View source for SS Cabo Machichaco

{{Short description|Steamship whose cargo of dynamite exploded in Santander, Spain in 1893 and 1894}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2022}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image= El vapor Cabo Machichaco.PNG
|Ship caption= ''Cabo Machichaco'' in Santander Harbour<br>after the first explosion
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header= 
|Ship name= *1882: ''Benisaf''
*1886: ''Cabo Machichaco''
|Ship namesake= *1882: [[Béni Saf]]
|Ship owner= *1882: Jules Mesnier
*1886: Ybarra y Compañía
|Ship operator= 
|Ship registry= *1882: {{flagicon|France}} [[Port of Le Havre|Le Havre]]
*1886: {{flagicon|Spain|civil-1785}} [[Port of Seville|Seville]]
|Ship route= *1886: [[Port of Bilbao|Bilbao]] – [[Marseille-Fos Port|Marseille]]
|Ship ordered= 
|Ship builder= Schlesinger, Davis & Co, [[Wallsend]]
|Ship original cost= 
|Ship yard number= 121
|Ship laid down= 
|Ship launched= January 1882
|Ship completed= 
|Ship acquired= 
|Ship maiden voyage= 
|Ship refit= 
|Ship in service= 
|Ship out of service=  
|Ship identification= *1886: [[code letters]] LFDB
*{{ICS|Lima}}{{ICS|Foxtrot}}{{ICS|Delta}}{{ICS|Bravo}}
|Ship fate= Destroyed by cargo explosions in 1893 and 1894
|Ship notes= 
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header= 
|Header caption= 
|Ship type= [[cargo ship]]
|Ship tonnage= {{GRT|1689}}, {{NRT|1148}}
|Ship length= {{cvt|260.0|ft|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam= {{cvt|33.7|ft|abbr=on}}
|Ship height= 
|Ship draught= 
|Ship depth= {{cvt|19.4|ft|abbr=on}}
|Ship decks= 
|Ship power= 200 [[Horsepower#Nominal horsepower|NHP]]
|Ship propulsion= 2-cylinder [[Marine steam engine#Compound|compound engine]]
|Ship speed= {{convert|8|kn|km/h}}
|Ship capacity= 
|Ship crew= 35
|Ship notes= [[sister ship]]: ''Lavrion''
}}
|}

'''''Cabo Machichaco''''' was an iron-hulled [[Cargo ship|cargo]] [[steamship]] that was built in England in 1882 as '''''Benisaf''''', and renamed ''Cabo Machichaco'' in 1886. She was destroyed by two explosions in her cargo in 1893 and 1894 in the port of [[Santander, Spain]]. The first explosion killed several hundred people in the city of Santander as well as on the ship, and was Spain's worst peacetime disaster in the 19th century. The second explosion killed a number of workers who were [[Marine salvage|salving]] the remainder of her cargo from her sunken wreck.

==Building and owners==
Schlesinger, Davis and Company of [[Wallsend]], [[North East England]], built a pair of cargo ships, yard numbers 120 and 121, for Jules Mesnier, a French ship owner. 120 was launched on 6 December 1881 as ''Lavrion''.<ref name=TBS-Lavrion>{{cite web |url= http://www.tynebuiltships.co.uk/L-Ships/lavrion1882.html |title=Lavrion |work=Tyne Built Ships |publisher=Shipping and Shipbuilding Research Trust |access-date=14 September 2022}}</ref> 121 was launched her in January 1882 as ''Benisaf''.<ref name=TBS-Benisaf>{{cite web |url= http://www.tynebuiltships.co.uk/B-Ships/benisaf1882.html |title=Benisaf |work=Tyne Built Ships |publisher=Shipping and Shipbuilding Research Trust |access-date=14 September 2022}}</ref> ''Benisaf''{{'}}s registered length was {{cvt|260.0|ft|abbr=on}}, her [[Beam (nautical)|beam]] was {{cvt|33.7|ft|abbr=on}} and her depth was {{cvt|19.4|ft|abbr=on}}. She had three [[Hold (compartment)|holds]], and her [[tonnage]]s were {{GRT|1689}} and {{NRT|1148}}.{{sfn|''Lloyd's Register'' 1885|loc=BEN}}

