View source for Shiraz

{{Short description|City in Fars province, Iran}}

{{About|the city in Iran|the grape known as Shiraz|Syrah|the wine once produced in the Iranian city of Shiraz|Shiraz wine|other uses for the same name|Shiraz (disambiguation){{!}}Shiraz}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}

{{Infobox settlement
| official_name      = Shiraz
| native_name        = {{langx|fa|شیراز}}
| settlement_type    = [[Cities in Iran|City]]
| native_name_lang   = fa
| other_name         = 
| image_skyline      = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Darvaze Ghoran11.jpg{{!}}Shiraz skyline
| photo4b = مسجد نصیرالملک در شیراز.jpg{{!}}[[Nasir ol Molk Mosque]], Shiraz
| photo2a = Shiraz.jpg{{!}}Tomb of Hafez
| photo2b = Saadi Tomb.jpg{{!}}[[Tomb of Saadi]]
| photo3a = Arg of Karim Khan - outside view.jpg{{!}}Karim Khan Citadel, Shiraz
| photo3b = Shah-cheragh.JPG{{!}}Shah Cheragh
| photo4a = Botanical Garden, Shiraz.jpg{{!}}[[Eram Garden|Shiraz Botanical Garden]]
| photo5a = A skyline of Shiraz.png{{!}}Shiraz modern skyline
| spacing = 2
| size = 266
| color = white
| color_border = white
| foot_montage = '''Clockwise from top''': skyline of Shiraz; [[Tomb of Saadi]]; [[Shah Cheragh|Shāh Chérāgh]]; [[Nasir-ol-Molk Mosque]]; Shiraz modern skyline; [[Eram Garden]]; [[Arg of Karim Khan|Karim Khan Citadel]]; and [[Tomb of Hafez]]
}}
| image_caption      = 
| image_flag         = Flag of Shiraz.svg
| image_seal         = Shiraz government logo.svg
| nickname           = City of Gardens
| motto              = 
| pushpin_map        = Iran#Middle East#Asia
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_mapsize    = 250
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Shiraz within Iran
| coordinates        = {{coord|29|36|36|N|52|32|33|E|dim:6km|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite map |author=((OpenStreetMap contributors)) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=29.61&mlon=52.5425&zoom=13#map=13/29.6100/52.5425 |website=[[OpenStreetMap]] |title=Shiraz, Shiraz County |date=30 September 2023 |access-date=30 September 2023 |lang=fa}}</ref>
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = [[Iran]]
| subdivision_type1  = [[Provinces of Iran|Province]]
| subdivision_type2  = [[Counties of Iran|County]]
| subdivision_type3  = [[Bakhsh|District]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[Fars province|Fars]]
| subdivision_name2  = [[Shiraz County|Shiraz]]
| subdivision_name3  = [[Central District (Shiraz County)|Central]]
| established_title  = 
| established_date   = 
| government_footnotes = 
| government_type    = [[Islamic City Council of Shiraz|City Council]]
| leader_title       = [[List of mayors of Shiraz|Mayor]]
| leader_name        = Mohammad Hasan Asadi
| leader_title1      = 
| leader_name1       = 
| unit_pref          = 
| area_footnotes     = 
| area_magnitude     = 
| area_total_km2     = 240
| area_total_sq_mi   = 86.487
| area_land_km2      = 240
| area_land_sq_mi    = 86.487
| area_water_km2     = 0
| area_water_sq_mi   = 0
| area_water_percent = 0
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m        = 1,500
| elevation_ft       = 5,200
| population_urban   = 1565572<ref name="2016 Fars Province"/>
| population_metro   = 1,800,000<ref>{{cite web |website=City Population |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913144137/http://citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html |url=http://citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html |archive-date=2018-09-13 |title=Major Agglomerations of the World – Population Statistics and Maps |date=2018-09-13}}</ref>
| population_as_of   = 2016 census
| population_footnotes = 
| population_density_km2 = 6,670
| population_density_sq_mi = 18600
| population_blank1_title = Population rank
| population_blank1  = [[List of Iran cities by population|5th]] (Iran)
| postal_code_type   = 
| postal_code        = 
| area_code          = 071
| website            = {{URL|https://shiraz.ir/}}
| footnotes          = 
| image_size         = 400px
| population_note    = 
| timezone           = [[Iran Standard Time|IRST]]
| utc_offset         = +03:30
| blank_name         = Routes
| blank_info         = {{Jct|country=IRN|Freeway|7}}<br />{{Jct|country=IRN|Road|65}}<br />{{Jct|country=IRN|Road|67}}<br />{{Jct|country=IRN|Road|86}}<br />{{Jct|country=IRN|Road|744}}
| blank1_name        = License plate
| blank1_info        = 63, 83, 93
| name               = Shiraz
| image_map1         = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|zoom=9|frame-align=center|frame-lat=29.6666|frame-long=52.4999
|type=shape-inverse|id=Q6397066|title=City map interactive
|type2=point|id2=Q6397066|stroke-width=3|stroke-color=#7e7e7e|fill=#7e7e7e|title2=zones|marker=city
}}
}}

'''Shiraz''' ({{langx|fa|شیراز}}; {{IPAc-en|ʃ|ɪəˈr|ɑː|z|audio=En-Shiraz.ogg}}; {{IPA|fa|ʃiːˈɾɒːz||Shiraz.ogg}}){{efn|Also [[romanize]]d as '''Širâz'''}} is the [[List of largest cities of Iran|fifth-most-populous city]] of [[Iran]]{{efn|After [[Tehran]], [[Mashhad]], [[Esfahan]] and [[Karaj]]; in 2016 Shiraz had a total population of 1,565,572}} and the capital of [[Fars province|Fars Province]],<ref name="Fars Province Structure">{{cite report|title=Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Fars province, centered in Shiraz|language=fa|website=lamtakam.com|via=Lam ta Kam|url=https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/113032|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207211349/https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/113032|publisher=Ministry of the Interior, Council of Ministers|last=Habibi|first=Hassan|orig-date=Approved 21 June 1369|date=c. 2023|archive-date=7 December 2023|access-date=7 December 2023|id=Notification 82840/T128K}}</ref> which has been historically known as [[Pars (Sasanian province)|Pars]] ({{Langx|fa|پارس|translit=Pārs|label=none}}) and [[Persis]].<ref name="Sykes">{{cite book |last=Sykes |first=Percy |title=A History of Persia |year=1921 |publisher=Macmillan and Company |location=London |page=43 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7307/view/1/43/}}</ref> As of the 2016 national census, the population of the [[city]] was 1,565,572 people, and its built-up area with [[Sadra, Fars|Sadra]] was home to almost 1,800,000 inhabitants.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/iran-fars.php |title=IRAN: Fars / فارس |website=citypopulation.de |access-date=24 December 2016}}</ref> A census in 2021 showed an increase in the city's population to 1,995,500 people.<ref>last26021401.xlsx (live.com)</ref> Shiraz is located in [[Southern Iran|southwestern Iran]] on the {{Transliteration|fa|rudkhaneye khoshk}} ({{Literal translation|dry river}}) seasonal river. Founded in the early Islamic period, the city has a moderate climate and has been a regional trade center for over a thousand years.

The earliest reference to the city, as ''Tiraziš'', is on [[Elam]]ite [[Clay tablet|clay tablets]] dated to 2000 BCE.<ref>Cameron, George G. ''Persepolis Treasury Tablets'', University of Chicago Press, 1948:115.</ref> The modern city was founded by the [[Sasanian dynasty]] and restored by the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] in 693 CE and grew prominent under the successive [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] [[Saffarid dynasty|Saffarid]] and [[Buyid dynasty|Buyid dynasties]] in the 9th and 10th–11th centuries, respectively. In the 13th century, Shiraz became a leading center of the arts and letters, due to the encouragement of its ruler and the presence of many [[Persians|Persian]] scholars and artists. Two famous poets of Iran, [[Hafez]] and [[Saadi Shirazi|Saadi]], are from Shiraz, whose tombs are located on the north side of the current city boundaries.

