View source for Rinconada Bikol language

{{Short description|Bikol language spoken in the Philippines}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=April 2014}}
{{original research|date=January 2016}}
}}
{{Use Philippine English|date=April 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Rinconada Bikol
|nativename=''Rinconada''
|pronunciation={{IPA|/riŋkonɑːdɑ biːkol/}}
|states=[[Philippines]]
|region=[[Bicol Region|Bicol]]
|speakers={{sigfig|234,000|2}}
|date=2000 census
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Austronesian
|fam2=[[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]
|fam3=[[Philippine languages|Philippine]]
|fam4=[[Central Philippine languages|Central Philippine]]
|fam5=[[Bikol languages]]
|fam6=[[Inland Bikol]]
|dia1=Sinabukid
|dia2=Sinaranəw
|script=[[Latin script|Latin]] (Rinconada Bicol alphabet);<br>[[Baybayin]] (historical)
|nation=[[Regional language]] in the [[Philippines]]
|agency=[[Commission on the Filipino Language|Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino]]
|iso3=bto
|glotto=irig1242
|glottorefname=Iriga Bicolano
|notice=IPA
|map=File:Rinconada language map.png
|mapcaption=Geographic extent of Rinconada based on [[Ethnologue]]
}}
[[File:Signage using Rinconada Language.JPG|thumb|Signage in English and Rinconada in [[Baao]]; the Rinconada text means "biodegradable" and "non-biodegradable"]]
'''Rinconada Bikol''' or simply '''Rinconada''', spoken in the province of [[Camarines Sur]], [[Philippines]], is one of several languages that compose the Inland Bikol (or Southern Bicol) group of the [[Bikol languages|Bikol macrolanguage]]. It belongs to the [[Austronesian language family]] that also includes most [[Philippine languages]], the [[Formosan languages]] of [[Taiwanese aborigines]], [[Malay language|Malay]] ([[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] and [[Bahasa Malaysia]]), the [[Polynesian languages]] and [[Malagasy language|Malagasy]].

Rinconada is surrounded by and shares common features with other Bikol languages. It is bordered by Coastal Bikol to the north, Buhinon to the east, and West Miraya language immediately to the south. The language's closest relatives outside the Bicol region are [[Aklanon language|Aklanon]], [[Waray-Waray language|Waray-Waray]], and to a lesser extent [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], especially the variants used in [[Batangas]] and [[Marinduque]].

Rinconada Bikol is the language adopted by the indigenous population of [[Aeta people|Agta/Aeta]] (the [[Negrito]]) in the surrounding mountainous areas of [[Mount Iriga]] (old name is Mount Asog). The [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian]] people that have migrated to the foot of Mount Asog from the lowland Nabua introduced the language to Negritos when they began conducting trade and commerce, thus replacing the native language of the latter. The original language of the Negritos is Inagta, also known to linguists as [[Mount Iriga Agta]], an extinct or nearly extinct language. [[Mt. Iriga Agta language|Inagta]] is said to have 86% intelligibility with Rinconada Bikol and a lexical similarity of 76%.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ang A language of Philippines|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/agz|access-date=February 18, 2015}}</ref> Most Negritos, commonly called ''Agta'' or ''Aeta'' ({{Lang|bto|Ŋod}} for camaraderie) today, are fluent in Rinconada Bikol, though speak a different variant.

== Name ==
[[File:Camarines Sur 5th congressional district.png|300px|thumbnail|right|5th congressional district of Camarines Sur]]
The name ''Rinconada'' is derived from the Rinconada District in Camarines Sur where the language originated, developed and is largely spoken. However, the precise origins of how the term ''Rinconada'' was assigned to the area are still unclear. Popular wisdom ascribes the name to have come from the [[Spanish language|Spanish]] {{Lang|es|arrinconada}}, 'cornered', from the root ''[[rincon (disambiguation)|rincón]]'', which means 'corner or small district'.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}} ''Rinconada'' might have been given by the Spaniards to the then-newly explored and established colony in the southeastern corner of [[Luzon Island]]; natives formerly called the area ''Sumagang'' (Sumagaŋ), meaning 'far east'.

Adding credence to the theory of a Spanish origin are the localities of [[La Rinconada, Andalusia|La Rinconada]] in Spain and [[Rinconada|La Rinconada]] in [[Chile]], which was also a former Spanish colony.

== Dialects ==
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2022}}

The language is divided into two main dialects and subdivided into six variants:

=== Sinabukid (highland dialect) ===
(Strong accent, flat intonation only, and with {{IPA|/[[ə]]/}})
*Agta variant
*Iriga variant (de facto standard)

=== Sinaranəw (lakeside dialect) ===
(Soft accent with different types of intonation, and without {{IPA|/ə/}}) 
*Nabua – Balatan variant
*Baao variant
*Bula – Pili variant
*Bato variant

=== Dialectal variation ===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Iriga variant<br />(Standard)<br />Highland dialect
! Agta variant<br />Highland dialect
! Nabua – Balatan variant<br />Lakeside dialect
! Bato variant<br />Lakeside dialect
! Baao variant<br />Lakeside dialect
! Bula – Pili variant<br />Lakeside dialect
! [[Central Bikol]] translation
! [[Filipino language|Filipino]]/[[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] translation
! English translation
|-
| {{Lang|bto|Namāmaɣəw iyā sadtō gilid ka sālog ku nabaretāan niyā na inarādo naŋgad ku igin niyā su ragâ, dāwâ ədâ pa ka tubig adtoŋ umā nirā.}}
| {{Lang|bto|Namāmaɣəw iyā sadtō '''iris''' ka sālog ku nabaretāan niyā na inarādo naŋgad ku igin niyā su ragâ, dāwâ ədâ pa ka '''katbag''' adtoŋ umā nirā.}}
| {{Lang|bto|'''Namāmaɣow 'yā''' sadtō gilid ka sālog ku nabaretāan niyā na inarādo naŋgad ku igin niyā su ragâ, dāwâ '''udâ''' pa ka tubig adtoŋ umā nirā.}}
| {{Lang|bto|'''Namāmaɣow''' iyā sadtō gilid ka sālog ku nabaretāan niyā na inarādo naŋgad ku '''akos''' niyā su ragâ, dāwâ '''udâ''' pa ka tubig adtoŋ umā nirā.}}
| {{Lang|bto|'''Namāmaɣow siyā''' sadtō gilid ka sālog ku nabaretāan niyā na inarādo '''jāday''' ku igin niyā su ragâ, dāwâ '''udâ''' pa ka tubig adtoŋ umā '''nindā'''.}}
| {{Lang|bto|'''Namāmaɣow siyā''' sadtō gilid ka sālog ku nabaretāan niyā na inarādo '''dayday''' ku igin niyā su ragâ, dāwâ '''udâ''' pa ka tubig adtoŋ umā '''nindā'''.}}
| {{Lang|bcl|Namamahaw siya duman sa gilid nin salog kan mabaretaan niyang inarado giraray kan aki niya an daga, dawa dai pa nin tubig itong uma ninda.}}
| {{Lang|fil|Nag-aalmusal siya sa may tabí ng ilog nang mabalitaan niyang inararo mulî ng kaniyang anák ang lupà, kahit walâ pang tubig ang kaniláng bukirín.}}
| He was eating breakfast by the river when he heard news his child ploughed the land again, even as their rice field had not water yet.
|}

== Phonology ==
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2022}}

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|- style="font-size: 90%;"
|+Table of Rinconada Bikol consonant phonemes
!
!colspan=2| [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
!colspan=2| [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
!colspan=2| [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-alveolar]]/[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
!colspan=2| [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
!colspan=2| [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! <small>[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]</small>
| style="width:60px; border-right:0;"| || style="width:40px; border-left:0;"|{{IPA link|m}}
| style="width:60px; border-right:0;"| || style="width:40px; border-left:0;"|{{IPA link|n}}
| style="width:100px; border-right:0;"| || style="width:120px; border-left:0;"|({{IPA link|ɲ}}) {{anglebracket|ny, ñ}}
| style="width:60px; border-right:0;"| || style="width:60px; border-left:0;"|{{IPA link|ŋ}} {{anglebracket|ng}}
|colspan=2|
|-
! <small>[[Stop consonant|Stop]]</small>
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|p}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|b}}
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|t}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|d}}
|colspan=2|
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|k}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|ɡ}}
| style="width:100px; border-right:0;"|{{IPA link|ʔ}}|| style="width:20px; border-left:0;"|
|-
! <small>[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]</small>
|colspan=2|
|style="border-right: 0;"|
|style="border-left: 0;"|
|style="border-right: 0;"|({{IPA link|tʃ}}) {{anglebracket|ts, ty, ch}}|| style="border-left: 0;"|({{IPA link|dʒ}}) {{anglebracket|dy, j}}
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|-
! <small>[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]</small>
|colspan=2|
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|s}} ||style="border-left: 0;"|
|style="border-right: 0;"|({{IPA link|ʃ}}) {{anglebracket|sy, sh}}|| style="border-left: 0;"|
|style="border-right: 0;"| || style="border-left: 0;"|
|colspan=2|
|-
! <small>[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]</small>
|style="border-right: 0;"| || style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|w}}
|style="border-right: 0;"| || style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|l}}
|style="border-right: 0;"| || style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|j}} {{anglebracket|y}}
|style="border-right: 0;"| || style="border-left: 0;"|({{IPA link|ɥ}})
|colspan=2|
|-
! <small>[[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]</small>
|colspan=2|
|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|ɾ}} {{anglebracket|r}}
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|}
Notes:

* /{{IPA link|ɲ}}/, /{{IPA link|tʃ}}/, /{{IPA link|dʒ}}/, and /{{IPA link|ʃ}}/ are only found in loanwords, especially from Spanish.
* /{{IPA link|ɥ}}/ is only found intervocalically between any of the vowels: /a, i, u/ and an /ɨ/. For example, ⟨pala⟩ + ⟨-ən⟩ = ⟨palaɥən⟩.