''Benisaf''{{'}}s [[engine room]], [[Fire room|stokehold]], [[Bridge (nautical)|bridge]] and single funnel were amidships, between her number two and three holds. She had a single [[Propeller|screw]], driven by a two-cylinder [[Marine steam engine#Compound|compound steam engine]] built by [[R and W Hawthorn]] of [[Newcastle upon Tyne]]. The engine was rated at 200 [[Horsepower#Nominal horsepower|NHP]]{{sfn|''Lloyd's Register'' 1885|loc=BEN}} and gave her a speed of {{convert|8|kn|km/h}}.{{sfn|Jar Torre|2009}} She had two masts, one forward of her bridge and the other aft. She was [[Rigging|rigged]] as a [[brigantine]].

[[File:Cabo Machichaco drawing.jpg|thumb|left|Plan and longitudinal section of ''Benisaf'']]
Mesnier [[Ship registration|registered]] ''Benisaf'' in [[Port of Le Havre|Le Havre]], [[French Third Republic|France]].{{sfn|''Lloyd's Register'' 1885|loc=BEN}} She was named after the town of [[Béni Saf]] on the coast of what was then [[French Algeria]]. Mesnier may have used her as a [[Collier (ship)|collier]].{{sfn|Jar Torre|2009}}

In 1886 Ybarra y Compañía bought both ''Lavrion'' and ''Benisaf'', and renamed them ''Cabo Mayor'' and ''Cabo Machichaco'' respectively. Ybarra registered ''Cabo Machichaco'' in [[Port of Seville|Seville]], [[Restoration (Spain)|Spain]]. Her [[code letters]] were LFDB.{{sfn|''Lloyd's Register'' 1891|loc=C.A.B.–CAB}} Ybarra named many of its ships after [[headland]]s. Both Cabo Mayor and Cabo Machichaco are on the north coast of Spain. Cabo Mayor is near the entrance of the Bay of Santander in [[Cantabria]]. Cabo Machichaco is near [[Bermeo]] in the [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque Country]].

[[File:Cabo Mayor 1881–1886.jpg|thumb|''Cabo Machichaco''{{'}}s [[sister ship]] ''Cabo Mayor'', wrecked on the rocks of Cabo Mayor in 1886]]
''Cabo Mayor'' and ''Cabo Machichaco'' became two of seven ships that Ybarra employed on its [[Cargo liner|liner cargo]] service between [[Port of Bilbao|Bilbao]] and [[Marseille-Fos Port|Marseille]] via intermediate ports. But soon after joining Ybarra's fleet, on 4 September 1886, ''Cabo Mayor'' ran onto rocks on her namesake and became a total loss.<ref name=TBS-Lavrion/>{{sfn|Jar Torre|2009}}

==Cargo fire==
[[File:Cabo Machichaco en el muelle.PNG|thumb|''Cabo Machichaco'' on fire, before the first explosion]]
On 24 October 1893 ''Cabo Machichaco'' left Bilbao carrying cargo including iron bars, strips, ingots, and other iron goods, tinplate, flour, wine, paper, tobacco, wood and other items. Her cargo included more than 51 tonnes of dynamite packed in 1,720 boxes, and 12 tonnes of sulphuric acid in 20 glass flasks carried as deck cargo. About 40 tons of dynamite was in her two forward holds, and about 11 tons was in her number three hold. Most of the dynamite was destined for Seville and [[Port of Cartagena|Cartagena]], but 20 boxes were to be unloaded at Santander.{{sfn|Jar Torre|2009}}

Spanish law forbade any cargo ship to carry more than 43 tonnes of dynamite. And since 1889, the regulations of the Port of Santander restricted the unloading of dynamite to locations as far as possible from the city. It had to be either transhipped to barges off the [[Magdalena Peninsula]], or landed at piers 7 and 8 at [[Maliaño]]. Unloading it in the main port within the city of Santander was forbidden.{{sfn|Jar Torre|2009}}