Shiraz is one of the top tourist cities in [[Iran]] and is known as the city of [[Persian poetry|poets]], [[Persian literature|literature]], and flowers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranchamber.com/cities/shiraz/shiraz.php|title=Iran Chamber Society: Iranian Cities: Shiraz|website=www.iranchamber.com}}</ref><ref>[http://www.asemangasht.com/Shiraz.htm "Shiraz"]</ref> It is also considered by many Iranians to be the city of gardens due to the presence of many gardens and [[Fruit tree|fruit trees]] that can be seen throughout the city, such as [[Eram Garden]]. Shiraz is also a famous tourist destination in the world. Every year many tourists come from around the world to visit the city. Shiraz has historically had major [[History of the Jews in Iran|Jewish]] and [[History of Christianity in Iran|Christian]] communities. The crafts of Shiraz consist of inlaid [[mosaic]] work of triangular design; silverware; [[Knotted-pile carpet|pile carpet]]-weaving and weaving of [[kilim]], called {{Transliteration|fa|gilim}} and {{Transliteration|fa|jajim}} in the villages and among the [[Tribe|tribes]].<ref>{{cite web|author=محمد جواد مطلع|url=http://www.shirazcity.org/shiraz/Shiraz%20Information/shiraz_history/Characteristics%20e.htm|title=the physical features of Shiraz|publisher=Shirazcity.org|access-date=5 May 2011}}</ref> Dominant industries in the city include the production of [[cement]], sugar, fertilizers, textile products, wood products, metalwork, and [[Persian carpet|rugs]].{{citation needed|date=June 2019}} Shiraz also has a [[Petroleum industry in Iran|major oil refinery]] and is a major centre for Iran's electronic industries: 53 percent of Iran's electronic investment has been centred in Shiraz.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://arshksco.com/seez.htm|title=ARSH Co. site|publisher=Arshksco.com|access-date=5 May 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707164111/http://arshksco.com/seez.htm|archive-date=7 July 2011}}</ref> The city is home to Iran's first [[Solar power plants|solar powerplant]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tehrantimes.com/index_View.asp?code=186558|title=Iran's first solar power plant comes on stream|work=tehran times|date=11 January 2009|access-date=25 September 2010}}</ref> Recently, Shiraz's first [[wind turbine]] has been installed above [[Baba Kuhi of Shiraz|Mount Babakuhi]] near the city.

==Etymology==
[[File:Shiraz from space.jpg|thumb|upright|Shiraz in a photo by [[Canadian Space Agency|Canadian astronaut]] [[Chris Hadfield]] from the [[International Space Station|ISS]] on 20 March 2013 (1392 [[Nowruz]])<ref>National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2013.</ref>]]<nowiki> </nowiki>

The earliest reference to the city is on [[Elam|Elamite]] clay tablets dated to 2000 BCE, found in June 1970, while digging to make a kiln for a brick factory in the south western corner of the city. The tablets written in ancient [[Elamite language|Elamite]] name a city called Tiraziš.<ref>Cameron, George G. ''Persepolis Treasury Tablets'', University of Chicago Press, 1948, pp. 115.</ref><nowiki> </nowiki> [[Phonetically]], this is interpreted as /tiračis/ or /ćiračis/. This name became Old Persian /širājiš/; through regular sound change comes the [[modern Persian]] name ''Shirāz''. The name Shiraz also appears on clay sealings found at a 2nd-century CE [[Sassanid]] ruin, east of the city. By some of the native writers, the name Shiraz has derived from a son of [[Tahmuras]], the third Shāh (King) of the world according to Ferdowsi's [[Shāhnāma]].<ref name="Conder 1827">{{cite book|last=Conder|first=Josiah|title=Persia and China|publisher=Printed for J. Duncan|year=1827 |page= 339}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of Shiraz|Timeline of Shiraz}}

===Pre-Islamic era===
Though, there is no definitive record of its existence prior to the late 7th century CE, few archaeological finds dating from 1933 and beyond indicate that the site or vicinity of Shiraz was likely settled in the pre-Islamic era as early as the 6th century BCE.<ref name="BerneyandRing644">Berney and Ring, p. 644.</ref> A number of [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid]] and [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]]-era remains have been discovered around the city, including reliefs at [[Barm-e Delak]] to the east and [[Guyim, Shiraz|Guyim]] to the northwest, and ruins of Sasanian fortresses at [[Qasre Abunasr|Qasr-e Abu Nasr]] to the east and Fahandezh.<ref name="Limbert4-5">Limbert, pp. 4–5.</ref> The latter is identified with the fortress of Shahmobad mentioned as being in Shiraz by the 10th-century geographical work, ''[[Hudud al-'alam]]''.<ref name="Limbert4-5" /> the Sasanian and early Islamic-era clay seals found at [[Qasre Abunasr|Qasr-e-Abu Nasr]] mention the name "Shiraz" alongside the name of the Sasanian administrative district of the area, [[Ardashir-Khwarrah]].<ref name="Limbert5">Limbert, p. 5.</ref> According to the diplomat and academic [[John Limbert]], this indicates that the name "Shiraz" is traced back to the Elamite "Shirrazish" and that both refer to a settlement that existed at the site of [[Qasre Abunasr|Qasr-e-Abu Nasr]].<ref name="Limbert5" /> 

Interpretations of what type of settlement ancient Shiraz was vary. According to Berney and Ring, the lack of references to Shiraz in early Persian sources suggests the city could not have been more than a way-station in the plain in which it lies.<ref name="BerneyandRing644" /> On the other hand, according to [[Abdul Majid Arfaei|Abdolmajed Arfaee]], Achaemenid-era Shiraz must have been one of the most important settlements in the area.<ref name="Arfaee 2008">{{cite book |last1=Arfaee |first1=Abdolmajid |author1-link=Abdul Majid Arfaei |title=The Geographical Background of the Persepolis Tablets |date=2008 |publisher=University of Chicago |location=Chicago |pages=29–33 |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/142c3a3a61b1cf0a4710fd1dd240b728/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750}}</ref> He bases this on its frequent appearance in the [[Persepolis Administrative Archives]] (84 different tablets) as well as the number of workers present – in groups as large as 490.<ref name="Arfaee 2008"/> Most textual references to Shiraz involve rations for workers; it is never mentioned as a travel destination.<ref name="Arfaee 2008"/> Arfaee says that Sasanian Shiraz was relatively insignificant before its re-foundation in the early Islamic period.<ref name="Arfaee 2008"/> According to John Limbert,<ref>{{Cite web |title=John Limbert |url=https://www.mei.edu/profile/john-limbert |access-date=2024-03-02 |website=Middle East Institute |language=en}}</ref> however, Shiraz prospered between the 6th and 8th-centuries CE and was possibly the administrative center for the Shiraz plain until the modern city of Shiraz was founded.<ref>Limbert, pp. 5–6.</ref>

===Early Islamic era===
Shiraz was founded or restored in 693 by [[Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Thaqafi]], the brother of the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] viceroy of the eastern half of the [[caliphate]], [[al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf]], or the latter's kinsman [[Muhammad ibn Qasim]].<ref>Lambton, p. 472.</ref><ref name="Limbert4">Limbert, p. 4.</ref> The Arab Muslim army had conquered the wider region of [[Fars Province|Fars]], where the site of Shiraz is located, in several expeditions launched from their garrison town of [[Basra]] between 640 and 653, and specifically captured the immediate area around Shiraz early on, in 641. This area did not possess any cities, though there were a number of forts which were forced to pay tribute to the Arabs.<ref name="Limbert6">Limbert, p. 6.</ref> The Sasanians held firm in [[Istakhr]], their capital in Fars, until the Arabs captured it in a heavy battle in 653, during which the plain of Shiraz had been utilized as an Arab campground.<ref name="Limbert6" /> Because of [[Istakhr]]'s deep association with the Sasanian Empire and the [[Zoroastrian]] religion, the [[Arabs]] sought to establish in nearby Shiraz a rival cultural and administrative center.<ref name="Limbert6" /> Thus, during its initial founding in 693, the city was planned to be much larger than [[Isfahan]].<ref name="Limbert6" /> However, the initial ambitions were not realized and Shiraz remained a "provincial backwater" in the shadow of Istakhr until at least the late 9th century, according to Limbert.<ref name="Limbert6" /> This is partly attributed to the reticence of the largely Zoroastrian population of Fars to inhabit the Islamic Arab city.<ref name="Limbert6" /> As the population gradually shifted to Islam from Zoroastrianism and Istakhr concurrently declined, Shiraz grew into the practical center of Fars.<ref name="Limbert6" />

According to Muslim traditional sources, Shiraz was used as a hideout by three of the brothers of the [[Shia Muslim]] imam [[Ali al-Ridha]] following the latter's death in 817/18 and later by one of the brothers' sons, Ali ibn Hamza ibn Musa, until he was found and executed by the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]] authorities in {{Circa|835}}.<ref>Limbert, pp. 6–7.</ref> As Abbasid authority waned during this period, regional dynasties emerged with considerable autonomy.<ref name="BerneyandRing644" /> In the late 9th century, the Iranian Muslim [[Saffarid dynasty]] under [[Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar|Ya'qub ibn al-Layth]] made Shiraz the capital of their autonomous state, which encompassed most of modern-day Iran.<ref name="BerneyandRing644" /><ref name="Limbert6" /><ref name="Lambton473">Lambton, p. 473.</ref> In 894, Ya'qub's brother and successor, [[Amr ibn al-Layth|Amr]], founded the city's first [[congregational mosque]], today known as the [[Atigh Jame' Mosque]].<ref>Limbert, pp. 6–8.</ref><ref name="Lambton473" />

