View source for Slovene dialects

[[File:Slove dialects map-int 01.svg|thumb|400x400px|Map of Slovene dialect groups
{{legend|#ff6bfa|[[Carinthian dialect group|Carinthian]]}}
{{legend|#ffba4c|[[Littoral dialect group|Littoral]]}}
{{legend|#5b4cff|[[Rovte dialect group|Rovte]]}}
{{legend|#ab4cff|[[Upper Carniolan dialect group|Upper Carniolan]]}}
{{legend|#b76637|[[Lower Carniolan dialect group|Lower Carniolan]]}}
{{legend|#3dcc6f|[[Styrian dialect group|Styrian]]}}
{{legend|#f9f94a|[[Pannonian dialect group|Pannonian]]}}]]
{{South Slavic languages sidebar}}
In a purely [[Dialectology|dialectological]] sense, '''Slovene dialects''' ({{langx|sl|slovenska narečja}} {{IPA|sl|sloʋènska narét͡ʃja|}}, {{Langx|sh|slovenska narječja}} {{IPA|sh|slǒʋeːnskaː nǎːrjeːt͡ʃja|}}) are the regionally diverse [[Variety (linguistics)|varieties]] that evolved from [[Alpine Slavic|old Slovene]], a [[South Slavic languages|South Slavic language]] of which the standardized modern version is [[Slovene language|Standard Slovene]]. This also includes several dialects in Croatia, most notably the so-called Western Goran dialect, which is actually [[Kostel dialect]].<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Šekli|2018|pp=377–380}}</ref> In reality, speakers in Croatia self-identify themselves as speaking Croatian, which is a result of a ten centuries old country border passing through the dialects since the [[Francia]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kapović |first=Mate |url=https://www.academia.edu/34989815 |title=The Position of Kajkavian in the South Slavic Dialect Continuumin in Light of Old Accentual Isoglosses |journal=Zeitschrift für Slawistik |publisher=[[De Gruyter]] |year=2017 |series=62 |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=606–620 |language=English |doi=10.1515/slaw-2017-0038 |s2cid=55046560 |author-link=Mate Kapović}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Gosteničnik |first=Januška |url=https://zdsds.si/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/SSK-2019-zbornik-splet-2019_web.pdf |title=Slovenski jezik ob Čabranki, zgornji Kolpi in v Gorskem kotarju |work=Slovenski jezik in njegovi sosedje / [Slovenski slavistični kongres, Novo mesto, 3.-5. oktober 2019] |publisher=Zveza društev Slavistično društvo Slovenije |year=2019 |isbn=978-961-6715-29-4 |location=[[Ljubljana]] |pages=165–177 |language=Sl |issn=1408-3043 |access-date=April 1, 2022 }}</ref> In addition, two dialects situated in Slovene (and the speakers self identify as speaking Slovene) did not evolve from Slovene (left out in the map on the right). The [[Čičarija dialect]] is a [[Chakavian]] dialect<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eterović |first=Ivana |url=https://zdsds.si/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/SSK-2019-zbornik-splet-2019_web.pdf |title=Pregled dosadašnjih istraživanja čakavskih govora na području Ćićarije u Republici Sloveniji |work=Slovenski jezik in njegovi sosedje / [Slovenski slavistični kongres, Novo mesto, 3.-5. oktober 2019] |publisher=Zveza društev Slavistično društvo Slovenije |year=2019 |isbn=978-961-6715-29-4 |location=[[Ljubljana]] |pages=165–177 |language=hr |issn=1408-3043 |access-date=April 1, 2022 }}</ref> and parts of [[White Carniola]] were populated by [[Serbs]] during the [[Turkey|Turkish]] invasion and therefore [[Shtokavian]] is spoken there.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Logar|1996|p=79}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Petrović |first=Tanja |url=https://omp.zrc-sazu.si/zalozba/catalog/view/1368/5756/1323-1 |title=Ne tu, ne tam : Srbi v Beli krajini in njihova jezikovna ideologija v procesu zamenjave jezika |publisher=[[Založba ZRC]] |year=2006 |isbn=961-6568-53-1 |location=Ljubljana |pages=30–35 |language=sl |translator-last=Đukanović |translator-first=Maja |trans-title=Not here, not there : Serbs in White Carniola and their ideology in the process of switching the language. |doi=10.3986/9616568531}}</ref>

Spoken [[Slovene language|Slovene]] is often considered to have at least 48 [[dialect]]s<ref>[[Marc L. Greenberg]]: ''{{cite web |title=A Short Reference Grammar of Standard Slovene |url=http://www.theslovenian.com/articles/2008/greenberg.pdf}}&nbsp;{{small|(1.42&nbsp;MB)}}''</ref> ({{Lang|sl|narečja}}) and 13 subdialects ({{Lang|sl|podnarečja}}). The exact number of dialects is open to debate,<ref>Sussex, Roland & Paul Cubberly. 2006. ''The Slavic Languages.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 502–503.</ref> ranging from as many as 50<ref>Logar, Tine & Jakob Rigler. 1986. ''Karta slovenskih narečij.'' Ljubljana: Geodetski zavod SRS.</ref> to merely 7.<ref>[[Rado Lenček|Lencek, Rado L.]] 1982. ''The Structure and History of the Slovene Language.'' Columbus, OH: Slavica.</ref> According to the official chart, published by the [[Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts|Fran Ramovš Institute]], there are 48 dialects and 13 subdialects, but that includes all dialects spoken in Slovene. Čičarija dialect is included as a separate dialect and Shtokavian in [[White Carniola]] is merged with [[South White Carniolan dialect|South White Carniolan]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last1=Logar |first1=Tine |url=https://sla.zrc-sazu.si/eSLA/Karta_narecij_600dpi_CMYK.pdf |title=Karta slovenskih narečij |last2=Rigler |first2=Jakob |publisher=[[SAZU|Založba ZRC]] |year=2016 |language=sl}}</ref> However, the official chart was not updated to include Čabar dialect, which was only recently been discovered to have evolved differently than Kostel dialect, under which it was traditionally listed. Therefore, that division includes 48 dialects and 13 subdialects.

The various dialects are so different from each other that a speaker of one dialect may have a very difficult time understanding a speaker of another,<ref>Sussex, Roland & Paul V. Cubberley. 2006. ''The Slavic Languages''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 502.</ref> particularly if they belong to different regional groups. Speakers of dialects that strongly differ accommodate each other by gravitating toward standard Slovene. The only exception to that is the [[Resian dialect]], which is the most isolated dialect,<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Ramovš|1935|p=30}}</ref> and on top of that, the speakers were never able to attend Slovene schools and are therefore completely unfamiliar with [[Standard Slovene]].<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Logar|1996|p=232}}</ref>

Slovene dialects are part of the South Slavic [[dialect continuum]], transitioning into [[Serbo-Croatian]] [[Kajkavian]] dialect to the southeast and [[Chakavian]] dialect to the southwest, but also bordering [[Friulian language|Friulian]] and [[Italian language|Italian]] to the west, [[German language|German]] to the north, and [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] to the northeast. The dialects are spoken primarily in Slovenia, but are extending in all neighboring countries [[Austria]], [[Italy]], [[Croatia]], and [[Hungary]].