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ caption | '''Table of Rinconada Bikol vowel phonemes'''
|- style="text-align:center;"
!
! colspan="1" | [[Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan="1" | [[Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan="1" | [[Back vowel|Back]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA link|i}} {{angbr|i}}
| {{IPA link|ɨ}} {{angbr|ə, ë, ö, ü}}
| {{IPA link|u}} {{angbr|u}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| ({{IPA link|e}} {{angbr|e}})
|
| ({{IPA link|o}} {{angbr|o}})
|- style="text-align:center;"
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
|
| {{IPA link|a}} {{angbr|a}}
|
|}
Notes:

* /{{IPA link|e}}/ and /{{IPA link|o}}/ are only found in loanwords, especially from Spanish.
* /{{IPA link|ɨ}}/ is only found in the highland dialect of Iriga city. Several related Inland Bikol languages also have the same vowel.

===Diphthong (sa{{IPA|ɣ}}əy)===
Rinconada Bikol has several diphthongs or gliding vowels.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Rinconada Bikol diphthongs
|-
! colspan="6" | - 
|-
|{{IPA|[ja]}}||{{Lang|bto|'''ya'''mən}}||'play'||{{IPA|[aw]}}||{{Lang|bto|bal'''aw'''}}||'fermented shrimp or krill'
|-
|{{IPA|[je]}}||{{Lang|bto|baba'''yē'''}}||'woman/female'||{{IPA|[ew]}}||{{Lang|bto|sig'''ew'''}}||'spine'
|-
|{{IPA|[ji]}}||{{Lang|bto|ta'''yî'''}}||'stitch'||{{IPA|[iw]}}||{{Lang|bto|is'''iw'''}}||'chick' 
|-
|{{IPA|[jo]}}||{{Lang|bto|pa'''yō'''}}||'head'||{{IPA|[ow]}}||{{Lang|bto|ald'''ow'''}} (Sinaranəw dialect)||'sun'
|-
|{{IPA|[ju]}}||{{Lang|bto|ta'''yû'''}}||'nice/pretty'||{{IPA|[uw]}}||{{Lang|bto|tal'''uw'''}} (Sinaranəw dialect)||'scared'
|-
|{{IPA|[jə]}}||{{Lang|bto|'''yə'''k'''yə'''k}}||'armpit'||{{IPA|[əw]}}||{{Lang|bto|sab'''əw'''}}||'soup'
|-
! colspan="6" | - 
|-
|{{IPA|[wa]}}||{{Lang|bto|ī'''wa'''s}}||'wide, spacious'|| {{IPA|[ɤa]}}||{{Lang|bto|labā'''ɣa'''n}}||'laundry'
|-
|{{IPA|[we]}}||{{Lang|bto|su'''wê'''}}||'upside down'|| {{IPA|[ɤe]}}||{{Lang|bto|pondo'''ɣē'''}}||'stop it, please'
|-
|{{IPA|[wi]}}||{{Lang|bto|lā'''wi'''g}}||'broad' || {{IPA|[ɤi]}}||{{Lang|bto|lā'''ɣî'''}}|| 'race, ethnicity'
|-
|{{IPA|[wɔ]}}||{{Lang|bto|ta'''wō'''}}||'human/person'||{{IPA|[ɤo]}}||{{Lang|bto|ka'''ɣo'''n}}||'box'
|-
|{{IPA|[wu]}}||{{Lang|bto|ra'''wu'''t}} (Sinaranəw dialect)||'locked' || {{IPA|[ɤu]}}||{{Lang|bto|da'''ɣu'''n}} ||'leaf'
|-
|{{IPA|[wə]}}||{{Lang|bto|pā'''wə'''t}}||'stressful'||{{IPA|[ɤə]}}||{{Lang|bto|ba'''ɣə'''w}} ||'cold cooked rice'
|-
! colspan="6" | - 
|-
|{{IPA|[aɪ̯]}}||{{Lang|bto|mar'''ay'''}}||'good'|| {{IPA|[oɪ̯]}}||{{Lang|bto|kaw'''oy'''}} (Sinaranəw dialect)||'wood/tree'
|-
|{{IPA|[ui̯]}}||{{Lang|bto|bal'''uy'''}} (Sinaranəw dialect)||'house'|| |{{IPA|[əɪ̯]}}||{{Lang|bto|sabl'''əy'''}} ||'hang'
|-
|}

=== Diacritics (kul-it) ===

Rinconada uses a variation of the Latin alphabet modeled on the Tagalog alphabet. But unlike the modern Tagalog–Filipino, Rinconada retains and uses diacritics ({{Lang|bto|kul-it}} in Rinconada Bikol and {{Lang|tl|kudlit}} in Tagalog). This is to highlight the meaning of the words and to differentiate [[homonyms]]. In return, the diacritics provide Rinconada Bikol with a unique orthography among Philippine languages. Diacritics for this language are limited to the macron and circumflex which is unlike other languages, for example [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] which has several. However, due to technical difficulties and a scarcity of resources, diacritics are sometimes not available. Thus, two Rinconada alphabets were created to meet the needs of the speakers: the native and the simplified. Both can be used at the same time depending on the situation, purpose and availability of resources.

=== Glottal stop (rəgsad) ===

The Rinconada name for the letter which represents the glottal stop is {{Lang|bto|rəgsad}}. This can only be found in the native form of alphabet, and it is limited to final vowels or vowels at the end of a word. {{Lang|bto|Rəgsad}} is represented by the circumflex ( ˆ ).

For examples of the glottal stop, consider the Rinconada words {{Lang|bto|salâ}} ('wrong') and {{Lang|bto|turô}} ('drop of water/fluid'), often simply {{Lang|bto|sala}} and {{Lang|bto|turo}} in the simplified alphabet and in Filipino and English orthographies.

*With {{Lang|bto|rəgsad}} and {{Lang|bto|kul-it}}, the translation of the phrase ''I love you'' in Rinconada is {{Lang|bto|Payabâ ko ikā}} ('love me you' in word-for-word translation).

=== Alphabet ===

==== Native ====

The Rinconada native alphabet has six short vowels, six long vowels, and seventeen consonants, a total of twenty-nine letters representing all phonemes in Rinconada Bikol. A long or stressed vowel is written with a macron (a diacritic placed above a vowel). It also includes the velar nasal special character {{IPA|/ŋ/}} that represents "ng". The native alphabet contains phonemes that are native to Rinconada, thus making it the standard Rinconada Bikol alphabet.

{|class="wikitable" style="border-collapse:collapse;"
|- 	 
|bgcolor="#EFEFEF" align="center" colspan="29" | '''[[Capital letters|Majuscule Forms]]''' (also called '''uppercase''' or '''capital letters''')
|-
|width=3% align="center"|A||width=3% align="center"|Ā||width=3% align="center"|B||width=3% align="center"|K||width=3% align="center"|D||width=3% align="center"|E||width=3% align="center"|Ē||width=3% align="center"|Ə||width=3% align="center"|ə̄||width=3% align="center"|G||width=3% align="center"|H||width=3% align="center"|Ɣ||width=3% align="center"|I||width=3% align="center"|Ī||width=3% align="center"|J||width=3% align="center"|L||width=3% align="center"|M||width=3% align="center"|N||width=3% align="center"|Ŋ||width=3% align="center"|O||width=3% align="center"|Ō||width=3% align="center"|P||width=3% align="center"|R||width=3% align="center"|S||width=3% align="center"|T||width=3% align="center"|U||width=3% align="center"|Ū||width=3% align="center"|W||width=3% align="center"|Y
|- 	
|align="center" colspan="29" | '''[[Lower case|Minuscule Forms]]''' (also called '''lowercase''' or '''small letters''')
|-
|align="center"|a||align="center"|ā||align="center"|b||align="center"|k||align="center"|d||align="center"|e||align="center"|ē||align="center"|ə||align="center"|ə̄||align="center"|g||align="center"|h||align="center"|{{IPA|ɣ}}||align="center"|i||align="center"|ī||align="center"|j||align="center"|l||align="center"|m||align="center"|n||align="center"|ŋ||align="center"|o||align="center"|ō||align="center"|p||align="center"|r||align="center"|s||align="center"|t||align="center"|u||align="center"|ū||align="center"|w||align="center"|y
|}

Example of a Filipino proverb written in the Rinconada native alphabet:

{{Lang|bto|A dirî tattaoŋ maglīlî sa pinaŋgalinan, dirî makaaābot sa pig-iyānan.}} (Tagalog: {{lang|tl|Ang hindi marunong lumingon sa pinanggalingan ay hindi makararating sa paroroonan}}.)