The Iranian [[Buyid dynasty]] under [[Imad al-Dawla|Imad al-Dawla Ali ibn Buya]] ousted the Saffarids in 933 and his nephew and successor, [['Adud al-Dawla|'Adud al-Dawla Fana Khusraw]], took over and ruled Fars between 949 and 983, and added Iraq, the seat of the Abbasid Caliphate, to his Shiraz-based domains in 977;<ref name="Lambton473" /> the Abbasids thenceforth became a puppet state of the Shiraz-based dynasty.<ref name="BerneyandRing644" /> Shiraz developed into the largest and most prosperous city of Fars and an important economic and cultural center of the [[caliphate]].<ref name="Lambton473" /><ref name="Limbert9">Limbert, p. 9.</ref> Adud al-Dawla had a large library, a hospital and several mosques, [[bazaar]]s, [[caravanserai]]s, palaces and gardens built in the city, while south of it he erected a fortified camp for his troops, known as Kard Fana Khusraw, in 974.<ref name="Lambton473" /><ref name="Limbert9" /> One of the congregational mosques built by Adud al-Dawla has survived until the present day.<ref name="BerneyandRing644" /> Two Zoroastrian [[fire temple]]s also existed in Shiraz,<ref name="Lambton473" /> catering to the Persians who had not converted to Islam.<ref name="BerneyandRing644" /> One of Adud al-Dawla's palaces stretched out for nearly three miles and consisted of 360 rooms.<ref name="BerneyandRing644" />

Under the Buyids, Shiraz was divided into twelve quarters and had eight gates.<ref name="Limbert9" /> It owed its economic prosperity to the booming agricultural trade of Fars.<ref name="BerneyandRing644" /> The city largely consumed the agricultural products of the province, including [[Grape|grapes]], [[linen]], [[wool]], cotton, [[collyrium]], rose, violet and palm-blossom water.<ref name="Limbert9" /> It was also a market for rug weavers and painters to sell their pricey products, a testament to the residents' wealth.<ref name="BerneyandRing644" /> At the time, wine, grains, gold and silver were exported from the Farsi port cities of [[Siraf]] and Najairam.<ref name="BerneyandRing644" /> Adud al-Dawla patronized scientific, medical and Islamic religious research in Shiraz.<ref name="BerneyandRing644" />

The city was spared destruction by the invading [[Mongolian Empire|Mongols]], when its local ruler offered tributes and submission to [[Genghis Khan]]. Shiraz was again spared by [[Tamerlane]], when in 1382 the local monarch, Shah Shoja agreed to submit to the invader.<ref name="Shiraz history">{{cite web|url=http://www.shirazcity.org/shiraz/Shiraz%20Information/shiraz_history/History%20e.htm|title=History of Shiraz|access-date=31 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206151708/http://www.shirazcity.org/shiraz/Shiraz%20Information/shiraz_history/History%20e.htm|archive-date=6 February 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the 13th century, Shiraz became a leading center of the arts and letters, thanks to the encouragement of its ruler and the presence of many Persian scholars and artists. For this reason the city was named by classical geographers ''Dar al-'Elm'', [[House of Knowledge|the House of Knowledge]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isocarp.net/Data/case_studies/730.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926123319/http://www.isocarp.net/Data/case_studies/730.pdf |archive-date=2007-09-26 |url-status=live|title=(pdf file)|access-date=5 May 2011}}</ref> Among the Iranian poets, mystics and philosophers born in Shiraz were the poets [[Saadi (poet)|Sa'di]]<ref name="saadi-iranchamber">[http://www.iranchamber.com/literature/saadi/saadi.php Persian Language & Literature: Saadi Shirazi, Sheikh Mosleh al-Din]. Iran Chamber Society.</ref> and [[Hafiz Shirazi|Hafiz]],<ref name="hafez-iranica">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Khorramshahi|first=Bahaʾ-al-Din|year=2002|title=Hafez II: Life and Times|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hafez-ii|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica|access-date=25 July 2010}}</ref> the mystic [[Ruzbihan Baqli|Ruzbehan]], and the philosopher [[Mulla Sadra]].<ref name="mullasadra">Rizvi, Sajjad (2002), ''Reconsidering the life of Mulla Sadra Shirazi'', Pembroke College, pp. 181</ref> Thus Shiraz has been nicknamed "The Athens of Iran".<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2005/nov/03/features11.g22|location=London|work=The Guardian|title=List of the day|date=3 November 2005}}</ref>
As early as the 11th century, several hundred thousand people inhabited Shiraz.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.biochemiran.com/congress9/page.php?slct_pg_id=93&sid=1&slc_lang=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071226201639/http://www.biochemiran.com/congress9/page.php?slct_pg_id=93&sid=1&slc_lang=en|url-status=dead|title="Shiraz, Iran"|archive-date=26 December 2007}}</ref> In the 14th century Shiraz had sixty thousand inhabitants.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x5-voc6nzmkC&q=shiraz+economy&pg=PA74|title=Shiraz in the age of Hafez: the glory of a medieval Persian city|publisher=University of Washington Press|year=2004|author=John W. Limbert|isbn=978-0-295-98391-2|access-date=5 May 2011}}</ref> During the 16th century it had a population of 200,000 people, which by the mid-18th century had decreased to only 55,000.

<gallery mode="packed">
File:HG7 5639.jpg|The shrine of [[Shah Cheragh]] houses the remains of [[Sayyid]] Ahmad, son of [[Imamate in Twelver doctrine|Imam]] [[Musa al-Kazim]]
File:Masjed (20975400379).jpg|[[Tomb of Seyed Alaeddin Husayn]], brother of Sayyid Ahmad nearby
File:Imamzadeh-ye Ali Ebn-e Hamze (Shiraz) 001.jpg|''[[Imamzadeh]]'' Ali ibn Hamzah, nephew of Shah Cheragh and [[Ali al-Rida|Imam Reza]].<ref name="LonelyPlanet2013">{{cite book |publisher=Lonely Planet |title=Iran |year=2013 |page=211 |isbn=978-8-8663-9974-2}}</ref><ref name="ITC 11-2016">{{cite web |language=en |author=Nic Dark |url=http://www.irantourismcenter.com/?page_id=6752 |title=Ali Ebn-e Hamze Mosque-Travel to Iran/ |website=Iran Tourism Center |date= |access-date=2016-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116020536/http://www.irantourismcenter.com/?page_id=6752 |archive-date=2016-11-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
</gallery>

===Safavid Empire===
[[File:76 Chardin Shiraz.jpg|thumb|260px|An illustration of Shiraz by French traveler [[Jean Chardin]] in 1670s while he was travelling through the Safavid empire]]

In 1504, Shiraz was captured by the forces of [[Ismail I]], the founder of the [[Safavid dynasty|Safavid Eynasty]]. Throughout the Safavid empire (1501–1722) Shiraz remained a provincial capital and [[Imam Quli Khan (governor)|Emam Qoli Khan]], the governor of Fars under [[Abbas the Great]], constructed many palaces and ornate buildings in the same style as those built during the same period in [[Isfahan]], the capital of the Empire.<ref name="Shiraz history" /> After the fall of the Safavids, Shiraz suffered a period of decline, worsened by the raids of the [[Pashtun people|Afghans]] and the rebellion of its governor against [[Nader Shah]]; the latter sent troops to suppress the revolt. The city was besieged for many months and eventually sacked. At the time of [[Nader Shah]]'s murder in 1747, most of the historical buildings of the city were damaged or ruined, and its population fell to 50,000, one-quarter of that during the 16th century.<ref name="Shiraz history" />

Shiraz soon returned to prosperity under the rule of [[Karim Khan Zand]], who made it his capital in 1762. Employing more than 12,000 workers, he constructed a royal district with a fortress, many administrative buildings, a mosque, and one of the finest covered bazaars in Iran.<ref name="Shiraz history" /> He had a moat built around the city, constructed an irrigation and drainage system, and rebuilt the city walls.<ref name="Shiraz history" /> However, Karim Khan's heirs failed to secure his gains. When [[Agha Mohammad Khan]], the founder of the [[Qajar dynasty]], eventually came to power, he wreaked his revenge on Shiraz by destroying the city's fortifications and moving the national capital to [[Tehran]].<ref name="Shiraz history" /> Although lowered to the rank of a provincial capital, Shiraz maintained a level of prosperity as a result of the continuing importance of the trade route to the Persian Gulf. Its governorship was a royal prerogative throughout the [[Qajar dynasty]].<ref name="Shiraz history" /> Many of the famous gardens, buildings and residences built during this time contribute to the city's present skyline.

