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{{Short description|United States packet steamship}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
| Ship image = EXODUS.jpeg
| Ship caption = ''Exodus 1947'' derelict in Haifa in 1952
}}
{{Infobox ship career
| Ship country = 
| Ship flag = 
| Ship name = *1927: ''Florida'' (intended)
*1927–44, 1945–47: ''President Warfield''
*1944–45: USS ''President Warfield''
*1947: ''Exodus 1947''
| Ship namesake = *1927: [[S. Davies Warfield]]
*1947: [[The Exodus]]
| Ship owner = *1928–42: [[Baltimore Steam Packet Company|Baltimore Steam Packet Co]]
*1942–43: [[Ministry of War Transport]]
*1943–47: [[War Shipping Administration]]
*1947: [[Haganah]]
| Ship operator = *1928–42: Baltimore Steam Packet Co
*1942–43: [[Coast Lines]], Ltd
*1944–45: [[United States Navy]]
*1947: [[Mossad LeAliyah Bet]]
| Ship registry = *1928–42, 1943–47: {{flagicon|US|1947}} [[Port of Baltimore|Baltimore]]
*1942–43: {{flagicon|UK|civil}} [[Port of Southampton|Southampton]]
*1947: {{flagicon|Israel}} [[Israel]]
| Ship route = 1928–42: [[Norfolk, Virginia|Norfolk]] – [[Baltimore]]
| Ship ordered = 22 August 1927
| Ship builder = [[Pusey and Jones]], [[Wilmington, Delaware|Wilmington]]
| Ship yard number = 399
| Ship completed = 1928
| Ship in service = 1928
| Ship out of service = 1947
| Ship identification = *US [[official number]] 227753
*[[code letters]] MOVN (1928–33)
*{{ICS|Mike}}{{ICS|Oscar}}{{ICS|Victor}}{{ICS|November}}
*[[Maritime call sign|call sign]] KGQC (1934–42, 1943–47)
*{{ICS|Kilo}}{{ICS|Golf}}{{ICS|Quebec}}{{ICS|Charlie}}
*UK [[official number]] 167862 (1942–43)
*call sign BKMS (1942–43)
*{{ICS|Bravo}}{{ICS|Kilo}}{{ICS|Mike}}{{ICS|Sierra}}
*US Navy [[pennant number]]: IX-169 (1944–45)
| Ship fate = Sunk as [[Breakwater (structure)|breakwater]]
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
| Hide header = 
| Header caption = 
| Ship class = 
| Ship type = [[packet boat]]
| Ship tonnage = *as built: {{GRT|1814}}, {{NRT|1706}}
*from 1942: {{GRT|4273}}, {{NRT|2611}}
| Ship length = {{cvt|320.0|ft|abbr=on}}
| Ship beam = {{cvt|56.6|ft|abbr=on}}
| Ship draught = {{cvt|18|ft|6|in|abbr=on}}
| Ship depth = {{cvt|16.9|ft|abbr=on}}
| Ship decks = *as built: 1
*from 1942: 2
| Ship power = *486 [[Horsepower#Nominal horsepower|NHP]]
| Ship propulsion = [[Marine steam engine#Triple or multiple expansion|quadruple expansion engine]]
| Ship speed = {{convert|15|kn|km/h|abbr=on|lk=in}}
| Ship capacity = 540 passengers
| Ship troops = 605
| Ship complement = 70
| Ship armament = *1942:
*1 × [[QF 12-pounder 12 cwt AA gun|three-inch 12-pounder gun]]
*4 × [[Oerlikon 20 mm cannon|20mm guns]]
}}
|}

'''''Exodus 1947''''' was a [[Packet boat|packet]] [[steamship]] that was built in the [[United States]] in 1928 as '''''President Warfield''''' for the [[Baltimore Steam Packet Company]]. From her completion in 1928 until 1942 she carried passengers and freight across [[Chesapeake Bay]] between [[Norfolk, Virginia|Norfolk]], [[Virginia]] and [[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]].

From 1942 ''President Warfield'' served in the [[World War II|Second World War]] as a barracks and training ship for the [[British Armed Forces]]. In 1944 she was [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]] into the [[United States Navy]] as '''USS ''President Warfield'' (IX-169)''', a station and accommodation ship for the [[Normandy landings|D-Day landing]] on [[Omaha Beach]].

In 1947, she was renamed ''Exodus 1947'' to take part in [[Aliyah Bet]]. She took 4,515 [[Jewish]] [[aliyah|migrants]] from [[France]] to [[Mandatory Palestine]]. Most were [[Holocaust survivors]] who had no legal immigration certificates for Palestine. The [[Royal Navy]] [[Naval boarding|boarded]] her in international waters and took her to [[Port of Haifa|Haifa]], where ships were waiting to return the migrants to [[refugee camp]]s in Europe.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://jewishtimes.com/57779/hebrews-on-the-high-seas/news/ |last=Nozick |first=Daniel |title=Hebrews on the High Seas |newspaper=[[Baltimore Jewish Times]] |date=January 25, 2017}}</ref>

==Building==
[[Pusey and Jones]] built ''President Warfield'' in [[Wilmington, Delaware]], as hull number 399.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://digital.hagley.org/islandora/object/islandora%3A2163888 |title=Progress view of President Warfield, hull #399, night passenger steamer |work=Hagley Digital Archives |publisher=Hagley Museum and Library |access-date=21 December 2021}}</ref> She was [[Ceremonial ship launching|launched]] in 1927 and completed in 1928. She was a [[sister ship]] of the Baltimore Steam Packet Co's ''State of Maryland'' and ''State of Virginia'', which had been completed in 1922 and 1923 respectively.<ref>{{cite book |year=1930 |title=Lloyd's Register of Shipping |volume=II |chapter=Steamers and Motorships |place=London |publisher=[[Lloyd's Register]] of Shipping |via=[[Southampton City Council]] |at=STA |url= https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/30/30b1123.pdf}}</ref>

The ship was originally to be called ''Florida''. However, [[S. Davies Warfield]], who was President of the Baltimore Steam Packet Co and its parent company, the [[Seaboard Air Line Railroad]], died while she was being built, so she was named ''President Warfield'' in his honor.{{sfn|Brown|1961|p=[https://archive.org/details/steampacketsonch00brow/page/112 112]}}

Like her sisters, ''President Warfield''{{'}}s registered length was {{cvt|320.0|ft|abbr=on}}, her [[Beam (nautical)|beam]] was {{cvt|56.6|ft|abbr=on}} and her depth was {{cvt|16.9|ft|abbr=on}}. As built, her [[tonnage]]s were {{GRT|1814}} and {{NRT|706}}. She had a single [[propeller]], powered by a [[Marine steam engine#Triple or multiple expansion|quadruple expansion steam engine]].<ref name=LR1930>{{cite book |year=1930 |title=Lloyd's Register of Shipping |volume=II |chapter=Steamers and Motorships |place=London |publisher=[[Lloyd's Register]] of Shipping |via=[[Southampton City Council]] |at=PRE |url= https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/30/30b0959.pdf}}</ref>

==Baltimore Steam Packet==
[[File:Old Bay Line card2.jpg|thumb|left|1928 postcard promoting the Baltimore Steam Packet Co packet boats]]
The Baltimore Steam Packet Co registered ''President Warfield'' in [[Port of Baltimore|Baltimore]]. Her US [[official number]] was 227753, and until 1933 her [[code letters]] were MOVN.<ref name=LR1930/>