== History of research ==
[[Primož Trubar]], the author of the first Slovene book has already been aware of the wide diversity among the Slovene speakers and has written that some speakers might have a hard time understanding the book.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Ramovš|1935|p=XI}}</ref> First attempt to classify the dialects was made in 1809 by [[Jernej Kopitar]], writing about two dialects in his ''Grammatik der slavischen Sprache in Krain, Kärnten und Steyermark.'' He split the dialects into two groups depending if their pronunciation of {{Lang|sl|*ła}} is {{Lang|sl|wa}} or {{Lang|sl|la}}. [[Fran Miklosich]] similarly split the language in two dialects, but focusing on the pronunciation of Proto-Slavic ''ê.'' In the western dialect, it is pronounced {{Lang|sl|ie}} and {{Lang|sl|ei̯}} in the eastern. [[Vatroslav Oblak]] split the two dialects by the evolution of long {{Lang|sl|*ъ|italic=yes}} and {{Lang|sl|*ь|italic=yes}}, which divided Slovene into the southwestern dialect where they evolved to {{Lang|sl|a}} and northeastern dialect where they evolved to {{Lang|sl|e}}. This division was completely contradictory to Miklosich's one, so a conclusion that not enough data was gathered was reached.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Ramovš|1935|p=XXI–XXII}}</ref>

Karel Glaser has made further divisions in 1898, dividing the varieties into the southeastern and northwestern dialect group, which were then subdivided into the Hungarian (now known as [[Pannonian dialect group|Panonian]]), [[Kajkavian]] (which he considered to be a Slovene dialect), other [[Styrian dialect group|Styrian]], [[Carinthian dialect group|Carinthian]], [[Upper Carniolan dialect group|Upper Carniolan]], [[Lower Carniolan dialect group|Lower Carniolan]], Karst-Littoral, and Venetian dialects (now joined together as the [[Littoral dialect group]]) and was thus the first more serious attempt to classify the dialects.

Other attempts to classify the language were made by [[Izmail Sreznevsky]] in the early 19th century, followed by [[Jan Niecisław Baudouin de Courtenay]] (focusing on [[Resia Valley|Resia]], [[Venetian Slovenia]], [[Cerkno]], and [[Bled]]), [[Karel Štrekelj]] (focusing on the [[Karst Plateau (Italy-Slovenia)|Karst]]), and [[Ivan Scheinig]] (focusing on [[Duchy of Carinthia|Carinthia]]). This was followed by efforts by [[Ivan Grafenauer]] ([[Gail (river)|Gail Valley]]), [[Josip Tominšek]] ([[Savinja|Savinja Valley]]), and others.

Efforts before the Second World War were spearheaded by [[Lucien Tesnière]], [[Fran Ramovš]] (which added the [[Rovte dialect group]]), and [[Aleksander Isachenko]], and after the war by [[Tine Logar]] and [[Jakob Rigler]] ([[:sl:Jakob Rigler|sl]]), which both made vital corrections to the Ramovš division.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Toporišič|1992|p=123}}</ref> Eventually, the classification proposed by Ramovš was accepted with corrections and additions by Logar and Rigler, published in 1983 as the {{Lang|sl|Karta slovenskih narečij}} (Map of Slovenian Dialects).<ref name="Smole 1">Smole, Vera. 1998. "Slovenska narečja." ''Enciklopedija Slovenije'' vol. 12, pp. 1–5. Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, p. 1.</ref>

Before the 21st century, it was known that Čičarija dialect was Chakavian, but it was only then discovered that the national borders also do not follow the Slovene–Serbo-Croatian border elsewhere.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Šekli|2018|pp=373–387}}</ref> These changes are mostly accepted in Slovene and international literature, but not in [[Croatian language|Croatian]], mainly because of the different institutes researching both countries and the speakers' self-identification.<ref name=":8" />

== Evolution ==
All Slovene dialects originate from Old Slovene (also referred to as Alpine Slovene), present around 1000–1200. Alpine Slovene itself was formed from two transitional languages, Northwestern and Southeastern [[Alpine Slavic]], which existed in 800–1000, when they both transitioned to Slovene.

=== Unification ===
[[File:Brižinski spomeniki 3.png|thumb|The [[Freising manuscripts]], written in Alpine Slavic]]
Northwestern Alpine Slavic formed in what is today southern [[Austria]] and eastern [[Italy]] and was initially showing signs of it actually being a [[West Slavic languages|West Slavic]] language, but the Southeastern was closer to Western [[Kajkavian]] and [[Chakavian]], and was actually derived from the Southwestern Alpine-Western Panonian-Littoral [[South Slavic languages|South Slavic]], from which Western Kajkavian and Chakavian were also formed. They already featured some changes: In southeastern Alpine Slovene, {{Lang|sl|*tl}}, {{Lang|sl|*dl}}, {{Lang|sl|*tn}}, and {{Lang|sl|*dn}} got simplified into {{Lang|sl|*l}}, {{Lang|sl|*l}}, {{Lang|sl|*n}}, and {{Lang|sl|*n}}, respectively ([[Proto-Slavic language|PS]] ''*modliti (sę)'' "to pray, to beg", NWAS {{Lang|sl|modliti (sę)}}, SEAS {{Lang|sl|moliti (sę)}}, [[Standard Slovene|SS]] {{Lang|sl|molíti}}). Proto-Slavic ''*vy-'' and ''*jьz-'', both meaning "from" did not both exist in Alpine Slavic anymore. Northwestern Alpine Slavic kept the *vy- while the Southeastern kept the other one (PS ''*vy-bьrati'' / ''*jьz-bьrati'' "to choose", NWAS {{Lang|sl|*vy-brati}}, SEAS {{Lang|sl|*iz-brati}}, SS {{Lang|sl|izbráti}}).<ref name=":0">{{Harvcoltxt|Šekli|2018|pp=148–154}}</ref>

Both forms then followed the same changes which then separated Slovene from other languages.<ref name=":0" />

* Long and short circumflex vowels in words composed of (in the time of the transition) two or more syllables was moved to the following syllable, and lengthened ([[Alpine Slavic|AS]] {{Lang|sl|sě̑no}} "hay", Old Slovene {{Lang|sl|*sěno}}̑; AS {{Lang|sl|prȍso}} "oat", OS {{Lang|sl|*prosȏ}}).
* The short final acute syllable became unstressed: PS ''*(V̄̆)V̄V̍'' / ''*V̄V̀ъ̯'' / ''ь̯'', AS {{Lang|sl|*(V̆)V̄V̀}}, OS {{Lang|sl|*(V̆)V́V}}, for example PS ''*gně''̄''zdo̍'' "nest", OS {{Lang|sl|*gně́zdo}}.
* All remaining unstressed long vowels became short.
* Stressed vowels became tense, lengthened, and consequently raised, and because of that they tend to [[Diphthongization|diphthongize]].
* Unstressed vowels were spoken loosely, because of which some get [[Vowel reduction|reduced]] in some dialects.
The last common language of the Slovenes, also called [[Alpine Slavic]] or Alpine Slovene (around 1200) had the following vowels:<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Šekli|2018|p=154}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Vowels
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|- align="center"
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{Lang|sl|*i|italic=no}}
|
|{{Lang|sl|*u|italic=no}}
|- align="center"
![[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
|{{Lang|sl|*e|italic=no}}
| rowspan="2" |{{Lang|sl|*ə|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|*o|italic=no}}
|- align="center"
![[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
|{{Lang|sl|*ę|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|*ǫ|italic=no}}
|- align="center"
![[Near-open vowel|Near-open]]
|{{Lang|sl|*ě|italic=no}}
|
|
|- align="center"
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|
|{{Lang|sl|*a|italic=no}}
|
|}
All vowels could be long or short, stressed or unstressed. The Proto-Slavic vowel ''*y'' merged with ''*i''. Additionally, there were also two syllabic sonorants, {{Lang|sl|*r̥}} and {{Lang|sl|*ł̥}}, which formed from Proto-Slavic ''*CьrC'' / ''*CъrC'', and ''*CьlC'' / ''*CъlC'', respectively. It is however debated what {{Lang|sl|*ě}} was actually like. It might have sounded like {{Lang|sl|[[Slovene national phonetic transcription|*[ä]]]|italic=no}} (like displayed above) or like {{Lang|sl|*[ẹ]|italic=no}}.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Logar |first=Tine |date=1981 |title=Izhodiščni splošnoslovenski fonološki sistem |journal= |language=sl |pages=29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Willem |first=Vermeer |title=Raising of *ě and loss of the nasal feature in Slovenian |work=Zbornik za filologiju i lngvistiku |year=1982 |series=25/1 |pages=97–120}}</ref>