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Letter
!  Rinconada
!  English translation
|-
| A
| {{Lang|bto|'''a'''ləp}}
| hungry
|-
| Ā
| {{Lang|bto|'''ā'''rak}}
| to flaunt
|-
| B
| {{Lang|bto|'''b'''ādô}}
| dress/cloth
|-
| K
| {{Lang|bto|'''k'''amət}}
| hand
|-
| D
| {{Lang|bto|'''d'''əlag}}
| escape
|-
| E
| {{Lang|bto|'''e'''rak}}
| pity
|-
| Ē
| {{Lang|bto|kal'''ē'''}}
| canal
|-
| Ə
| {{Lang|bto|'''ə'''ŋət}}
| angry
|-
| ə̄
| {{Lang|bto|'''ə̄'''lâ}}
| sit
|-
| G
| {{Lang|bto|'''g'''ab-ī}}
| night
|-
| H
| {{Lang|bto|sa'''h'''â}}
| offshoot
|-
| Ɣ
| {{Lang|bto|ba'''ɣ'''og}}
| feeds
|-
| I
| {{Lang|bto|'''i'''kā}}
| you (singular)
|-
| Ī
| {{Lang|bto|'''ī'''kaw}}
| earring
|-
| J
| {{Lang|bto|tad'''j'''ok}}
| hit by a sharp pointed tool or thing
|-
| L
| {{Lang|bto|'''l'''ətəw}}
| floating
|-
| M
| {{Lang|bto|'''m'''atā}}
| eye
|-
| N
| {{Lang|bto|'''n'''ək'''n'''ək}}
| small mosquitoes
|-
| ŋ
| {{Lang|bto|'''ŋ'''ipən}}
| tooth
|-
| O
| {{Lang|bto|'''o'''r'''o'''ŋ}}
| nose
|-
| Ō
| {{Lang|bto|'''ō'''mol}}; {{Lang|bto|s'''ō'''dô}}
| a person who is not funny anymore; remote area or place
|-
| P
|  {{Lang|bto|'''p'''arəy}}
| rice (unmilled)
|-
| R
| {{Lang|bto|'''r'''ayô}}
| far
|-
| S
| {{Lang|bto|'''s'''aləg}}
| floor
|-
| T
| {{Lang|bto|'''t'''agbâ}}
| a method of harvesting using a bolo or knife
|-
| U
|{{Lang|bto|'''u'''ran}}
| rain
|-
| Ū
| {{Lang|bto|'''ū'''ri}}
| late
|-
| W
| {{Lang|bto|'''w'''arak}}
| scattered
|-
| Y
| {{Lang|bto|'''y'''abâ}}
| love
|}
Notes:
*Exceptions to the rules of the native alphabet are formal names like Juan Dela Cruz and placenames such as Laguna, Cebu and Manila. Those names must retain their official and simplified spelling instead of their native spellings Huwan Delā Krus, Lagūna, Sebū and Manīla. With the exception of names and places, all words in the native alphabet must be written with their respective spellings with their designated diacritics.

==== Simplified ====

The '''Rinconada Simplified''' alphabet is just the same as the Philippine alphabet. It has 28 letters:

{|class="wikitable" style="border-collapse:collapse;"
|- 	 
|bgcolor="#EFEFEF" align="center" colspan="28" | '''[[Capital letters|Majuscule Forms]]''' (also called '''uppercase''' or '''capital letters''')
|-
|width=3% align="center"|[[A]]||width=3% align="center"|[[B]]||width=3% align="center"|[[C]]||width=3% align="center"|[[D]]||width=3% align="center"|[[E]]||width=3% align="center"|[[F]]||width=3% align="center"|[[G]]||width=3% align="center"|[[H]]||width=3% align="center"|[[I]]||width=3% align="center"|[[J]]||width=3% align="center"|[[K]]||width=3% align="center"|[[L]]||width=3% align="center"|[[M]]||width=3% align="center"|[[N]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Ñ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Ng (digraph)|Ng]]||width=3% align="center"|[[O]]||width=3% align="center"|[[P]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Q]]||width=3% align="center"|[[R]]||width=3% align="center"|[[S]]||width=3% align="center"|[[T]]||width=3% align="center"|[[U]]||width=3% align="center"|[[V]]||width=3% align="center"|[[W]]||width=3% align="center"|[[X]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Y]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Z]]
|- 	
|align="center" colspan="28" | '''[[Lower case|Minuscule Forms]]''' (also called '''lowercase''' or '''small letters''')
|-
|align="center"|a||align="center"|b||align="center"|c||align="center"|d||align="center"|e||align="center"|f||align="center"|g||align="center"|h||align="center"|i||align="center"|j||align="center"|k||align="center"|l||align="center"|m||align="center"|n||align="center"|ñ||align="center"|ng||align="center"|o||align="center"|p||align="center"|q||align="center"|r||align="center"|s||align="center"|t||align="center"|u||align="center"|v||align="center"|w||align="center"|x||align="center"|y||align="center"|z
|}

The letters F, V and Z are included because they are native to other Philippine languages like [[Itawis]] and [[Ibanag language|Ibanag]]. The letters C, Ñ, and Q are also included, but their usages are limited to foreign names, Filipinized words of foreign origins or loans, especially from Spanish, English and Arabic.

The simplified alphabet does not use diacritics like the macron {{angbr|◌̄}} for stressed and long vowels, the circumflex {{angbr|◌̂}} for glottal stop, or the letters for velar nasal {{angbr|ŋ}}, schwa {{angbr|ə}}, or velar fricative {{angbr|ɣ}}, as they do not appear on a standard [[QWERTY]] keyboard. The velar nasal {{angbr|ŋ}} is replaced by the digraph {{angbr|ng}}, and the two latter sounds can be replaced by {{angbr|o}} and {{angbr|h}}, {{angbr|w}}, and {{angbr|y}} respectively. Even with the absence of diacritics in the modern and simplified alphabet, pronunciations in the spoken language are not altered. Moreover, the long vowel sound in a word should not be omitted. One example is {{Lang|bto|bə̄ət}} ('kind') and {{Lang|bto|bəət}} ('want, like'). The word {{Lang|bto|bə̄ət}} in the native alphabet is written as {{Lang|bto|bəət}} in the simplified alphabet, making the two words the same in spelling albeit with different meanings. In this case, the pronunciation of the words depends on their place and usage in a sentence. To avoid confusion and aid in ease of reading, it is strongly recommended{{By whom|date=November 2022}} to use the native alphabet in writing Rinconada Bikol.

== Features and geographic distribution ==
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2022}}

* The Nabua-Balatan variant features high pitch intonation. It is the direct descendant of Rinconada Bikol but it has lost some features of the original spoken language. Speakers can be found throughout the municipalities of Nabua and Balatan.
* The Iriga variant, on the other hand, has the most speakers. The speakers are concentrated in the district's center, Iriga City, in some of the important [[barangay]]s of Buhi (West and East Sta. Justina and De Los Angeles), and the urban barangay of Matacon, located in Polangui, Albay. The Iriga variant has a flat intonation and is spoken rapidly.
* The Bato variant, on the other hand, has a distinctive mellow intonation. It is said{{By whom|date=November 2022}} that regardless of one's mood, the Bato speaker always sounds sleepy, as if they are chanting.{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}} The Bato variant is primarily spoken in Bato, Camarines Sur and is also spoken in Agos, Polangui, Albay.
* The Agta variant is the smallest of the group. The speakers are exclusively the indigenous population of Agta/Aeta, the aboriginal people of different tribes surrounding [[Mount Iriga]] and Buhi lake. Like Iriga, the Agta variant also has a flat intonation; they speak the language with a distinct form of pronunciation which can be traced to the group's extinct language.
* The variants of Baao and Bula-Pili are considered twins. They have the same accent and only slight differences in vocabulary. Of the two variants, Baao often uses rising intonation, while Bula-Pili is moderately flat but both use high pitch when reasoning. The latter variant is used entirely in Bula and in the southern half of the provincial capital town of Pili. It also has a significant number of speakers in Ocampo and Minalabac in Camarines Sur. The two variants have borrowed some vocabulary from Coastal Bikol; at the same time, Bikol-Partido (a dialect of Coastal Bikol) can be heard with borrowed vocabulary from the two variants.

List of phrases and expressions that are unique to each variant:<!-- Add translations? -->

: Baao variant: {{Lang|bto|Gaorag na!}}
: Nabua – Balatan variant: {{Lang|bto|Labinā kan.}}
: Agta variant: {{Lang|bto|Mayaŋ na ŋod.}}
: Bato variant: {{Lang|bto|Ay tarā?}}
: Bula – Pili variant: {{Lang|bto|Paiŋōrag.}}
: Iriga variant: {{Lang|bto|Labinā man nâ!}}

== Short imperatives ==
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2022}}

Like other Visayan and Bikol languages, Rinconada Bikol has a short form for the imperative.

e.g.: <br />The phrase {{Lang|bto|iyəwən mo}} ('grill it') is often shortened to {{Lang|bto|iyəwā}} and the command phrase {{Lang|bto|punāsan mo a salmiŋ}} ('wipe the mirror') can be shortened to {{Lang|bto|punāsa a salmiŋ}}.

A special form is used when talking to elderly people in a polite manner. The letters "ā/a" after the root word of the verb are replaced by the letters "e/ē" if the statement is politely delivered. The letter "e" or "ē" stands for {{Lang|bto|tābî}} which means 'please' in English, or {{Lang|tl|po}} in Tagalog.