Shiraz is the birthplace of the co-founder of the [[Baháʼí Faith]], the [[Báb]] (Siyyid 'Ali-Muhammad, 1819–1850). In this city, on the evening of 22 May 1844, he first declared his mission as the bearer of a new divine revelation.<ref name="babism-browne">{{cite encyclopedia|author=Browne, E.G.|title=Babism|encyclopedia=Religious Systems of the World: A Contribution to the Study of Comparative Religion|pages=333–53|publisher=Swann Sonnenschein|location=London|year=1890|url=http://www.h-net.org/~bahai/diglib/articles/A-E/browne/brbabism.htm|access-date=21 February 2007}}</ref> For this reason Shiraz is a holy city for Baháʼís, and the city, particularly the house of the Báb, was identified as a place of [[Baháʼí pilgrimage|pilgrimage]].<ref name="smith2">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Smith|first=Peter|encyclopedia=A concise encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith|title=Shiraz: the House of the Báb|year=2000|publisher=Oneworld Publications|location=Oxford|isbn=978-1-85168-184-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope0000smit/page/314 314]|url=https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope0000smit/page/314}}</ref> Due to the [[persecution of Baháʼís|hostile climate towards Baháʼís]] in Iran, the house has been the target of repeated attacks; the house was destroyed in 1979, to be paved over two years later and made into a public square.<ref name="smith2" />

In 1910, a [[pogrom]] of the Jewish quarter started after [[1910 Shiraz blood libel|false rumours]] that the Jews had ritually murdered a Muslim girl. In the course of the riots, 12 Jews were murdered and about 50 were injured, and the 6,000 Jews of Shiraz were robbed of all their possessions.<ref name="Littman12">{{Cite book|author=Littman|date=1979|pages=12, 14|title=Jews Under Muslim Rule: The Case of Persia}}</ref>

During the [[Pahlavi dynasty]], Shiraz became the center of attention again. Many important landmarks like Tombs of Poets' such as [[Saadi (poet)|Sa'di]]<ref name="saadi-iranchamber" /> and [[Hafiz Shirazi|Hafiz]],<ref name="hafez-iranica" /> were constructed and presented to the public.

Lacking any great industrial, religious or strategic importance, Shiraz became an administrative center, although its population has nevertheless grown considerably since the [[Iranian Revolution]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Clint Lucas|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/worldguide/iran/shiraz/history|title=Shiraz History – Shiraz Travel Guide|publisher=Lonely Planet|date=29 April 2011|access-date=5 May 2011|archive-date=13 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913160141/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/worldguide/iran/shiraz/history|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Clear}}
<gallery mode="packed" heights="130">
File:Shiraz en 1671 André Daulier Deslandes.jpg|Shiraz, André D. Deslandes, 1671
File:La ville de Sieras en Perse.jpg|Shiraz, [[Jean Jansen Struys|Jean Struys]], 1681
File:Lotf Ali Khan.jpg|[[Lotf Ali Khan]] (1769–1794), ruler of the [[Zand dynasty]]
File:Bazar Shiraz as seen by Jane Dieulafoy, 1881.jpg|Illustration of the [[Vakil Bazaar]] by [[Jane Dieulafoy]], 1881
File:Women from Shiraz as seen by Jane Dieulafoy in 1881.jpg|Women from Shiraz, by Dieulafoy in 1881
File:Harold f Weston - Iran23.jpg|Qur'an Gate, [[Harold Weston|Harold F. Weston]], 20th century painting
</gallery>

===Modern times===
[[File:Narenjestan qavam pic by erfan hosseinpour.jpg|alt=Narenjestan Qavam|thumb|Narenjestan Qavam]]

The city's municipality and other related institutions have initiated restoration and reconstruction projects.<ref name="Shiraz history" />

Some of the most recent projects have been the complete restoration of the [[Arg of Karim Khan]] and of the Vakil Bath, as well as a comprehensive plan for the preservation of the old city quarters. Other noteworthy initiatives include the total renovation of the [[Qur'an Gate]] and the mausoleum of the poet [[Khwaju Kermani]], both located in the Allah-u-Akbar Gorge, as well as the restoration and expansion of the mausoleum of the famous Shiraz-born poets Hafiz and Saadi.<ref name="Shiraz history" />

Several different construction projects are currently underway that will modernize the city's infrastructure.{{clarify|date=September 2017}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shiraz1400.com/ |title=شیراز ۱۴۰۰، شیراز پایتخت فرهنگی ایران &#124; پایگاه اطلاع رسانی شیراز ۱۴۰۰ |publisher=Shiraz1400.com |access-date=17 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731191817/http://shiraz1400.com/ |archive-date=31 July 2013}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Ethnicity===
The majority of the population are [[Persians|Persian]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/Iran.html|title=Iran – City Population – Cities, Towns & Provinces – Statistics & Map|publisher=Citypopulation.de|date=3 November 2010|access-date=5 May 2011}}</ref> Most of the population of Shiraz are [[Muslim]]. Shiraz also was home to a 20,000-strong [[Iranian Jews|Jewish community]], although most emigrated to the United States and [[Israel]] in the latter half of the 20th century.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.independent.co.uk/world/middle_east/article273178.ece|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120712194617/http://news.independent.co.uk/world/middle_east/article273178.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 July 2012|work=The Independent|location=London|title=Jews accused of spying are pawns in Iran power struggle|first=Justin |last=Huggler|date=4 June 2000|access-date=23 May 2010}}</ref> Along with [[Tehran]] and [[Isfahan]], Shiraz is one of the handful of Iranian cities with a sizable Jewish population and more than one active synagogue. Shiraz also has a significant [[Baháʼí Faith]] population, the largest in the country after Tehran. There are currently two functioning churches in Shiraz, one [[Armenian Apostolic Church|Armenian]] and the other [[Anglicanism|Anglican]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/elsewhere/journalist/story/0,,1674164,00.html|work=The Guardian|location=London|title=Bearing the cross|first=Robert|last=Tait|date=27 December 2005|access-date=23 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iranchamber.com/monuments/historical_churches_iran.php|title=Iranian Monuments: Historical Churches in Iran|publisher=Iranchamber.com|access-date=5 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605042641/http://www.iranchamber.com/monuments/historical_churches_iran.php|archive-date=2011-06-05|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{clear}}

===Population===
{{Historical populations|percentages = pagr |1986| 848,289|1991|965,117|1996|1,053,025	|2006|1,227,331	|2011|1,460,665|align=right|footnote=source:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/en/iran/cities/|title=Iran: Provinces, Major Cities & Towns - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information|website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref>|2016|1,565,572}}

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 1,204,882 in 265,637 households.<ref name="2006 Fars Province">{{cite report|title=Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006): Fars Province|language=fa|publisher=The Statistical Center of Iran|website=amar.org.ir|url=http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/07.xls|access-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920091830/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/07.xls|format=Excel|archive-date=20 September 2011}}</ref> The following census in 2011 counted 1,460,665 people in 416,141 households.<ref name="2011 Fars Province">{{cite report|title=Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011): Fars Province|language=fa|publisher=The Statistical Center of Iran|website=irandataportal.syr.edu|via=Iran Data Portal, Syracuse University|url=https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Fars.xls|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116202002/https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Fars.xls|archive-date=16 January 2023|access-date=19 December 2022|format=Excel}}</ref> The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 1,565,572 people in 477,916 households.<ref name="2016 Fars Province">{{cite report|title=Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016): Fars Province|language=fa|publisher=The Statistical Center of Iran|website=amar.org.ir|url=https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_07.xlsx|access-date=19 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406013432/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_07.xlsx|format=Excel|archive-date=6 April 2022}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Shiraz Gardens.jpg|thumb|Shiraz Garden Drives, in the north, has gardens predating the city's expansion.]]

The city of Shiraz, the capital of [[Fars province]], is located at 52 degrees 32 minutes east longitude and 29 degrees 36 minutes north latitude, and is 919 kilometers from [[Tehran]]. In the first official census of Iran in 1335, the city of Shiraz with a population of 170,659 people was the sixth most populous city in Iran. Shiraz is located in the south of [[Iran]] and the northwest of [[Fars province]]. It is built in a green plain at the foot of the [[Zagros Mountains]] {{convert|1500|m|ft|abbr=off}} [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]]. Shiraz is {{convert|800|km|mi}} south of [[Tehran]].<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|url=http://landofaryan.tripod.com/shiraz.htm|title=Shiraz|publisher=Landofaryan.tripod.com|access-date=5 May 2011}}</ref>

A seasonal river, Dry River, flows through the northern part of the city and on into [[Maharloo Lake]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shiraz – Iran Observe|url=https://iranobserve.com/destinations/shiraz/|access-date=2022-02-02|language=en-US}}</ref> As of 1920, the area had a large forest of [[oak]] trees.<ref name="Sykes75">{{cite book|last=Sykes|first=Percy|title=A History of Persia|year=1921|publisher=Macmillan and Company|location=London|page=75|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7307/view/1/75/}}</ref>

===Gardens===
Shiraz contains a considerable number of gardens. Due to population growth in the city, many of these gardens may be lost to give way to new developments.{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}} Although some measures have been taken by the Municipality to preserve these gardens, many illegal developments still endanger them.{{Clarify|reason=|date=June 2020}}

===Climate===
[[File:Sunset in Shiraz.JPG|thumb|Sunset in Shiraz, with [[Mount Derak|Derock Mountain]] in the background]]

Shiraz's climate has distinct seasons, and is overall classed as a [[semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''BSh'', bordering ''BSk'').<ref name="autogenerated3" /> [[Summer]]s are hot, with a July average high of {{convert|38.7|C|F|1}}. [[Winter]]s are cool, with average low temperatures below freezing in January. Around {{convert|320|mm|0|abbr=on}} of rain falls each year, almost entirely in the winter months, though in some cases as much as this has fallen in a single month (as in January 1965 and December 2004),<ref name="rainfall">{{Cite web |url=http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/far/SHIRAZ/25.asp |title=Shiraz rainfalls 1951 to 2005 |access-date=9 February 2013 |archive-date=16 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216014915/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/far/SHIRAZ/25.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> whilst in the year from July 1965 to June 1966 as little as {{convert|82.9|mm|in|1}} fell. The wettest year has been 1955/1956 with as much as {{convert|857.2|mm|in}}, though since 1959 the highest has been around {{convert|590|mm|in|1}} in each of 1995/1996 and 2004/2005.<ref name="rainfall" /> Due to Shiraz' high elevation and low latitude, the [[UV index]] is extremely high during summer which is further exacerbated by the high frequency of sunshine.