The language also had the following consonants:<ref name=":1">{{Harvcoltxt|Logar|1996|p=30}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+Consonants
! colspan="2" |
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]/
[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]/
[[Palatalization (sound change)|Palatalized]]
![[Dorsal consonant|Dorsal]]
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{Lang|sl|*m|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|*n|italic=no}}
|
|{{Lang|sl|*ń|italic=no}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
!{{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
|{{Lang|sl|*p|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|*t|italic=no}}
|
|{{Lang|sl|*t’|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|*k|italic=no}}
|-
!{{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
|{{Lang|sl|*b|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|*d|italic=no}}
|
|
|{{Lang|sl|*g|italic=no}}
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
|
|{{Lang|sl|*c|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|*č|italic=no}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
!{{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
|{{Lang|sl|*f|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|*s|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|*š|italic=no}}
|
|{{Lang|sl|*h|italic=no}}
|-
!{{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
|
|{{Lang|sl|*z|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|*ž|italic=no}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|{{Lang|sl|*w|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|*l|italic=no}}
|
|{{Lang|sl|*l’|italic=no}} / {{Lang|sl|*i̯|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|*ł|italic=no}}
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Flap consonant|Flap]]
|
|{{Lang|sl|*r|italic=no}}
|
|{{Lang|sl|*ŕ|italic=no}}
|
|}
Notes:

* The labiodental fricative {{Lang|sl|[[Slovene national phonetic transcription|*/f/]]|italic=no}} was rare and only appeared in loanwords.
* {{Lang|sl|*[ł]|italic=no}} was an [[allophone]] of {{Lang|sl|*/l/|italic=no}} before a consonant, before a pause, or before the [[back vowel]]s.

=== Fragmentation ===
The language then very quickly split into two dialects, splitting almost entirely along the former Northwestern Alpine Slavic–Southeastern Alpine Slavic [[isogloss]]. The dialects then divided further into the northern, western, southern, and eastern dialect. After that, the dialects fragmented further, mostly influenced by geographical features and contact with other dialects and languages.

In northwestern dialect, {{Lang|sl|*ę}} and {{Lang|sl|*ǫ}} stayed the same, while in the southeastern dialect, both were denasalized and first turned into {{Lang|sl|*ä}} and {{Lang|sl|*å}}, and then into {{Lang|sl|*ȩ}} and {{Lang|sl|*o̧}}. The nasal still exists only in [[Jaun Valley dialect]], but other have so-called ''rinezem'' 'rhinism', in which the nasal vowel turns into a denasalized vowel and a nasal consonant; e.g., PS ''*mě''̋''sęcь'' "month", [[Gail Valley dialect|Gail Valley]] {{Lang|sl|mẹ̑senc}}, SS {{Lang|sl|mẹ̑sec}}.

The [[Yat (Slavonic phoneme)|yat]] ({{Lang|sl|*ě}}) was pronounced as a near-open vowel {{Lang|sl|*ä}} in the northwestern dialect and then evolved first to and {{Lang|sl|*ȩ}} then to {{Lang|sl|*a}} and it was pronounced as {{Lang|sl|*ẹ}} in the southern dialect, which then evolved into {{Lang|sl|*i}}  The long yat ({{Lang|sl|*ě̄}}), however, [[Diphthongization|diphthongized]] into {{Lang|sl|*ie}} in the northwestern and into the {{Lang|sl|*ei̯}} in the southeastern. Similarly, ō also diphthongized into {{Lang|sl|*uo}} and {{Lang|sl|*ou̯}}, respectively.

The southeastern dialect also rounded the {{Lang|sl|*a}} into {{Lang|sl|*å}} and (partially) centralized {{Lang|sl|*u}} into a vowel that was noted with {{Lang|sl|*u̇}} (but not to be confused with the [[Ramovš transcription|Ramovš]] {{Lang|sl|u̇}}).<ref name=":2">{{Harvcoltxt|Šekli|2018|p=300}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Comparison of northwestern and southeastern Slovene dialects
![[Proto-Slavic language|Proto-Slavic]]
!Old Slovene
!NW dialect
!SE dialect
![[Standard Slovene]]
!Meaning
|-
|*pę̑tь
|{{Lang|sl|*pę̑t|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|*pę̑t|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|*pȩ̑t|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|pẹ̑t|italic=no}}
|'five'
|-
|*mǫ̑žь
|{{Lang|sl|*mǫž|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|*mǫž|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|*mȏ̧ž|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|mọ̑ž|italic=no}}
|'husband'
|-
|*děvi̋ca
|{{Lang|sl|*děvìca|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|*dȩvìca|italic=no}} > {{Lang|sl|*davìca|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|*dẹvìca|italic=no}} > {{Lang|sl|*divìca|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|devíca|italic=no}}
|'virgin'
|-
|*stěna̍
|{{Lang|sl|*stě́na|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|*stiéna|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|*stéi̯na|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|stẹ́na|italic=no}}
|'wall'
|-
|*mȏldostь
|{{Lang|sl|*mladȏst|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|*mladȗost|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|*mladȏust|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|mladọ̑st|italic=no}}
|'youth'
|-
|*ža̋ba
|{{Lang|sl|*žàba|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|*žàba|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|*žå̀bå|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|žába|italic=no}}
|'frog'
|-
|*sȗxь
|{{Lang|sl|*sȗx|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|*sȗx|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|*su̇̑x|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|sȗh|italic=no}}
|'dry'
|}
The dialects then in 13th and 14 century further subdivided depending on how short acute vowels and {{Lang|sl|*ə̄}} evolved. In the non-final syllables, all short vowels were turned into long acute vowels, except in eastern dialect. Northern Styrian dialect (which formed from the southern dialect), did not lengthen the vowels in syllables that were followed by two other. The short vowels in the last syllable evolved into short circumflex vowels in all dialects. The {{Lang|sl|*ə̄}} evolved into {{Lang|sl|*a}} in west and most of the south dialect, but evolved into {{Lang|sl|*e}} in the 14th century. This change happened after the lengthening, so it also affected those vowels.<ref name=":2" />
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Slavic
!Old Slovene
!N dialect
!W dialect
!S dialect
!E dialect
!Standard Slovene
!Meaning
|-
|*vőrna
|{{Lang|sl|*vràna|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|*vrána|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|*vrána|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|*vrána|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|*vràna|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|vrána|italic=no}}
|'crow'
|-
|*mali̋na
|{{Lang|sl|*malìna|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|*malína|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|*malína|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|*malína|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|*malìna|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|malína|italic=no}}
|'raspberry'
|-
|*dě̋lati
|{{Lang|sl|*dě̀lati|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|*dě́lati|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|*dě́lati|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|*dě̀lati|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|*dě̀lati|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|dẹ́lati|italic=no}}
|'to work'
|-
|*ra̋kъ
|{{Lang|sl|*ràk|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|*rȁk|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|*rȁk|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|*rȁk|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|*rȁk|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|rȁk|italic=no}}
|'cancer; crab'
|-
|*dь̏nь
|{{Lang|sl|*də̑n|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|*dȃn|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|*dȃn|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|*dȇn|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|*dȇn|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|dȃn|italic=no}}
|'day'
|-
|*pь̀sь̍jьjь
|{{Lang|sl|*pə̀sji|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|*pə́sji|italic=no}} > {{Lang|sl|*pásji|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|*pə́sji|italic=no}} > {{Lang|sl|*pásji|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|*pə́sji|italic=no}} > {{Lang|sl|*pésji|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|*pə̀sji|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|pásji|italic=no}}
|'dogged'
|-
|*sъ̀xne̍te
|{{Lang|sl|*sə̀xnete|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|*sə́xnete|italic=no}} > {{Lang|sl|*sáxnete|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|*sə́xnete|italic=no}} > {{Lang|sl|*sáxnete|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|*sə̀xnete|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|*sə̀xnete|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|sáhnete|italic=no}}
|'(you) disappear'
|-
|*pь̀sъ̍
|{{Lang|sl|*pə̀s|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|*pə̏s|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|*pə̏s|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|*pə̏s|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|*pə̏s|italic=no}}
|{{Lang|sl|pə̏s|italic=no}}
|'dog'
|}

