View source for Robert, Count of Mortain

{{short description|11th-century Norman nobleman and the uterine half-brother of William the Conqueror}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
[[File:Bayeux_Tapestry_scene44_William_Odo_Robert.jpg|thumb|300px|Robert (''Rotbert''), Count of Mortain (right) sits at the left hand of his half-brother [[William the Conqueror|William, Duke of Normandy]]. Robert's full brother [[Odo of Bayeux|Odo]] (''Odo Ep[iscopu]s'', "Bishop Odo") sits to William's right, implying his seniority. This scene in the [[Bayeux Tapestry]] occurs near Hastings, immediately before William ordered the building of a castle there, shortly before the [[Battle of Hastings]].]]
'''Robert, Count of Mortain, first [[Earl of Cornwall]] of 2nd creation''' ({{circa|1031}}–{{circa|1095}}) was a Norman nobleman and the [[Sibling#Half|half-brother]] (on their mother's side) of King [[William the Conqueror]]. He was one of the very few proven [[companions of William the Conqueror]] at the [[Battle of Hastings]] and as recorded in the [[Domesday Book]] of 1086 was one of the greatest landholders in his half-brother's new [[Kingdom of England]].

==Life==
Robert was the son of [[Herluin de Conteville]] and [[Herleva|Herleva of Falaise]] and brother of [[Odo of Bayeux]].<ref name="CPIII4-694B">Detlev Schwennicke, ''Europäische Stammtafeln: Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten'', Neue Folge, Band III Teilband 4 (Marburg, Germany: Verlag von J. A. Stargardt, 1989), Tafel 694B</ref> Robert was born {{circa|1031}} in Normandy, a half-brother of William the Conqueror.<ref>George Edward Cokayne, ''The Complete Peerage of England Scotland Ireland Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant Extinct or Dormant'', Vol. III, Ed. Vicary Gibbs (London: The St. Catherine Press, Ltd., 1913), p. 427</ref> and was probably not more than a year or so younger than his brother Odo, born {{circa|1030}}.<ref name="CPIII4-694B"/><ref>George Edward Cokayne, ''The complete peerage; or, A history of the House of lords and all its members from the earliest times.'', Vol. VII, Ed. H. A. Doubleday, Howard de Walden (London: The St. Catherine Press, Ltd, 1929), p. 124</ref> About 1035, Herluin, as [[Viscount|Vicomte]] of Conteville, along with his wife Herleva and Robert, founded [[Grestain Abbey]].<ref>David C. Douglas, ''William the Conqueror'' (Berkeley and Los Angeles: The University of California Press, 1964)p. 112</ref>

===Count of Mortain===
Around 1049 his brother Duke William made him [[List of Counts of Mortain|Count of Mortain]],<ref>K.S.B. Keats-Rohan, ''Domesday People, A Prosopography of Persons Occurring in English Documents 1066–1166'', Volume I, Domesday Book (Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, Woodbridge, 1999)p. 371</ref> in place of William Werlenc, who had been banished by Duke William; according to [[Orderic Vitalis]], on a single word.<ref>Ordericus Vitalis, ''The Ecclesiastical History of England and Normandy'', Trans. Thomas Forester, Vol. II (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1854), p. 79</ref> William Werlenc was a grandson of [[Richard I of Normandy|Duke Richard I]]<ref name="ESII79">Detlev Schwennicke, ''Europäische Stammtafeln: Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten'', Neue Folge, Band II (Marburg, Germany: Verlag von J. A. Stargardt, 1984), Tafel 79</ref>  and therefore a cousin once removed to William, Duke of Normandy.<ref name="ESII79"/> Securing the southern border of Normandy was critical to Duke William and Robert was entrusted with this key county which guarded the borders of [[Brittany]] and [[Bellême]].<ref>Brian Golding, 'Robert of Mortain', ''Anglo-Norman Studies XIII; Proceedings of the Battle Conference 1990'', Ed. Marjorie Chibnall (Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 1991), p. 120</ref>