In October 1893 [[cholera]] had broken out in Bilbao. Therefore ''Cabo Machichaco'' was required to spend ten days at anchor in [[quarantine]] before entering Santander. On the morning of 3 November she entered port, and about 0700 hrs she docked at Pier 1, which was a timber jetty in the centre of the city's waterfront that extended about {{cvt|50|m|disp=flip}} from the shore. Unloading cargo began about 0800 hrs. 29 tonnes of paper was transhipped to another ship, ''Navarro'', which was moored nearby.{{sfn|Jar Torre|2009}}

About 1400 hrs smoke was seen coming from ''Cabo Machichaco''{{'}}s number two hold. Her crew used a pump and hose to fight the fire. Santander's municipal fire service came to lead the fight against the fire. Passers-by started to gather on the waterfront to watch the spectacle. About 1445 hrs seven members of the crew of the steamship ''Vizcaya'' joined the fight against the fire, but by 1500 hrs holds one and two were still ablaze. ''Cabo Machichaco''{{'}}s [[Sea captain|Captain]], Facundo Léniz, decided to flood the holds, sinking the forepart of the ship, to extinguish the fire. This would also flood the engine room and stokehold, which would shut down the engine and disable ''Cabo Machichaco''{{'}}s steam-powered equipment, including pumps, winches and windlass.{{sfn|Jar Torre|2009}}

[[File:El vapor Alfonso XIII de 1889.PNG|thumb|The [[Compañía Transatlántica Española|CTE]] [[ocean liner]] ''Alfonso XIII'']]
A [[Compañía Transatlántica Española]] [[ocean liner]], ''Alfonso XIII'', was in port. About 1600 hrs her [[Master mariner|Master]], Captain Francisco Jaureguizar y Cagigal, with one of his officers and about 40 of his crew came alongside ''Cabo Machichaco'' in a steam launch to help. Members of the crew of other ships then in port also came to help, including from [[Naviera Pinillos|Pinillos Sáenz]]'s ocean liner ''Catalina'', British merchant ship ''Eden'' and French ship ''Galindo''.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.mgar.net/cte/alfonso2.htm |title=Alfonso XIII (1889-1915) |work=Compañía Trasatlántica Española |lang=es |access-date=14 September 2022}}</ref> The effort now was not only to fight the fire, but also to salve items from ''Cabo Machichaco'' in case the fire spread further through the ship. The crew launched her lifeboats to save them from being destroyed.{{sfn|Jar Torre|2009}}

==First explosion==
[[File:The naval history of the United States (1896) (14784106062).jpg|thumb|The Pinillos Sáenz liner ''Catalina'']]
In order to sink the ship quickly enough, the plan was to use [[sledgehammer]]s and cold [[chisel]]s to open a hole in the [[Port and starboard|port]] side of her hull.<ref name=NYT-1893-1108>{{cite news |title=The Santander disaster |url-access=subscription |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=8 November 1893 |page=9 |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1893/11/08/109732616.html?pageNumber=9 |access-date=14 September 2022}}</ref> At about 1645 hrs, only minutes after men started work with the sledgehammers, the dynamite in her number two hold exploded. The initial force of the explosion was upward, killing everyone on the forward part of the ship, including all the officers and men who had come from ''Alfonso XIII'', but not the half of the crew who were salvaging items aft of the superstructure. Captain Léniz and about half of his crew were killed, including all his officers except the [[Chief engineer|Chief Engineer]].{{sfn|Jar Torre|2009}}

The explosion destroyed the forepart of the ship almost entirely, and threw iron parts of the ship and her cargo high in the air, along with hundreds of tonnes of mud and water from the port. Some of the iron pieces weighed up to {{cvt|300|kg|disp=flip}}. Most of the débris landed within a {{cvt|700|m|adj=on|disp=flip}} radius, but some items landed up to {{cvt|5|km|0|disp=flip}} away.{{sfn|Jar Torre|2009}} A news report claimed that one of ship's anchors landed destroying a house {{cvt|800|yd}} away.<ref name=NYT-1893-1106>{{cite news |title=City of dead and dying |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The New York Times |date=6 November 1893 |page=8 |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1893/11/06/109732270.html?pageNumber=8 |access-date=14 September 2022}}</ref> The explosion was so powerful that it caused an [[earth tremor]].{{sfn|Jar Torre|2009}}

