View source for Spectral efficiency

{{short description|Information rate that can be transmitted over a given bandwidth}}
{{Use American English|date=December 2022}}

'''Spectral efficiency''', '''spectrum efficiency''' or '''bandwidth efficiency''' refers to the [[information rate]] that can be transmitted over a given [[Bandwidth (signal processing)|bandwidth]] in a specific communication system. It is a measure of how efficiently a limited frequency spectrum is utilized by the [[physical layer]] protocol, and sometimes by the [[medium access control]] (the [[channel access]] protocol).<ref name=Miao>[[Guowang Miao]], Jens Zander, Ki Won Sung, and Ben Slimane, Fundamentals of Mobile Data Networks, Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|1107143217}}, 2016.</ref>

==Link spectral efficiency==
The '''link spectral efficiency''' of a digital communication system is measured in ''[[bit]]/[[second|s]]/[[Hz]]'',<ref>{{cite book | title = Principles of Digital Transmission: With Wireless Applications | author = Sergio Benedetto and Ezio Biglieri | isbn = 0-306-45753-9 | year = 1999 | publisher = Springer | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=thfj9S8cbdoC&dq=%22spectral+efficiency%22+(bit/s)/Hz&pg=RA1-PA219 }}</ref> or, less frequently but unambiguously, in ''(bit/s)/Hz''. It is the [[net bit rate]] (useful information rate excluding [[error-correcting code]]s) or [[maximum throughput]] divided by the [[Bandwidth (signal processing)|bandwidth]] in hertz of a [[communication channel]] or a [[data link]]. Alternatively, the spectral efficiency may be measured in ''bit/symbol'', which is equivalent to ''bits per [[channel use]]'' (''bpcu''), implying that the net bit rate is divided by the [[symbol rate]] (modulation rate) or line code pulse rate.

Link spectral efficiency is typically used to analyze the efficiency of a [[digital modulation]] method or [[line code]], sometimes in combination with a [[forward error correction]] (FEC) code and other physical layer overhead. In the latter case, a "bit" refers to a user data bit; FEC overhead is always excluded.

The '''modulation efficiency''' in bit/s is the [[gross bit rate]] (including any error-correcting code) divided by the bandwidth.

:'''Example 1''': A transmission technique using one [[kilohertz]] of bandwidth to transmit 1,000 bits per second has a modulation efficiency of 1 (bit/s)/Hz.

:'''Example 2''': A [[V.92]] modem for the telephone network can transfer 56,000&nbsp;bit/s downstream and 48,000&nbsp;bit/s upstream over an analog telephone network. Due to filtering in the telephone exchange, the frequency range is limited to between 300 hertz and 3,400 hertz, corresponding to a bandwidth of 3,400 − 300 = 3,100 hertz. The spectral efficiency or modulation efficiency is 56,000/3,100 = 18.1&nbsp;(bit/s)/Hz downstream, and 48,000/3,100 = 15.5&nbsp;(bit/s)/Hz upstream.

An upper bound for the attainable modulation efficiency is given by the [[Nyquist rate]] or [[Hartley's law]] as follows: For a signaling alphabet with ''M'' alternative symbols, each symbol represents ''N'' = log<sub>2</sub> ''M'' bits. ''N'' is the modulation efficiency measured in ''bit/symbol'' or ''bpcu''. In the case of [[baseband]] transmission ([[line coding]] or [[pulse-amplitude modulation]]) with a baseband bandwidth (or upper cut-off frequency) ''B'', the [[symbol rate]] can not exceed 2''B'' symbols/s in view to avoid [[intersymbol interference]]. Thus, the spectral efficiency can not exceed 2''N'' (bit/s)/Hz in the baseband transmission case. In the [[passband]] transmission case, a signal with passband bandwidth ''W'' can be converted to an equivalent baseband signal (using [[undersampling]] or a [[superheterodyne receiver]]), with upper cut-off frequency ''W''/2. If double-sideband modulation schemes such as [[QAM]], [[Amplitude-shift keying|ASK]], [[Phase-shift keying|PSK]] or [[OFDM]] are used, this results in a maximum symbol rate of ''W'' symbols/s, and in that the modulation efficiency can not exceed ''N'' (bit/s)/Hz. If digital [[single-sideband modulation]] is used, the passband signal with bandwidth ''W'' corresponds to a baseband message signal with baseband bandwidth ''W'', resulting in a maximum symbol rate of 2''W'' and an attainable modulation efficiency of 2''N'' (bit/s)/Hz.