Despite being in a relatively dry climate, extreme weather is not a rare occasion. On 25 March 2019, flash floods from heavy rains has resulted in 19 deaths and over 200 injuries.

The highest record temperature was {{convert|43.4|°C}} on 3 July 2022<ref name= recordhighs>{{cite web |url=http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/far/SHIRAZ/7.asp |title=Highest record temperature in Shiraz by Month 1951–2010 |publisher=Iran Meteorological Organization |access-date=7 April 2015 |archive-date=14 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414141122/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/far/SHIRAZ/7.asp |url-status=dead}}</ref> and the lowest record temperature was {{convert|-14.0|°C}} on 5 January 1973.<ref name= recordlows>{{cite web |url=http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/far/SHIRAZ/6.asp |title=Lowest record temperature in Shiraz by Month 1951–2010 |publisher=Iran Meteorological Organization |access-date=7 April 2015 |archive-date=14 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414134615/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/far/SHIRAZ/6.asp |url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Weather box
|width=auto
|location = Shiraz, altitude: 1488 m (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951-2020){{efn|Rainy days calculated using parameter codes 46 and 71 from the first source}}
|metric first=yes
|single line=yes
|Jan record high C = 23.4
|Feb record high C = 25.6
|Mar record high C = 30.8
|Apr record high C = 34.0
|May record high C = 39.0
|Jun record high C = 42.8
|Jul record high C = 43.5
|Aug record high C = 42.8
|Sep record high C = 39.2
|Oct record high C = 35.0
|Nov record high C = 28.6
|Dec record high C = 24.2
|year record high C = 
|Jan high C = 12.9
|Feb high C = 15.6
|Mar high C = 19.6
|Apr high C = 25.0
|May high C = 31.3
|Jun high C = 36.7
|Jul high C = 38.7
|Aug high C = 37.7
|Sep high C = 34.3
|Oct high C = 28.4
|Nov high C = 20.3
|Dec high C = 15.3
|year high C = 
|Jan mean C = 6.1
|Feb mean C = 8.7
|Mar mean C = 12.4
|Apr mean C = 17.5
|May mean C = 23.6
|Jun mean C = 28.6
|Jul mean C = 30.8
|Aug mean C = 29.5
|Sep mean C = 25.5
|Oct mean C = 19.6
|Nov mean C = 12.3
|Dec mean C = 7.8
|year mean C = 
|Jan low C =-0.2
|Feb low C = 1.9
|Mar low C = 4.9
|Apr low C = 9.3
|May low C = 14.0
|Jun low C = 17.8
|Jul low C = 20.6
|Aug low C = 19.4
|Sep low C = 15.1
|Oct low C = 10.0
|Nov low C = 4.6
|Dec low C = 1.1
|year low C = 
|Jan record low C = -14.0
|Feb record low C = -8.1
|Mar record low C = -4.3
|Apr record low C = -2.0
|May record low C = 3.0
|Jun record low C = 8.1
|Jul record low C = 14.0
|Aug record low C = 12.0
|Sep record low C = 1.0
|Oct record low C = 1.6
|Nov record low C = -8.0
|Dec record low C = -11.0
|year record low C = 

|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 79.0
|Feb precipitation mm = 53.6
|Mar precipitation mm = 52.0
|Apr precipitation mm = 26.0
|May precipitation mm = 5.8
|Jun precipitation mm = 0.2
|Jul precipitation mm = 0.4
|Aug precipitation mm = 1.4
|Sep precipitation mm = 0.0
|Oct precipitation mm = 4.0
|Nov precipitation mm = 37.8
|Dec precipitation mm = 64.1
|year precipitation mm = 
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| precip days colour      =  
| Jan precipitation days  =6.3
| Feb precipitation days  =5.4
| Mar precipitation days  =5.1
| Apr precipitation days  =3.3
| May precipitation days  =1.3
| Jun precipitation days  =0.1
| Jul precipitation days  =0.2
| Aug precipitation days  =0.2
| Sep precipitation days  =0
| Oct precipitation days  =0.8
| Nov precipitation days  =3.3
| Dec precipitation days  =4.7
| year precipitation days =
|Jan rain days = 9.5
|Feb rain days = 9.2
|Mar rain days = 9.2
|Apr rain days = 5.9
|May rain days = 1.9
|Jun rain days = 0.3
|Jul rain days = 0.5
|Aug rain days = 0.3
|Sep rain days = 0.1
|Oct rain days = 1.3
|Nov rain days = 5.8
|Dec rain days = 7.6
|year rain days = 
|Jan snow days = 1.5
|Feb snow days = 0.6
|Mar snow days = 0.0
|Apr snow days = 0.0
|May snow days = 0.0
|Jun snow days = 0.0
|Jul snow days = 0.0
|Aug snow days = 0.0
|Sep snow days = 0.0
|Oct snow days = 0.0
|Nov snow days = 0.0
|Dec snow days = 0.6
|year snow days = 
|Jan humidity = 59
|Feb humidity = 52
|Mar humidity = 46
|Apr humidity = 41
|May humidity = 28
|Jun humidity = 20
|Jul humidity = 21
|Aug humidity = 23
|Sep humidity = 25
|Oct humidity = 32
|Nov humidity = 49
|Dec humidity = 58
|year humidity = 
| Jan dew point C =-2.1
| Feb dew point C =-1.7
| Mar dew point C =-0.2
| Apr dew point C =2.5
| May dew point C =2.2
| Jun dew point C =1.7
| Jul dew point C =4.9
| Aug dew point C =4.7
| Sep dew point C =2.4
| Oct dew point C =0.9
| Nov dew point C =0.4
| Dec dew point C =-0.8

|Jan sun = 218
|Feb sun = 214
|Mar sun = 248
|Apr sun = 260
|May sun = 327
|Jun sun = 353
|Jul sun = 340
|Aug sun = 339
|Sep sun = 310
|Oct sun = 295
|Nov sun = 233
|Dec sun = 226
|year sun = 

|source 1 = [[NCEI|NOAA NCEI]]<ref name="ncei">{{cite web |title=World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020: Shiraz-40848 |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/Iran/CSV/Shiraz_40848.csv |website=ncei.noaa.gov |publisher=[[NOAA]] |access-date=17 March 2024 |format=CSV}}</ref>
|source 2 = Iran Meteorological Organization (records),<ref name=records>
*{{cite web |url= http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/far/SHIRAZ/7.asp |title= Highest record temperature in Shiraz by Month 1951–2010 |publisher= Iran Meteorological Organization |access-date= April 7, 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150414135119/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/far/SHIRAZ/7.asp |archive-date= April 14, 2015 |url-status= dead |df= mdy-all }}
*{{cite web |url= http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/far/SHIRAZ/6.asp |title= Lowest record temperature in Shiraz by Month 1951–2010 |publisher= Iran Meteorological Organization |access-date= April 7, 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150414140635/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/far/SHIRAZ/6.asp |archive-date= April 14, 2015 |url-status= dead |df= mdy-all }}</ref>(days with snow),<ref name=precipdays>{{cite web |url= http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/far/SHIRAZ/32.asp |title= No. of days with snow or sleet in Shiraz by Month 1951–2010 |publisher= Iran Meteorological Organization |access-date= April 7, 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150414131810/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/far/SHIRAZ/32.asp |archive-date= April 14, 2015 |url-status= dead |df= mdy-all }}</ref>
}}

===Neighborhoods===
List of neighborhoods in Shiraz:
{{Div col|colwidth=18em}}
* Zargari
* Abivardi
* Farhang Shahr
* Qasrodasht
* Koshan
* Kuye Zahra
* Ma'ali Abad
* Molla Sadra
* Shahcheragh
* Riyasati Avval
* Riyasati Dovvom
* [[Shahrak-e-Golestan]]
* Shahrak-e-Sadra
* Tachara
* Zerehi
* Kolbeh Saadi
* Podonak
* Payegah
* Eram
* Bagh-e Nari (Narvan)
* Siahatgar BLVD
* Abiari Ave
* Artesh square (Army Square)
* Bridgestone
* Babakuhi
* Kuye Jamaran(siman)
* Baskul Nader
* Talkhedash
* Kaftarak 
* Sare Dozak
* Chamran
* Sange Siah
* Amir Kabir Blvd
* Modares 
* Dinakan 
* Darvazeh Kazeron 
* Darvaze Isfahan
* Bagh Safa
* Atlasi 
* Derki
{{Div col end}}