==== Formation of dialects ====
From that, dialect bases formed. The northern dialect evolved into the Carinthian base, the predecessor of dialects in [[Carinthian dialect group]] and [[Resian dialect]]. The Western dialect evolved into two dialect bases: The Venetian-Karst base and the Soča–Idrija base, which evolved into northern [[Littoral dialect group|Littoral]] and western [[Rovte dialect group|Rovte dialects]]. The eastern dialect was the predecessor to Northern Styrian and Panonian bases; however, the southern dialect evolved into three bases: Southern Styrian, [[Lower Carniolan dialect group|Lower Carniolan]], and [[Upper Carniolan dialect group|Upper Carniolan]], which, apart from the eponyomous dialects, also evolved into southern Littoral dialects. At that time, many changes occurred which were not connected to the history of the dialect but more to the region where the dialects were spoken.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Šekli|2018|p=315}}</ref>

==== Consonants ====
Parallel to the vowel changes, consonants also evolved, however not as much. The changes were the following:<ref name=":1" />
*{{Lang|sl|*/t’/|italic=no}} has in all dialects evolved into {{Lang|sl|/ć/|italic=no}}, in most also to {{Lang|sl|/č/|italic=no}}, and in some also to {{Lang|sl|/c/|italic=no}}.
* {{Lang|sl|*/g/|italic=no}} has in many dialects quickly turned into {{Lang|sl|/ɣ/|italic=no}}, which then turned to a [[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]] or voiceless {{Lang|sl|/h/|italic=no}} in some dialects, or even disappeared altogether. {{Lang|sl|*/k/|italic=no}} also turned to {{Lang|sl|/q/|italic=no}} in some [[Carinthian dialect group|Carinthian dialects]].
* {{Lang|sl|*/b/|italic=no}} and {{Lang|sl|*/d/|italic=no}} turned into [[Spirantization|spirantized]] {{Lang|sl|/ƀ/|italic=no}} and {{Lang|sl|/đ/|italic=no}}.
* {{Lang|sl|*/x/|italic=no}} disappeared in some dialects.
* {{Lang|sl|*/c/|italic=no}} and {{Lang|sl|*/č/|italic=no}}, {{Lang|sl|*/s/|italic=no}} and {{Lang|sl|*/š/|italic=no}}, and {{Lang|sl|*/z/|italic=no}}, and {{Lang|sl|*/ž/|italic=no}} turned in some dialects into the same sound, {{Lang|sl|/ċ/|italic=no}}, {{Lang|sl|/ṡ/|italic=no}}, and {{Lang|sl|/ż/|italic=no}}, respectively.
* Sonorant {{Lang|sl|*/enwiki/w/|italic=no}} turned into {{Lang|sl|/v/|italic=no}} (IPA /{{IPA link|ʋ}}/) before vowels in most Slovene dialects and to {{Lang|sl|/u̯/|italic=no}} before a break or a consonant. In some dialects, it turned into the non-sononorant {{Lang|sl|/v/|italic=no}} (IPA /{{IPA link|v}}/) and, like all other non-sonorants, has a voiceless version {{Lang|sl|/f/|italic=no}}, used before the pause or another voiceless consonant.
* {{Lang|sl|*/r/|italic=no}} has in some dialects turned into {{Lang|sl|/ṙ/|italic=no}}.
* The [[Palatal consonant|palatal]] consonants evolved each differently:
** {{Lang|sl|*/ŕ/|italic=no}} did not remain in any Slovene dialect. It either turned to {{Lang|sl|/r/|italic=no}} in any position or to {{Lang|sl|/r/|italic=no}} + {{Lang|sl|/j/|italic=no}} in some positions.
** {{Lang|sl|*/ń/|italic=no}} either stayed like that, or turned into {{Lang|sl|/j/|italic=no}} + {{Lang|sl|/n/|italic=no}}, {{Lang|sl|/j̃/|italic=no}}, {{Lang|sl|/j/|italic=no}}, but only rarely into {{Lang|sl|/n/|italic=no}}, especially before vowels.
** {{Lang|sl|*/l’/|italic=no}} either stayed like that, or turned into {{Lang|sl|/j/|italic=no}} + {{Lang|sl|/l/|italic=no}}, {{Lang|sl|/l/|italic=no}}, or {{Lang|sl|/j/|italic=no}}.
* Some consonants got [[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalized]] again before the [[front vowel]]s. The dorsal non-sonorants also got simplified further:
** {{Lang|sl|*/k’/|italic=no}} turned into {{Lang|sl|/t’/|italic=no}}, or further into {{Lang|sl|/č/|italic=no}}.
** {{Lang|sl|*/g’/|italic=no}} turned into {{Lang|sl|/d’/|italic=no}}, and then universally into {{Lang|sl|/j/|italic=no}}.
** {{Lang|sl|*/x’/|italic=no}} turned into {{Lang|sl|/ś/|italic=no}}, or further into {{Lang|sl|/š/|italic=no}}.
** The consonants rarely also broke into {{Lang|sl|/j/|italic=no}} + {{Lang|sl|/k/|italic=no}}, {{Lang|sl|/j/|italic=no}} + {{Lang|sl|/g/|italic=no}}, and {{Lang|sl|/j/|italic=no}} + {{Lang|sl|/x/|italic=no}}
* {{Lang|sl|*/i̯/|italic=no}} tends to disappear in front of vowels. In eastern dialects, it has evolved into {{Lang|sl|/j/|italic=no}}, or even further into {{Lang|sl|/d’/|italic=no}}, or {{Lang|sl|/ǯ́/|italic=no}}.
* {{Lang|sl|*[ł]|italic=no}} mostly turned into {{Lang|sl|[u̯]|italic=no}} before a pause or a consonant. Before the [[back vowel]]s, it either stayed the same, or turned into {{Lang|sl|[w]|italic=no}} / {{Lang|sl|[v]|italic=no}}, or {{Lang|sl|[l]|italic=no}}. In some dialects, it turned into a phoneme.

==== Accent shifts ====
There were many accent shifts and other changes that did not happen in all dialects. Only the shifts {{Lang|sl|*sě̑no}} / {{Lang|sl|prȍso}} > {{Lang|sl|*sěnȏ}} / {{Lang|sl|prosȏ}} and {{Lang|sl|*svě̄t́à}} > {{Lang|sl|*svě́t́a}} happened in all dialects, but others that happened later did not encompass all of them. The first happened in the 15th century, which moved the stress from the circumflex short open or closed final syllable to the preceding [[Mid vowel|mid]] short syllable ({{Lang|sl|*e}} or {{Lang|sl|*o}}), turning it acute doing that (e. g. {{Lang|sl|*ženȁ}} > {{Lang|sl|*žèna}}). This change happened in most of the dialects (except a part of [[Rosen Valley dialect|Rosen Valley]], [[Resian dialect|Resian]], [[Torre Valley dialect|Torre Valley]], [[Natisone Valley dialect|Natisone Valley]], and the southern part of [[Soča dialect]]), but many of them have lengthened the vowel into a long one. Another shift that happened in most dialects in the 17th century was the shift from the circumflex short open or closed final syllable to the preceding extra-short syllable ({{Lang|sl|*ə}}) and also turning it acute (e. g. {{Lang|sl|*məglȁ}} > {{Lang|sl|*mə̀gla}}). This change did not happen where the  {{Lang|sl|*ženȁ}} > {{Lang|sl|*žèna}} did not happen, but also in [[Upper Carniolan dialect group]] and [[Lower Carniolan dialect]].<ref name=":3">{{Harvcoltxt|Šekli|2018|pp=310–314}}</ref> Therefore, in Standard Slovene, both accents are allowed, but favoring the unshifted one.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://fran.si/ |title=Slovar slovenskega knjižnega jezika: SSKJ 2 |publisher=Znanstvenoraziskovalni center [[SAZU]], Inštitut za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša |year=2015 |isbn=978-961-282-010-7 |location=[[Ljubljana]] |language=sl |access-date=2022-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318114250/https://www.fran.si/ |archive-date=2022-03-18 |url-status=live |issue=2., dopolnjena in deloma prenovljena izdaja}}</ref>

