View source for TRS-80

{{Short description|1977 microcomputer by Tandy Corporation}}
{{About|the original TRS-80 (Model I) and its successors (Models III and 4)|an overview of all computers using the TRS-80 and Tandy names|List of TRS-80 and Tandy-branded computers|other uses}}
{{Use American English|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox information appliance
| name = TRS-80 Model I
| logo = TRS-80 logo.svg
| image = Radioshack TRS80-IMG 7206.jpg
| caption = TRS-80 Model I with Expansion Interface and display<!-- include if image is not a logo -->
| developer = 
| manufacturer = [[Tandy Corporation]]
| carrier = 
| family = 
| type = [[Home computer]]
| generation = 
| release date = {{Start date and age|1977|08|03}}<ref name = "forster-17"/>
| lifespan = 1977–1981, 4 years
| price = {{USD|599.95|1977|round=-1}}
| discontinued = {{End date and age|1981|01}}
| units sold = {{ubl|>100,000 (as of 1979)<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UaKuzwnEiRMC&pg=PA31 |title=Advertisement: Radio Shack |magazine=[[Computerworld]]|page=31|volume=XIII |number=42 |date= 15 October 1979 |issn= 0010-4841 <!-- source lists bogus: 127-042 -->|quote=How we sold over 100,000 TRS-80 Model I Systems}}</ref>|2.4 million (all models)<ref>{{cite journal |title=Table 2: United States (1978-1982) |journal=Computers and People |date=1984 |volume=33–36 |page=19 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cv1UAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Berkeley Enterprises |quote=TRS-80 (all models) 2,400,000}}</ref>}}
| unitsshipped = 
| media = 
| os = {{nowrap|[[TRSDOS]]}}, [[LDOS (operating system)|LDOS]], {{nowrap|[[NewDos/80]]}},  [[Level I BASIC]]<!-- operating system -->
| power = 
| cpu = [[Zilog Z80]] @ 1.774 [[MHz]]
| storage = 
| memory = 4–48 [[Kilobyte|KB]]
| display = Monochrome 12" CRT, 64 × 16 character [[semigraphics]]
| graphics = 
| sound = Square wave tones
| input = 
| location = <!-- GPS or Wi-Fi based -->
| controllers = 
| output = 
| camera = 
| touchpad = 
| connectivity = 
| service = <!-- online service/s offered -->
| dimensions = 
| weight = 
| topgame = 
| compatibility = 
| predecessor = 
| successor = 
| related = 
| website = 
}}

The '''TRS-80 Micro Computer System''' ('''TRS-80''', later renamed the '''Model I''' to distinguish it from successors) is a desktop [[microcomputer]] developed by American company [[Tandy Corporation]] and was sold through their [[Radio Shack]] stores. Launched in 1977, it is one of the earliest mass-produced and mass-marketed retail [[home computer]]s.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Mooallem |first=Jon |author-link=Jon Mooallem |date=April 19, 2010 |title=The Lost Tribes of RadioShack: Tinkerers Search for New Spiritual Home |url=https://www.wired.com/2010/04/ff-radioshack/ |access-date=August 3, 2012 |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]}}</ref> The name is an abbreviation of ''Tandy Radio Shack, Z80 [microprocessor]'', referring to its [[Zilog Z80]] 8-bit microprocessor.<ref name="techland.time.com">{{Cite magazine|url=https://techland.time.com/2012/08/03/trs-80/|title=Please Don't Call It Trash-80: A 35th Anniversary Salute to Radio Shack's TRS-80|first=Harry|last=McCracken|author-link=Harry McCracken |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=August 3, 2012}}</ref> 

The TRS-80 has a full-stroke [[QWERTY]] keyboard, 4 [[kilobyte|KB]] [[dynamic random-access memory]] (DRAM) standard memory, small size and desk area, floating-point [[Level I BASIC]] language [[Interpreter (computing)|interpreter]] in [[read-only memory]] (ROM), 64-character-per-line [[computer monitor|video monitor]], and a starting price of US$600<ref name="forster-17">{{cite book |last=Forster |first=Winnie |author-link=Winnie Forster |title=The Encyclopedia of Consoles, Handhelds & Home Computers 1972–2005 |year=2005 |publisher=Gameplan |isbn=3-00-015359-4|page=17}}</ref> (equivalent to US${{Inflation|US|600|1977|r=-2|fmt=c}} in {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}). A cassette tape drive for program storage was included in the original package. While the software environment was stable, the cassette load/save process combined with keyboard bounce issues and a troublesome Expansion Interface contributed to the Model I's reputation as not well-suited for serious use. Initially (until 1981), it lacked support for lowercase characters which may have hampered business adoption. An extensive line of upgrades and add-on hardware peripherals for the TRS-80 was developed and marketed by Tandy/Radio Shack. The basic system can be expanded with up to 48 KB of RAM (in 16 KB increments), and up to four [[floppy disk]] drives and/or [[hard disk drive]]s. Tandy/Radio Shack provided full-service support including upgrade, repair, and training services in their thousands of stores worldwide.