Until 1942 ''President Warfield'' and her sisters worked a packet route on Chesapeake Bay between Norfolk, Virginia and Baltimore, Maryland. She was built as a coal-burner, but in 1933 she was converted to oil fuel. In 1934 her code letters were superseded by the new [[Maritime call sign|call sign]] KGQC.<ref>{{cite book |year=1934 |title=Lloyd's Register of Shipping |volume=II |chapter=Steamers and Motorships |place=London |publisher=[[Lloyd's Register]] of Shipping |via=[[Southampton City Council]] |url= https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/34/34b0682.pdf}}</ref>

''President Warfield'' was modernised with the installation of a [[fire sprinkler system]] in 1938, and [[Radio direction finder|wireless direction finding]] and ship-to-shore telephone in 1939.<ref name=Brown116>{{harvnb|Brown|1961|p=[https://archive.org/details/steampacketsonch00brow/page/116 116]}}</ref>

==Second World War==
On July 12, 1942, the [[War Shipping Administration]] (WSA) acquired ''President Warfield'' and several other [[East Coast of the United States|US East Coast]] packet ships for the British [[Ministry of War Transport]]. Having been built only for service in the relatively sheltered waters of Chesapeake Bay, ''President Warfield'' needed to be altered to cross the North Atlantic safely. Her superstructure was cut back, and a "turtle-back" covering was built onto the forward end of her superstructure to withstand heavy seas. She was fitted with [[cargo ship]] masts and [[derrick]]s. She was fitted with one [[QF 12-pounder 12 cwt AA gun|three-inch 12-pounder gun]] on her stern as main armament, plus four [[Oerlikon 20 mm cannon|20mm anti-aircraft guns]]. She was repainted in plain gray.{{sfn|Brown|1961|pp=[https://archive.org/details/steampacketsonch00brow/page/106 106]–107}}<ref name=NHS>{{cite DANFS |author= Naval History and Heritage Command |author-link=Naval History and Heritage Command |title=President Warfield |url= https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/p/president-warfield.html |access-date=8 August 2019}}</ref>{{sfn|Stewart|2002|p=112}} The alterations increased ''President Warfield''{{'}}s tonnages to {{GRT|4273}} and {{NRT|2611}}.<ref>{{cite book |year=1942 |title=Lloyd's Register of Shipping |volume=II |chapter=Steamers and Motorships |place=London |publisher=[[Lloyd's Register]] of Shipping |via=[[Southampton City Council]] |url= https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/42/42b0711.pdf}}</ref>

In September 1942 ''President Warfield'' sailed to Britain via [[Boston]], [[Halifax, Nova Scotia]] and [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St John's, Newfoundland]]. From Boston onward she was escorted in [[convoy]]s. [[Coast Lines]] of [[Liverpool]], England, provided British [[Merchant Navy (United Kingdom)|Merchant Navy]] crews for ''President Warfield'' and the other coastal packet ships to bring them from the US to Britain. A crew commanded by [[Sea captain|Captain]] JR Williams took over ''President Warfield'', and on September 21, 1942, she left St John's in Convoy RB 1 to Liverpool.{{sfn|Brown|1961|pp=[https://archive.org/details/steampacketsonch00brow/page/108 108]–109}}

===Convoy RB 1===
[[File:HMS Veteran (Second World War).jpg|thumb|{{HMS|Veteran|D72|6}}, one of Convoy RB 1's escorts, which was sunk with all hands as the convoy dispersed]]
Convoy RB 1 officially comprised eight merchant ships, escorted by two [[Royal Navy]] [[destroyer]]s: {{HMS|Vanoc|H33|6}} and {{HMS|Veteran|D72|2}}. On the afternoon of September 25 a [[U-boat#World War II (1939–1945)|U-boat]] [[Wolfpack (naval tactic)|wolf pack]] attacked the convoy about {{convert|800|nmi|km}} west of [[Ireland]]. {{GS|U-216||2}} fired a spread of four torpedoes, two of which hit RB 1's commodore ship—the {{GRT|4989}} packet ship ''Boston''—sinking her with the loss of 17 of her crew. HMS ''Veteran''<ref>{{cite web |url= https://uboat.net/allies/merchants/ship/2211.html |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |title=Boston |work=uboat.net |access-date=18 December 2021}}</ref> and the packet ships ''New Bedford'' and ''Northland'' rescued 49 survivors.<ref name=Brown109>{{harvnb|Brown|1961|p=[https://archive.org/details/steampacketsonch00brow/page/109 109]}}</ref>

The {{GRT|3117}} packet ship ''Southland'' twice sighted a periscope, but each time drove off the submarine with rapid fire from her [[QF 12-pounder 12 cwt AA gun|12-pounder gun]].<ref name=Brown109/> A torpedo was fired at ''President Warfield'', but the packet boat quickly turned parallel to it and the torpedo passed by about {{convert|30|ft|0}} off her [[Port and starboard|port]] beam. Two minutes later ''President Warfield'' sighted a submarine near her port quarter and opened fire with her 12-pounder. HMS ''Veteran'' joined in the action with [[depth charge]]s.{{sfn|Brown|1961|p=[https://archive.org/details/steampacketsonch00brow/page/110 110]}}

Just before midnight, {{GS|U-96|1940|2}} fired a spread of two torpedoes, hitting ''Boston''{{'}}s {{GRT|4989}} sister ship, ''New York'', which was the vice-commodore's ship. 38 men were killed, the survivors abandoned ship, and an hour and a half later {{GS|U-91|1941|2}} sank her drifting hulk.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://uboat.net/allies/merchants/ship/2216.html |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |title=New York |work=uboat.net |access-date=18 December 2021}}</ref> HMS ''Veteran'' stopped to rescue survivors but {{GS|U-404||2}} torpedoed the destroyer, sinking her with all hands in the early hours of September 26.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/5440.html |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |title=HMS Veteran (D 72) |work=uboat.net |access-date=18 December 2021}}</ref>

The convoy dispersed but the attack continued. Late on the evening of September 26, {{GS|U-619||2}} torpedoed the steamship ''Yorktown'', sinking her with the loss of 18 men. Two days later the destroyer {{HMS|Sardonyx|H26|6}} rescued 42 survivors.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://uboat.net/allies/merchants/ship/2214.html |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |title=Yorktown |work=uboat.net |access-date=18 December 2021}}</ref> ''President Warfield'' escaped further attack, and reached [[Belfast]], [[Northern Ireland]] independently. Other surviving ships from the convoy reached [[Derry]] and [[Greenock]].<ref name=Brown111>{{harvnb|Brown|1961|p=[https://archive.org/details/steampacketsonch00brow/page/111 111]}}</ref>

The convoy lost a total of three packet ships, one destroyer and 131 men, but the other five ships safely reached the British Isles. Posthumous decorations were awarded to some of the officers lost.<ref name=Brown111/> In May 1943 the [[Master mariner|master]] and [[chief engineer]] of each of the five surviving ships, including Captain Williams and his Chief Engineer, was made an [[Order of the British Empire#Gallantry|OBE]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=36007 |date=May 7, 1943 |page=2092 |supp=y |city=London |title=To be Additional Officers of the Civil Division of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire |quote=For outstanding courage and skilful seamanship during the passage of an important convoy, which was subjected to heavy and sustained attacks by enemy submarines.}}</ref>