Other shifts that happened in fewer dialects were:<ref name=":3" />

* From short circumflex closed final syllables to the preceding syllable, turning it acute ({{Lang|sl|*pijȁn}} > {{Lang|sl|*pìjan}}), which happened in some [[Littoral dialect group|Littoral]], [[Rovte dialect group|Rovte]], [[Styrian dialect group|Styrian]], and [[Lower Carniolan dialect group|Lower Carniolan dialects]] in the 18th century.
* From short circumflex closed final syllables to a vowel two syllables in a word before, turning it acute ({{Lang|sl|*ropotȁt}}  > {{Lang|sl|*ròpotat}}), which happened in [[Karst dialect|Karst]], [[Inner Carniolan dialect|Inner Carniolan]], [[Istrian dialect|Istrian]], and in part [[Kostel dialect]].
* From long circumflex syllable to a preceding syllable, shortening and turning it acute ({{Lang|sl|*sěnȏ}} > {{Lang|sl|*sě̀no}}), which happened in many, not closely related and geographically separate dialects from the 18th century onwards.
* From long acute syllable to a preceding syllable while also shortening the vowel ({{Lang|sl|*kováč}} > {{Lang|sl|*kòvač}}), which happened in [[Kostel dialect|Kostel]] and [[North White Carniolan dialect|North White Carniolan]] dialects.
* From short acute first syllable in words with three syllables to a following syllable ({{Lang|sl|*bàbica}} > {{Lang|sl|*babìca}}), which happened in a part of [[Rosen Valley dialect|Rosen Valley]], [[Jaun Valley dialect|Jaun Valley]], [[Mežica dialect|Mežica]], [[North Pohorje–Remšnik dialect|North Pohorje-Remšnik]], [[Upper Savinja dialect|Upper Savinja]], [[Kozjak subdialect]], and a part of [[Torre Valley dialect]].
* From long acute first syllable in words with two syllables to a following syllable, but the destressed vowel is still long and the new vowel is short and circumflex ({{Lang|sl|*zíma}} > {{Lang|sl|*zīmȁ}}), which happened in a part of [[Torre Valley dialect]].

== Classification ==
Dialects can be classified in two ways. The most common is the horizontal division, which groups dialects by how they sound today, but there is also the vertical division, which classifies the dialects by how they evolved. Therefore, the criteria for vertical division are mostly the older changes (listed above) and younger for the horizontal division. The groups of dialects in horizontal division are called "dialect groups" ({{langx|sl|narečne skupine}} or {{Lang|sl|narečne baze}})<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Logar|1996|p=3}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Harvcoltxt|Ramovš|1935|p=XXXI}}</ref> and those in vertical division are called "dialect bases" ({{langx|sl|narečne ploskve}}).<ref name=":6">{{Harvcoltxt|Šekli|2018|pp=316–348}}</ref>

The dialects can also have several subdialects ({{langx|sl|podnarečja}}), and are further divided into microdialects ({{langx|sl|govori}}, lit. speeches).

=== Horizontal division ===
Horizontal division used today is a refined version of division proposed by [[Fran Ramovš|Ramovš]] in 1935. He grouped the dialects by the general sound and feel of the dialect, as many Slovenes similarly divided the dialects prior to proper research.<ref name=":4" />

He grouped the dialects into eight distinct groups: The Carinthian, Littoral, Rovte, Upper Carniolan, Lower Carniolan, Styrian, Pannonian, and Mixed Kočevje dialects, which he did not even research.<ref name=":4" /> According to the now official chart, the only change is the inclusion of Mixed Kočevje dialects into the Lower Carniolan group:<ref name=":5" />[[File:Slove dialects map-int 01.svg|717x717px|right|frameless]]

# {{Legend0|#ff6bfa}}The '''[[Carinthian dialect group]]''' ({{lang|sl|koroška narečna skupina}}): spoken by [[Carinthian Slovenes]] in Austria, in [[Slovenian Carinthia]], and in the northwestern parts of [[Slovenian Styria]] along the upper [[Drava]] Valley, and in the westernmost areas of [[Upper Carniola]] on the border with [[Italy]]. Among other features, this group is characterized by late denasalization of {{Lang|sl|*ę}} and {{Lang|sl|*ǫ}}, diphthongization of long [[yat]]  into a close vowel and open reflex of short yat, lengthening of old acute syllables and short neo-acute syllables, and an {{Lang|sl|e}}-like reflex of the long {{Lang|sl|*ə}} and {{Lang|sl|ə}}-like reflex of the short {{Lang|sl|*ə}}.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Toporišič|1992|p=88}}</ref>
# {{Legend0|#ffba4c}}The '''[[Littoral dialect group]]''' ({{lang|sl|primorska narečna skupina}}), spoken in most of the [[Slovenian Littoral]] (except for the area around [[Tolmin]] and [[Cerkno]], where Rovte dialects are spoken) and in the western part of [[Inner Carniola]]; it is also spoken by Slovenes in the Italian provinces of [[Province of Trieste|Trieste]] and [[Province of Gorizia|Gorizia]], and in the mountainous areas of eastern [[Friuli]] ([[Venetian Slovenia]] and [[Resia Valley|Resia]]). This group includes very heterogeneous dialects. Among other features, it is characterized by diphthongization of [[yat]] > {{Lang|sl|*ie}} and  {{Lang|sl|*o}} > ''{{Lang|sl|*uo}}'', which were also borrowed by southern dialect. The western dialects in this group have preserved [[pitch accent]] whereas the others have a non-tonal [[Stress (linguistics)|stress accent]] and some do not even differentiate between long and short vowels.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Ramovš|1935|p=42}}</ref>
# {{Legend0|#5b4cff}}The '''[[Rovte dialect group]]''' ({{lang|sl|rovtarska narečna skupina}}), spoken in the mountainous areas of west-central Slovenia, on the border between the [[Slovenian Littoral]], [[Upper Carniola]], and [[Inner Carniola]], in a triangle between the towns of [[Tolmin]], [[Škofja Loka]], and [[Vrhnika]]. Among other features, this group is characterized by shortening of long diphthongal ''{{Lang|sl|*ie}}'' and ''{{Lang|sl|*uo}}'', [[akanye]], and general development of {{Lang|sl|*g}} to {{IPAblink|ɣ}}.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Toporišič|1992|pp=259–260}}</ref>
# {{Legend0|#ab4cff}}The '''[[Upper Carniolan dialect group]]''' ({{lang|sl|gorenjska narečna skupina}}), spoken in most of [[Upper Carniola]] and in [[Ljubljana]]. Among other features, this group is characterized by [[monophthongal]] stressed vowels, an acute semivowel{{clarify|date=January 2017}}, [[pitch accent]], standard circumflex shift, and two accentual retractions with some exceptions. It features narrowing of {{Lang|sl|*o}} and {{Lang|sl|*e}} in preaccentual position, [[akanye]] (reduction of {{Lang|sl|*o}} to {{Lang|sl|a}}) in postaccentual position, and strong syncope. There is a partial development of {{Lang|sl|*g}} to {{IPAblink|ɣ}}, preservation of bilabial {{Lang|sl|*w}}, and general hardening of soft {{Lang|sl|*l’}} and {{Lang|sl|*ń}}.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Toporišič|1992|p=52}}</ref>
# {{Legend0|#b76637}}The '''[[Lower Carniolan dialect group]]''' ({{lang|sl|dolenjska narečna skupina}}), spoken in most of [[Lower Carniola]] and in the eastern half of [[Inner Carniola]]. Among other features, this group is characterized by [[pitch accent]], extensive diphththongization (''{{Lang|sl|ei̯}}, {{Lang|sl|ie}}, {{Lang|sl|ou̯}}''), an {{Lang|sl|a}}-colored {{Lang|sl|*ə}}, shift of {{Lang|sl|*o}} > {{Lang|sl|u}}, and partial [[akanye]].<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Toporišič|1992|p=25}}</ref>
# {{Legend0|#3dcc6f}}The '''[[Styrian dialect group]]''' ({{lang|sl|štajerska narečna skupina}}), spoken in central and eastern [[Slovenian Styria]] and in the [[Lower Sava Valley]] and [[Central Sava Valley]]. Among other features, this group is characterized by loss of [[pitch accent]], tonemically high and lengthened accented syllables, lengthening of accented short syllables, and frequent development of {{Lang|sl|*a}} > {{Lang|sl|o̧}}, and {{Lang|sl|*u}} > {{Lang|sl|ü}} in the eastern part of the territory.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Toporišič|1992|p=323}}</ref>
# {{Legend0|#f9f94a}}The '''[[Pannonian dialect group]]''' ({{lang|sl|panonska narečna skupina}}), or northeastern dialect group, spoken in northeastern Slovenia ([[Prekmurje]], in the eastern areas of Slovenian Styria), and among the [[Hungarian Slovenes]]. Among other features, this group is characterized by loss of [[pitch accent]], non-lengthened short syllables, and a new acute on short syllables.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Toporišič|1992|p=173}}</ref>

