son-4-pilares-acuerdos-tomados-paises-miembros-233854|title=APEC 2016: Estos son los 4 pilares de los acuerdos tomados por los países miembros|last=PERÚ21|first=Redacción|date=20 November 2016|website=Peru21|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

=== Official visits of Kuczynski abroad ===
The first official visit of Kuczynski abroad went to China, in September 2016, where he met with President Xi Jinping, as well as with authorities of the political, business and commercial sector of that country. Kuczynski called this visit a success. Then he went to New York, where he participated in the 71 Period of Sessions of the General Assembly of the United Nations.<ref name=":175">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/gobierno/ppk-califico-viaje-china-mision-exitosa-259952|title=PPK calificó su viaje a China como "una misión exitosa"|last=Elcomercio.pe|first=Redacción|date=17 September 2016|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

In November 2016 Kuczynski traveled to Chile, where he met with the president of that country, Michelle Bachelet. The bilateral agreements that were taken were the improvement of the infrastructure, the railroad from Tacna to Arica and the electrical interconnection for both cities. The start of the Binational Cabinets was also agreed.<ref name=":176">{{Cite journal|last=Moesta|first=Carlos|date=31 August 2010|title=Informe sobre las observaciones hechas durante el eclipse solar del 30 de noviembre de 1853, presentado al señor Ministro de Instrucción Pública|journal=Anales de la Universidad de Chile|doi=10.5354/0365-7779.1854.2630|issn=0365-7779|doi-access=free}}</ref>

On 24 February 2017, Kuczynski became the first Latin American president to visit United States President Donald Trump in the White House. The meeting lasted about 40 minutes. In a subsequent dialogue with journalists, Kuczynski said he had spoken about "issues of common interest, such as trade, migration, problems in Latin America and the possibility of a very good relationship with the United States." It also transpired that the situation in Venezuela was discussed.<ref name=":177">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/actualidad/ppk-reunio-donald-trump-casa-blanca-402610|title=PPK se reunió con Donald Trump en la Casa Blanca|author=Redacción EC|date=24 February 2017|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

From 6 to 14 June 2017, Kuczynski made an official visit to France and Spain, together with the Ministers of Foreign Affairs, Ricardo Luna; and of Economy and Finance, Alfredo Thorne. In France he held a meeting with President Emmanuel Macron, at the Elysee Palace, becoming the first Latin American president to be received by the French president, who had recently assumed office. In Spain he met with the head of the Government of that country, Mariano Rajoy.<ref name=":178">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/ppk-postales-dejo-visita-oficial-presidente-francia-espana-434381|title=PPK: las postales que dejó la visita oficial del presidente a Francia y España|author=Redacción EC|date=14 June 2017|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

On 15 September 2017, due to the ministerial cabinet crisis, Kuczynski suspended a scheduled trip to New York, where he was to attend the General Assembly of the United Nations.<ref name=":179">{{Cite web|url=https://diariocorreo.pe/politica/presidente-ppk-suspende-viaje-a-asamblea-de-la-onu-y-vaticano-por-crisis-de-gabinete-773821/|title=Presidente PPK suspende viaje a Asamblea de la ONU y Vaticano por crisis de gabinete|date=15 September 2017|website=Diario Correo|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref> On 22 September, he traveled to Vatican City to meet with Pope Francisco and thank him for the official visit he would make to Peru in January 2018.<ref name=":180">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/ppk-destaco-conversacion-amena-papa-francisco-vaticano-noticia-460116|title=PPK destacó conversación amena con el papa Francisco en el Vaticano|author=Redacción EC|date=22 September 2017|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

On 3 November 2017, Kuczynski made a trip to Argentina, to meet with President Mauricio Macri and sign several bilateral agreements.<ref name=":181">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/ppk-viajo-argentina-reunirse-mauricio-macri-noticia-470844|title=PPK llegó a Argentina para reunirse con Mauricio Macri|author=Redacción EC|date=3 November 2017|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref> And on 9 November, he arrived in the city of Da Nang, in Vietnam, to attend the 25th Leaders Summit of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum (APEC). The trip included the signing of a free trade agreement between Peru and Australia.<ref name=":182">{{Cite web|url=https://gestion.pe/economia/ppk-vietnam-peru-espera-abrir-grandes-mercados-foro-apec-150055|title=PPK en Vietnam: "Perú espera abrir grandes mercados en el foro APEC"|last=Gestión|first=Redacción|date=9 November 2017|website=Gestion|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