:'''Example 3:''' A 16QAM modem has an alphabet size of ''M'' = 16 alternative symbols, with ''N'' = 4 bit/symbol or bpcu. Since QAM is a form of double sideband passband transmission, the spectral efficiency cannot exceed ''N'' = 4&nbsp;(bit/s)/Hz.

:'''Example 4:''' The [[8VSB]] (8-level vestigial sideband) modulation scheme used in the [[ATSC digital television standard]] gives ''N''=3 bit/symbol or bpcu. Since it can be described as nearly single-side band, the modulation efficiency is close to 2''N'' = 6&nbsp;(bit/s)/Hz. In practice, ATSC transfers a gross bit rate of 32&nbsp;Mbit/s over a 6&nbsp;MHz wide channel, resulting in a modulation efficiency of 32/6 = 5.3&nbsp;(bit/s)/Hz.
 
:'''Example 5:''' The downlink of a V.92 modem uses a pulse-amplitude modulation with 128 signal levels, resulting in ''N'' = 7 bit/symbol. Since the transmitted signal before passband filtering can be considered as baseband transmission, the spectral efficiency cannot exceed 2''N'' = 14&nbsp;(bit/s)/Hz over the full baseband channel (0 to 4&nbsp;kHz). As seen above, a higher spectral efficiency is achieved if we consider the smaller passband bandwidth.

If a [[forward error correction]] code is used, the spectral efficiency is reduced from the uncoded modulation efficiency figure.

:'''Example 6:''' If a forward error correction (FEC) code with [[code rate]] 1/2 is added, meaning that the encoder input bit rate is one half the encoder output rate, the spectral efficiency is 50% of the modulation efficiency. In exchange for this reduction in spectral efficiency, FEC usually reduces the [[bit-error rate]], and typically enables operation at a lower [[signal-to-noise ratio]] (SNR).

An upper bound for the spectral efficiency possible without [[bit error]]s in a channel with a certain SNR, if ideal error coding and modulation is assumed, is given by the [[Shannon–Hartley theorem]].

:'''Example 7:'''  If the SNR is 1, corresponding to 0 [[decibel]], the link spectral efficiency can not exceed 1&nbsp;(bit/s)/Hz for error-free detection (assuming an ideal error-correcting code) according to Shannon–Hartley regardless of the modulation and coding.

Note that the [[goodput]] (the amount of application layer useful information) is normally lower than the [[maximum throughput]] used in the above calculations, because of packet retransmissions, higher protocol layer overhead, flow control, congestion avoidance, etc. On the other hand, a data compression scheme, such as the [[ITU-T V.44|V.44]] or [[V.42bis]] compression used in telephone modems, may however give higher goodput if the transferred data is not already efficiently compressed.

The link spectral efficiency of a wireless telephony link may also be expressed as the maximum number of simultaneous calls over 1&nbsp;MHz frequency spectrum in erlangs per megahertz, or ''[[Erlang unit|E]]/MHz''. This measure is also affected by the source coding (data compression) scheme. It may be applied to analog as well as digital transmission.

In wireless networks, the ''link spectral efficiency'' can be somewhat misleading, as larger values are not necessarily more efficient in their overall use of radio spectrum. In a wireless network, high link spectral efficiency may result in high sensitivity to co-channel interference (crosstalk), which affects the capacity. For example, in a [[cellular telephone]] network with frequency reuse, [[spread spectrum|spectrum spreading]] and [[forward error correction]] reduce the spectral efficiency in (bit/s)/Hz but substantially lower the required signal-to-noise ratio in comparison to non-spread spectrum techniques. This can allow for much denser geographical frequency reuse that compensates for the lower link spectral efficiency, resulting in approximately the same capacity (the same number of simultaneous phone calls) over the same bandwidth, using the same number of base station transmitters. As discussed below, a more relevant measure for wireless networks would be ''system spectral efficiency'' in bit/s/Hz per unit area. However, in closed communication links such as telephone lines and cable TV networks, and in noise-limited wireless communication system where co-channel interference is not a factor, the largest link spectral efficiency that can be supported by the available SNR is generally used.