[[File:Cabo calle1.jpg|thumb|Buildings wrecked by the first explosion]]
By now the crowd of people watching the fire may have numbered 3,000 to 4,000,<ref>{{cite news |title=Santander Harbor shaken |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The New York Times |date=22 March 1894 |page=1 |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1894/03/22/106900379.html?pageNumber=1 |access-date=14 September 2022}}</ref> and they were standing within {{cvt|200|m|disp=flip}} of the ship. In total about 300 people were killed instantly, and this number nearly doubled in the following weeks as people succumbed to their injuries. The most common cause of death was falling débris. A smaller number were killed by [[Blast injury|blast injuries]].{{sfn|Jar Torre|2009}} Drowning after being blown into the water was another cause of death.<ref name=NYT-1893-1108/> Between 65 and 70 buildings were also destroyed.<ref name=NYT-1893-1105>{{cite news |title=Hundreds killed and hurt |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The New York Times |date=5 November 1893 |page=8 |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1893/11/05/109268809.html?pageNumber=8 |access-date=14 September 2022}}</ref> The explosion sent waves through the water of the harbour that sank several boats that were near the ship.<ref name=NYT-1893-1108/>

[[File:Cabo Machichaco after first explosion.jpg|thumb|''Cabo Machichaco'' after the first explosion]]
Those killed included most of Santander's firefighters. Much of the flying débris was either hot or on fire, and started fires in surrounding buildings.<ref name=NYT-1893-1106/> Firefighters came from Bilbao, [[San Sebastián]] and elsewhere in the province to fight the fires.{{sfn|Jar Torre|2009}} 27 of the city's 29 members of the [[Civil Guard (Spain)|Guardia Civil]] were also killed.<ref name=NYT-1893-1105/> The Governor of Santander and Arturo Pombo y Villamerie, Marqués de Casa Pombo, were also killed, and the city's administration was paralysed. The Spanish Government sent its [[Ministry of Finance (Spain)|Minister of Finance]], [[Germán Gamazo]], to take charge.<ref name=NYT-1893-1108/>

[[Spanish Army]] troops were sent to clear débris and human remains on land, and at first [[Surface-supplied diving|surface-supplied divers]] were deployed to recover human remains from the harbour.<ref>{{cite news |title=Horror grows at Santander. |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The New York Times |date=7 November 1893 |page=3 |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1893/11/07/109732350.html?pageNumber=3 |access-date=14 September 2022}}</ref> But the divers became so distressed at the large number of the dead in the water, and the extent of their injuries, that they successfully pleaded to be released from the task. They were replaced by people in boats using [[grappling hook]]s.<ref name=NYT-1893-1108/>

==Second explosion==
[[File:Work between the explosions.jpg|thumb|Salvage work on the wreck after the first explosion]]
The first explosion left about 11 tonnes of dynamite in ''Cabo Machichaco''{{'}}s number three hold, unexploded, but under water and leaking [[nitroglycerin]]. On 15 March 1894, four months after the first explosion, a "technical board" of navy, army and civil experts arrived in Santander to try to solve the problem. The next day the board decided that the cargo, including the dynamite, should be salved, with [[Salvage diving|salvage divers]] working at night.{{sfn|Jar Torre|2009}}

On 21 March a diver started work in number three hold about 2000 hrs. At about 2110 hrs there was an explosion that killed at least 18 people and injured another seven.<ref>{{cite news |title=More Rioting in Santander. |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The New York Times |date=24 March 1894 |page=5 |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1894/03/24/106900783.html?pageNumber=5 |access-date=14 September 2022}}</ref> It also destroyed much of the equipment that the Harbour Board was using in the salvage operation.{{sfn|Jar Torre|2009}}