Example 1:
: {{Lang|bto|iyəw}} is a root word that means 'grill'.
: {{Lang|bto|iyəwən}} means 'grill it'.
: {{Lang|bto|iyəwən mo}} roughly means 'you, grill it'.
: {{Lang|bto|iyəwā}} is the shortened form of the command 'iyəwən mo'.
: {{Lang|bto|iyəwē}} is the shortened polite form of {{Lang|bto|iyəwən mo tābî}} ('grill it please').

Example 2:
: {{Lang|bto|punas}} is a root word that means 'wipe'.
: {{Lang|bto|punasan}} means 'wipe it'.
: {{Lang|bto|punasan mo}} roughly means 'you, wipe it'.
: {{Lang|bto|punāsa}} is a shortened form of the command {{Lang|bto|punāsan mo}}.
: {{Lang|bto|punāse}} is the shortened polite form of {{Lang|bto|punāsan mo tābî}} ('wipe it please').

Example 3:
: {{Lang|bto|īmo}} is a root word that means 'prepare'.
: {{Lang|bto|imōɣon}} means 'prepare it'.
: {{Lang|bto|imōɣon mo}} means 'you, prepare it'.
: {{Lang|bto|imōɣa}} is the shortened form of the command {{Lang|bto|imōɣon mo}}.
: {{Lang|bto|imōɣe}} is the shortened polite form of {{Lang|bto|imōɣon mo tābî}} ('please prepare it').

== Pronouns ==
{| border="1" cellpadding="2"
|-
!&nbsp;
!Absolutive
!Ergative
!Oblique
|-
|'''1st person singular'''
|{{Lang|bto|akō}}
|{{Lang|bto|ko}}
|{{Lang|bto|kanakə}}, {{Lang|bto|saakə}}
|-
|'''2nd person singular'''
|{{Lang|bto|ikā}}, {{Lang|bto|kā}}
|{{Lang|bto|mo}}
|{{Lang|bto|kanimō}}, {{Lang|bto|saimō}} 
|-
|'''3rd person singular'''
|{{Lang|bto|iyā}}, {{Lang|bto|siyā}}
|{{Lang|bto|niyā}}
|{{Lang|bto|kaniyā}}, {{Lang|bto|saiyā}}
|-
|'''1st person plural inclusive'''
|{{Lang|bto|kitā}}
|{{Lang|bto|tā}}
|{{Lang|bto|kanatə}}, {{Lang|bto|saatə}}
|-
|'''1st person plural exclusive'''
|{{Lang|bto|kamī}}
|{{Lang|bto|namə}}, {{Lang|bto|amə}}
|{{Lang|bto|kanamə}}, {{Lang|bto|saamə}}
|-
|'''2nd person plural'''
|{{Lang|bto|kamō}}
|{{Lang|bto|ninyō}}
|{{Lang|bto|kaninyō}}
|-
|'''3rd person plural'''
|{{Lang|bto|sirā}}, {{Lang|bto|sindā}}
|{{Lang|bto|nirā}}, {{Lang|bto|ninda}}
|{{Lang|bto|kanirā}}, {{Lang|bto|saindā}}, {{Lang|bto|kandā}}
|}

== Lexicon ==
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2022}}

=== Sentences ===

* What is your name? – {{Lang|bto|Onō a ŋaran mo?}}
* My name is Joseph. – {{Lang|bto|Usē a ŋaran ko.}} ({{Lang|bto|Usē}} is a rinconadised form of Spanish ''José'')
* Where do you come from? – {{Lang|bto|Tagasārî ikā?}}
* I'm from [[Pili, Camarines Sur]]. – {{Lang|bto|Taga-Pili, Camarines Sur akō.}}
* I love you so much. – {{Lang|bto|Payabâ takā sa igô./Payabâ ko ikā sa igô.}}
* Do you like me? – {{Lang|bto|Bəət mo 'kō?}}
* What are you doing? – {{Lang|bto|Onō a ginigībo mo?}}
* I will go home. – {{Lang|bto|Migpaulî na 'kō.}}
* John is my brother – {{Lang|bto|Ŋod ko si Uwan.}} ({{Lang|bto|Uwan}} is a rinconadised form of Spanish ''Juan'')
* Do you want to eat breakfast? – {{Lang|bto|Bəət mo na'ŋ mamaɣəw?}}
* I'm already eating – {{Lang|bto|Nagkākaən na 'kō.}}
* What time is it?/May I know what time it is? – {{Lang|bto|Onōŋ ōras na?/Onōŋ ōras na tābî?}}
* I will go out – {{Lang|bto|Migluwas akō.}}
* I can't sleep. – {{Lang|bto|Dirî akō makatorog.}}
* Are you afraid of the dark? – {{Lang|bto|Nakatātakot ikā sa maŋitŋit?}}
* He said he will pick me up/fetch me. – {{Lang|bto|Sabi niyā susuŋkātən konō 'kō.}}
* How old are you? – {{Lang|bto|Gaamnō na ikā (naykā) kaguraŋ?}}
* When will you be back? – {{Lang|bto|Kūnu ikā migbalik?}}

=== Family titles ===

* {{Lang|bto|Amâ}} – father
* {{Lang|bto|Inâ}} – mother
* {{Lang|bto|Itay}} – dad
* {{Lang|bto|Inay}} – mom
* {{Lang|bto|Mānoy}} – older brother
* {{Lang|bto|Mānay}} – older sister
* {{Lang|bto|Tāta}} – uncle
* {{Lang|bto|Nāna}} – aunt

=== Question words ===
* {{Lang|bto|Onō}} – what
* {{Lang|bto|Isay}} – who
* {{Lang|bto|Kūnu}} – when
* {{Lang|bto|Ŋātâ}} – why
* {{Lang|bto|Sārî}} – where
* {{Lang|bto|Paōno}} – how
* {{Lang|bto|Arî}} – which
* {{Lang|bto|Pirā}} – how many
* {{Lang|bto|Mamirā}} – how much
* {{Lang|bto|Gaamnō}} – indefinite question, used to describe the degree or extent to which something is covered, such as period or age, vastness or immensity, etc.

=== Greetings ===

General greetings:

* {{Lang|bto|Maray na aldəw}} – Good day (from sunrise to sunset)
* {{Lang|bto|Maray na gab-ī}} – Good evening (from sunset to sunrise)

The spoken greetings can be shortened to {{Lang|bto|Aldəw}} and {{Lang|bto|Gab-ī}} as they are similar to the two-syllable words {{Lang|fr|bonjour}} and {{Lang|fr|bonsoir}} of the French language.

Specific greetings:

* {{Lang|bto|Maray na ramrag}} – Good morning (from 6:00{{Nbsp}}a.m. to 11:00{{Nbsp}}a.m.)
* {{Lang|bto|Maray na mudtū}} – Good noon (from 11:00{{Nbsp}}a.m. to 1:00{{Nbsp}}p.m.)
* {{Lang|bto|Maray na apon}} – Good afternoon (from 1:00{{Nbsp}}p.m. to 6:00{{Nbsp}}p.m.)
* {{Lang|bto|Maray na gab-ī}} – Good evening (from 6:00{{Nbsp}}p.m. to 11:00{{Nbsp}}p.m.)
* {{Lang|bto|Maray na lawəd}} – Good midnight (from 11:00{{Nbsp}}p.m. to 1:00{{Nbsp}}a.m.)
* {{Lang|bto|Maray na mararamrāgən}} – Good dawn (from 1:00{{Nbsp}}a.m. to 6:00{{Nbsp}}a.m.)

People of Rinconada classify dim or dark hours as nighttime and light hours as daytime. As such, even with the introduction of modern standard time, they consider the hours of 12 midnight until 6 o'clock in the morning nighttime. Therefore, the general greeting from 6:00{{Nbsp}}a.m. to 6:00{{Nbsp}}p.m. is {{Lang|bto|Maray na aldəw}}, and {{Lang|bto|Maray na gab-ī}} for the hours that start from 6:00{{Nbsp}}p.m. to 6:00{{Nbsp}}a.m., e.g. {{Lang|bto|Maray na mudtū tabî kaninyō ŋāmin!}}

Occasional greetings:

* {{Lang|bto|Mamə̄yaŋ Pagkaməndag!}} – Happy birthday!
* {{Lang|bto|Mamə̄yaŋ Bāgoŋ Taon!}} – Happy New Year!
* {{Lang|bto|Mamə̄yaŋ Anibersāryo!}} – Happy anniversary!

== Uniqueness and distinction ==
{{more citations needed|date=January 2022}}

The vocabulary of Rinconada Bikol is rich in words with short or unstressed {{IPA|/i/}}. In fact, most root words with {{IPA|/i/}} are unstressed. However, not all words with {{IPA|/i/}} should be read and pronounced as such since there are several words that have stressed {{IPA|/ī/}}, especially loanwords, e.g. {{Lang|bto|sīli}} ('chili'). Native words (root words) with stressed {{IPA|/ī/}} are seldom or rare.

The language retains the proto-Philippine schwa vowel {{IPA|/ə/}} that has disappeared in most Philippine languages like [[Cebuano language|Cebuano]], [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] and even the neighboring Coastal Bikol language. In Nabua, Camarines Sur, (where the language is believed to have originated), the vowel also disappeared through normal development and evolution. However, it was preserved by those who moved and migrated to the highland part of Rinconada around Mount Iriga (formerly Mount Asog) due to severe flooding in the lowlands, particularly in Nabua and Bula, thus preserving the vowel which has survived to this day in the Sinabukid dialect.