== System spectral efficiency or area spectral efficiency ==

In digital [[wireless network]]s, the ''system spectral efficiency'' or area spectral efficiency is typically measured in ''(bit/s)/Hz per unit area'', in ''(bit/s)/Hz per [[cell site|cell]]'', or in ''(bit/s)/Hz per site''. It is a measure of the quantity of users or services that can be simultaneously supported by a limited radio frequency bandwidth in a defined geographic area.<ref name=Miao/> It may for example be defined as the maximum aggregated [[throughput]] or [[goodput]], i.e. summed over all users in the system, divided by the channel bandwidth and by the covered area or number of base station sites. This measure is affected not only by the single-user transmission technique, but also by [[multiple access]] schemes and [[radio resource management]] techniques utilized. It can be substantially improved by dynamic [[radio resource management]]. If it is defined as a measure of the maximum goodput, retransmissions due to co-channel interference and collisions are excluded. Higher-layer protocol overhead (above the [[media access control]] sublayer) is normally neglected.

:'''Example 8:''' In a cellular system based on [[frequency-division multiple access]] (FDMA) with a [[fixed channel allocation]] (FCA) cellplan using a [[frequency reuse factor]] of 1/4, each base station has access to 1/4 of the total available frequency spectrum. Thus, the maximum possible system spectral efficiency in ''(bit/s)/Hz per site'' is 1/4 of the link spectral efficiency. Each base station may be divided into 3 cells by means of 3 sector antennas, also known as a 4/12 reuse pattern. Then each cell has access to 1/12 of the available spectrum, and the system spectral efficiency in ''(bit/s)/Hz per cell'' or ''(bit/s)/Hz per sector'' is 1/12 of the link spectral efficiency.

The system spectral efficiency of a [[cellular network]] may also be expressed as the maximum number of simultaneous phone calls per area unit over 1&nbsp;MHz frequency spectrum in ''[[Erlang unit|E]]/MHz per cell'', ''E/MHz per sector'', ''E/MHz per site'', or ''(E/MHz)/m<sup>2</sup>''. This measure is also affected by the source coding (data compression) scheme. It may be used in analog cellular networks as well.

Low link spectral efficiency in (bit/s)/Hz does not necessarily mean that an encoding scheme is inefficient from a system spectral efficiency point of view. As an example, consider [[CDMA|Code Division Multiplexed Access (CDMA)]] [[spread spectrum]], which is not a particularly spectral-efficient encoding scheme when considering a single channel or single user. However, the fact that one can "layer" multiple channels on the same frequency band means that the system spectrum utilization for a multi-channel CDMA system can be very good.

:'''Example 9:''' In the [[W-CDMA]] 3G cellular system, every phone call is compressed to a maximum of 8,500 bit/s (the useful bitrate), and spread out over a 5&nbsp;MHz wide frequency channel. This corresponds to a link throughput of only 8,500/5,000,000 = 0.0017&nbsp;''(bit/s)/Hz''. Let us assume that 100 simultaneous (non-silent) calls are possible in the same cell. [[Spread spectrum]] makes it possible to have as low a frequency reuse factor as 1, if each base station is divided into 3 cells by means of 3 directional sector antennas. This corresponds to a system spectrum efficiency of over 1 × 100 × 0.0017 = 0.17&nbsp;''(bit/s)/Hz per site'', and 0.17/3 = 0.06 ''(bit/s)/Hz per cell or sector''.

The spectral efficiency can be improved by [[radio resource management]] techniques such as efficient fixed or dynamic [[channel allocation]], [[power control]], [[link adaptation]] and [[diversity scheme]]s.

A combined [[fairness measure]] and system spectral efficiency measure is the [[fairly shared spectral efficiency]].