===European war service===
From Belfast, ''President Warfield'' continued to [[England]], where she moored in the [[River Torridge]] at [[Instow]] on the north coast of [[Devon]]. There she served as a Combined Operations training and barracks ship for the [[Royal Marines]] and [[Commandos (United Kingdom)|Commandos]]. She provided accommodation for 105 officers and 500 [[Enlisted rank|other ranks]].<ref name=Brown111/>

In July 1943, the British Government returned ''President Warfield'' to US control.<ref name=Brown111/> On May 21, 1944, she was commissioned into the US Navy as USS ''President Warfield'', with the [[pennant number]] IX-169. In July she served as a station and accommodations ship off Omaha Beach on the coast of [[Normandy]].<ref name=NHS/>

After service in England and on the [[Seine]] in France, she arrived at Norfolk, Virginia, July 25, 1945. She left active Navy service on September 13, was struck from the US [[Naval Vessel Register]] on October 11 and was returned to the War Shipping Administration on November 14.<ref name=NHS/> She then spent about a year moored in the [[James River]], where she was one of many ships laid up as surplus after the end of the war.<ref name=Brown116/>

==Jewish refugees==
After [[World War II]], about 250,000 [[History of the Jews in Europe|European Jews]] were living in [[Displaced persons camps in post–World War II Europe|displaced persons camps]] in [[Germany]] and [[Austria]]. [[Zionism|Zionist]] organizations began organizing an underground network known as the [[Bricha]]h ("escape", in Hebrew), which moved thousands of Jews from the camps to ports on the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] where ships took them illegally to [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]]. This was part of the [[Aliyah Bet]] immigration that began after the war.{{sfn|Hochstein|Greenfield|2010|pp=128–130}} At first many made their way to Palestine on their own. Later, they received financial and other help from sympathizers around the World. The ships were crewed mostly by volunteers from the United States, Canada and Latin America.{{sfn|Reich|2004|pp=39–40}} Under Aliyah Bet, more than 100,000 people tried to illegally migrate to Palestine.{{sfn|Hochstein|Greenfield|2010|p=131}}

The British government opposed large-scale immigration. Displaced person camps run by American, French and Italian officials often turned a blind eye to the situation, with only British officials restricting movement in and out of their camps. {{citation needed|date=November 2023}}In 1945 the British government reaffirmed its [[White Paper of 1939|1939 policy limiting Jewish immigration]] which it adopted after a quarter of a million European Jews arrived fleeing Nazism, and [[1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine|Palestine's Arab population rebelled]]. The British government deployed naval and military forces to turn back the refugees. More than half of 142 voyages were stopped by British patrols, and most intercepted migrants were sent to [[Cyprus internment camps|internment camps in Cyprus]], the [[Atlit detainee camp|Atlit detention camp]] in Palestine, or to [[History of the Jews in Mauritius|Mauritius]]. About 50,000 people ended up in camps, more than 1,600 drowned at sea, and only a few thousand reached Palestine.

Of the 64 vessels that sailed in Aliyah Bet, ''Exodus 1947'' was the largest. She carried 4,515 passengers,{{sfn|Hochstein|1987|p=119}} the largest-ever number of [[Illegal immigration|illegal immigrants]] to Palestine. The story received much international attention, thanks in large part to dispatches from American journalist [[Ruth Gruber]]. The incident took place near the end of Aliyah Bet and toward the end of the British mandate, after which Britain withdrew from Palestine and the state of Israel was founded. Historians say ''Exodus 1947'' helped unify the Jewish community of Palestine and the Holocaust-survivor refugees in Europe as well as significantly deepening international sympathy for the plight of Holocaust survivors and rallying support for the idea of a Jewish state.{{sfn|Morris|2001|p=183}}{{sfn|Hochstein|Greenfield|2010|p=38}} One called the story of the ''Exodus 1947'' a "spectacular publicity coup for the Zionists."{{sfn|Kolsky|1992|p=165}}

==Voyage preparations==
[[File:Crew on the President Warfield (later the Exodus 1947) before its departure for Europe.jpg|thumb|[[John Stanley Grauel]], Yaakov Oron (Garbash) and Aryeh Kolomeitzev (later Kole) aboard ''President Warfield'' before she sailed to Europe]]
On November 9, 1946, the Potomac Shipwrecking Company of [[Washington, D.C.]] bought ''President Warfield'' from the WSA<ref name=NHS/> for $8,028. The company was acting for the [[Haganah]] Jewish paramilitary organization, and two days later sold her for $40,000 to the Weston Trading Company of New York, which was a Haganah [[front organization]]. Zionist supporters in Baltimore funded her purchase.{{sfn|Brown|1961|pp=[https://archive.org/details/steampacketsonch00brow/page/116 116]–117}} Haganah transferred her to [[Mossad LeAliyah Bet]], the branch of Haganah that ran Aliyah Bet.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

Haganah spent another $125,000 to $130,000 repairing, overhauling and modifying the ship for her voyage to Palestine.<ref name=Brown118>{{harvnb|Brown|1961|p=[https://archive.org/details/steampacketsonch00brow/page/118 118]}}</ref> Britain had recently announced that it would begin deporting illegal immigrants to Cyprus rather than Atlit. Mossad LeAliyah Bet responded by deciding that migrants should resist capture. ''President Warfield'' was deemed well-suited for this because she was relatively fast, sturdy enough to not easily [[Capsizing|capsize]], made of steel which would help her to withstand [[Naval ram|ramming]], and was taller than the Royal Navy destroyers that would be trying to board her.{{sfn|Halamish|1998|pp=77–80}}

[[File:Greenfieldm exodus 1947.jpg|thumb|left|Four members of the crew aboard ''President Warfield'' in Baltimore. On the right is [[Second mate|Second Officer]] William Bernstein, who was killed in July 1947 when the Royal Navy boarded the ship.]]
''President Warfield'' was also chosen because of her derelict condition. It was risky to put passengers on her, and it was felt{{clarification needed|by whom?|date=December 2021}} this would either compel the British authorities to let her pass the blockade because of the danger, or damage Britain's international reputation.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

For months, teams of Palestinian Jews and Americans worked on ''Exodus 1947'' in order to make it harder for British forces to her take over. Metal pipes, designed to spray out steam and boiling oil, were installed around the ship's perimeter. Lower decks were covered in nets and barbed wire. Her [[engine room]], [[Fire room|boiler room]], [[Bridge (nautical)|wheelhouse]] and radio room were covered in wire and reinforced to prevent entry by British soldiers.{{sfn|Halamish|1998|pp=76–80}}

[[File:President Warfield 1947.png|thumb|''President Warfield'' off [[Cape Hatteras]], [[North Carolina]], in February 1947, on her abortive first attempt to reach France]]
Haganah re-registered ''President Warfield'' under the [[Honduras|Honduran]] [[flag of convenience]]. On February 25, 1947, she left Baltimore for [[Marseille-Fos Port|Marseille]], but she ran into bad weather in the [[Virginia Capes]] and then a heavy sea about {{convert|75|nmi|km}} east of [[Diamond Shoals]]. Her forward hold began to leak, and she radioed the [[United States Coast Guard]] for help. The tanker ''[[USS Shikellamy (AO-90)|E. W. Sinclair]]'' picked up her distress message, found ''President Warfield'' and stood by. The [[United States Coast Guard Cutter|coast guard cutter]] USCGC {{USS|Cherokee|AT-66|2}} arrived to tow her back to safety, but the weather eased and ''President Warfield'' was able to reach Norfolk, VA under her own power.<ref name=Brown118/>