People who are new to the highland accent may find the Sinabukid dialect sounds like [[Ilokano language|Ilokano]], [[Pangasinan language|Pangasinense]], or [[Karay-a language|Karay-a]] of [[Antique (province)|Antique province]].{{citation needed|date=November 2022}} The vowel can also be heard from the population in towns and cities speaking the [[Albay Bicolano|Albay Bikol]] group of languages. The native word for this vowel in Rinconada is {{Lang|bto|gəpə}}, and this has divided the language into two dialects – Sinabukid or Highland (with {{IPA|/ə/}}) and Sinaranəw or Lakeside (without {{IPA|/ə/}}).

Aside from the vowel {{IPA|/ə/}}, another notable aspect of Rinconada language is the occurrence of the extra consonant phoneme {{IPA|/ɣ/}}. This consonant bears the sound of mixed letters "h", "y" and "w".{{Clarify|date=November 2022}} The neighboring language of Buhinon also uses this sound - clear evidence of close ties between the two languages.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ballenas |first1=Emy T. |last2=Borromeo |first2=Nilo M. |last3=Olson |first3=Kenneth S. |date=December 2009 |title=Buhi'non (Bikol) Digital Wordlist: Presentation Form |url=http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/4440/214/olson09-link.pdf |work=Language Documentation & Conservation |volume=3 |issue=2}}</ref>
This phoneme has neither a corresponding letter in the Philippine alphabet nor an equivalent character on the Philippine standard keyboard. Thus, Rinconada Bikol speakers have no option but to use "h" as an alternative letter. However, in the spoken Sinaranəw dialect, the consonant {{IPA|/ɣ/}} and the vowel {{IPA|/ə/}} are often replaced by the letters "w" and "o", respectively.

Examples of {{angbr IPA|ɣ}}

# {{Lang|bto|Mimaɣəw}} – 'will eat breakfast'
#: ({{Lang|bto|Mudtū na, mima'''ɣ'''əw pa sanā ikā?}})
# {{Lang|bto|Baɣəw}} – 'cold cooked rice'
#: ({{Lang|bto|Naŋagnəw na man na kānən na adī, malākaba'''ɣ'''əw!}})
# {{Lang|bto|Taɣəp}} – process of separating rice from its outside layer after milling; {{Lang|fil|tahip}} in Filipino/Tagalog.
#: ({{Lang|bto|A pagta'''ɣ'''əp, əsad na gīboŋ dirî dāpat pinagdə̄dəlagan.}})
# {{Lang|bto|Daɣun}} – plant leaf.
#: ({{Lang|bto|Kadakəl ka da'''ɣ'''un ka tanəm ni Tāta Isko.}})
# {{Lang|bto|Taɣob}} – cover, protect, or conceal. 
#: ({{Lang|bto|Pakarāyən mo a pagkāta'''ɣ'''ob ka bobon ta mauŋkaŋ ikā sīton!}})

*The special consonant phoneme {{IPA|/ɣ/}} can easily be distinguished from the sound of letters "h", "w" and y" if it is placed before the vowel phoneme {{IPA|/ə/}}. It can be compared to the letter "j" in the Spanish phrase {{Lang|es|Dios Mamajes}}.

=== Pronunciation of {{angbr|e}} and {{angbr|ē}} ===

The letter {{angbr|e}} in Rinconada is not the typical pronunciation of the vowel /[[e]]/ in other languages - such as the word ''beg'' and ''bell'' in English, or the word {{Lang|pam|metung}} in [[Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]] meaning 'one' - {{IPAblink|ɛ}} in IPA (open- or low-mid front unrounded vowel). The letter {{angbr|e}} in Rinconada is pronounced similar to the letter sequence {{angbr|ee}} in English, or the letter {{angbr|i}} of most languages, but the mouth is more open and the tongue is a bit relaxed. In IPA it is {{IPAblink|e}}, a close- or high-mid front unrounded vowel.
So its pronunciation lies in between that of ''leed''{{'s}} {{IPAblink|i}}  and ''led''{{'s}} {{IPAblink|ɛ}}.

The difference between the letters {{angbr|e}} and {{angbr|ē}} is that the latter pronounced longer or prolonged.

Example: {{Lang|bto|mutēte}} (IPA: {{IPA|/muteːte/}}) - 'chide, scold'.

=== Rules for [j] ===

Unlike other letters in the Rinconada native alphabet, the letter /[[j]]/ is always accompanied by /[[d]]/ if it is in the middle of a word. Otherwise, single /j/ is used. Moreover, it is the only non-gliding consonant that cannot be found at the end of a word in native Rinconada vocabulary.

Some words in native Rinconada and Rinconadized words of foreign origin with /j/:

* {{Lang|bto|jamantē}} – 'diamond' (from Spanish {{Lang|es|diamante}})
* {{Lang|bto|jāday}} – 'again, always'
* {{Lang|bto|jāryo}} – 'newspaper' (from Spanish {{Lang|es|diario}})
* {{Lang|bto|jōlen}} – 'marble (toy)'
* {{Lang|bto|pastidjō}} – 'nuisance' (from Spanish {{Lang|es|fastidio}})
* {{Lang|bto|idjəw}} – a large and non-venomous snake
* {{Lang|bto|oodjon}} – no counterpart in English and Filipino (nearest meaning: 'jealous' or 'envious')
* {{Lang|bto|sudjâ}} – 'prompted, investigated, an action for questioning'
* {{Lang|bto|kadjapā}} – a thorny plant abundant in Bicol region, {{Lang|tl|kulitis}} in Tagalog (scientific name ''[[Amaranthus spinosus]]'')
* {{Lang|bto|padjak}} – a bicycle converted into a tricycle, powered by human force (a mode of transportation known in Metro Manila as {{Lang|tl|kuliglig}})
* {{Lang|bto|sodjaŋ}} – 'a sliver of wood, metal or bamboo in the skin'
* {{Lang|bto|lokadjô}} – a word used to address a disliked person discussed in conversation; it is a word included in Bikol Angry Speech Register
* {{Lang|bto|paŋadjî}} – 'prayer'

=== The consonant [h] ===

Through language evolution, Rinconada Bikol almost lost the phoneme {{IPA|/h/}}, hence it is rare. It is often absent in most Rinconada words that are usually present in other Philippine languages.

There is no real {{IPA|/h/}} sound in Rinconada. It is either silent or glided and sounds like a long tonal vowel, or vowel lengthening. The letter {{IPA|/h/}} is omitted since it is silent; on the other hand, it is glided when in between vowels. The Tagalog words such as {{Lang|tl|hangin}}, {{Lang|tl|higop}} and {{Lang|tl|hanggan}} are almost the same as the Rinconada words, but the letter [h] is eliminated since it is not pronounced. The corresponding equivalents are {{Lang|bto|aŋin}}, {{Lang|bto|igop}} and {{Lang|bto|aŋgan}}; the same is the case with other Bikol words like {{Lang|bik|harani}}, {{Lang|bik|harayo}}, and {{Lang|bik|habo}}, which are {{Lang|bto|arāni}}, {{Lang|bto|arayô}}, and {{Lang|bto|abə}} in Rinconada, while the glided {{IPA|/h/}} sound can be found in between the same vowels as in {{Lang|bto|baha}}, {{Lang|bto|saha}}, {{Lang|bto|kohol}}, and {{Lang|bto|mohon}}.

The disappearance of the phoneme {{IPA|[h]}} is an occurrence comparable (though not to the same degree) to that in the [[Kapampangan language]]. Nevertheless, Rinconada Bikol speakers can pronounce it with clarity and emphasis whenever they speak other languages where it is present.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

== Vocabulary ==
[[File:Rinconada sticker.jpg|220px|right|thumb|An election campaign sticker in Rinconada Bikol written in simplified alphabet. (Note the use of [[Umlaut (diacritic)|umlaut]] (ü) instead of the schwa vowel {{angbr|ə}} to aid the Sinaranəw speakers in reading the message.)]]
For centuries under Spanish rule, Rinconada adopted many words from [[Spanish language|Spanish]]. There are a considerable number of Latin loans (sometimes obscured by being subject to Rinconada phonology and grammar), for example: {{Lang|bto|estar}} ('address or dwelling place', from {{Lang|es|estar}} meaning 'stay'), {{Lang|bto|soltēro}} ('single' but only applicable to male individuals, from {{Lang|es|soltero}}), {{Lang|bto|ɣūben}} ('young' from {{Lang|es|joven}}), and {{Lang|bto|ilyābe}} ('key', from {{Lang|es|llave}}).

Older generations tend to use Spanish loanwords more often while younger generations tend to use Tagalog words and rinconadized words from English, especially modern terminology with no counterpart in native Rinconada Bikol vocabulary.

Example:

{{Lang|bto|'''Bawas-bawāsan''' mo man ŋanî a pag'''kātiŋ''' mo '''lalô''' na kin arāni na a '''eksam'''}}. ('Limit your habit of escaping class sessions especially when examination is approaching near').

The Tagalog word {{Lang|tl|bawas-bawāsan}} is {{Lang|bto|inâ-ināan}} in Rinconada and the word {{Lang|bto|lalô}} is used in favor of the native word {{Lang|bto|orog}}. The words {{Lang|bto|kātiŋ}} and {{Lang|bto|eksam}} are rinconadized words of the English ''cutting'' (cutting classes or leaving the room during school hours without permission), and ''exam'' (examination) respectively. However, the native word for cutting classes is {{Lang|bto|ləəm}}.