==Comparison table==
Examples of predicted numerical spectral efficiency values of some common communication systems can be found in the table below. These results will not be achieved in all systems. Those further from the transmitter will not get this performance.
{| class="wikitable"
! Spectral efficiency of common communication systems
|-
| style="padding:0;"|
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:0;"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Service
! rowspan="2" | Standard
! rowspan="2" | Launched,<br/>year
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="number" | Max. [[net bit rate]] <br/>per carrier and <br/>spatial stream,<br/>''R'' (Mbit/s)
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="number" | [[Bandwidth (signal processing)|Bandwidth]]<br/>per carrier,<br/>''B'' (MHz)
! colspan="2" data-sort-type="number" | Max. link spectral efficiency, <br/>''R/B'' ( bit/(s⋅Hz) )
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="number" | Typical [[frequency reuse factor|reuse factor]], ''1/K''
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="number" | System spectral efficiency, <br/>''R''/''B''⋅''K'' ( bit/(s⋅Hz) ) per site)
|-
! data-sort-type="number" | SISO
! data-sort-type="number" | MIMO
|-
! [[1G]] cellular
! [[NMT 450]] modem
| 1981
| 0.0012
| 0.025
| 0.45
| {{n/a}}
| <span style="display:none">0.142857 </span>{{frac|1|7}}
| 0.064 
|-
! [[1G]] cellular
! [[Advanced Mobile Phone System|AMPS]] modem
| 1983
| 0.0003<ref>C. T. Bhunia, [https://books.google.com/books?id=3OxSFoFyqJsC&dq=amps+bps+cellular&pg=PA26 Information Technology Network And Internet], New Age International, 2006, page 26.</ref>
| 0.030
| 0.001
| {{n/a}}
| <span style="display:none">0.142857 </span>{{frac|1|7}}<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=EMPZDZKoyaIC&dq=NMT+%22typical+frequency+reuse%22&pg=PT35 Lal Chand Godara, "Handbook of antennas in wireless communications"], CRC Press, 2002, {{ISBN| 9780849301247}}</ref>
| 0.0015
|-
! [[2G]] cellular
! [[GSM]] 
| 1991
| <span style="display:none">0.104 </span>0.013 × 8 timeslots = 0.104 
| <span style="display:none">0.200 </span>0.2
| 0.52
| {{n/a}}
| <span style="display:none">0.1111111 </span>{{frac|1|9}} ({{frac|1|3}}<ref name="furuskär">Anders Furuskär, Jonas Näslund and Håkan Olofsson (1999), "[http://www.ericsson.com/ericsson/corpinfo/publications/review/1999_01/files/1999014.pdf Edge—Enhanced data rates for GSM and TDMA/136 evolution]", Ericsson Review no. 1</ref> in 1999)
| <span style="display:none">0.17000 </span>0.17<ref name="furuskär"/> (in 1999)
|-
! [[2G]] cellular
! [[D-AMPS]] 
| 1991
| <span style="display:none">0.039 </span>0.013 × 3 timeslots = 0.039 
| 0.030
| 1.3
| {{n/a}}
| <span style="display:none">0.1111111 </span>{{frac|1|9}} ({{frac|1|3}}<ref name="furuskär"/> in 1999)
| <span style="display:none">0.45 </span>0.45<ref name="furuskär"/> (in 1999)
|-
! [[2.75G]] cellular
! [[CDMA2000]] 1× voice
| 2000
| <span style="display:none">0.0096 </span>0.0096 per phone call × 22 calls
| 1.2288
| 0.0078 per call
| {{n/a}}
| 1
| 0.172 (fully loaded)
|-
! [[2.75G]] cellular
! [[GSM]] + [[EDGE]]
| 2003
| 0.384 (typ. 0.20)
| 0.2
| 1.92 (typ. 1.00)
| {{n/a}}
| <span style="display:none">0.33333 </span>{{frac|1|3}}