After her damage was [[Vessel safety survey|surveyed]] in Norfolk, ''President Warfield'' spent a fortnight in [[Port of Philadelphia|Philadelphia]] being repaired. She then sailed via the [[Azores]] to [[Porto Venere]] in [[Italy]], where she was refitted and [[Bunkering|bunkered]]. In July 1947, she arrived at [[Sète]] on the south coast of France.<ref name=Brown119>{{harvnb|Brown|1961|p=[https://archive.org/details/steampacketsonch00brow/page/119 119]}}</ref>

==Voyage to Palestine==
[[File:פלים ספינות המעפילים ג - אקסודוס - ספינות המעפילים – אקסודוס יציאת אירופה ת-144445.jpg|thumb|Jewish refugees on a train on their way to Sète to embark on ''President Warfield'']]
As a packet boat ''President Warfield'' had been certificated to carry 540 passengers. In the war she had been converted to provide berths for 605 troops. But more than 4,500 Jewish refugees arrived in Sète.<ref name=Brown119/> Haganah issued them with 2,000 forged passports, with visas for [[Colombia]], with which French immigration officers allowed them to embark on ''President Warfield''. Each passport was used more than once in the same boarding, with a crewman collecting them and passing them back to refugees still waiting in the queue. Haganah secured the immigration officers' co-operation with bottles of alcohol and a group of Jewish young women to keep them occupied.{{sfn|Brown|1961|p=[https://archive.org/details/steampacketsonch00brow/page/120 120]}}

According to Israeli historian Aviva Halamish, the ship was never meant to "sneak out toward the shores of Palestine," but rather "to burst openly through the blockade, by dodging and swiftly nipping through, beaching herself on a sand bank and letting off her cargo of immigrants at the beach." The ship was too large and unusual to go unnoticed. Even as people began boarding the ship at the port of [[Sète]] near [[Montpellier]], a [[Royal Air Force]] aircraft circled overhead and a Royal Navy warship waited a short distance out at sea.{{sfn|Halamish|1998|pp=77–80}}

[[File:HMS Mermaid IWM FL 15205.jpg|thumb|{{HMS|Mermaid|U30|6}}, which shadowed ''Exodus 1947'' on the first part of her voyage to Palestine]]
''President Warfield'' left Sète sometime between two and four in the morning of July 11, 1947,{{sfn|Stewart|2002|p=116}} claiming to be bound for [[Istanbul]].{{sfn|Halamish|1998|pp=68–69}} She carried 4,515 refugees including 1,600 men, 1,282 women, and 1,017 young people and 655 teenagers.<ref name=Brown119/>{{sfn|Gruber|1999|p=45}} [[Palmach]] (Haganah's military wing) captain [[Ike Aronowicz]] was her Captain<ref name="exodusnyt">{{Cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/24/world/middleeast/24ahronovitch.html |title=Yitzhak Ahronovitch, 86, Jewish Refugee Ship's Captain, Dies |first=Margalit |last=Fox |author-link=Margalit Fox |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=December 23, 2009}}</ref> and Haganah commissioner [[Yossi Harel]] commanded the operation.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Grant |first=Linda |title=The real Exodus |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=June 30, 2007 |url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jun/30/israelandthepalestinians.lindagrant}}</ref> The ship was manned by a crew of some 35 volunteers, mostly American Jews.{{sfn|Gruber|1999|p=68}}

All Aliyah Bet ships were renamed with Hebrew names designed to inspire and rally the Jews of Palestine. On July 17, Mossad LeAliyah Bet renamed the ship ''Exodus 1947'' (and, in Hebrew, ''Yetz'iat (sic) Tasbaz'', or ''Yetzi'at Eiropa Tashaz,'' "Flight from Europe 5707") after the biblical Jewish [[The Exodus|Exodus]] from [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]] to [[Canaan]], and the refugees raised a flag with the Star of David. The name was proposed by Israeli politician and military figure [[Moshe Sneh]], who at the time was in charge of illegal migration for the [[Jewish Agency for Israel|Jewish Agency]]. The name was later described by Israel's second [[Prime Minister of Israel|Prime Minister]] [[Moshe Sharett]] (then Shertok) as "a stroke of genius, a name which by itself, says more than anything which has ever been written about it."{{sfn|Halamish|1998|pp=68–70}}

[[File:HMS Cheviot 1946 IWM FL 7998.jpg|thumb|{{HMS|Cheviot}}, which relieved HMS ''Mermaid'']]
As the ship left port, the [[Sloop-of-war|sloop]] {{HMS|Mermaid|U30|6}} and RAF aircraft shadowed her. Later, the [[destroyer]] {{HMS|Cheviot}} relieved ''Mermaid''.{{sfn|Stewart|2002|p=116}} Each day during the voyage, the Royal Navy ship shadowing her came within hailing distance of ''Exodus 1947'' and asked whether she was carrying any migrants to Palestine. Instead of answering the question, ''Exodus 1947'' responded by playing one of [[Edward Elgar]]'s ''[[Pomp and Circumstance Marches]]'' over her [[public address system]].{{sfn|Brown|1961|pp=[https://archive.org/details/steampacketsonch00brow/page/120 120]–121}}

''Exodus 1947'' carried enough supplies to last two weeks. Passengers were given cooked meals, hot drinks, soup, and one liter of drinking water daily. They washed in salt water. The ship had only 13 lavatories. A British military doctor, inspecting the ship after the battle, said that it was badly over-crowded, but that hygiene was satisfactory and the ship appeared well prepared to cope with casualties. Several babies were born during the week-long journey. One woman, Paula Abramowitz, died in childbirth. Her infant son died a few weeks later, in Haifa.{{sfn|Halamish|1998|pp=69–74}}

===Interception===
[[File:פלים ספינות המעפילים ג - אקסודוס - ספינות המעפילים – אקסודוס יציאת אירופה ת-144864.jpg|thumb|{{HMS|Childers|R91|6}} seen from ''Exodus 1947'']]
During the journey, the people aboard ''Exodus 1947'' prepared to be intercepted. The ship was divided into sections crewed by different groups, and each practiced resistance sessions.{{sfn|Halamish|1998|p=80}} Her defences were augmented with sandbags around her wheelhouse and [[chicken wire]] along her upper decks. [[Firearms|Small arms]] were issued to key personnel. As ''Exodus 1947'' neared Palestinian [[territorial waters]], her Royal Navy escort was increased to five destroyers and two [[minesweeper]]s, led by the [[light cruiser]] {{HMS|Ajax|22|6}}.{{sfn|Brown|1961|p=[https://archive.org/details/steampacketsonch00brow/page/121 121]}}