* See also: [[Saadi Street (Shiraz)|Saadi Street]]

==Economy==
{{See also|Economy of Iran}}

Shiraz is the economic center of southern Iran. The second half of the 19th century witnessed certain economic developments that greatly changed the economy of Shiraz. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 allowed the extensive import into southern Iran of inexpensive European factory-made goods, either directly from Europe or via India.<ref name=Bahai>{{cite web|url=http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jrcole/bahai/2000/urbanbh2.htm|title=Religious Dissidence and Urban Leadership: Baha'is in Qajar Shiraz and Tehran|publisher=Personal.umich.edu|date=20 April 1968|access-date=5 May 2011}}</ref> Farmers in unprecedented numbers began planting cash crops such as opium poppy, tobacco, and cotton. Many of these export crops passed through Shiraz on their way to the Persian Gulf. Iranian long-distance merchants from Fars developed marketing networks for these commodities, establishing trading houses in Bombay, Calcutta, Port Said, Istanbul and even Hong Kong.<ref name="Bahai" />

Shiraz's economic base is in its provincial products, which include grapes, citrus fruits, cotton and rice.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|author=Tore Kjeilen|url=http://www.i-cias.com/e.o/shiraz.htm|title=Shiraz|publisher=I-cias.com|date=26 September 2005|access-date=5 May 2011}}</ref> Industries such as cement production, sugar, fertilizers, textile products, wood products, metalwork and rugs dominate.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Shirāz also has a major oil refinery and is also a major center for Iran's electronic industries. 53% of Iran's electronic investment has been centered in Shiraz.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://arshksco.com/seez.htm|title=Projects – Shiraz Special Electronic Economic Zone|publisher=Arsh K S Co.|access-date=5 May 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707164111/http://arshksco.com/seez.htm|archive-date=7 July 2011}}</ref> 

The '''Shiraz Special Economic Zone''' or the '''SEEZ''' was established in 2000 with the purpose of boosting manufacturing in electronics and communications.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.seez.freeservers.com/whats_new.html |title=Overview |work=Shiraz Special Economic Electronic Zone (SEEZ) |via=freeservers.com |access-date=17 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kishtpc.com/Freetrade%20ZONES.htm |title=World Free Trade Zones |publisher=Kishtpc.com |access-date=5 May 2011 |archive-date=5 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110505162021/http://www.kishtpc.com/Freetrade%20ZONES.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:Persian-Gulf-Shiraz.jpg|thumb|[[Persian Gulf Complex]]]]

Shiraz is a major shopping destination in [[Iran]] and the [[Middle East]], with more than 25 malls and 10 [[bazaar]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shiraz Shopping Centers – IRAN TRAVEL, TRIP TO IRAN |url=https://www.irangazette.com/en/12/278-shiraz-shopping-centers.html |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=www.irangazette.com}}</ref>

The [[Persian Gulf Complex]], located at the north end of the city, is the [[List of largest shopping malls in the world|largest mall in the world]] in terms of the number of shops.<ref>[http://www.constructionweekonline.com/article-12907-iran-to-open-830m-fars-shopping-mall-in-shiraz/ Iran to open 830m Fars Shopping Centre], Construction Weekly Online</ref>

The city is served by [[Refah Chain Stores Co.]], [[Iran Hyper Star]], [[Isfahan City Center]], [[Shahrvand Chain Stores Inc.]], and [[:fa:شرکت_فروشگاه‌های_زنجیره‌ای_افق_کوروش|Ofoq Kourosh chain store]].

	
[[File:Shiraz Panorama 2023 - Photo By Mr. Hamid Hassas.jpg|thumb|center|800px|Panoramic view of Shiraz at Daylight]]

[[File:Shiraz View.jpg|thumb|center|800px|Panoramic view of Shiraz at night]]

==Culture==
{{Main|Culture of Shiraz}}

Shiraz is known as the city of poets, gardens, wine, [[nightingale]]s and flowers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iranchamber.com/cities/shiraz/shiraz.php|title=Iranian Cities: Shiraz|publisher=Iranchamber.com|access-date=5 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asemangasht.com/Shiraz.htm|title=Shiraz|publisher=Asemangasht.com|access-date=5 May 2011}}</ref> 

The garden is an important part of Iranian culture. There are many old gardens in Shiraz such as the [[Eram garden]] and the Afif abad garden. According to some people,{{who|date=July 2011}} Shiraz "disputes with [[Xeres]] [or Jerez] in Spain the honour of being the birthplace of [[sherry]]."<ref>[[Sir Fitzroy Maclean, 1st Baronet|Maclean, Fitzroy]], ''[[Eastern Approaches]]''. (1949). Reprint: The Reprint Society Ltd., London, 1951, p. 215</ref> [[Shirazi wine]] originates from the city; however, under the current Islamic regime, liquor cannot be consumed except by religious minorities.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shiraz City info (culture and lifestyle)|url=https://aboutshiraz.com/en/blog/230/shiraz-city-info-culture-and-lifestyle-|access-date=2020-11-16|website=aboutshiraz.com|language=en|archive-date=31 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131235214/https://www.aboutshiraz.com/en/blog/230/shiraz-city-info-culture-and-lifestyle-|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Shiraz is proud of being mother land of [[Hafiz Shirazi]]. Shiraz is a center for Iranian culture and has produced a number of famous poets. [[Saadi (poet)|Saadi]], a 12th- and 13th-century poet was born in Shiraz. He left his native town at a young age for [[Baghdad]] to study [[Arabic literature]] and [[Islamic Science|Islamic sciences]] at [[Al-Nizamiyya of Baghdad]]. When he reappeared in his native Shiraz, he was an elderly man. Shiraz, under Atabak Abubakr Sa'd ibn Zangy (1231–1260) was enjoying an era of relative tranquility. Saadi was not only welcomed to the city but he was highly respected by the ruler and enumerated among the greats of the province. He seems to have spent the rest of his life in Shiraz. Hafiz, another famous poet and mystic was also born in Shiraz. A number of scientists also originate from Shiraz. [[Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi]], a 13th-century astronomer, mathematician, physician, physicist and scientist was from Shiraz. In his ''The Limit of Accomplishment concerning Knowledge of the Heavens'', he also discussed the possibility of [[heliocentrism]].<ref>A. Baker and L. Chapter (2002), "Part 4: The Sciences". In M. M. Sharif, "A History of Muslim Philosophy", ''Philosophia Islamica''.</ref>

==Tourism==
The city holds significant importance as a tourism destination in Iran, with its cultural heritage being globally recognized. <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Butler|first1=Richard|last2=O'Gorman|first2=Kevin D.|last3=Prentice|first3=Richard|date=2012-07-01|title=Destination Appraisal for European Cultural Tourism to Iran|journal=International Journal of Tourism Research|volume=14|issue=4|pages=323–338|doi=10.1002/jtr.862|issn=1522-1970}}</ref> {{Clear}}

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Darvazeghoran,_Iran_shiraz.jpg|The [[Qur'an Gate]] was a part of the great city wall built under the [[Buyid dynasty]]
File:Háfezova hrobka.jpg|[[Tomb of Hafez]], in memory of the celebrated [[Persian people|Persian]] poet [[Hafez]]
File:Delgosha Garden, Shiraz.jpg|[[Delgosha Garden]]
File:Ghavam Garden, Shiraz.jpg|[[Qavam House]]
File:Nasir al- mulk mosque, Shiraz.jpg|[[Nasir-ol-molk Mosque|Nasirul-Molk Mosque]]
File:Afif-Abad Garden, Shiraz.jpg|[[Afif-Abad Garden|Afif-Abad Garden (Arms Museum)]]
File:Eram Garden 94.jpg|[[Eram Garden]]
File:Shahpouri-House-in-Shiraz-Persia-Photo-by-Hossein-Amini.jpg|[[Shapouri House]]
File:Mausoleo de Saadi, Shiraz, Irán, 2016-09-24, DD 02.jpg|[[Tomb of Saadi]]
File:Khwaju Kermani's tomb, Shiraz.jpg|[[Khwaju Kermani]]'s tomb
</gallery>

* The tombs of [[Tomb of Hafez|Hafiz]],<ref name=SalakIran>{{cite web|url=http://www.kirasalak.com/Iran.html|title=National Geographic article about Iran|last=Salak|first=Kira|publisher=National Geographic Adventure}}</ref> [[Saadi (poet)|Saadi]], and [[Khwaju Kermani|Khaju e Kermani]] (whose tomb is inside a mountain above the city's [[Qur'an Gate]]). Other lesser known tombs are that of [[Shah Shoja]]' (the [[Muzaffarids (Iran)|Mozafarid]] emir of Persia, and patron of Hafiz), and the ''Haft Tanan mausoleum'', where seven [[Sufism|Sufi]] mystics are buried. The Tomb of [[Baba Kuhi of Shiraz|Baba Kuhi]] sits atop a mountain overlooking the city, and the tomb of [[Karim Khan]] Zand is at the [[Pars Museum of Shiraz]].
* The oldest mosque is [[Atigh Jame' Mosque]], followed by [[Vakil Mosque]] and [[Nasir al-Mulk mosque]]. 
* The citadel of [[Arg of Karim Khan]] sits adjacent to the [[Vakil Bazaar]] and [[Vakil Bath]] at the city's central district.
* The [[Qur'an Gate]] is the entrance to Shiraz. It is located near the gorge of Allah-o-Akbar and is flanked by the Baba Kuhi and Chehel Maqam mountains. The gateway once contained two hand-written Qur'āns by [[Sultan Ibrahim Bin Shahrukh Gurekani]] in an upper room, which have now been moved to the Pars Museum.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://surfiran.com/destination/shiraz/quran-gate-darvazeh-e-quran/ | title=Quran Gate (Darvazeh-e Quran)| date=2 December 2016}}</ref>
* The [[Eram Garden]] (Bagh-e Eram) in Shiraz is a location for visitors with a variety of plants as well as a mansion. 