The horizontal division is in professional literature based on various non-linguistic and linguistic factors. Non-linguistic factors include settlement patterns and geographical features (rivers, mountains) that helped shape various [[isogloss]]es. Linguistic factors include [[language contact]] with non-Slavic languages to some extent, [[Phonology|phonological]] and [[Prosody (linguistics)|prosodic]] elements in particular, and to a lesser extent word-formational, [[Lexicon|lexical]], and [[inflection]]al elements.<ref name="Smole 1" /> Specifically, the primary distinguishing linguistic features are preservation or loss of [[pitch accent]], reflexes of nasal *''ę'', nasal *''ǫ'', yat (''ě''), and the [[yer]]s (''ъ, ь''), but also (to a lesser extent) vowel inventory, diphthongization, and degree and type of vowel reduction.<ref>Sussex, Roland & Paul Cubberly. 2006. ''The Slavic Languages.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 503–504.</ref>

=== Vertical division ===
[[File:Vertical division of Slovene dialects.svg|right|frameless|717x717px]]
The dialects can be split into eight dialect bases that formed from the 15th century onward, emerging from the four dialects. The bases are:<ref name=":6" />

* Northwestern dialect
** Northern dialect
*** {{Legend0|#4c6aff}}Carinthian dialect base ({{lang|sl|koroška narečna ploskev}}), which evolved into [[Carinthian dialect group|Carinthian dialects]] and into [[Resian dialect]] in the [[Littoral dialect group]].
** Western dialect
*** {{Legend0|#4cff70}}Venetian-Karst dialect base ({{lang|sl|beneško-kraška narečna ploskev}}), which evolved into [[Natisone Valley dialect|Natisone]] and [[Torre Valley dialect]]s, [[Brda dialect]], and [[Karst dialect]] in the [[Littoral dialect group]].
*** {{Legend0|#8aff4c}}Soča-Idrija dialect base ({{lang|sl|obsoško-idrijska narečna ploskev}}), which evolved into [[Soča dialect]] in the [[Littoral dialect group]] and into [[Tolmin dialect|Tolmin]], [[Cerkno dialect|Cerkno]], and [[Črni Vrh dialect]]s, which are in [[Rovte dialect group]].
* Southeastern dialect
** Southern dialect
*** {{Legend0|#ff4c99}}Upper Carniolan dialect base ({{lang|sl|gorenjska narečna ploskev}}), which evolved into [[Upper Carniolan dialect group|Upper Carniolan dialects]], as well as [[Horjul dialect|Horjul]], [[Škofja Loka dialect|Škofja Loka]], and [[Poljane dialect]]s in [[Rovte dialect group]].
*** {{Legend0|#ff4c4c}}Lower Carniolan dialect base ({{lang|sl|dolenjska narečna ploskev}}), which evolved into [[Lower Carniolan dialect group|Lower Carniolan dialects]], but also [[Inner Carniolan dialect|Inner Carniolan]] and [[Istrian dialect]]s in [[Littoral dialect group]] and the [[Lower Sava Valley dialect]] in [[Styrian dialect group]].
*** {{Legend0|#ffa54c}}Southern Styrian dialect base ({{lang|sl|južnoštajerska narečna ploskev}}), which evolved into [[Central Styrian dialect|Central Styrian]], [[Kozje-Bizeljsko dialect|Kozje-Bizeljsko]], and [[Central Savinja dialect|Central Savinja]] dialects in [[Styrian dialect group]].
** Eastern dialect
*** {{Legend0|#ffe44c}}Northern Styrian dialect base ({{lang|sl|severnoštajerska narečna ploskev}}), which evolved into [[South Pohorje dialect|South Pohorje]], and [[Upper Savinja dialect]]s in [[Styrian dialect group]].
*** {{Legend0|#ffff4c}}Pannonian dialect base ({{lang|sl|panonska narečna ploskev}}), which evolved into [[Pannonian dialect group|Pannonian dialects]].

== List of dialects ==
The following grouping of dialects and subdialects is based on the official map of Slovene dialects by [[Fran Ramovš]], [[Tine Logar]], and [[Jakob Rigler]] ([[:sl:Jakob Rigler|sl]])<ref name=":5" /><ref>Smole, Vera. 1998. "Slovenska narečja". ''Enciklopedija Slovenije'', vol 12. Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, pp. 1–5.</ref> (from which the first Slovene term listed in parentheses is taken), with additions of Matej Šekli<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Šekli|2018}}</ref> and other sources.