At about 0200 hrs on July 18, about {{convert|20|nmi|km|-1|lk=in}} from the Palestinian coast, two Royal Navy destroyers came alongside ''Exodus 1947'', one either side, converged on her, and jammed her between them. The destroyer {{HMS|Childers|R91|6}} struck ''Exodus 1947''{{'}}s port side' holing on her saloon deck above the waterline. ''Exodus 1947'' released her liferafts to fall onto the decks of the two destroyers. The destroyers dropped [[Gangway (nautical)|gangways]] onto ''Exodus 1947'' and sent a [[Naval boarding|boarding party]] of 50 Royal Marines, armed with clubs and [[tear gas]], onto the packet boat.{{sfn|Brown|1961|p=[https://archive.org/details/steampacketsonch00brow/page/122 122]}}

[[File:פלים ספינות המעפילים ג - אקסודוס - ספינות המעפילים – אקסודוס יציאת אירופה -144870.jpg|thumb|left|Helmeted members of the [[Royal Navy]] boarding party aboard ''Exodus 1947'']]
Passengers and Haganah members aboard resisted the Marines.<ref>{{harvnb|Wilson|1984|p=}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}</ref> The [[Second mate|second officer]], an American [[Mahal (Israel)|Machal]] volunteer, Bill Bernstein,<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.jewish-american-society-for-historic-preservation.org/internationalprograms/billbernsteinisrael.html |title=American Jewish History, markers, articles |website=www.jewish-american-society-for-historic-preservation.org}}</ref> died from a skull fracture after being clubbed in the wheelhouse. Two passengers died of gunshot wounds. Two British sailors were treated afterwards for fractured scapula, and one for a head injury and lacerated ear. 146 people were injured.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Åsbrink |first1=Elisabeth |title=1947 : where now begins |date=2017 |location=New York |isbn=9781590518960 |pages=139–140}}</ref> About ten ''Exodus 1947'' passengers and crew were treated for mild injuries resulting from the boarding, and about 200 were treated for illnesses and maladies unrelated to it.<!-- ref>This reference is not detailed enough to support the statement: {{Cite news |last=Grant |first=Linda |title=The real Exodus |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=June 30, 2007 |url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jun/30/israelandthepalestinians.lindagrant}}</ref -->{{sfn|Stewart|2002|p=125}}

[[File:פלים ספינות המעפילים ג - אקסודוס - ספינות המעפילים – אקסודוס יציאת אירופה-144876.jpg|thumb|upright|Close-up of ''Exodus 1947'' just after her arrival in Haifa, showing some of the damage she sustained when the two destroyers intercepted her]]
Due to the high public profile of ''Exodus 1947'' the British government decided to deport the migrants back to France. [[Foreign Secretary]] [[Ernest Bevin]] suggested this and the request was relayed to General Sir [[Alan Cunningham]], [[High Commissioners for Palestine and Transjordan|High Commissioner for Palestine]],<ref name=secstate>"Secretary of State to High Commissioner for Palestine 14.7.47" in Alan Cunningham Collection, box 2 folder 1, Middle East Centre Archives, [[St Antony's College, Oxford]].</ref> who agreed with the plan after consulting the Navy.<ref>"High Commissioner for Palestine to Secretary of State 15.7.47" in Alan Cunningham Collection, box 2 folder 1, Middle East Centre Archives, St Antony's College, Oxford.</ref> Before then, intercepted migrants were placed in [[Cyprus internment camps|internment camps on Cyprus]], which was at the time a [[British Cyprus|British colony]]. This new policy was meant to be a signal to both the Jewish community and the European countries which assisted immigration that whoever they sent to Palestine would be sent back to them.
<blockquote>Not only should it clearly establish the principle of {{sc1|[[refoulement]]}} as applies to a complete shipload of immigrants, but it will be most discouraging to the organisers of this traffic if the immigrants ... end up by returning whence they came.<ref name=secstate/></blockquote>

==Repatriation==
===Attempted return to France===
[[File:The British Mandate in Palestine 1917-1948 E32002.jpg|thumb|British troops putting Jewish refugees aboard ''Empire Rival'']]
The Royal Navy brought ''Exodus 1947'' into [[Haifa]], where her passengers were transferred to three larger and more seaworthy ships for deportation: [[List of Empire ships (R)#Empire Rival|''Empire Rival'']], {{SS|Ocean Vigour||2}} and ''[[Park ship#Ships in class|Runnymede Park]]''.<ref name=Brown123>
{{harvnb|Brown|1961|p=[https://archive.org/details/steampacketsonch00brow/page/123 123]}}</ref> Members of the [[United Nations Special Committee on Palestine]] (UNSCOP) witnessed the transfer.<ref>{{cite book |title=UNSCOP and the Arab-Israeli Conflict: The Road to Partition|last=Ben-Dror|first=Elad|publisher=Routledge|location=London|language=English|year=2022|isbn=978-1032059631}}</ref> The three ships left Haifa on July 19 for [[Port-de-Bouc]] near [[Marseilles]]. Foreign Secretary Bevin insisted that the French get their ship back as well as its passengers.<ref name=secstate/>

When the ships arrived at Port-de-Bouc on August 2, the French Government said it would allow disembarkation of the passengers only if it was voluntary on their part. Haganah agents, both on board the ships and using launches with loudspeakers, encouraged the passengers not to disembark.<ref>{{harvnb|Wilson|1984|p=}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}</ref> Thus the migrants refused to disembark<ref name=Brown123/> and the French refused to cooperate with British attempts at forced disembarkation. This left the British with the option of returning the passengers to Germany. Realizing that they were not bound for Cyprus, the migrants conducted a 24-day hunger strike and refused to cooperate with the British authorities.

Media coverage of the contest of wills put pressure on Britain to find a solution. The matter was reported to the UNSCOP members who had been deliberating in [[United Nations Office at Geneva|Geneva]]. For three weeks the refugees on the ships held firm in difficult conditions, rejecting offers of alternative destinations. Britain concluded that the only option was to send the Jews to camps in the British-controlled zone of post-war Germany.

===Operation Oasis===
The ships went from Marseille to [[Hamburg]], which was then in the [[Allied Occupation Zones in Germany|British occupation zone]]. Britain realized that returning the refugees to camps in Germany would elicit a public outcry, but Germany was the only territory under British control that could immediately accommodate so many people.<ref name=Katz>{{cite news |last=Katz |first=Gregory |url= http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/topstories/2008-05-04-3253772452_x.htm |title=Documents Show UK Post-WWII Dilemma over Jewish Refugees |newspaper=[[USA Today]] |date=May 4, 2008}}</ref>

Britain's position was summed up by John Coulson, a diplomat at the British Embassy in Paris, in a message to the Foreign Office in London in August 1947: "You will realize that an announcement of decision to send immigrants back to Germany will produce violent hostile outburst in the press. ... Our opponents in France, and I dare say in other countries, have made great play with the fact that these immigrants were being kept behind barbed wire, in concentration camps and guarded by Germans."<ref>As cited in: Stern, Paula. "[http://www.israelnationalnews.com/Blogs/Message.aspx/4249#.U4VsaC_WE0w The Flotilla and the Exodus]" [blog post]. ''Arutz Sheva, IsraelNationalNews.com''. 6 June 2010.</ref> Coulson advised that Britain apply as best they could a counter-spin to the story: "If we decide it is convenient not to keep them in camps any longer, I suggest that we should make some play that we are releasing them from all restraint of this kind in accordance with their wishes and that they were only put in such accommodation for the preliminary necessities of screening and maintenance."<ref>"As cited in: "[http://www.jta.org/2008/05/05/news-opinion/documents-british-worried-about-exodus-flak Documents: British worried about Exodus flak]." ''Jewish Telegraphic Agency''. 8 May 2008.</ref> The mission of bringing the Jewish refugees of ''Exodus 1947'' back to Germany was known in diplomatic and military circles as "Operation Oasis."<ref name=Katz/>

===Disembarkation in Germany===
{{more citations needed section|date=April 2016}}
On August 22, a Foreign Office cable warned diplomats that they should be ready to emphatically deny that the Jews would be housed in former concentration camps in Germany and that German guards would not be used to keep the Jews in the refugee camps. It further added that British guards would be withdrawn once the Jews were screened.