===Conquest of England===
In early 1066, Robert was present at both the first [[Council of Lillebonne]], that of William's inner circle, and the second larger council held to discuss the Duke's planned conquest of England. Robert agreed to provide 120 ships to the invasion fleet,<ref>Elisabeth M.C, van Houts, 'The Ship List of William the Conqueror', ''Anglo-Norman Studies X: Proceedings of the Battle Conference 1987'', Ed. R. Allen Brown (Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 1988), p. 161</ref> which was more than any other of William's magnates.<ref name="RM121">Brian Golding, 'Robert of Mortain', Anglo-Norman Studies XIII; Proceedings of the Battle Conference 1990, Ed. Marjorie Chibnall (Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 1991), p. 121</ref> Robert was one of those few known to have been at the Battle of Hastings in 1066.<ref>K.S.B. Keats-Rohan, ''Domesday People, A Prosopography of Persons Occurring in English Documents 1066–1166'', Volume I, Domesday Book (Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, Woodbridge, 1999)p. 372</ref> He is pictured at a dinner at [[Pevensey]] on the [[Bayeux Tapestry]], seated with his brothers William and Odo on the day of the landing in England.<ref name="RM121"/> When granting the monastery of [[St Michael's Mount]] in [[Cornwall]] to the Norman monastery on the [[Mont-Saint-Michel]] in [[Normandy]], Robert recorded that he had fought at the Battle of Hastings under the banner of [[Michael (archangel)|St Michael]] (''habens in bello Sancti Michaelis vexillum'').<ref>''The Cartulary of St. Michael's Mount, ed. P.L. Hull, Devon and Cornwall Record Society, New Series, Vol. V (1962), p. 1</ref><ref>Henderson, C. G. (1933) "Cornwall and her patron saint", In: his ''Essays in Cornish History''. Oxford: Clarendon Press; pp. 197–201</ref>

===Lands granted by William the Conqueror===
Robert's contribution to the success of the invasion was clearly regarded as highly significant by the Conqueror, who awarded him a large share of the spoils; in total 797 manors at the time of [[Domesday Book|Domesday]].<ref name="CPIII428">George Edward Cokayne, ''The Complete Peerage of England Scotland Ireland Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant Extinct or Dormant'', Vol. III, Ed. Vicary Gibbs (London: The St. Catherine Press, Ltd., 1913), p. 428</ref> The greatest concentration of his honours lay in [[Earl of Cornwall|Cornwall]] where he held virtually all of that Earldom and was considered by some the Earl of Cornwall.<ref group=lower-alpha>His position of authority in the south west has therefore led many to consider him as the Earl of Cornwall, although it appears uncertain whether he was formally created as such. The Complete Peerage, III, 428 states while he may have been considered the earl he was only known officially as ''Comes Moritoniensis''. According to [[Charles G. Henderson|Charles Henderson]] "Count Robert did not call himself Earl of Cornwall [but] enjoyed the power that in the following century belonged to the earls, and after them the dukes". See: Henderson, C. G. (1933) "Cornwall and her patron saint", In: his ''Essays in Cornish History''. Oxford: Clarendon Press; pp. 197–201.</ref><ref name="CPIII428"/> While Robert held lands in twenty counties, the majority of his holdings in certain counties was as few as five manors. The overall worth of his estates was £2100.<ref name="RM124">Brian Golding, 'Robert of Mortain', ''Anglo-Norman Studies XIII; Proceedings of the Battle Conference 1990'', Ed. Marjorie Chibnall (Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 1991), p. 124</ref> He administered most of his southwestern holdings from [[Launceston, Cornwall]], and [[Montacute|Montacute in Somerset]].<ref name="RM124"/> The holding of single greatest importance was the [[rape of Pevensey]] (east Sussex) which protected one of the more vulnerable parts of the south coast of England.<ref name="RM124"/>

==Later life==
In 1069, together with [[Robert, Count of Eu|Robert of Eu]], he led an army against a force of Danes in [[Lindsey, Lincolnshire|Lindsey]] and effected great slaughter against them.<ref name="CPIII428"/> After that there is little mention of Robert who appears to have been an absentee landholder spending the majority of his time in Normandy.<ref name="RM144">Brian Golding, 'Robert of Mortain', ''Anglo-Norman Studies XIII; Proceedings of the Battle Conference 1990'', Ed. Marjorie Chibnall (Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 1991), p. 144</ref> Along with his brother Odo he participated in a revolt in 1088 against [[William II of England|William II]] but afterwards he was pardoned.<ref name="CPIII428"/> Robert died in 1095, possibly on 9 December,<ref>{{Cite ODNB|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/19339|title=Robert, count of Mortain (d. 1095), magnate {{!}} Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|year=2004|language=en|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/19339}}</ref> and chose to be buried at the [[Abbey of Grestain]],<ref name="CPIII428"/> near his father and next to his first wife Matilda.<ref name="RM144"/>