On 10 March 2018, Kuczynski traveled to Chile to attend the inauguration of President Sebastián Piñera. He also met with presidents of other countries and the outgoing president of Chile, Michelle Bachelet.<ref name=":183">{{Cite web|url=https://peru21.pe/politica/ppk-viajo-chile-toma-mando-sebastian-pinera-399007|title=PPK viajó a Chile para la toma de mando de Sebastián Piñera|last=PERÚ21|first=Redacción|date=10 March 2018|website=Peru21|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

=== Bi-national cabinets ===
In October 2016, the X Peru-Ecuador Binational Cabinet was held in Macas, a meeting of the Ministers of States and the presidents of both nations, where important agreements were agreed.<ref name=":184">{{Citation|title=Colombia (La República de Colombia)|work=Ecuador, Colombia und Venezuela|publisher=De Gruyter|isbn=9783111596044|doi=10.1515/9783111596044-002|date=11 July 2016|pages=37–75 }}</ref>

In November 2016, the Second Binational Cabinet Peru-Bolivia was held in Sucre, where presidents Kuczynski and Evo Morales met to sign the Sucre Declaration, in which they highlighted the importance of ministerial cabinets to contribute to the strengthening and deepening the relations of both countries.<ref name=":185">{{Citation|last=Matienzo|first=Juan de|title=Capítulo primero. Si conviene que haya Virrey o Gobernador en el Perú; qué cualidades ha de tener, y cómo se ha de haber en el gobierno|work=Gobierno del Perú (1567)|pages=197–207|publisher=Institut français d’études andines|isbn=9782821845671|doi=10.4000/books.ifea.3168|date=27 April 2015}}</ref>

In July 2017 the First Binational Cabinet Peru-Chile was held in Lima, which has been considered a historic event, as it inaugurated a different stage in the bilateral relations of the two countries.<ref name=":186">{{Cite web|url=https://peru21.pe/politica/i-gabinete-binacional-peru-chile-historico-opina-embajador-85758|title="I Gabinete Binacional Perú-Chile es histórico", opina embajador|last=PERÚ21|first=Redacción|date=4 July 2017|website=Peru21|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref> Several agreements were signed between the ministries and institutions of the two nations, and as a culmination, Presidents Kuczynski and Michelle Bachelet signed the Declaration of Lima.<ref name=":187">{{Cite web|url=https://gestion.pe/peru/politica/gabinete-binacional-chile-conozca-acuerdos-declaracion-lima-138959|title=Gabinete Binacional con Chile: conozca los acuerdos de la Declaración de Lima|last=Gestión|first=Redacción|date=7 July 2017|website=Gestion|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

In September 2017, the III Peru-Bolivia Binational Cabinet was held in the city of Lima, culminating in the Declaration of Lima signed by the presidents Kuczynski and Evo Morales.<ref name=":188">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/ppk-evo-morales-firman-declaracion-lima-iii-gabinete-binacional-peru-bolivia-noticia-454928|title=PPK y Morales firman Declaración de Lima tras III Gabinete Binacional Perú-Bolivia|author=Redacción EC|date=1 September 2017|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

In October 2017, the XI Peru-Ecuador Binational Cabinet was held in the city of Trujillo, attended by Ecuadorian President Lenín Moreno, who signed the Declaration of Trujillo with Kuczynski.<ref name=":189">{{Cite web|url=https://andina.pe/agencia/noticia-asi-se-desarrollo-gabinete-binacional-peruecuador-trujillo-fotos-687083.aspx|title=Así se desarrolló el Gabinete Binacional Perú-Ecuador en Trujillo [fotos]|last=PERÚ|first=Empresa Peruana de Servicios Editoriales S. A. EDITORA|website=andina.pe|date=20 October 2017 |language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

At the end of February 2018, the IV Binational Cabinet Peru-Colombia was held in Cartagena de Indias, which was attended by President Kuczynski, who met with his Colombian counterpart Juan Manuel Santos.<ref name=":190">{{Cite web|url=https://gestion.pe/peru/cuarto-gabinete-binacional-peru-y-colombia-realiza-hoy-cartagena-228167|title=Cuarto Gabinete Binacional entre Perú y Colombia se realiza hoy en Cartagena|last=Gestión|first=Redacción|date=27 February 2018|website=Gestion|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

=== Relations with Venezuela === 
{{See also|Peru–Venezuela relations}}
Peru was one of the countries with the most Venezuelan refugees. In the photo, a Peruvian citizen with a Venezuelan refugee who fled her country because of the current crisis.