[[File:פלים ספינות המעפילים ג - אקסודוס - ספינות המעפילים – אקסודוס יציאת אירופה ת-144955.jpg|thumb|upright|British troops disembarking refugees from ''Empire Rival'']]
On September 7 ''Empire Rival'', ''Ocean Vigour'' and ''Runnymede Park'' reached [[Port of Hamburg|Hamburg]], where the migrants were successfully disembarked.<ref name=Brown123/> Relations between the British personnel on the ships and the passengers were afterwards said by the passengers to have been mostly amicable.<ref>{{harvnb|Wilson|1984|p=}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}</ref> Everyone realized there was going to be trouble at the forced disembarkation and some of the Jewish passengers apologized in advance. A number were injured in confrontations with British troops that involved the use of batons and fire hoses. The passengers were sent back to displaced persons camps in Am Stau near [[Lübeck]] and Pöppendorf. Although most of the women and children disembarked voluntarily, the men had to be carried off by force.

The British identified ''Runnymede Park'' as the ship most likely to suffer resistance. A confidential report of the time noted: "It was known that the Jews on the ''Runnymede Park'' were under the leadership of a young, capable and energetic fanatic, Morenci Miry Rosman, and throughout the operation it had been realised that this ship might give trouble." 100 [[Royal Military Police]] and 200 soldiers of the [[Sherwood Foresters]] were ordered aboard to eject the Jewish migrants.

[[File:פלים ספינות המעפילים ג - אקסודוס - ספינות המעפילים – אקסודוס יציאת אירופה ת-144956.jpg|thumb|British soldiers forcibly disembarking Morenci Rosman from ''Runnymede Park'' in Hamburg]]
The officer in charge of the operation, Lt. Col Gregson, later gave a frank assessment of the operation which left up to 33 Jews, including four women, injured. 68 Jews were held in custody to be put on trial for unruly behaviour. Only three soldiers were hurt. Gregson later admitted that he had considered using tear gas against the migrants. He concluded: The Jew is liable to panic and 800–900 Jews fighting to get up a stairway to escape tear smoke could have produced a deplorable business. ... It is a very frightening thing to go into the hold full of yelling maniacs when outnumbered six or eight to one." Describing the assault, the officer wrote to his superiors: 
"After a very short pause, with a lot of yelling and female screams, every available weapon up to a biscuit and bulks of timber was hurled at the soldiers. They withstood it admirably and very stoically till the Jews assaulted and in the first rush several soldiers were downed with half a dozen Jews on top kicking and tearing ... No other troops could have done it as well and as humanely as these British ones did...It should be borne in mind that the guiding factor in most of the actions of the Jews is to gain the sympathy of the world press."

[[File:פלים ספינות המעפילים ג - אקסודוס - ספינות המעפילים – אקסודוס יציאת אירופה ת-144958.jpg|thumb|[[Royal Military Police]] escorting a refugee along the railway platform at [[Poppendorf]], Germany]]
One of the official observers who witnessed the violence was Dr [[Noah Barou]], secretary of the British section of the World Jewish Congress, who described young soldiers beating Holocaust survivors as a "terrible mental picture": "They went into the operation as a football match ... and it seemed evident that they had not had it explained to them that they were dealing with people who had suffered a lot and who are resisting in accordance with their convictions. ... People were usually hit in the stomach and this in my opinion explains that many people who did not show any signs of injury were staggering and moving very slowly along the staircase giving the impression that they were half-starved and beaten up."

When the people walked off the ship, many of them, especially younger people, were shouting to the troops 'Hitler commandos', 'gentleman fascists', 'sadists'. One young girl "came to the top of the stairs and shouted to the soldiers, 'I am from Dachau.' And when they did not react she shouted 'Hitler commandos'." The British denied using excessive force, yet conceded that in one case a Jew "was dragged down the gangway by the feet with his head bumping on the wooden slats".

A homemade bomb with a timed fuse was found aboard ''Empire Rival''. It was apparently set to detonate after the Jews had been removed.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bomb Found On Jewish Ship ."Battle" Leaders Sent To Jail |newspaper=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Glasgow Herald]] |date=September 10, 1947 |page=5 |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&dat=19470910&id=sGdAAAAAIBAJ&pg=3375,521926}}</ref>

===Camp conditions===
[[File:Poppendorf.jpg|thumb|upright|Rabbi [[Shlomo Zev Zweigenhaft]] (center with hat) speaking to Captain Ike Aronowicz of the Exodus (left) outside a [[Nissen hut]] during a visit to a [[Displaced persons camps in post–World War II Europe|DP camp]] in [[Poppendorf]]]]
The treatment of the refugees at the camps caused an international outcry after it was alleged that the conditions could be likened to German concentration camps.{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}}

Dr Barou was once again on hand to witness events. He reported that conditions at Camp Poppendorf were poor and that it was being run by a German camp commandant. That was denied by the British.

It turned out that Barou's reports had been untrue. There was no German commandant or guards but there were German staff carrying out duties inside the camp, in accordance with the standard British military practice of using locally employed civilians for non-security related duties.

But the Jewish allegations of cruel and insensitive treatment would not go away and on October 6, 1947, the Foreign Office sent a telegram to the British commanders in the region demanding to know whether the camps really were surrounded with barbed wire and guarded by German staff.

===Final destination===
A telegram written by Jewish leaders of the camps on October 20, 1947, makes clear the wishes and determination of the refugees to find a home in Palestine:

{{blockquote|Nothing will deter us from Palestine. Which jail we go to is up to you [the British]. We did not ask you to reduce our rations; we did not ask you to put us in Poppendorf and Am Stau.}}

The would-be migrants to Palestine were housed in [[Nissen hut]]s and tents at Poppendorf and Am Stau but inclement weather made the tents unsuitable. The DPs were then moved in November 1947 to [[Sengwarden]] near [[Wilhelmshaven]] and Emden. For many of the illegal immigrants this was only a transit point as the [[Brichah]] managed to smuggle most of them into the U.S. zone, from where they again attempted to enter Palestine. Most had successfully reached Palestine by the time of the [[Israeli Declaration of Independence]]. Of the 4,500 would-be immigrants to Palestine there were only 1,800 remaining in the two ''Exodus 1947'' camps by April 1948.

Within a year, over half of the original ''Exodus 1947'' passengers had made other attempts at emigrating to Palestine, which ended in detention in Cyprus. Britain continued to hold the detainees of the Cyprus internment camps until it formally recognized the State of Israel in January 1949, when they were transferred to Israel.