| 0.33<ref name="furuskär"/>
|-
! [[2.75G]] cellular
! [[IS-136]]HS + [[EDGE]]
|
| 0.384 (typ. 0.27)
| 0.200
| 1.92 (typ. 1.35)
| {{n/a}}
| <span style="display:none">0.33333 </span>{{frac|1|3}}
| 0.45<ref name="furuskär"/>
|-
! [[3G]] cellular
! [[WCDMA]] FDD 
| 2001
| 0.384
| 5
| 0.077
| {{n/a}}
| 1
| 0.51<!-- 0.077 if only one high speed user -->
|-
! [[3G]] cellular
! [[CDMA2000]] 1× PD
| 2002
| 0.153
| 1.2288
| 0.125
| {{n/a}}
| 1
| 0.1720 (fully loaded)
|-
! [[3G]] cellular
! [[CDMA2000]] 1×EV-DO Rev.A
| 2002
| 3.072
| 1.2288
| 2.5
| {{n/a}}
| 1
| 1.3
|-
! Fixed [[WiMAX]]
! [[IEEE 802.16d]] 
| 2004
| 96
| 20
| 4.8
|
| <span style="display:none">0.25 </span>{{frac|1|4}}
| 1.2
|-
! 3.5G cellular
! [[HSDPA]] 
| 2007
| 21.1
| 5
| 4.22
|
| 1
| 4.22
|-
! [[4G]] MBWA
! [[iBurst]] [[HC-SDMA]] 
| 2005
| 3.9
| 0.625
| 
| 7.3 <ref name=spectral>{{cite web | url = http://www.tradingmarkets.com/.site/news/Stock%20News/2237753/|title = KYOCERA's iBurst(TM) System Offers High Capacity, High Performance for the Broadband Era }}</ref>
| 1
| 7.3
|-
! [[4G]] cellular
! [[Long Term Evolution|LTE]]
| 2009
| 81.6
| 20
| 4.08
| 16.32 (4×4) <ref name="agilent">{{cite web|url=https://www.keysight.com/main/redirector.jspx?action=ref&cname=EDITORIAL&ckey=1905163&cc=US&lc=eng|title=4G LTE-Advanced Technology Overview - Keysight (formerly Agilent's Electronic Measurement)|website=www.keysight.com}}</ref>
| 1 (<span style="display:none">0.33333 </span>{{frac|1|3}} at the perimeters<ref name="lte-plan">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259570529|chapter=LTE planning for Soft Frequency Reuse|first1=Giovanni|last1=Giambene|first2=Tara|last2=Ali Yahiya|title=2013 IFIP Wireless Days (WD)|date=1 November 2013|pages=1–7|via=ResearchGate|doi=10.1109/WD.2013.6686468|isbn=978-1-4799-0543-0|s2cid=27200535}}</ref>)
| 16.32
|-
! [[4G]] cellular
! [[LTE-Advanced]]
| 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.extremetech.com/tag/lte-advanced|title=LTE-Advanced Archives - ExtremeTech|website=ExtremeTech}}</ref>
| 75
| 20
| 3.75
| 30.00 (8×8) <ref name="agilent"/>
| 1 (<span style="display:none">0.33333 </span>{{frac|1|3}} at the perimeters<ref name="lte-plan"/>)
| 30
|-
! [[Wi-Fi]]
! [[IEEE 802.11|IEEE 802.11a/g]] 
| 2003
| 54
| 20
| 2.7
| {{n/a}}
| <span style="display:none">0.33333 </span>{{frac|1|3}}{{Citation needed|reason=I've found no reference for this. Also note that indoor reuse can be better due to walls shielding off neighbors|date=October 2017}}
| 0.900
|-
! [[Wi-Fi]]
! [[IEEE 802.11n]] (Wi-Fi 4)
| 2007
| 72.2 (up to 150)
| 20 (up to 40)
| 3.61 (up to 3.75)
| Up to 15.0 (4×4, 40{{nbsp}}MHz)
| <span style="display:none">0.33333 </span>{{frac|1|3}}{{Citation needed|reason=I've found no reference for this. Also note that indoor reuse can be better due to walls shielding off neighbors|date=October 2017}}
| 5.0 (4×4, 40{{nbsp}}MHz)
|-
! [[Wi-Fi]]
! [[IEEE 802.11ac]] (Wi-Fi 5)
| 2012
| 433.3 (up to 866.7)
| 80 (up to 160)
| 5.42
| Up to 43.3 (8×8, 160{{nbsp}}MHz)<ref name="aruba">{{cite web|url=http://www.arubanetworks.com/pdf/technology/whitepapers/WP_80211acInDepth.pdf |title=Whitepaper |website=www.arubanetworks.com }}</ref>