{|
! colspan="2" |[[File:Dialects.svg|frameless|651x651px|center|Dialects.]]
|-
|
* [[Carinthian dialect group]] ({{lang|sl|koroška narečna skupina|sl|}}, {{lang|sl|koroščina|sl|}}<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Logar|1996|p=71}}</ref>):
** {{Legend0|#ff4c4c}}[[North Pohorje–Remšnik dialect]] ({{lang|sl|severnopohorsko-remšniško narečje}}) {{Flagicon|Slovenia}} {{Flagicon|Austria}}
** {{Legend0|#ff4c7c}}[[Mežica dialect]] ({{lang|sl|mežiško narečje}}, {{lang|sl|mežiščina}}<ref>Rigler, Jakob. 1986. ''Razprave o slovenskem jeziku''. Ljubljana: Slovenska matica, p. 155.</ref>) {{Flagicon|Slovenia}}
** {{Legend0|#ff4ca8}}[[Jaun Valley dialect]] ({{lang|sl|podjunsko narečje}}, {{lang|sl|podjunščina}}<ref>Rigler, Jakob. 1986. ''Razprave o slovenskem jeziku''. Ljubljana: Slovenska matica, p. 177.</ref>) {{Flagicon|Austria}} {{Flagicon|Slovenia}}
** {{Legend0|#e44cff}}[[Ebriach dialect]] ({{lang|sl|obirsko narečje}}, {{lang|sl|obirščina}}<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Logar|1996|p=23}}</ref>) {{Flagicon|Austria}}
** {{Legend0|#ff4cc3}}[[Rosen Valley dialect]] ({{lang|sl|rožansko narečje}}, {{lang|sl|rožanščina}}<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Logar|1996|p=25}}</ref>) {{Flagicon|Austria}}
** {{Legend0|#ff4cf6}}[[Gail Valley dialect]] ({{lang|sl|ziljsko narečje}}, {{lang|sl|ziljščina}}<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Logar|1996|p=20}}</ref>) {{Flagicon|Austria}} {{Flagicon|Italy}} {{Flagicon|Slovenia}}
*** {{Legend0|#d54cff}}[[Kranjska Gora subdialect]] ({{lang|sl|kranjskogorsko podnarečje}}) {{Flagicon|Slovenia}}
* [[Littoral dialect group]] (''primorska narečna skupina''):
** {{Legend0|#ffed4c}}[[Resian dialect|Resia(n) dialect]] ({{lang|sl|rezijansko narečje}}, {{lang|sl|rezijanščina}}<ref name=":7">{{Harvcoltxt|Logar|1996|p=28}}</ref>) {{Flagicon|Italy}}
** {{Legend0|#ffe44c}}[[Soča dialect]] ({{lang|sl|obsoško narečje}}) {{Flagicon|Slovenia}}
** {{Legend0|#ffd84c}}[[Torre Valley dialect]] ({{lang|sl|tersko narečje}}, {{lang|sl|terščina}}<ref>Šekli, Matej. 2004. "Jezik, knjižni jezik, pokrajinski oz. krajevni knjižni jezik: Genetskojezikoslovni in družbenostnojezikoslovni pristop k členjenju jezikovne stvarnosti (na primeru slovenščine)."  In Erika Kržišnik (ed.), ''Aktualizacija jezikovnozvrstne teorije na slovenskem. Členitev jezikovne resničnosti.'' Ljubljana: Center za slovenistiko, pp. 41–58, p. 52.</ref>) {{Flagicon|Italy}} {{Flagicon|Slovenia}}
** {{Legend0|#ffcf4c}}[[Natisone Valley dialect]] ({{lang|sl|nadiško narečje}}, {{lang|sl|nadiščina}}<ref>Šekli, Matej. 2004. "Jezik, knjižni jezik, pokrajinski oz. krajevni knjižni jezik: Genetskojezikoslovni in družbenostnojezikoslovni pristop k členjenju jezikovne stvarnosti (na primeru slovenščine)."  In Erika Kržišnik (ed.), ''Aktualizacija jezikovnozvrstne teorije na slovenskem. Členitev jezikovne resničnosti.'' Ljubljana: Center za slovenistiko, pp. 41–58, p. 53.</ref>) {{Flagicon|Italy}} {{Flagicon|Slovenia}}
** {{Legend0|#ffbd4c}}[[Brda dialect]] ({{lang|sl|briško narečje}}, {{lang|sl|briščina}}<ref>Rigler, Jakob. 1986. ''Razprave o slovenskem jeziku''. Ljubljana: Slovenska matica, p. 175.</ref>) {{Flagicon|Slovenia}} {{Flagicon|Italy}}
** {{Legend0|#e5b244}}[[Karst dialect]] ({{lang|sl|kraško narečje}}, {{lang|sl|kraščina}}<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Logar|1996|p=66}}</ref>) {{Flagicon|Slovenia}} {{Flagicon|Italy}}
*** {{Legend0|#d8a341}}[[Banjšice subdialect]] ({{lang|sl|banjško podnarečje}}, {{lang|sl|banjiško podnarečje}}<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Toporišič|1992|p=5}}</ref>) {{Flagicon|Slovenia}}
** [[Istrian dialect]] ({{lang|sl|istrsko narečje}}, {{lang|sl|istrščina}}<ref>Rigler, Jakob. 2001. ''Zbrani spisi: Jezikovnozgodovinske in dialektološke razprave''. Ljubljana: Založba ZRC, p. 232.</ref>) {{Flagicon|Slovenia}} {{Flagicon|Italy}} {{Flagicon|Croatia}}
*** {{Legend0|#ffa24c}}[[Rižana subdialect]] ({{lang|sl|rižansko podnarečje}}) {{Flagicon|Slovenia}} {{Flagicon|Italy}}
*** {{Legend0|#ff854c}}[[Šavrin Hills subdialect]] ({{lang|sl|šavrinsko podnarečje}}, {{lang|sl|šavrinščina}}<ref>Zadravec, Franc. 1997. ''Slovenski roman dvajsetega stoletja'', vol. 1. Murska Sobota: Pomurska založba, p. 350.</ref>) {{Flagicon|Slovenia}} {{Flagicon|Croatia}}
** {{Legend0|#d38e3f}}[[Inner Carniolan dialect]] ({{lang|sl|notranjsko narečje}}, {{lang|sl|notranjščina}}<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Logar|1996|p=65}}</ref>) {{Flagicon|Slovenia}} {{Flagicon|Italy}}
* [[Rovte dialect group]] ({{lang|sl|rovtarska narečna skupina}}, {{lang|sl|rovtarščina}}<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Logar|1996|p=171}}</ref>):
** {{Legend0|#4cfffc}}[[Tolmin dialect]] ({{lang|sl|tolminsko narečje}}, {{lang|sl|tolminščina}}<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Logar|1996|p=39}}</ref>) {{Flagicon|Slovenia}}
*** {{Legend0|#4cffde}}[[Bača subdialect]] ({{lang|sl|baško podnarečje}}) {{Flagicon|Slovenia}}
** {{Legend0|#4cdbff}}[[Cerkno dialect]] ({{lang|sl|cerkljansko narečje}}, {{lang|sl|cerkljanščina}}<ref name=":7" />) {{Flagicon|Slovenia}}
** {{Legend0|#4c76ff}}[[Poljane dialect]] ({{lang|sl|poljansko narečje}}, {{lang|sl|poljanščina}}<ref>Rigler, Jakob. 2001. ''Zbrani spisi: Jezikovnozgodovinske in dialektološke razprave''. Ljubljana: Založba ZRC, p. 490, fn. 14.</ref>){{Flagicon|Slovenia}}
** {{Legend0|#5b4cff}}[[Škofja Loka dialect]] ({{lang|sl|škofjeloško narečje}}, {{lang|sl|škofjeloščina}}<ref>Benedik, Francka. 1991. "Redukcija v škofjeloškem narečju." ''Jezikoslovni zapiski'' 1: 141–146, p. 141.</ref>) {{Flagicon|Slovenia}}
** {{Legend0|#4cbdff}}[[Črni Vrh dialect]] ({{lang|sl|črnovrško narečje}}, {{lang|sl|črnovrščina}}<ref>Rigler, Jakob. 2001. ''Zbrani spisi: Jezikovnozgodovinske in dialektološke razprave''. Ljubljana: Založba ZRC, p. 210.</ref>) {{Flagicon|Slovenia}}
** {{Legend0|#4c96ff}}[[Horjul dialect]] ({{lang|sl|horjulsko narečje}}, {{lang|sl|horjulščina}}<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Logar|1996|p=165}}</ref>) {{Flagicon|Slovenia}}
|
* [[Upper Carniolan dialect group]] ({{lang|sl|gorenjska narečna skupina}}):
** {{Legend0|#ab4cff}}[[Upper Carniolan dialect]] ({{lang|sl|gorenjsko narečje}}, {{lang|sl|gorenjščina}}<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Logar|1996|p=12}}</ref>) {{Flagicon|Slovenia}}
*** {{Legend0|#9523ff}}[[Eastern Upper Carniolan subdialect]] ({{lang|sl|vzhodnogorenjsko podnarečje}}, {{lang|sl|vzhodna gorenjščina}}<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Logar|1996|p=45}}</ref>) {{Flagicon|Slovenia}}
** {{Legend0|#7f4cff}}[[Selca dialect]] ({{lang|sl|selško narečje}}, {{lang|sl|selščina}}<ref>Priestly, Tom S. 1984. "O popolni izgubi srednjega spola v selščini: enodobni opis," ''Slavistična revija'' 32: 37–47.</ref>) {{Flagicon|Slovenia}}
* [[Lower Carniolan dialect group]] ({{lang|sl|dolenjska narečna skupina}}):
** {{Legend0|#b76637}}[[Lower Carniolan dialect]] ({{lang|sl|dolenjsko narečje}}, {{lang|sl|dolenjščina}}<ref name="Logar 42">{{Harvcoltxt|Logar|1996|p=42}}</ref>) {{Flagicon|Slovenia}}
*** {{Legend0|#91682b}}[[Eastern Lower Carniolan subdialect]] ({{lang|sl|vzhodnodolenjsko podnarečje}}, {{lang|sl|vzhodna dolenjščina}}<ref name="Logar 42" />) {{Flagicon|Slovenia}}
** {{Legend0|#b74c37}}[[North White Carniolan dialect]] ({{lang|sl|severnobelokranjsko narečje}}) {{Flagicon|Slovenia}}
** {{Legend0|#b73737}}[[South White Carniolan dialect]] ({{lang|sl|južnobelokranjsko narečje}}, {{lang|sl|južna belokranjščina}}<ref name="Logar 203">{{Harvcoltxt|Logar|1996|p=203}}</ref>) {{Flagicon|Slovenia}}
** {{Legend0|#af6528}}[[Čabranka dialect]] ({{lang|sl|čabranško narečje}},<ref name=":8" /> {{lang|sl|čebranško narečje}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gostenčnik |first=Januška |url=https://www.dlib.si/details/URN:NBN:SI:DOC-KF9P6QJB |title=Kostelsko narečje |work=Slavistična revija |publisher=Znanstvenoraziskovalni center [[SAZU]] |year=2020 |location=[[Ljubljana]] |pages=355 |language=Sl}}</ref>) {{Flagicon|Croatia}} {{Flagicon|Slovenia}}
** {{Legend0|#a54c31}}[[Kostel dialect]] ({{lang|sl|kostelsko narečje}}, {{lang|sl|kostelska belokranjščina}},<ref name="Logar 203" /> {{lang|sl|kostelščina}}<ref>Horvat, Sonja. 1994. "Nekaj naglasnih in fonoloških značilnosti slovenskega kostelskega govora." ''Slavistična revija'' 42: 305–312, p. 305.</ref>) {{Flagicon|Croatia}} {{Flagicon|Slovenia}}
** {{Legend0|#aa3f33}}[[Mixed Kočevje subdialects]] ({{lang|sl|mešani kočevski govori}}) {{Flagicon|Slovenia}}
* [[Styrian dialect group]] ({{lang|sl|štajerska narečna skupina}}, {{lang|sl|štajerščina}}<ref name="Logar 52">{{Harvcoltxt|Logar|1996|p=52}}</ref>):
** {{Legend0|#3dc63b}}[[Central Savinja dialect]] ({{lang|sl|srednjesavinjsko narečje}}, {{lang|sl|srednja savinjščina}}<ref>Logar, Tine. 1962. "Današnje stanje in naloge slovenske dialektologije." ''Jezik in slovstvo'' 8(1/2): 1–6, p. 4.</ref>) {{Flagicon|Slovenia}}
** {{Legend0|#37ba4b}}[[Upper Savinja dialect]] ({{lang|sl|zgornjesavinjsko narečje}}, {{lang|sl|zgornja savinjščina}}<ref name="Logar 52" />) {{Flagicon|Slovenia}}
*** {{Legend0|#3bc68f}}[[Solčava subdialect]] ({{lang|sl|solčavsko podnarečje}}) {{Flagicon|Slovenia}}
** {{Legend0|#5eba37}}[[Central Styrian dialect]] ({{lang|sl|srednještajersko narečje}}, {{lang|sl|osrednja štajerščina}}<ref name="Logar 52" />) {{Flagicon|Slovenia}} {{Flagicon|Croatia}}
** {{Legend0|#47dd42}}[[South Pohorje dialect]] ({{lang|sl|južnopohorsko narečje}}, {{lang|sl|štajerska pohorščina}}<ref>Logar, Tine. 1982. "Diftongizacija in monoftongizacija v slovenskih dialektih." ''Jezik in slovstvo'' 27: 209–212, p. 211.</ref>) {{Flagicon|Slovenia}} {{Flagicon|Austria}}
*** {{Legend0|#4fff4c}}[[Kozjak subdialect]] ({{lang|sl|kozjaško podnarečje}}) {{Flagicon|Slovenia}} {{Flagicon|Austria}}
** {{Legend0|#70ad34}}[[Kozje-Bizeljsko dialect]] ({{lang|sl|kozjansko-bizeljsko narečje}}) {{Flagicon|Slovenia}} {{Flagicon|Croatia}}
** [[Lower Sava Valley dialect]] ({{lang|sl|posavsko narečje}}, {{lang|sl|posavščina}}<ref>Toporišič, Jože. 1994. "Fran Ramovš kot narečjeslovec." ''Slavistična revija'' 42: 159–170, p. 168.</ref>) {{Flagicon|Slovenia}}
*** {{Legend0|#918d2b}}[[Zagorje-Trbovlje subdialect]] ({{lang|sl|zagorsko-trboveljsko podnarečje}}) {{Flagicon|Slovenia}}
*** {{Legend0|#59912b}}[[Laško subdialect]] ({{lang|sl|laško podnarečje}}) {{Flagicon|Slovenia}}
*** {{Legend0|#74912b}}[[Sevnica-Krško subdialect]] ({{lang|sl|sevniško-krško podnarečje}}) {{Flagicon|Slovenia}}
* [[Pannonian dialect group]] ({{lang|sl|panonska narečna skupina}}):
** {{Legend0|#ffff4c}}[[Prekmurje Slovene]] ({{lang|sl|prekmursko narečje}}, {{lang|sl|prekmurščina}}<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Logar|1996|p=240}}</ref>) {{Flagicon|Slovenia}} {{Flagicon|Hungary}} {{Flagicon|Austria}} ({{Flagicon|Croatia}})
** {{Legend0|#e1ff4c}}[[Slovenian Hills dialect]] ({{lang|sl|goričansko narečje}}, {{lang|sl|slovenskogoriško narečje}}, {{lang|sl|goričanščina}}<ref>Zorko, Zinka. 1994. "Panonska narečja." ''Enciklopedija Slovenija'', vol. 8 (232–233). Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, p. 232.</ref>) {{Flagicon|Slovenia}}
** {{Legend0|#f0ff4c}}[[Prlekija dialect]] ({{lang|sl|prleško narečje}}, {{lang|sl|prleščina}}<ref>Rigler, Jakob. 1986. ''Razprave o slovenskem jeziku''. Ljubljana: Slovenska matica, p. 117.</ref>) {{Flagicon|Slovenia}} {{Flagicon|Croatia}}
** {{Legend0|#c3ff4c}}[[Haloze dialect]] ({{lang|sl|haloško narečje}}, {{lang|sl|haloščina}}<ref>Kolarič, Rudolf. 1956. "Slovenska narečja." ''Jezik in slovstvo'' 2(6): 247–254, p. 252.</ref>) {{Flagicon|Slovenia}}
|}