==Jewish retaliation==
On September 29, 1947, Zionist [[Irgun]] and [[Lehi (militant group)|Lehi]] militants blew up the [[Palestine Police Force]] headquarters in Haifa in retaliation for the British deportation of Jewish migrants who arrived on ''Exodus 1947''.<ref name=lat093047>{{cite journal |title='Barrel Bomb' in Haifa Kills 10, Injures 54 |journal=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=September 30, 1947}}. Database: ProQuest Historical Newspapers: Los Angeles Times (last accessed June 29, 2015)</ref>{{sfn|Bell|1977|p=245}}{{sfn|Mattox|2004|p=54}} 10 people were killed and 54 injured, of which 33 were British.<ref name=lat093047/> Four British policemen, four Arab policemen, an Arab woman and a 16-year-old were killed.<ref name=lat093047/> The 10-storey building was so heavily damaged that it was later demolished.<ref name=lat093047/> They used a [[Barrel bombs in Palestine and Israel|barrel bomb]], described by police as a "brand new method" and the first use of a barrel bomb by Jewish forces.<ref name=lat093047/> Irgun went on to carry out many more barrel bomb attacks in 1947–48.<!--30+ sources available in [[Barrel bomb (Palestine and Israel)]] -->

==Fate of the ship==
[[File:Sete memorial Exodus 47.JPG|thumb|right|[[Commemorative plaque]] at ''Exodus 1947'' departure site in Sète, France]]
After her historic voyage in 1947, the damaged ''Exodus 1947'', along with many other ''[[Aliyah Bet]]'' ships, was moored to the breakwater of Haifa port. In December 1947 the [[Palestine Railways]]' Ports Authority advertised the ships for sale in British shipping journals. The advertisement warned that some of the ships were fit only for scrap. But no-one bought ''Exodus 1947''.<ref name=Brown123/>

The founding of the State of Israel in 1948 brought massive migration of European Jewish refugees from displaced persons camps to Israel. There was little time or money to focus on the meaning of ''Exodus 1947''. [[Abba Khoushy]], the Mayor of Haifa, proposed in 1950 that the "Ship that Launched a Nation" should be restored and converted into a floating museum of the Aliyah Bet.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}} As the ship was being restored,{{citation needed|date=January 2022}} an unexplained fire broke out aboard her on August 26, 1952. [[Fireboat]]s fought the fire all day, but she burned down to her waterline.<ref name=Brown123/> Her hulk was towed north of the [[Kishon River]] and [[Scuttling|scuttled]] near Shemen Beach.<ref name=Brown124>{{harvnb|Brown|1961|p=[https://archive.org/details/steampacketsonch00brow/page/124 124]}}</ref>

Two significant relics of ''Exodus 1947'' were returned to the USA. Her [[ship's bell]] is in the [[Mariners' Museum and Park|Mariners' Museum]] in [[Newport News, Virginia]] and her [[steam whistle]] is on the roof of the New York Central Iron Works in [[Hagerstown, Maryland]].<ref name=Brown124/>

In 1964 a salvage effort was made to raise her steel hull for scrap. The effort failed and she sank again. In 1974 another effort was made to raise her wreck for salvage. She was refloated and was being towed toward the Kishon River when she sank again. Parts of ''Exodus 1947''{{'}}s hull remained visible as a home for fish and destination for fishermen until the mid-2000s. The [[Port of Haifa]] may have built its modern container ship quay extensions on top of the wreck. The quay where the wreck may be buried is a security zone and not accessible today.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.jewish-american-society-for-historic-preservation.org/images/In_Search_of_the_Exodus.doc |last=Klinger |first=Jerry |title=In Search of the Exodus |publisher=[[Jewish American Society for Historic Preservation]]}}</ref> An unsuccessful dive effort was made to find the wreck of ''Exodus 1947'' in October 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QcFIXo_JYYw |title=The Search for the Exodus, October 2016 |date=January 4, 2017 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

[[File:Exodus Memorial, Haifa, Israel.jpg|thumb|upright|Exodus Monument, International Cruise Ship Terminal, Haifa, Israel]]
In historic recognition of the ''Exodus 1947'', the first Israeli memorial to the ''Exodus 1947''<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/First-Israeli-monument-to-Exodus-inaugurated-in-Haifa-500112 |last=Cashman |first=Greer Fay |title=First Israeli monument to 'Exodus' inaugurated in Haifa |newspaper=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=July 19, 2017}}</ref> was dedicated in a ceremony on July 18, 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m6YAJ4OMe2g|title=Exodus Memorial Dedication July 18, 2017|date=August 5, 2017|via=YouTube}}</ref> The memorial, designed by Israeli sculptor [[Sam Philipe]], is made of bronze in the shape of an anchor, symbolically representing the role ''Exodus 1947'' played in the birth of the modern State of Israel, mounted on a relief map of the country. The monument is outside the International Cruise Ship Terminal in the port of Haifa.

==Cultural references==
* In 1958, the book [[Exodus (Uris novel)|''Exodus'']] by [[Leon Uris]], based partly on the story of the ship, was published, though the ship ''Exodus'' in the book is not the same but a smaller one and the "real" ''Exodus'' has been renamed.
* In 1960, the film [[Exodus (1960 film)|''Exodus'']] directed by [[Otto Preminger]] and starring [[Paul Newman]], based on the above novel, was released.
* In 1997, the documentary film ''Exodus 1947'', directed by Elizabeth Rodgers and [[Robby Henson]] and narrated by [[Morley Safer]], was broadcast nationally in the USA on [[PBS]] television.<ref>{{IMDb title|qid=Q127688525|title=Exodus 1947}}</ref>
* [[Yoram Kaniuk]]: ''Commander of the Exodus'' (1999) {{ISBN|0-8021-1664-7}}, translated in English in 2000 by Seymour Simckes. The book chronicles the life of the captain of SS ''Exodus''Yossi Harel]].

==See also==
* [[Patria disaster|''Patria'' disaster]]
* [[Struma disaster|''Struma'' disaster]]
* [[Antoinette Feuerwerker]]
* [[David Feuerwerker]]
* [[John Stanley Grauel]]
* [[Samuel Herschel Schulman]]
* [[Rose Warfman]]
* ''[[Underground to Palestine]]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Refbegin}}
* {{DANFS|https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/p/president-warfield.html}}
{{Refend}}