== Angry speech register ==

The angry register is unique to Bicol languages as it cannot be found in other Austronesian languages inside and outside the Philippines. It is generally used only among same-age speakers or by older speakers to younger listeners, as usage by younger speakers in addressing their elders would constitute great disrespect. On occasion, the angry register is used in sarcasm or humor, but the majority of its usage is in anger.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lobel |first=Jason William |date=2005 |editor1-last=Galvez Rubino |editor1-first=Carl R. |editor2-last=Liao |editor2-first=Hsiu-chuan |title=The Angry Register of the Bikol Languages of the Philippines |url=http://www.silinternational.com/asia/Philippines/books/CurrentIssues_3.1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222131927/http://www.silinternational.com/asia/Philippines/books/CurrentIssues_3.1.pdf |archive-date=February 22, 2014 |work=Current issues in Philippine linguistics and anthropology: Parangal kay Lawrence A. Reid |pages=149–166}}</ref>

Rinconada Bikol has contributed much to this unique feature of spoken Bicolano languages.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

Examples:

{| border="1" cellpadding="2"
|-
!&nbsp;
!Normal Register 
!Angry Register <br />
Sinabukid pronunciation
!Angry Register <br />
Sinaranəw pronunciation

|-
|'''eye'''
|{{Lang|bto|matā}}
|{{Lang|bto|malsək}}
|{{Lang|bto|malsok}}
|-
|'''clothing'''
|{{Lang|bto|badô}}
|{{Lang|bto|lamakdô}}
|{{Lang|bto|lamakdô}}
|-
|'''eat'''
|{{Lang|bto|kaən}}
|{{Lang|bto|ablô}}, {{Lang|bto|gətək}}
|{{Lang|bto|ablô}}, {{Lang|bto|gotok}}
|-
|'''mouth'''
|{{Lang|bto|ŋaŋā}}
|{{Lang|bto|ŋurāpak}}
|{{Lang|bto|ŋurāpak}}
|-
|'''sleep'''
|{{Lang|bto|torog}}
|{{Lang|bto|tusmag}}
|{{Lang|bto|tusmag}}
|-
|'''drink'''
|{{Lang|bto|inom}}
|{{Lang|bto|til-ab}}, {{Lang|bto|lablab}}
|{{Lang|bto|til-ab}}, {{Lang|bto|lablab}}
|-
|'''child'''
|{{Lang|bto|igin}}
|{{Lang|bto|wagə̂}}
|{{Lang|bto|wagû}}
|-
|'''chicken'''
|{{Lang|bto|manok}}
|{{Lang|bto|soltok}}, {{Lang|bto|galtok}}
|{{Lang|bto|soltok}}, {{Lang|bto|galtok}}
|-
|'''dog'''
|{{Lang|bto|ayam}}
|{{Lang|bto|damāyə̂}}
|{{Lang|bto|daŋab}}, {{Lang|bto|damāyô}}
|-
|'''throw'''
|{{Lang|bto|baribad}}
|{{Lang|bto|barambaŋ}}
|{{Lang|bto|barambaŋ}}
|-
|'''mountain'''
|{{Lang|bto|bukid}}
|{{Lang|bto|luskid}}
|{{Lang|bto|luskid}}
|-
|'''run'''
|{{Lang|bto|dalagan}}
|{{Lang|bto|kurībaw}}
|{{Lang|bto|kurībaw}}
|-
|'''water'''
|{{Lang|bto|tubig}}
|{{Lang|bto|kal-eg}}
|{{Lang|bto|kal-eg}}
|-
|'''rain'''
|{{Lang|bto|uran}}
|{{Lang|bto|dunag}}
|{{Lang|bto|dunag}}
|-
|'''rice'''
|{{Lang|bto|bəgas}}
|{{Lang|bto|lasgas}}
|{{Lang|bto|lasgas}}
|-
|'''hungry'''
|{{Lang|bto|aləp}}
|{{Lang|bto|gəsləp}}, {{Lang|bto|gəlsək}}
|{{Lang|bto|guslup}}, {{Lang|bto|gulsuk}}
|-
|'''woman'''
|{{Lang|bto|babayī}}
|{{Lang|bto|babaknit}}, {{Lang|bto|siknit}}
|{{Lang|bto|babaknit}}, {{Lang|bto|siknit}}
|-
|'''ear'''
|{{Lang|bto|taliŋā}}
|{{Lang|bto|taliŋəgŋəg}}
|{{Lang|bto|taliŋogŋog}}
|-
|'''old'''
|{{Lang|bto|guraŋ}}
|{{Lang|bto|gusnab}}, {{Lang|bto|gusgus}}
|{{Lang|bto|gusnab}}, {{Lang|bto|gusgus}}
|}

== Sainigin ==
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2022}}

Sainigin is a group of selected words for babies and newborns. It is used by parents to communicate with their babies easily and to train them how to talk, hence, an introductory language. It is often described as language for babies and commonly called {{Lang|bto|sainigin}} or "baby talk". Words are limited to two syllables and feature basic commands. Several letters are absent such as "r", "g", "s", "j", and "h". {{Lang|bto|Sainigin}} literally means 'talking or acting like a baby'.

{| border="1" cellpadding="2"
|-
!Normal words
!Sainigin words
!English equivalent
|-
|{{Lang|bto|inom}}
|{{Lang|bto|māmam}} 
|drink
|-
|{{Lang|bto|kaən}}
|{{Lang|bto|pāpâ}}
|eat 
|-
|{{Lang|bto|ə̄la}}
|{{Lang|bto|lālâ}}
|sit
|-
|{{Lang|bto|atî}}
|{{Lang|bto|āâ}}
|dirty  
|-
|{{Lang|bto|ədə̂}}
|{{Lang|bto|dōdô}}
|bowel 
|-
|{{Lang|bto|bādô}}
|{{Lang|bto|dādô}}
|cloth 
|-
|{{Lang|bto|turog}}
|{{Lang|bto|nānok}}
|sleep 
|-
|{{Lang|bto|wāwâ}}
|{{Lang|bto|kakâ}}
|spit it out  
|-
|{{Lang|bto|tabid}}, {{Lang|bto|īyî}} 
|{{Lang|bto|wīwî}}
|urinate 
|-
|{{Lang|bto|ədâ na}}
|{{Lang|bto|nāna}}
|no more
|- 
|{{Lang|bto|erak}}
|{{Lang|bto|wāwa}}
|pity
|}

== Numerals ==
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2022}}

Numbers and words (in the native alphabet) are as follows:

{|class="wikitable"
|-
| align=center | 0
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|pōlô}}
|-
| align=center | 1
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|əsad}}
| align=center | 11
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|samsad}}
| align=center | 21
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|darwamsad}}
| align=center | 31
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|tolomsad}}
| align=center | 41
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|pamsad}}
| align=center | 51
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|limamsad}}
| align=center | 61
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|nəmsad}}
| align=center | 71
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|pitomsad}}
| align=center | 81
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|walomsad}}
| align=center | 91
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|yamsad}}
|-
| align=center | 2
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|darwā}}
| align=center | 12
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|samdarwā}}
| align=center | 22
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|darwamdarwā}}
| align=center | 32
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|tolomdarwā}}
| align=center | 42
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|pamdarwā}}
| align=center | 52
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|limamdarwā}}
| align=center | 62
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|nəmdarwā}}
| align=center | 72
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|pitomdarwā}}
| align=center | 82
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|walomdarwā}}
| align=center | 92
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|yamdarwā}}
|-
| align=center | 3
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|tolō}}
| align=center | 13
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|samtolō}}
| align=center | 23
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|darwamtolō}}
| align=center | 33
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|tolomtolō}}
| align=center | 43
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|pamtolō}}
| align=center | 53
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|limamtolō}}
| align=center | 63
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|nəmtolō}}
| align=center | 73
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|pitomtolō}}
| align=center | 83
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|walomtolō}}
| align=center | 93
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|yamtolō}}
|-
| align=center | 4
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|əpat}}
| align=center | 14
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|sampat}}
| align=center | 24
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|darwampat}}
| align=center | 34
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|tolompat}}
| align=center | 44
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|pampat}}
| align=center | 54
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|limampat}}
| align=center | 64
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|nəmpat}}
| align=center | 74
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|pitompat}}
| align=center | 84
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|walompat}}
| align=center | 94
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|yampat}}
|-
| align=center | 5
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|limā}}
| align=center | 15
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|samlimā}}
| align=center | 25
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|darwamlimā}}
| align=center | 35
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|tolomlimā}}
| align=center | 45
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|pamlimā}}
| align=center | 55
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|limamlimā}}
| align=center | 65
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|nəmlimā}}
| align=center | 75
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|pitomlimā}}
| align=center | 85
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|walomlimā}}
| align=center | 95
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|yamlimā}}
|-
| align=center | 6
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|ənəm}}
| align=center | 16
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|samnəm}}
| align=center | 26
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|darwamnəm}}
| align=center | 36
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|tolomnəm}}
| align=center | 46
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|pamnəm}}
| align=center | 56
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|limamnəm}}
| align=center | 66
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|nəmnəm}}
| align=center | 76
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|pitomnəm}}
| align=center | 86
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|walomnəm}}
| align=center | 96
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|yamnəm}}
|-
| align=center | 7
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|pitō}}
| align=center | 17
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|sampitō}}
| align=center | 27
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|darwampitō}}
| align=center | 37
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|tolompitō}}
| align=center | 47
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|pampitō}}
| align=center | 57
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|limampitō}}
| align=center | 67
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|nəmpitō}}
| align=center | 77
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|pitompitō}}
| align=center | 87
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|walompitō}}
| align=center | 97
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|yampitō}}
|-
| align=center | 8
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|walō}}
| align=center | 18
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|samwalō}}
| align=center | 28
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|darwamwalō}}
| align=center | 38
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|tolomwalō}}
| align=center | 48
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|pamwalō}}
| align=center | 58
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|limamwalō}}
| align=center | 68
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|nəmwalō}}
| align=center | 78
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|pitomwalō}}
| align=center | 88
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|walomwalō}}
| align=center | 98
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|yamwalō}}
|-
| align=center | 9
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|siyam}}
| align=center | 19
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|samsiyam}}
| align=center | 29
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|darwamsiyam}}
| align=center | 39
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|tolomsiyam}}
| align=center | 49
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|pamsiyam}}
| align=center | 59
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|limamsiyam}}
| align=center | 69
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|nəmsiyam}}
| align=center | 79
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|pitomsiyam}}
| align=center | 89
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|walomsiyam}}
| align=center | 99
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|yamsiyam}}
|-
| align=center | 10
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|sampōlô}}
| align=center | 20
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|darwampōlô}}
| align=center | 30
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|tolompōlô}}
| align=center | 40
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|pampōlô}}
| align=center | 50
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|limampōlô}}
| align=center | 60
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|nəmpōlô}}
| align=center | 70
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|pitompōlô}}
| align=center | 80
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|walompōlô}}
| align=center | 90
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|yampōlô}}
| align=center | 100
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|saŋgatos}}
|}