The Peruvian government assumed a very active role with respect to the Venezuelan crisis. In March 2017 some diplomatic friction with Venezuela took place, as a result of some comments that Kuczynski made about the situation of that country, during his visit to the United States. Before the verbal attacks of the Venezuelan president Nicolás Maduro and his chancellor Delcy Rodríguez against Kuczynski, the Peruvian government called in consultation with his ambassador in Caracas, Mario López Chávarry.<ref name=":191">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/actualidad/peru-venezuela-claves-reciente-impasse-diplomatico-402906|title=Perú y Venezuela: las claves del reciente impasse diplomático|author=Redacción EC|date=7 March 2017|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

In the message to the Nation of 28 July 2017, Kuczynski mentioned the situation in Venezuela, referring to the "decomposition of democratic institutions" and the "humanitarian crisis" that the country is experiencing, to conclude by saying that its objective was "to contribute to strengthen democracy throughout the region".

On 30 July 2017, the Peruvian government announced that it would not recognize the results of the "illegitimate election of the National Constituent Assembly" in Venezuela,<ref name=":192">{{Cite web|url=https://peru21.pe/politica/peru-desconoce-elecciones-constituyentes-venezuela-91657|title=Perú desconoce elecciones constituyentes de Venezuela|last=PERÚ21|first=Redacción|date=30 July 2017|website=Peru21|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref> and then summoned a meeting of foreign ministers from Latin American countries to evaluate the situation in that country. It was held on 8 August 2017, at the Torre Tagle Palace in Lima, and counted with the participation of 17 countries. A 16-point manifesto was signed, called the Lima Declaration, which condemns the breakdown of the democratic order in Venezuela and ignores the National Constituent Assembly.<ref name=":193">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/reunion-cancilleres-declaracion-lima-cumplio-expectativas-noticia-448665|title=Crisis en Venezuela: ¿la declaración de Lima cumplió las expectativas?|last=Sánchez|first=Roger Hernández|date=9 August 2017|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

The Venezuelan government sent a protest note to Peru, but it was declared by the Foreign Ministry of Peru as not received, because it contained "unacceptable terms." Then, the Government of Peru decided to expel the ambassador of Venezuela, Diego Molero Bellavia. In response, the Venezuelan government ordered the expulsion of the Chargé d'Affaires of Peru (since Peru had already withdrawn its ambassador since March).<ref name=":194">{{Cite web|url=https://diariocorreo.pe/politica/ministerio-de-relaciones-exteriores-decide-expulsar-a-embajador-de-venezuela-767133/|title=Cancillería peruana expulsa al embajador de Venezuela|date=12 August 2017|website=Diario Correo|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

On 16 February 2018, the Peruvian Foreign Ministry informed that it was withdrawing the invitation to Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro to the VIII Summit of the Americas, scheduled to take place in Lima on 13 and 14 April. It was based on the provisions of the Declaration of Quebec of 2001, which literally says: "Any alteration or unconstitutional rupture of a democratic order in a State of the Hemisphere constitutes an insurmountable obstacle for the participation of the Government of that State in the Summit process. of the Americas."<ref name=":195">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/peru-retira-invitacion-maduro-cumbre-americas-noticia-497644|title=Perú retira invitación a Maduro para Cumbre de las Américas|author=Redacción EC|date=16 February 2018|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

=== Visit of Pope Francis ===
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Between 18 and 21 January 2018, [[Pope Francis]] made a pastoral visit to Peru, choosing Puerto Maldonado (Madre de Dios), in the Peruvian jungle, as the center of a region affected by [[deforestation]] and [[human trafficking]]; and [[Trujillo, Peru|Trujillo]] for being the city most affected by the onslaught of [[El Niño]]. In all those places he received the fervor and affection of the people.<ref name=":196">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/lima/sucesos/papa-francisco-peru-desarrolla-misa-base-aerea-palmas-vivo-noticia-490861|title=Papa Francisco se despidió del Perú tras visita de cuatro días|author=Redacción EC|date=21 January 2018|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