By 1979, the TRS-80 had the largest selection of software in the microcomputer market.<ref name="welch2007">{{cite book|last=Welch|first=David and Theresa|title=Priming the Pump: How TRS-80 Enthusiasts Helped Spark the PC Revolution|year=2007|publisher=The Seeker Books|location=Ferndale, Michigan| isbn=978-0-9793468-0-4| url=http://www.microcomputerpioneers.com/}}</ref> Until 1982, the TRS-80 was the bestselling PC line, outselling the [[Apple II]] by a factor of five according to one analysis.<ref name="techland.time.com" /> The broadly compatible '''TRS-80 Model III''' was released in the middle of 1980. The Model I was discontinued shortly thereafter, primarily due to stricter [[Federal Communications Commission]] (FCC) regulations on [[Electromagnetic interference|radio-frequency interference]] to nearby electronic devices.{{r|newsletter_8101}}<ref name="REFOldComputerOrg">{{cite web |url=http://oldcomputers.net/trs80i.html |title=Radio Shack TRS-80 Micro Computer System |work=oldcomputer.org |access-date=May 6, 2010}}</ref> In April 1983, the Model III was succeeded by the compatible [[TRS-80 Model 4]]. Following the original Model I and [[#compatible|its compatible descendants]], the TRS-80 name became a generic brand used on other unrelated computer lines sold by Tandy, including the [[TRS-80 Model II]], [[Tandy 2000|TRS-80 Model 2000]], [[TRS-80 Model 100]], [[TRS-80 Color Computer]], and [[TRS-80 Pocket Computer]].

== History ==
=== Development ===
[[File:Radio Shack Tandy TRS-80 Model I System.JPG|thumb|{{nowrap|Tandy/Radio Shack TRS-80 Model I}}]]
In the mid-1970s, [[Tandy Corporation]]'s [[Radio Shack]] division was a successful American chain of more than 3,000 electronics stores. Among the Tandy employees who purchased a [[MITS Altair]] [[kit computer]] was [[purchasing agent|buyer]] Don French, who began designing his own computer and showed it to the vice president of manufacturing [[John V. Roach]], Tandy's former [[electronic data processing]] manager.<ref>obituary, ''[https://thenyledger.com/business/john-roach-pioneer-of-the-personal-computer-is-dead-at-83/ John Roach, Pioneer of the Personal Computer, Is Dead at 83]'', The New York Ledger, Business, March 24, 2022</ref><ref>[[Texas Christian University]], "John V. Roach Honors College". Archived from the original on 2018-05-27. Retrieved 2018-05-26</ref> Although the design did not impress Roach, the idea of selling a microcomputer did. When the two men visited [[National Semiconductor]] in California in mid-1976, [[Homebrew Computer Club]] member Steve Leininger's expertise on the [[SC/MP]] microprocessor impressed them. National executives refused to provide Leininger's contact information when French and Roach wanted to hire him as a consultant, but they found Leininger working part-time at [[Byte Shop]]. Leininger was unhappy at National, his wife wanted a better job, and Texas did not have a [[state income tax]]. Hired for his technical and retail experience, Leininger began working with French in June 1976. The company envisioned a kit, but Leininger persuaded the others that because "too many people can't solder", a preassembled computer would be better.<ref name="swaine19810831"/>{{r|thomas1977}}{{r|white198708}}{{r|reed1}}