There are no written records to indicate that Rinconada has native words for two-digit numbers (11–99). On the other hand, there is also no proof that the language has no indigenous words for those numbers. It is intriguing that Rinconada has native words for three-digit numbers (e.g. {{Lang|bto|sanggatos}} for 100) but not for two-digit numbers. Utilization and adaptation of foreign terminology during the 333 years of Spanish colonization could be one of the reasons why the native terminology may not have been passed to the new generations. Noting that an established language needs a complete numbering system in words, thus the reconstruction of words for 11 to 99 is necessary but needs to follow and retain the indigenous or original structural form of Rinconada's orthography.

=== Structure ===

The number words for 1 to 10 and 100 are all native Rinconada while numbers 11 to 99 are all reconstructed. However, the reconstructed numbers are based on the original structure. {{Lang|bto|Sampōlô}} (number ten) or {{Lang|tl|sampu}} in Tagalog is the only two-digit number that has a native word with a perfect indigenous structural form. The evolution of the word {{Lang|bto|sampōlô}} from {{Lang|bto|əsadnapōlô}} follows the orthography of Rinconada and developed naturally over the years.
Being said, it is imperative that all reconstructed numbers must follow the same format of the number 10.

The word {{Lang|bto|sampōlô}} is derived from a portmanteau of the words {{Lang|bto|əsad}} + {{Lang|bto|na}} + {{Lang|bto|pōlô}} ({{Lang|bto|əsadnapōlô}}) which is the based tenth of one.{{Clarify|date=November 2022}} In the evolution of this number, the schwa letter {{angbr|ə}} of {{Lang|bto|əsadnapōlô}} became silent and so the word became {{Lang|bto|sadnapōlô}}. As with other Philippine languages, {{IPA|/na/}} became {{IPA|/ŋ/}}, replacing the last consonant of the first word (which is {{IPA|/d/}}), and became the connector to the second word (which is {{Lang|bto|pōlô}}) – thus, {{IPA|/d/}} was omitted and the word became {{Lang|bto|saŋ}}. The connector {{IPA|/ŋ/}} becomes {{IPA|/m/}} naturally if the next letter is {{IPA|/p/}} or {{IPA|/b/}}, which is also the case in other Philippine languages. The word thus became {{Lang|bto|sampōlô}}.

'''Structure of {{Lang|bto|sampōlô}} (10)''':
# {{Lang|bto|əsad}} + {{Lang|bto|na}} + {{Lang|bto|pōlô}} = {{Lang|bto|əsadnapōlô}}
# {{Lang|bto|əsadnapōlô}} – {{IPA|/ə/}} = {{Lang|bto|sadnapōlô}}
# {{Lang|bto|sadnapōlô}} – {{IPA|/d/}} = {{Lang|bto|sanapōlô}}
# {{IPA|/na/}} replaced by {{IPA|/ŋ/}} = {{Lang|bto|saŋpōlô}}
# {{IPA|/ŋ/}} replaced by {{IPA|/m/}} before {{IPA|/p/}} = {{Lang|bto|sampōlô}}.

From {{Lang|bto|sampōlô}}, all two-digit numbers were given a name that was copied from it. The numbers 40 ({{Lang|bto|pampōlô}}) and 60 ({{Lang|bto|nəmpōlô}}) follow the same pattern as {{Lang|bto|sampōlô}}. The exception to the naming system of numbers is the number zero (0). Though zero (0) is a single digit, there is no native word for it. Since {{Lang|bto|sampōlô}} (10) is a combination of 1 and 0, the word {{Lang|bto|pōlô}} was taken from it to represent zero (0) rather than using {{Lang|bto|sīro}} or {{Lang|bto|sēro}}. As a result, Rinconada has a complete basic set of numbers without using foreign words.

The number referenced in [[Philippine peso|Php]] 356,817,142,590 can be translated into Rinconada Bikol as:

{{Lang|bto|Toloŋgatos limamnəm na bilyon, waloŋgatos sampitoŋ milyon, saŋgatos pamdarwaŋ rībo ag limaŋgatos yampōloŋ pīso.}}

In English it is:

'Three hundred fifty six billion, eight hundred seventeen million, one-hundred forty two thousand and five hundred ninety pesos'.

In Filipino it is:

{{Lang|fil|Tatlong daan limampu't anim na bilyon, walong daan at labing pitong milyon, sandaan at apatnapu't dalawang libo at limang raan siyamnapung piso.}}

*Rinconada numbers in words are very simple in structure. Translations are shorter than both Filipino and English languages.