{{Clear}}
<gallery mode="packed">
Pars Museum, Shiraz.jpg|[[Pars Museum]]
Atigh Mosque, Shiraz.jpg|[[Atigh Jame' Mosque|Atigh Mosque]]
Luna Park, Shiraz.jpg|[[Luna Park, Shiraz|Luna Park]]
Jahan Nama Garden, Shiraz.jpg|[[Jahan Nama Garden]]
Saraye Moshir, Shiraz.jpg|[[Saraye Moshir]]
Ghavam ol Molk House, Shiraz.jpg|[[Ghavam ol Molk Mansion]]
Zinat ol Molk House, Shiraz.jpg|[[Zinat ol Molk Mansion]]
Saadat House, Shiraz.jpg|[[Saadat Mansion]]
Bazaar de Vakil, Shiraz, Irán, 2016-09-24, DD 55.jpg|[[Vakil Bazaar]]
Vakil mosque Panorama.jpg|[[Vakil Mosque]]
Vakil water storage.jpg|[[Vakil Water Storage|Water Museum]]
Baños de Vakil, Shiraz, Irán, 2016-09-24, DD 36-38 HDR.jpg|[[Vakil Bath]]
Stone Museum, Shiraz.jpg|[[Stone Museum]]
Madresyekhaan_(1).JPG|[[Khan School]]
</gallery>

* [[Margoon Waterfall]] is located in the [[Fars Province]] of [[Iran]] near the city of [[Ardakan, Fars|Sepidan]]. 
* [[Shapur cave]] is located in the [[Zagros Mountains]], in southern [[Iran]], about {{convert|6|km|abbr=off}} from the city of [[Bishapur]].
* [[Sangtarashan cave]] is located in the [[Jahrom]], in southern [[Iran]].
* [[Palace of Ardashir]], also known as the ''Atash-kadeh'', is a castle located on the slopes of the mountain on which [[Ghal'eh Dokhtar|Dezh Dokhtar]] is situated. Built in AD 224 by King [[Ardashir I]] of the [[Sassanian Empire]], it is located {{convert|2|km|spell=in|abbr=off}} north of the ancient city of ''Gor''.
* [[Pooladkaf]] is a [[ski resort]] in the south of [[Iran]]. It opened in 2002. 
* The [[Sarvestan Palace]] is a [[Sassanid Empire|Sassanid]]-era building in the [[Iran]]ian city of [[Sarvestan]].
* [[Qal'eh Dokhtar]], is a castle made by [[Ardashir I]], in present-day [[Fars Province|Fars]], [[Iran]], in 209 AD.
* [[Maharloo Lake]]. Maharloo is a seasonal salt lake about an hour away from Shiraz, with a dominant pink hue because of the amount of red tide in it; however, the strength of the color differs in various times of the year. It is also known as the pink lake.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.visitouriran.com/blog/maharloo-lake/|title=Maharloo Lake|date=25 December 2019 }}</ref>

{{Clear}}
<gallery mode="packed">
Margoon_Waterfall_-_panoramio.jpg|[[Margoon Waterfall]]
Shapour_statue.jpg|[[Shapur cave]]
Gole ashk (2536129888).jpg|Plain of [[Fritillaria imperialis]], [[Sepidan County]]
Pooladkaf Ski Resort.jpg|[[Pooladkaf|Pooladkaf Ski Resort]]
Sarvestan_Palace_4.jpg|[[Sarvestan Palace|Sassanid Palace]] at [[Sarvestan]]
Ghaledokhtar Firuzabad Fars.jpg|[[Qal'eh Dokhtar]]
</gallery>

==Higher education==
Shiraz is home to a vibrant academic community. The [[Shiraz University of Medical Sciences]] was the first university in Shiraz and was founded in 1946. Much older is the august Madrasa-e-Khan, or [[Khan Theological School]], with about 600 students; its tile-covered buildings date from 1627.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=10327|title=Khan Mosque and Madrasa|publisher=Archnet.org|access-date=5 May 2011|archive-date=4 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604194807/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=10327|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Today [[Shiraz University]] is the largest university in the province, and one of Iran's best academic centers. Other major universities in or nearby Shiraz are the [[Islamic Azad University of Shiraz]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iaushiraz.ac.ir/ |title=iaushiraz.ac.ir |publisher=iaushiraz.ac.ir |access-date=17 October 2013 |archive-date=17 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017171548/http://www.iaushiraz.ac.ir/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Shiraz University of Technology]], and [[Shiraz University of Applied Science and Technology]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shirazjju.ac.ir/ |title=shirazjju.ac.ir |publisher=shirazjju.ac.ir |access-date=17 October 2013 |archive-date=17 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017145648/http://www.shirazjju.ac.ir/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The [[Shiraz Regional Library of Science and Technology]] is a provincial library serving the public.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} Virtual University of Shiraz is one of the sub colleges of [[Shiraz University]].

==Transportation==

===Air===
[[File:Iran Air Airbus A320 Talebzadeh.jpg|thumb|An [[Iran Air]] [[Airbus A320 family|Airbus A320]] approaching Shiraz International Airport (2011)]]

[[Shiraz Shahid Dastgheib International Airport|Shiraz International Airport]], also known as [[Shiraz Shahid Dastgheib International Airport]], serves as the largest airport in southern [[Iran]].

===Metro===
{{main|Shiraz Metro}}
[[File:Vakil Roaya Metro Station 1399060617504232121062774.jpg|thumb|right|[[Shiraz Metro]]]]

Construction of a [[Shiraz Metro|metro system]] was started in 2001 by the Shiraz Urban Railway Organization.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://onenewsbox.com/2020/08/28/inauguration-of-one-of-the-most-beautiful-metro-stations-in-iran/ | title=Inauguration of one of the most beautiful metro stations in Shiraz }}</ref> The plan is to create six lines.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://financialtribune.com/articles/people/97269/how-to-ride-shiraz-metro | title=How to Ride Shiraz Metro | date=21 March 2019 }}</ref> The length of the first Line is {{convert|22.4|km|1|abbr=on}}, the length of the second line will be approximately {{convert|14|km|1|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://teamgroup.it/project/shiraz-metro-line-2-iran/ | title=Shiraz Metro Line 2 - Iran }}</ref>

The first three lines, when completed, will have 32 stations below ground, six above, and one special station connected to the [[Shiraz railway station|railway station]]. The first line was started in October 2014<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/shiraz-metro-line-1-opens/40101.article | title=Shiraz metro Line 1 opens }}</ref> between Shahid Dastgheib (airport) Metro Station and [[Ehsan Metro Station (Shiraz)|Ehsan]] stations.

===Bus===
[[File:ناوگان اتوبوسرانی شیراز (4).jpg|thumb|Shiraz has the [[Iran]]'s third [[Bus rapid transit]].]]