| <span style="display:none">0.33333 </span>{{frac|1|3}}{{Citation needed|reason=I've found no reference for this. Also note that indoor reuse can be better due to walls shielding off neighbors|date=October 2017}}
| 14.4 (8×8, 160{{nbsp}}MHz)
|-
! [[Wi-Fi]]
! [[IEEE 802.11ax]] (Wi-Fi 6)
| 2019
| 600.5 (up to 1201)
| 80 (up to 160)
| 7.5
| Up to 60 (8×8, 160{{nbsp}}MHz)
| <span style="display:none">0.33333 </span>{{frac|1|3}}{{Citation needed|reason=I've found no reference for this. Also note that indoor reuse can be better due to walls shielding off neighbors. Note that 802.11ax greatly improves contention in high density neighborhoods compared to 802.11ac.|date=September 2019}}
| 20 (8×8, 160{{nbsp}}MHz)
|-
! [[WiGig]]
! [[IEEE 802.11ad]]
| 2013
| 6756
| 2160
| 3
| {{n/a}}
| 1{{Citation needed|reason=I've found no reference for this. It should be nearly 1, because it hardly leaves the room|date=October 2017}}
| 3
|-
! [[Trunked radio system]]
! [[TETRA]], low [[Forward error correction|FEC]]
| 1998
| <span style="display:none">0.019 </span>4 timeslots = 0.019 (0.029 without FEC)<ref name="rf-world">{{cite web|url=http://www.rfwireless-world.com/Terminology/TETRA-vs-TETRA2.html|title=TETRA vs TETRA2-Basic difference between TETRA and TETRA2|website=www.rfwireless-world.com}}</ref><ref name="rohde">{{cite web |url=https://cdn.rohde-schwarz.com/pws/dl_downloads/dl_application/application_notes/1ma189/1MA189_7e_TETRA_measurements.pdf |title= Application notes|website=cdn.rohde-schwarz.com}}</ref><ref name="aeroflex">{{cite web|url=http://tetraforum.pl/produkty-tetra/Willtek/Aeroflex-produkty-Tetra-broszura-English.pdf |title=Brochure |website=tetraforum.pl }}</ref>
| 0.025
| 0.8
| {{n/a}}
| <span style="display:none">0.142857 </span>{{frac|1|7}}<ref name="cept-examples">{{cite web|url=https://cept.org/files/9421/tr_102628v010101p.doc |title=Data |website=cept.org}}</ref>
| 0.1
|-
! [[Trunked radio system]]
! [[Terrestrial Trunked Radio#TETRA Enhanced Data Service (TEDS)|TETRA II with TEDS]], 64-QAM, 150&nbsp;kHz, low [[Forward error correction|FEC]]
| 2011
| <span style="display:none">0.538 </span>4 timeslots = 0.538<ref name="rf-world"/><ref name="rohde"/><ref name="aeroflex"/>
| 0.150 (scalable to 0.025)
| 3.6
| {{n/a}}
|
|
|-
! [[Digital radio]]
! [[Digital audio broadcasting|DAB]]
| 1995
| 0.576 to 1.152
| 1.712
| 0.34 to 0.67
| {{n/a}}
| <span style="display:none">0.200 </span>{{frac|1|5}}
| 0.07 to 0.13
|-
! [[Digital radio]]
! [[Digital audio broadcasting|DAB]] with [[Single-frequency network|SFN]]
| 1995
| 0.576 to 1.152
| 1.712
| 0.34 to 0.67
| {{n/a}}
| 1
| 0.34 to 0.67
|-
! [[Digital TV]]
! [[DVB-T]]
| 1997
| 31.67 (typ. 24)<ref name="t2-facts">{{cite web|url=https://www.dvb.org/resources/public/factsheets/dvb-t2_factsheet.pdf |title=Fact sheet |website=www.dvb.org }}</ref>
| 8
| 4.0 (typ. 3.0)
| {{n/a}}
| <span style="display:none">0.143 </span>{{frac|1|7}}<ref name="umts-coex">{{cite web|url=https://mns.ifn.et.tu-dresden.de/Lists/nPublications/Attachments/283/Rave_W_IEE_02.pdf |title=List publication |website=mns.ifn.et.tu-dresden.de }}</ref>
| 0.57
|-
! [[Digital TV]]
! [[DVB-T]] with [[Single-frequency network|SFN]]
| 1996
| 31.67 (typ. 24)<ref name="t2-facts"/>
| 8
| 4.0 (typ. 3.0)
| {{n/a}}
| 1
| 4.0 (typ. 3.0)
|-
! [[Digital TV]]
! [[DVB-T2]]
| 2009
| 45.5 (typ. 40)<ref name="t2-facts"/>
| 8
| 5.7 (typ. 5.0)