==Bibliography==
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*{{cite book |last=Bell |first=J Bowyer |author-link=J. Bowyer Bell |year=1977 |title=Terror out of Zion |place=New York |publisher=[[St. Martin's Press]] |isbn=0-312-79205-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Df_2trrOLPAC&pg=PA245}}
*{{cite book |last=Bethell |first=Nicholas |author-link=Nicholas Bethell, 4th Baron Bethell |year=1979 |title=The Palestine Triangle |place=London |publisher=[[André Deutsch]] |isbn=0-233-97069-X}}
*{{cite book |last=Brown |first=Alexander Crosby |year=1961 |title=Steam Packets on the Chesapeake |place=Cambridge, MD |publisher=Tidewater Publishers |page=112 |lccn=61012580 |isbn=0-87033-111-6 |url= https://archive.org/details/steampacketsonch00brow/page/n5/mode/2up}}
*{{cite book |last=Gruber |first=Ruth |author-link=Ruth Gruber |year=1999 |title=Exodus 1947: The Ship That Launched a Nation |place=New York |publisher=[[Times Books]] |isbn=0-8129-3154-8 |oclc=40954236}}
*{{cite book |last=Halamish |first=Aviva |year=1998 |title=The Exodus Affair: Holocaust Survivors and the Struggle for Palestine |place=London |publisher=[[Vallentine Mitchell]] |isbn=0-85303-347-1 |oclc=60166078 |url= https://archive.org/details/exodusaffairholo00hala/page/77/mode/2up}}
*{{cite book |last=Hochstein |first=Joseph |year=1987 |title=The Jews' Secret Fleet |place=Jerusalem |publisher=Gefen |isbn=965-229-023-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/jewssecretfleet00hoch/page/119 119] |url=https://archive.org/details/jewssecretfleet00hoch/page/119}}
*{{cite book |last1=Hochstein |first1=Joseph M |last2=Greenfield |first2=Murray |author2-link=Murray Greenfield |year=2010 |origyear=1999 |edition=Revised |title=The Jews' Secret Fleet |place=Jerusalem |publisher=Gefen |isbn=978-965-229-023-6 |oclc=19030133 |url= https://archive.org/details/jewssecretfleet00hoch}}
*{{cite book |last=Holly |first=David C |year=1995 |title=Exodus 1947 |place= Annapolis, MD |publisher=[[Naval Institute Press]] |isbn=1-55750-367-2 |oclc=31375792}}
*{{cite book |last=Kolsky |first=Thomas |year=1992 |title=Jews against Zionism: the American Council for Judaism, 1942–1948 |place=Philadelphia |publisher=Temple University Press |isbn=1566390095 |page=165}}
*{{cite book |last=Mattox |first=Henry E |year=2004 |title=Chronology of World Terrorism, 1901–2001 |place=Jefferson, NC and London |publisher=McFarland |page=54 |isbn=9781476609652 |access-date=June 28, 2015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XofeCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA54 }}
*{{cite book |last=Morris |first=Benny |author-link=Benny Morris |year=2001 |title=Righteous victims: a history of the Zionist–Arab conflict, 1881–2001 |place=New York |publisher=Vintage Books |isbn=0679744754 |page=[https://archive.org/details/righteousvictims00morr_0/page/183 183] |edition=1st  |url= https://archive.org/details/righteousvictims00morr_0/page/183}}
*{{cite book |last=Reich |first=Bernard |year=2004 |title=A Brief History of Israel |place= |publisher=Checkmark Books |pages=[https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofis00bern_0/page/39 39–40] |isbn=0-8160-5793-1 |url= https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofis00bern_0/page/39}}
*{{cite book |last=Stewart |first=Ninian |year=2002 |title=The Royal Navy and the Palestine Patrol |place=London |publisher=Frank Cass |isbn=0714682543}}
*{{cite book |last=Wilson |first=R Dare |author-link=Dare Wilson |year=1984 |title=Cordon and Search: With the 6th Airborne Division in Palestine |place=Nashville |publisher=The Battery Press |isbn=978-0898390834}}
*{{cite book |last=Zertal |first=Idith |author-link=Idith Zertal |year=1999 |title=From Catastrophe to Power: The Holocaust Survivors and the Emergence of Israel |place=Berkeley and Los Angeles |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=0-520-21578-8 |url= https://archive.org/details/fromcatastrophet00zert}}

===Other languages===
* {{Cite book |last=Fahlbusch |first=Jan Henrik |year=1999 |title=Pöppendorf statt Palästina: Zwangsaufenthalt der Passagiere der "Exodus 1947" in Lübeck: Dokumentation einer Ausstellung |place=Hamburg |publisher=Dölling und Galitz |isbn=3-933374-29-4 |oclc=50638651 |language=de}}
* {{cite book|author-link1=Jacques Derogy|date=1969|first1=Jacques|last1=Derogy|location=Paris|publisher=éditions [[Fayard]]|title=La Secrète et Véritable Histoire de l'" Exodus ". La loi du retour}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator -->

==External links==
{{Commons category|Exodus from Europe 1947 (ship, 1928)}}
===English language===
*{{cite news |url= http://www.timesofisrael.com/in-pictures-the-70th-anniversary-of-the-ss-exodus-in-haifa/ |last=Ben-David |first=Laura |title=In pictures, the 70th anniversary of the SS ''Exodus'' in Haifa |newspaper=[[The Times of Israel]] |date=July 27, 2017}}
*{{cite news |url= http://jewishtimes.com/64661/exodus-1947-haifa-memorial/ |last=Ingram |first=Susan |title=The Ship That Launched a Nation |newspaper=[[Baltimore Jewish Times]] |date=July 26, 2017}}
*{{cite news |url= http://www.sdjewishworld.com/2017/07/24/exodus-1947-finally-feted-in-israel/ |last=Klinger |first=Jerry |title=''Exodus 1947'' finally feted in Israel |newspaper=[[San Diego Jewish World]] |date=July 24, 2017}}
*{{cite web |url= http://palyam.org/Hahapala/Teur_haflagot/John_the_Priest.pdf |last=Klinger |first=Jerry |title=John the Priest |publisher=אתר הפלי"ם ההעפלה והרכש}} – .pdf about [[John Stanley Grauel]]
*{{cite web |url= http://www.exodus1947.com |title=''Exodus 1947'' the Ship that Launched a Nation |date=2019}} – documentary film
*{{cite web |url= http://digital.hagley.org/islandora/object/islandora%3A2163888 |title=Progress view of ''President Warfield'', hull #399, night passenger steamer |work=Hagley Digital Archives |publisher=[[Hagley Museum and Library]]}}
*{{cite web |url=http://presidentwarfield.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215191835/http://presidentwarfield.com/ |archive-date=2009-02-15  |last=Smith |first=Roger |title=''President Warfield'' |date=2007}} – archived website
*{{cite web |url=http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/focus/antisemitism/voices/transcript/?content=20080117 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506000543/http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/focus/antisemitism/voices/transcript/?content=20080117 |archive-date=2009-05-06  |title=Ruth Gruber |work=Voices on Antisemitism |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |date=January 17, 2008}} – archived link
*{{cite web |url=http://www.insideout.org/documentaries/exodus47/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090117061843/http://www.insideout.org/documentaries/exodus47/ |archive-date=2009-01-17  |title=''Exodus 1947'' |work=Inside Out |publisher=[[WBUR-FM]]}} – radio documentary on archived website

===Other languages===
*{{cite web |url= http://palyam.org |title= אתר הפלי"ם ההעפלה והרכש |language=he}} – website of the history of Palyam and Aliyah Bet
*{{cite web |url=http://exodus1947.org/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216154857/http://exodus1947.org/ |archive-date=2009-02-16  |title=יציאת אירופה תש"ז – אקסודוס 1947 |language=he}} – archived website

{{1947 shipwrecks}}
{{Coord|32.8201|N|35.0045|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Exodus}}
[[Category:1928 ships]]
[[Category:Barracks ships of the United States Navy]]
[[Category:Jewish immigrant ships]]
[[Category:Jews and Judaism in Mandatory Palestine]]
[[Category:Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1947]]
[[Category:Ships built by Pusey and Jones]]
[[Category:Ships sunk as breakwaters]]
[[Category:Steamships of the United States]]
[[Category:World War II auxiliary ships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:World War II auxiliary ships of the United States]]