== See also ==
{{commons category|Slovene dialects}}

* [https://sla.zrc-sazu.si/eSLA/Karta_narecij_600dpi_CMYK.pdf The official chart of Slovene dialects and other Slavic dialects spoken in Slovenia] (in Slovene)
* [https://narecja.si/ Interactive chart of Slovene dialects and other Slavic dialects spoken in Slovenia with audio examples] (in Slovene)

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==

* {{Cite book |last=Logar |first=Tine |title=Dialektološke in jezikovnozgodovinske razprave |publisher=Znanstvenoraziskovalni center [[SAZU]], Inštitut za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša |year=1996 |isbn=961-6182-18-8 |editor-last=Kenda-Jež |editor-first=Karmen |location=[[Ljubljana]] |language=Sl |trans-title=Dialectological and etymological discussions |author-link=Tine Logar}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ramovš |first=Fran |title=Historična gramatika slovenskega jezika |publisher=Znanstveno društvo za humanistične vede v Ljubljani |year=1935 |isbn= |series=VII. Dialekti |location=[[Ljubljana]] |language=Sl |trans-title=Historical grammar of the Sloene language |author-link=Fran Ramovš}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ramovš |first=Fran |title=Kratka zgodovina slovenskega jezika I |publisher=Znanstvenoraziskovalni center [[SAZU]] |year=1995 |isbn=961-90125-9-3 |editor-last=Likar |editor-first=Vojo |edition=reprint |location=[[Ljubljana]] |language=Sl |trans-title=A short history of Slovene language I |author-link=Fran Ramovš}}
* {{Cite book |last=Šekli |first=Matej |title=Topologija lingvogenez slovanskih jezikov |work=Collection Linguistica et philologica |publisher=Znanstvenoraziskovalni center [[SAZU]] |year=2018 |isbn=978-961-05-0137-4 |editor-last=Legan Ravnikar |editor-first=Andreja |location=[[Ljubljana]] |language=Sl |translator-last=Plotnikova |translator-first=Anastasija}}
* {{Cite book |last=Toporišič |first=Jože |title=Enciklopedija slovenskega jezika |publisher=Cankarjeva založba |year=1992 |isbn=961-6182-18-8 |location=[[Ljubljana]] |language=Sl |trans-title=Enclyclopædia of the Slovene language |author-link=Jože Toporišič}}

{{Language varieties}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Slovene Dialects}}
[[Category:Slovene dialects| ]]
[[Category:Slovene language]]
[[Category:Dialects by language]]