=== Comparison chart ===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Decimal Numbers
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 10
|-
| '''[[Proto-Austronesian language|PAN]], circa 4000 BC'''
| align=center | {{Lang|mis|*isa}} <!-- Proto-Austronesian -->
| align=center | {{Lang|mis|*DuSa}} <!-- Proto-Austronesian -->
| align=center | {{Lang|mis|*telu}} <!-- Proto-Austronesian -->
| align=center | {{Lang|mis|*Sepat}} <!-- Proto-Austronesian -->
| align=center | {{Lang|mis|*lima}} <!-- Proto-Austronesian -->
| align=center | {{Lang|mis|*enem}} <!-- Proto-Austronesian -->
| align=center | {{Lang|mis|*pitu}} <!-- Proto-Austronesian -->
| align=center | {{Lang|mis|*walu}} <!-- Proto-Austronesian -->
| align=center | {{Lang|mis|*Siwa}} <!-- Proto-Austronesian -->
| align=center | {{Lang|mis|*puluq}} <!-- Proto-Austronesian -->
|-
| '''[[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]'''
| align=center | {{Lang|tl|isá}}
| align=center | {{Lang|tl|dalawá}}
| align=center | {{Lang|tl|tatló}}
| align=center | {{Lang|tl|ápat}}
| align=center | {{Lang|tl|limá}}
| align=center | {{Lang|tl|ánim}}
| align=center | {{Lang|tl|pitó}}
| align=center | {{Lang|tl|waló}}
| align=center | {{Lang|tl|siyám}}
| align=center | {{Lang|tl|sampu}}
|-
| '''[[Cebuano language|Cebuano]]'''
| align=center | {{Lang|ceb|usá}}
| align=center | {{Lang|ceb|duhá}}
| align=center | {{Lang|ceb|tuló}}
| align=center | {{Lang|ceb|upat}}
| align=center | {{Lang|ceb|limá}}
| align=center | {{Lang|ceb|unom}}
| align=center | {{Lang|ceb|pitó}}
| align=center | {{Lang|ceb|waló}}
| align=center | {{Lang|ceb|siyám}}
| align=center | {{Lang|ceb|napulu}}
|-
| '''Rinconada'''
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|əsad}}
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|darwā}}
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|tolō}}
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|əpat}}
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|limā}}
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|ənəm}}
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|pitō}}
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|walō}}
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|siyam}}
| align=center | {{Lang|bto|sampōlô}}
|-
| '''[[Chamorro language|Chamorro]]'''
| align=center | {{Lang|ch|maisa}}, {{Lang|ch|håcha}}
| align=center | {{Lang|ch|hugua}}
| align=center | {{Lang|ch|tulu}}
| align=center | {{Lang|ch|fatfat}}
| align=center | {{Lang|ch|lima}}
| align=center | {{Lang|ch|gunum}}
| align=center | {{Lang|ch|fiti}}
| align=center | {{Lang|ch|guålu}}
| align=center | {{Lang|ch|sigua}}
| align=center | {{Lang|ch|månot}}, {{Lang|ch|fulu}}
|-
| '''[[Malay language|Malay]]'''
| align=center | {{Lang|ms|satu}}
| align=center | {{Lang|ms|dua}}
| align=center | {{Lang|ms|tiga}}
| align=center | {{Lang|ms|empat}}
| align=center | {{Lang|ms|lima}}
| align=center | {{Lang|ms|enam}}
| align=center | {{Lang|ms|tujuh}}
| align=center | {{Lang|ms|lapan}}
| align=center | {{Lang|ms|sembilan}}
| align=center | {{Lang|ms|sepuluh}}
|-
| '''[[Javanese language|Javanese]]'''
| align=center | {{Transl|jv|siji}}
| align=center | {{Transl|jv|loro}}
| align=center | {{Transl|jv|telu}}
| align=center | {{Transl|jv|papat}}
| align=center | {{Transl|jv|limo}}
| align=center | {{Transl|jv|nem}}
| align=center | {{Transl|jv|pitu}}
| align=center | {{Transl|jv|wolu}}
| align=center | {{Transl|jv|songo}}
| align=center | {{Transl|jv|sepuluh}}
|-
| '''[[Tongan language|Tongan]]'''
| align=center | {{Lang|to|taha}}
| align=center | {{Lang|to|ua}}
| align=center | {{Lang|to|tolu}}
| align=center | {{Lang|to|fā}}
| align=center | {{Lang|to|nima}}
| align=center | {{Lang|to|ono}}
| align=center | {{Lang|to|fitu}}
| align=center | {{Lang|to|valu}}
| align=center | {{Lang|to|hiva}}
| align=center | {{Lang|to|-fulu}}
|-
| '''[[Samoan language|Samoan]]'''
| align=center | {{Lang|sm|tasi}}
| align=center | {{Lang|sm|lua}}
| align=center | {{Lang|sm|tolu}}
| align=center | {{Lang|sm|fā}}
| align=center | {{Lang|sm|lima}}
| align=center | {{Lang|sm|ono}}
| align=center | {{Lang|sm|fitu}}
| align=center | {{Lang|sm|valu}}
| align=center | {{Lang|sm|iva}}
| align=center | {{Lang|sm|sefulu}}
|-
| '''[[Māori language|Māori]]'''
| align=center | {{Lang|mi|tahi}}
| align=center | {{Lang|mi|rua}}
| align=center | {{Lang|mi|toru}}
| align=center | {{Lang|mi|whā}}
| align=center | {{Lang|mi|rima}}
| align=center | {{Lang|mi|ono}}
| align=center | {{Lang|mi|whitu}}
| align=center | {{Lang|mi|waru}}
| align=center | {{Lang|mi|iwa}}
| align=center | {{Lang|mi|tekau}} (archaic: {{Lang|mi|ngahuru}})
|-
| '''[[Marquesan language|Marquesan]]'''
| align=center | {{Lang|mqm|e tahi}}
| align=center | {{Lang|mqm|e 'ua}}
| align=center | {{Lang|mqm|e to'u}}
| align=center | {{Lang|mqm|e fa}}
| align=center | {{Lang|mqm|e 'ima}}
| align=center | {{Lang|mqm|e ono}}
| align=center | {{Lang|mqm|e fitu}}
| align=center | {{Lang|mqm|e va'u}}
| align=center | {{Lang|mqm|e iva}}
| align=center | {{Lang|mqm|'onohu'u}}
|}

== Intelligibility ==

[[File:Bikol languages.jpg|300px|thumb|right|'''Coverage of Rinconada Bikol language''' (purple)<br /> '''Coverage of Albay Bikol languages:''' <br /> Buhinon Bikol (dark blue) <br /> Libon Bikol (violet)<br /> West Miraya Bikol (light blue) <br /> East Miraya Bikol (blue-gray)]]

Although properly considered separate languages, speakers of Rinconada Bikol or Rinconada can communicate with [[Albay Bicolano|Albay Bikol]] speakers with ease and without [[code-switching]]. A student from Ligao City (West Miraya speaker) studying at a university in Iriga City can understand Rinconada (any variant) and can be understood by Rinconada speakers as well. The same thing will happen if a local tourist from Rinconada visits the Cagsawa Ruins in [[Albay Province|Albay]] or visits Donsol, Sorsogon (East Miraya speaker) for the annual whale shark sightings. The difference between Rinconada and [[Albay Bicolano|Albay Bikol]] (both are included in the Inland Bikol group) is comparable to [[German language|German]] and [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] or [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] and [[Galician language|Galician]], while the differences between variants are comparable to those between English US, English British and English Australian. The mutual intelligibility of Rinconada and Albay Bikol is 80% to 85%, while intelligibility between variants is 95% to 98%.{{citation needed|date=April 2014}}

== Status ==
Rinconada Bikol is a minority language in the Bicol region despite having hundreds of thousands of speakers. It is currently not used in commercial media (print, radio, television) despite the fact that there are numerous prominent Rinconada speakers in the music and entertainment industry, media, and Philippine politics. It is not among the recognized regional languages in the Philippines and remains unknown to many Filipinos as it is poorly documented, researched and promoted.{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}

Currently, the major obstacle to the diffusion of the usage and teaching of Rinconada is the lack of written material in Rinconada Bikol language, namely books, newspapers, software, magazines, etc. Thus, Rinconada, along with other [[Inland Bikol languages]] and the minor indigenous languages of Bicol region, remains essentially a [[spoken language]].

Due to the everyday exposure of younger generations to Filipino/Tagalog and English in mass media and on social networking sites, native words that are rarely used are now disappearing and being replaced by their counterparts from other languages. If it cannot be stopped by any means, this trend is more likely to continue and might endanger the language in the near future.{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}

=== Publication ===

The only dictionary written for the language is ''Rinconada: Bikol-Filipino-English Phrasebook: with Mini-dictionary'' (2001) of Jason Lobel and Grace Bucad of Nabua, Camarines Sur. Several books were successfully written and published by native speakers and non-speakers alike. Some were published by Frank Peñones, Jason Chancoco, Rizaldy Manrique, Jonher Cañeba and Kristian Cordero of Iriga City. In 2004, {{Lang|bto|Ragang Rinaranga: mga rawitdawit}}, published by Frank Peñones, was the first anthology written in Rinconada Bikol.

On June 25, 2013, the Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges (CSPC), a state college in [[Nabua, Camarines Sur]], established the ''Center for Rinconada Studies'' to serve as the research center for the Rinconada Bikol language and heritage.<ref>{{cite web |date=June 19, 2013 |title=CSPC@30 Kicks Off |url=http://www.cspc.edu.ph/index.php/news-and-updates/204-cspc30-kicks-off |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126021914/http://www.cspc.edu.ph/index.php/news-and-updates/204-cspc30-kicks-off |archive-date=November 26, 2013 |access-date=November 24, 2015}}</ref>

== Distribution ==

Rinconada is spoken by the majority in [[Bula, Camarines Sur|Bula]], [[Baao]], [[Nabua]], [[Balatan]], [[Iriga]] and [[Bato, Camarines Sur|Bato]] in [[Camarines Sur]] (politically the fifth district of Camarines Sur province except the municipality of [[Buhi, Camarines Sur|Buhi]], where the majority speaks Buhinon). The language is dominant and the lingua franca in the southern half of the provincial capital town of Pili, the west barangays of Ocampo, and the far west barangays of Buhi; it can also be heard in neighboring places such as the northern barangays of [[Polangui]] and [[Libon, Albay|Libon]] in [[Albay]].

Figure:

{| border="1" cellpadding="2"
|-
!Town/City
!Population
!Percentage
|-
|Baao, Cam. Sur
|54,971
|100%
|-
|Balatan, Cam. Sur
|28,699
|100% (25% of the population is bilingual with Coastal Bikol)
|-
|Bato, Cam. Sur
|48,306
|100%
|- 
|Buhi, Cam. Sur
|24,603
|1/3 of the population
|-
|Bula, Cam. Sur
|68,011
|100%
|-
|Iriga City
|105,919
|100%
|-
|Nabua, Cam. Sur
|80,111
|100%
|-
|Pili, Cam. Sur
|41,153
|(half of the population)
|-
|Polangui, Albay 
|27,435
|(1/3 of the population)
|-
|'''Total'''
|'''479,208'''
|
|}

Based on the population of towns and cities with a concentration of Rinconada Bikol speakers, the total number is 479,208 or almost half a million. This number is based on the population of the fifth district of [[Camarines Sur]] (Rinconada) and neighboring towns of Polangui and Pili, in which Rinconada Bikol is their de facto daily language. Moreover, the total number does not include speakers outside the Rinconada area. Some linguists place the native speaker population at an estimated 600,000 because there are many speakers outside the region who have left in search of better job opportunities. An example of this are the Filipinos enlisted in the US Navy who are from Nabua, Camarines Sur, comprising 10% of all Filipino US Servicemen. Most of these Rinconada speakers now reside mostly in San Diego, California.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2519&dat=19830425&id=qapdAAAAIBAJ&pg=1421,3747010|title=Filipino Retiress Live Good Life|access-date=February 17, 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage|Rinconada phrasebook|Rinconada|a phrasebook}}
{{Incubator|code= bto}}

{{Bikol languages}}
{{Languages of the Philippines}}
{{Philippine languages}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rinconada Bikol Language}}
[[Category:Bikol languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Camarines Sur]]
[[Category:Languages of the Philippines]]