The Shiraz and suburbs bus organization was established in 1966. In that year, the company purchased 10 buses from the Iran National Company using both cash and installments. The company had a staff of 10 drivers, 40 assistant drivers, 50 ticket sellers, and 10 repairmen and inspectors. The daily salary of each full-time driver (6 am to 10 pm) was set at 160 rials, while assistant drivers and ticket sellers were set at 83 rials. With the purchased buses, the company launched lines one, two, and three, which were welcomed by the people. Now Shiraz has 71 bus lines.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}}<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Bus route evaluation using a two-stage hybrid model of fuzzy AHP and TOPSIS |journal=Journal of Transport Literature |date=July 2013 |volume=7 |issue=3 |url=https://trid.trb.org/view/1259625|last1=Soltani |first1=Ali |last2=Marandi |first2=Ebrahim Zargari |last3=Ivaki |first3=Yousef Esmaili |pages=34–58 |doi=10.1590/S2238-10312013000300003 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Rail===
[[File:Shiraz Train Station.jpg|thumb|Shiraz Train Station]]

Shiraz is connected with the rest of [[Islamic Republic of Iran Railways|Iran's railway network]]. The trains arrive and leave from [[Shiraz railway station]], Iran's largest railway station according to surface area.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.khorasannews.com/News.aspx?id=1204843&type=1&year=1390&month=8&day=25 |title=بزرگ ترين ايستگاه راه آهن کشور در شيراز افتتاح شد |language=fa |access-date=2011-12-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117064705/http://www.khorasannews.com/News.aspx?type=1&year=1390&month=8&day=25&id=1204843 |archive-date=17 January 2012}}</ref> 

===Roads===
[[File:Shiraz 2020 (18).jpg|thumb|View of Shiraz roads and bridges in 2020]]

There are 700,000 cars in the city of Shiraz.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.khabarads.ir/jonoob/Jshau.php?View=06-91.1.23.jpg |title=روزنامه خبر جنوب :: نیازمندیهای خبر جنوب |publisher=Khabarads.ir |access-date=17 October 2013}}</ref>
* [[Road 63 (Iran)|Road 63]]
* [[Road 93 (Iran)|Road 93]]

{{Shiraz Transport Network}}

==Sports==
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2023}}
[[File:Pars Stadium Photos Image 6.jpg|thumb|[[Pars Shiraz Stadium]]]]
[[File:2016 Summer Olympics, Greco-Roman Wrestling 81 kg - Shmagi Bolkvadze v Omid Norouzi.jpg|150px|thumb|[[Omid Norouzi]]. 2012 Olympic gold medalist.|right]]

[[Association football|Football]] is the most popular sport in Shiraz and the city has teams in this sport. The main sporting venue in Shiraz is [[Hafezieh Stadium]] which can hold up to 20,000 people. Shiraz is also home to another stadium, [[Pars Shiraz Stadium|Pars Stadium]], which was completed in 2017, and can host up to 50,000 spectators.

==Notable people==
[[File:Hafez statute at Tehran's Hafez street.jpg|150px|thumb|Hafez statue]]
[[File:Shirazsaadi.jpg|150px|thumb|Saadi]]
[[File:Ghotb2.jpg|150px|thumb|Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi]]
===Rulers and political figures===
* [[Abish Khatun|Absh Khatun]], 13th-century ruler
* [[Karim Khan Zand|Karim Khan]], the ruler and de facto [[Shah]] of Iran from 1760 until 1779. He made Shiraz his capital.
* [[Valerie Jarrett]], senior advisor to [[President of the United States|United States President]] [[Barack Obama]], born in Shiraz to African-American parents.
* [[Kamran Bagheri Lankarani|Kamran Bagheri]]. He was [[Iran]]'s [[Ministry of Health and Medical Education|Minister of Health and Medical Education]].
* [[Jimmy Delshad]], 67th and 70th [[List of mayors of Beverly Hills, California|Mayor of Beverly Hills]]
[[File:Karim Khan painting by Muhammad Sadiq.jpg|150px|thumb|Karim Khan Zand]]

===Religious figures, philosophers and theologians===
* [[Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi|Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi]]. He lived during the [[Fatimid Caliphate]] and was considered one of the most learned scholars of that time, known as an author of Islamic books, a poet, and scientist.
* [[Mulla Sadra]], Islamic philosopher and theologian who led the Iranian cultural renaissance in the 17th century
* [[Báb|Siyyid 'Alí Muḥammad Shírází]], the founder of [[Bábism]], and one of three central figures of the [[Baháʼí Faith]]

===Academics and scientists===
* [[Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi]], 13th-century Iranian poet and scholar
* [[Sibawayh]], linguist and grammarian of the Arabic language
* [[Firouz Naderi]] (1946–2023), scientist and currently the Director for [[Solar System exploration|Solar System Exploration]] at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)
* [[Gholam A. Peyman]] (born 1937), inventor of [[LASIK]]
* [[Ali Asghar Khodadoust]] (1935–2018), Professor of [[Ophthalmology]], originator of the [[Khodadoust line]] method
* [[M. Hashem Pesaran]] (born 1946), Iranian Economist, Emeritus Professor of Economics at University of Cambridge
*[[Farshid Delshad]], linguist and translator
*[[Reza Negarestani]], philosopher and writer

===Poets and writers===
* [[Saadi (poet)|Saadi]], poet of the [[Medieval Period|medieval period]]
* [[Hafiz Shirazi|Hafez]], poet
* [[Shahriyar Mandanipour]], writer
* [[Simin Daneshvar]], novelist and author
* [[Mehdi Hamidi Shirazi]] (1914–1986), contemporary poet
* [[Fereidoon Tavallali]] (1917–1985), contemporary poet and intellectual
* [[Abdolali Dastgheib]] (born 1931), literary critic writer

===Other artists===
* [[Bahram Dabiri]] (born 1979), painter and artist
* [[Shirazeh Houshiary]] (born 1955), artist, born in Shiraz in 1955. She lives in London.
* [[Arsi Nami]] (born 1984), award-winning singer and songwriter
* [[Ebrahim Golestan]] (born 1922), writer and filmmaker
* [[Gholamhossein Saber]] (born 1941), artist
* [[Tooji]] (born 1987), singer, model and television host. He represented [[Norway]] in the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2012]] in [[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan]].
* [[Bahar Pars]] (born 1979), actress

===Others===
* [[Mohammad Namazi]], philanthropist and founder of the Namazi hospital in Shiraz. This later became the catalyst for the establishment of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences in 1955; one of the country's top medical schools.
* [[Mohammad Bahmanbeigi]], activist, founding father of instructions for tribes in Iran
* [[Eghbal Hamidy]], [[Formula One car]] designer for [[Williams Grand Prix Engineering|Williams]], [[Stewart Grand Prix|Stewart]], [[Arrows Grand Prix International|Arrows]], and [[Jordan Grand Prix|Jordan]]
* [[Omid Norouzi]], Iranian wrestler, world and Olympic champion
* [[Abbas Doran|Abbas Dowran]], acclaimed fighter jet pilot who died during the [[Iran–Iraq War]]

==International relations==
===Twin towns – sister cities===
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Iran}}
Shiraz is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web |title=Sister Cities|url=https://en.shiraz.ir/RContent/2XT5C73E-Sister-Cities.aspx|website=shiraz.ir|publisher=Shiraz|access-date=2020-06-17}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Chongqing]], China
*{{flagicon|TJK}} [[Dushanbe]], Tajikistan
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Nanjing]], China
*{{flagicon|CYP}} [[Nicosia]], Cyprus
*{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Pécs]], Hungary
*{{flagicon|JP}} [[Osaka]], Japan {{Citation needed|date=April 2024|reason=Osaka is not mentioned in the current source (shiraz.ir)}}
*{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Weimar]], Germany<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.irna.ir/news/81417897/German-city-eyes-deepening-friendship-with-Shiraz|title=German city eyes deepening friendship with Shiraz|date=7 December 2014}}</ref>
<!--Weimar - it is twinning. Ref added plus it is listed in official website.-->
{{div col end}}

===Partner cities===
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Novi Sad]], [[Serbia]] (2023)<ref>{{cite web|title=Novi Sad uspostavlja saradnju sa iranskim gradom Širazom|url=https://www.021.rs/story/Novi-Sad/Vesti/345091/Novi-Sad-uspostavlja-saradnju-sa-iranskim-gradom-Sirazom.html|publisher=kanal9tv.com|date=27 June 2023|access-date=5 November 2023|language=Serbian}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

==See also==
* [[1853 Shiraz earthquake]] – killed at least 9,000 people
* [[Ahmadi Square]]
* [[Shiraz Arts Festival]]
* [[Shirazi salad]] – originated from and is named after Shiraz
* [[Swedish intervention in Persia]]
* [[Shiraz expedition]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{EI2 |article=Shīrāz |last=Lambton |first=Ann K. S. |volume=9 |pages=772–479}}
*{{cite book |last1=Limbert |first1=John |title=Shiraz in the Age of Hafez: The Glory of a Medieval Persian City |date=2004 |publisher=University of Washington Press |location=Seattle and London |isbn=0-295-98391-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x5-voc6nzmkC&pg=PA3}}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Berney |editor1-first=K. A. |editor2-last=Ring |editor2-first=Trudy |title=Middle East and Africa: International Dictionary of Historic Places, Volume 4 |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-884964-03-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6XMBAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA644}}

==External links==
* [http://stockholm360.net/list.php?id=shiraz 360° VR panorama gallery of Shiraz]

{{S-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Mashhad]]}} 
{{s-ttl|title=[[Capitals of Persia|Capital of Iran (Persia)]]|years=1750–1794}} 
{{s-aft|after=[[Tehran]]}}
{{s-bef|before=-}} 
{{s-ttl|title=Capital of [[Zand dynasty]]|years=1750–1794}} 
{{s-aft|after=[[Kerman]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{Sister bar|auto=y}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Fars Province|state=collapsed}}
{{Shiraz County|state=collapsed}}
{{Provincial capitals of Iran}}
{{Iranian Architecture}}

[[Category:Shiraz| ]]

[[Category:Populated places in Shiraz County]]

[[Category:Cities in Fars province]]