[[File:Cabo Machichaco after both explosions.jpg|thumb|Damage to ''Cabo Machichaco'' after the first and second explosions]]
The second explosion provoked public disorder. People tried to attack the homes of the Civil Governor and the engineer in charge of the salvage work.<ref>{{cite news |title=An angry mob at Santander |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The New York Times |date=23 March 1894 |page=5 |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1894/03/23/106900601.html?pageNumber=5 |access-date=14 September 2022}}</ref> Much of Santander's population attended the funeral of the 18 victims, which was held on 24 March. After they left the cemetery, some of the crowd threw stones at Ybarra's office in Santander.<ref name=NYT-1894-0326>{{cite news |title=Funeral of Santander victims. |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The New York Times |date=26 March 1894 |page=1 |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1894/03/26/106901173.html?pageNumber=1 |access-date=14 September 2022}}</ref> A detachment of Guardia Civil responded with fixed bayonets and firing shots in the air.{{sfn|Jar Torre|2009}} It was reported that "many civilians and a few soldiers [i.e. Guardia] were injured". After the Guardia drove them away from the company office, some of the crowd went to the harbour, where they cut the hawsers on an Ybarra ship that was moored there.<ref name=NYT-1894-0326/>

On 30 March 1894 the [[Spanish Navy]] [[gunboat]] ''Condor'' used explosive charges to disperse the remains of ''Cabo Machichaco''{{'}}s wreck. In 1947 the quay was extended out into deeper water. Before building began the area was dredged, and part of ''Cabo Machichaco''{{'}}s bow was found.{{sfn|Jar Torre|2009}}

==Monument==
[[File:Monumento-Machichaco@Santander.jpg|thumb|upright|Monument in Plaza Machichaco, [[Santander, Spain|Santander]]]]
In 1896 a monument was erected on the waterfront of Santander near where the ship exploded. It is a thick stone cross designed by Santander's then municipal architect, Valentín Casalís, with the dates of the two explosions on either side. On one side of the cross is a bronze sculpture of a grieving woman by Cipriano Doiztúa. The monument stands in an open space that is now called Plaza del Machichaco. Santander City Council holds a commemoration ceremony at the monument on 3 November every year.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.eldiariomontanes.es/20071104/santander/ayuntamiento-recordo-ayer-victimas-20071104.html |title=El Ayuntamiento recordó ayer a las víctimas del vapor 'Cabo Machichaco' |newspaper=[[El Diario Montañés]] |lang=es |date=4 November 2007 |access-date=14 September 2022}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[1941 Santander fire]]
*[[List of accidents and incidents involving transport or storage of ammunition]]
*[[List of maritime disasters]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite magazine |last=Jar Torre |first=Luis |date=November 2009 |title=Un Desastre a la Española |magazine=Revista General de Marina |lang=es |url= https://www.grijalvo.com/Jar/Cabo_Machichaco.htm |via=páginas personales de Juan Manuel Grijalvo}}
*{{cite book |year=1885 |title=Lloyd's Register of British and Foreign Shipping |volume=I–Steamers |place=London |publisher=[[Lloyd's Register]] of Shipping |url= https://archive.org/details/HECROS1885/page/n184/mode/1up |via=[[Internet Archive]] |ref={{harvid|''Lloyd's Register'' 1885}} }}
*{{cite book |year=1891 |title=Lloyd's Register of British and Foreign Shipping |volume=I–Steamers |place=London |publisher=[[Lloyd's Register]] of Shipping |url= https://archive.org/details/HECROS1892ST/page/n133/mode/1up |via=Internet Archive |ref={{harvid|''Lloyd's Register'' 1891}} }}

{{1893 shipwrecks}}
{{1894 shipwrecks}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cabo Machichaco}}

[[Category:1882 ships]]
[[Category:1893 in Spain]]
[[Category:1894 in Spain]]
[[Category:19th century in Cantabria]]
[[Category:Explosions in 1893]]
[[Category:Explosions in 1894]]
[[Category:Explosions in Spain]]
[[Category:Merchant ships of France]]
[[Category:Merchant ships of Spain]]
[[Category:Santander, Spain]]
[[Category:Naval magazine explosions]]
[[Category:Ships built on the River Tyne]]
[[Category:Steamships of France]]
[[Category:Steamships of Spain]]
[[Category:1893 disasters in Spain]]
[[Category:1894 disasters in Spain]]
[[Category:Ships sunk by non-combat internal explosions]]