| {{n/a}}
| <span style="display:none">0.143 </span>{{frac|1|7}}<ref name="umts-coex"/>
| 0.81
|-
! [[Digital TV]]
! [[DVB-T2]] with [[single-frequency network|SFN]]
| 2009
| 45.5 (typ. 40)<ref name="t2-facts"/>
| 8
| 5.7 (typ. 5.0)
| {{n/a}}
| 1
| 5.7 (typ. 5.0)
|-
! [[Digital TV]]
! [[DVB-S]]
| 1995
| 33.8 for 5.1 C/N (44.4 for 7.8 C/N)<ref name="s2-facts">{{cite web|url=https://www.dvb.org/resources/public/factsheets/DVB-S2_Factsheet.pdf |title=Factsheet |website=www.dvb.org }}</ref>
| 27.5
| 1.2 (1.6)
| {{n/a}}
| <span style="display:none">0.250 </span>{{frac|1|4}}<ref name="s2-beams">{{cite journal|title=Linear and nonlinear techniques for multibeam joint processing in satellite communications|first1=Dimitrios|last1=Christopoulos|first2=Symeon|last2=Chatzinotas|first3=Gan|last3=Zheng|first4=Joël|last4=Grotz|first5=Björn|last5=Ottersten|date=4 May 2012|journal=EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking|volume=2012|issue=1|doi=10.1186/1687-1499-2012-162|doi-access=free}}</ref>
| 0.3 (0.4)
|-
! [[Digital TV]]
! [[DVB-S2]]
| 2005
| 46 for 5.1 C/N (58.8 for 7.8 C/N)<ref name="s2-facts"/>
| 30 (typ.)
| 1.5 (2.0)
| {{n/a}}
| <span style="display:none">0.250 </span>{{frac|1|4}}<ref name="s2-beams"/>
| 0.4 (0.5)
|-
! [[Digital TV]]
! [[ATSC]] with [[Distributed transmission system|DTx]]
| 1996
| 32
| 19.39
| 1.6
| {{n/a}}
| 1
| 3.23
|-
! [[Digital TV]]
! [[DVB-H]]
| 2007
| 5.5 to 11
| 8
| 0.68 to 1.4
| {{n/a}}
| <span style="display:none">0.200 </span>{{frac|1|5}}
| 0.14 to 0.28
|-
! [[Digital TV]]
! [[DVB-H]] with [[single-frequency network|SFN]]
| 2007
| 5.5 to 11
| 8
| 0.68 to 1.4
| {{n/a}}
| 1
| 0.68 to 1.4
|-
! [[Digital TV|Digital cable TV]]
! [[DVB-C]] [[256-QAM]] mode
| 1994
| 38
| 6
| 6.33
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|-
! [[DOCSIS|Broadband CATV modem]]
! [[DOCSIS]] 3.1 [[Quadrature amplitude modulation|QAM-4096]], 25&nbsp;kHz [[OFDM]] spacing, [[LDPC]]
| 2016
| 1890<ref name="cisco">{{cite web|url=http://scte-sandiego.org/uploads/3/4/5/9/3459873/docsis_3_1_sandiego_rev6_bw.pdf |title=Info |website=scte-sandiego.org }}</ref><ref name="jdsu">[https://www.commtechshow.com/east/wp-content/uploads/JDSU_DOCSIS_Evolution_Paving_the_Way_for_1GBs_and_Beyond.pdf]{{dead link|date=July 2018}}</ref>
| 192
| 9.84
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|-
! [[Digital subscriber line|Broadband modem]]
! [[ADSL2]] downlink
|
| 12
| 0.962
| 12.47
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|-
! [[Digital subscriber line|Broadband modem]]
! [[ADSL2+]] downlink
|
| 28
| 2.109
| 13.59
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|-
! [[Telephone modem]] 
! [[V.92]] downlink
| 1999
| 0.056
| 0.004
| 14.0
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|}
|}
N/A means not applicable.

==See also==
* [[Baud]]
* [[CDMA spectral efficiency]]
* [[Channel capacity]]
* [[Comparison of mobile phone standards]]
* [[Cooper's Law]]
* [[Goodput]]
* [[Network throughput]]
* [[Orders of magnitude (bit rate)]]
* [[Radio resource management]] (RRM)
* [[Spatial capacity]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Network performance]]
[[Category:Wireless networking]]
[[Category:Information theory]]
[[Category:Telecommunication theory]]
[[Category:Radio resource management]]