==Character==
He was described by [[William of Malmesbury]] in his ''[[Gesta Regum Anglorum]]'' as a man of stupid dull disposition (''crassi et hebetis ingenii'').<ref name="RM122">Brian Golding, 'Robert of Mortain', ''Anglo-Norman Studies XIII; Proceedings of the Battle Conference 1990'', Ed. Marjorie Chibnall (Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 1991), p. 122</ref> William the Conqueror considered him one of his greatest supporters and trusted him with the important county of Mortain.<ref name="RM122"/> Further clues to his character are found in the ''Vita'' of [[Vitalis of Savigny]], a very wise monk whom Robert sought out as his chaplain.<ref name="RM122"/> One incident tells of Robert beating his wife and Vital, intervening, threatened to end the marriage if Robert did not repent.<ref name="RM123">Brian Golding, 'Robert of Mortain', ''Anglo-Norman Studies XIII; Proceedings of the Battle Conference 1990'', Ed. Marjorie Chibnall (Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 1991), p. 123</ref> In still another entry Vital tells of his leaving Robert's service abruptly and after being escorted back to him, Robert begged for Vital's pardon for his actions.<ref name="RM123"/> Overall, Robert was proficient in every duty William assigned him. He was a religious man yet ill-tempered enough to beat his wife, but was not known as a man of great wisdom.<ref name="RM123"/>

==Family==
Robert was married to Matilda, daughter of [[Roger de Montgomery, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury]], before 1066<ref name="CPIII428"/> and together they had:

* [[William, Count of Mortain]], who succeeded him, was offered to wed [[Mary of Scotland, Countess of Boulogne|Mary of Scotland]].<ref name="CPIII4-694B"/>
* Agnes who married André de Vitré, seigneur of Vitré.<ref name="CPIII4-694B"/>
* Denise, married in 1078 to Guy, 2nd Sire de Laval.<ref name="CPIII4-694B"/>
* Emma of Mortain (ca. 1058 – 1080), married to [[William IV of Toulouse]], Duke of Narbonne.<ref name="CPIII4-694B"/>

Through Emma's daughter [[Philippa, Countess of Toulouse]], Robert was the great-great-grandfather of [[Eleanor of Aquitaine]] and hence an ancestor of all English monarchs after [[Henry II of England|Henry II]].

After Matilda de Montgomery's death in 1084<ref>K.S.B. Keats-Rohan, ''Domesday People, A Prosopography of Persons Occurring in English Documents 1066–1166'', Volume I, Domesday Book (Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 1999), p. 372</ref> Robert secondly married Almodis.<ref name="CPIII428"/> The couple had no children.

==Portrayals on screen==
On screen, Robert has been portrayed by Gordon Whiting in the two-part [[BBC]] TV play ''Conquest'' (1966), part of the series ''[[Theatre 625]]'', and by Richard Ireson in the TV drama ''Blood Royal: William the Conqueror'' (1990).

==Notes==
{{Portal|Cornwall}}
{{commonscat|Robert of Mortain}}
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==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

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{{succession box | before=[[William Warlenc]] | title=[[Count of Mortain]] | years=1049–1095 | after=[[William, Count of Mortain|William]]}}
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{{succession box | before=[[Brian of Brittany]] | title=[[Earl of Cornwall]] | years=1072–1095 | after=[[William, Count of Mortain|William]]}}
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[[Category:1030s births]]
[[Category:1090s deaths]]
[[Category:11th-century English nobility]]
[[Category:Anglo-Normans]]
[[Category:Companions of William the Conqueror]]
[[Category:Norman warriors]]
[[Category:Prisoners in the Tower of London]]
[[Category:Devon Domesday Book tenants-in-chief]]