In Puerto Maldonado he had a meeting with the representatives of the [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|Amazonian people]] and in his speeches he addressed issues such as illegal mining, human trafficking and violence against women.<ref name=":197">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/peru/madre-de-dios/razones-papa-visitar-puerto-maldonado-noticia-490489|title=Las razones del Papa para visitar primero Puerto Maldonado|author=Redacción EC|date=20 January 2018|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref> In Trujillo, he held a mass in the [[Huanchaco]] resort and toured the streets in the neighborhood of [[Buenos Aires]] affected by the El Niño.<ref name=":198">{{Cite book|title=Cambios del sector papa en el Peru en la ultima decada: Los aportes del proyecto Innovacion y Competitividad de la Papa (INCOPA)|date=2011|publisher=International Potato Center|isbn=9789290604112|doi = 10.4160/9789290604112|hdl = 10568/73171}}</ref> As a final act, the Pope offered a Mass at the Las Palmas Air Base in [[Lima]], which according to the calculations of the Archdiocese of Lima brought together one and a half million people.<ref name=":199">{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/lima/sucesos/arzobispado-lima-misa-papa-albergo-millon-medio-fieles-noticia-492165|title=¿Cuántas personas asistieron a la misa papal en Las Palmas?|author=Redacción EC|date=25 January 2018|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

== Post-presidency==
=== Transition to the Vizcarra Administration ===
Vice President, former Minister of Transport, and then Ambassador to Canada Martin Vizcarra succeeded Kuczynski and assumed the presidency, marking the end of Kuczynski presidency. Then second-vice president and Prime Minister Mercedes Aráoz assumed the role of first vice president, leaving the seat for second-vice president vacant. Shortly after on 2 April, Araoz resigned from the Prime Ministership, who believed that Vizcarra would completely replace Kuczynski's cabinet.

Vizcarra did in fact replace most of Kuczynski's cabinet, and the Vizcarra's new cabinet was inaugurated on 2 April 2018.

=== Investigations, Operation Car Wash, and Odebrecht ===
After Kuczynski successfully resigned from the impending congressional impeachment vote, Kuczynski's passport was immediately confiscated and the former head of state was restricted from leaving Peru. His multiple bank accounts were also frozen and were under investigation.

The former president remained out of the public eye for nearly a year, with rare public appearances and no interviews until a year after his resignation, unlike most of his predecessors. He gave an interview to El Comercio on the first anniversary of his resignation in March 2019, where he claimed that the suspicious payments he made immediately following his resignation were in fact his tax payments in 2018.

Soon, on 10 April of that year, a judge ordered for Kuczynski's arrest and authorized a detail search of his several properties and was ordered preventative detention for 10 days. He was later convicted and sentenced to 36 months of preventative prison. He appealed for house arrest due to his minor health issues and was granted house arrest until further investigations conclude.

=== Relations with Vizcarra ===
Kuczynski has mentioned that he has spoken multiple times with Vizcarra and has denied to comment whether he still believes that Vizcarra "betrayed" him.

During his hospitalization, Vizcarra has reportedly visited him once "as a friend" rather than a political move. Additionally, Vizcarra defended Kuczynski from being transferred from house arrest to prison.

=== Public persona ===
Peruvians see Pedro Pablo Kuczynski joining the line of disgraced and corrupt presidents that Peru has had for the past decades. Kuczynski's accomplishments during his brief, less than two-year presidency are seen as minimal and mediocre, having failed to address pressing issues of economic slumps, natural disasters, corruption, and more. Additionally, many Peruvians do note Kuczynski's broken campaign promise to not pardon former president Alberto Fujimori.

Kuczynski's presidency is also marked as a time of economic stability and a cheerleader of Peru to the rest of the world.

=== Health issues ===
Kuczynski claims to have heart issues.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Pedro Pablo Kuczynski]]
[[Category:Peruvians for Change politicians]]
[[Category:Presidencies of Peru|Kuczynski, Pedro Pablo]]
[[Category:Fujimorism]]