Tandy had 11 million customers that might buy a microcomputer, but it would be much more expensive than the {{US$|30}} median price of a Radio Shack product, and a great risk for the very conservative company.<ref name="reed1">{{cite web |url=http://www.trs-80.org/trs80-introduction-part1/ |title=The Introduction of the TRS‑80 (Part 1) |publisher=TRS-80.org |access-date=January 23, 2015 |author=Reed, Matthew}}</ref>{{r|white198708}} Executives feared losing money as [[Sears]] did with [[Cartrivision]],<ref name="leininger19770917">{{cite conference |url=http://www.trs-80.com/trs80-models-model1.htm |title=TRS-80 architect reminisces about design project |access-date=February 28, 2011 |author=Leininger, Steven W. |date=September 1977 |conference=San Diego Computer Society |archive-date=May 31, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531175602/http://www.trs-80.com/trs80-models-model1.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> and many opposed the project; one executive told French, "Don't waste my time—we can't sell computers." As the popularity of [[Citizens band radio|CB radio]]—at one point comprising more than 20% of Radio Shack's sales—declined, however, the company sought new products. In December 1976 French and Leininger received official approval for the project but were told to emphasize cost savings; for example, leaving out lowercase characters saved US$1.50 in components and reduced the retail price by {{US$|5}}. The original {{US$|199}} retail price required [[manufacturing cost]] of {{US$|80}}; the first design had a [[membrane keyboard]] and no video monitor. Leininger persuaded Roach and French to include a better keyboard, a monitor, [[datacassette]] storage, and other features requiring a higher retail price to provide Tandy's typical profit margin. In February 1977 they showed their prototype, running a simple tax-accounting program, to [[Charles Tandy]], head of Tandy Corporation. The program quickly crashed as the computer's implementation of [[Tiny BASIC]] could not handle the {{US$|150,000}} figure that Tandy typed in as his salary, and the two men added support for [[floating-point math]] to its [[Level I BASIC]] to prevent a recurrence. The project was formally approved on 2 February 1977; Tandy revealed that he had already leaked the computer's existence to the press. When first inspecting the prototype, he remarked that even if it did not sell, the project could be worthy if only for the publicity it might generate.{{r|ahl198411}}<ref name="white198708">{{Cite magazine |last=White |first=Ron |date=August 1987 |title=The Tandy Story: It all started 10 years ago in a converted used-car showroom... |url=https://archive.org/details/80-microcomputing-magazine-1987-08/page/n51 |magazine=[[80 Micro]] |pages=50–64 |access-date=2019-05-18}}</ref>{{r|reed1}}

MITS sold 1,000 Altairs in February 1975 and was selling 10,000 a year. When Charles Tandy asked who would buy the computer, company president Lewis Kornfeld admitted that they did not know if anyone would, but suggested that small businesses and schools might. Knowing that demand was very strong for the {{US$|795}} Altair—which cost more than $1,000 with a monitor—Leininger suggested that Radio Shack could sell 50,000 computers,<ref name="reed2">{{cite web |url=http://www.trs-80.org/trs80-introduction-part2/ |title=The Introduction of the TRS‑80 (Part 2) |publisher=TRS-80.org |access-date=January 23, 2015 |author=Reed, Matthew}}</ref>{{r|white198708}} but no one else believed him; Roach called the figure "horseshit", as the company had never sold that many of anything at that price. Roach and Kornfeld suggested 1,000 to 3,000 per year; 3,000 was the quantity the company would have to produce to buy the components in bulk. Roach persuaded Tandy to agree to build 3,500—the number of Radio Shack stores—so that each store could use a computer for inventory purposes if they did not sell.<ref name="welch2007"/><ref name="swaine19810831">{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rD0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA40 |title=How the TRS-80 Was Born |access-date=February 28, 2011 |first=Michael |last=Swaine  |author-link=Michael Swaine (technical author) |date=August 31, 1981 |magazine=[[InfoWorld]] |pages=40–43 |volume=3 |number=17}}</ref><ref name="thomas1977">{{cite news |url=https://archive.org/stream/CreativeComputingv03n05SeptOct1977/Creative_Computing_v03n05_Sept_Oct_1977#page/n93/mode/2up |title=Radio Shack's $600 Home Computer |author=Thomas, Wes |work=[[Creative Computing]] |date=September–October 1977 |pages=94–95}}</ref><ref name="ahl198411">{{cite web |url=http://www.atarimagazines.com/creative/v10n11/292_Tandy_Radio_Shack_enters_.php |title=Tandy Radio Shack enters the magic world of computers |access-date=February 26, 2011 |author=Ahl, David |author-link=David Ahl 
 |date=November 1984 |work=[[Creative Computing]] |page=292}}</ref>{{r|white198708}} [[RCA]] agreed to supply the video monitor—a black-and-white television with the tuner and speakers removed—after others refused because of Tandy's low initial volume of production. Tandy used the black-and-silver colors of the RCA CRT unit's cabinet for the TRS-80 units as well.{{r|white198708}}

=== Announcement ===
Having spent less than {{US$|150,000}} on development, Radio Shack announced the TRS-80 (Tandy Radio Shack) at a New York City press conference on August 3, 1977.<ref>{{cite magazine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803160213/https://time.com/3968790/tandy-trs-80-history/ |archive-date=3 August 2015 |url=https://time.com/3968790/tandy-trs-80-history/ |title=The Personal Computer That Beat Apple (For a While) |first=Lile |last=Rothman |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref> It cost {{US$|399}} ({{Inflation|US|399|1977|r=-2|fmt=eq}}), or {{US$|599}} ({{Inflation|US|599|1977|r=-2|fmt=eq}}) with a 12" monitor and a Radio Shack tape recorder; the most expensive product Radio Shack previously sold was a {{US$|500}} stereo. The company hoped that the new computer would help Radio Shack sell higher-priced products, and improve its "schlocky" image among customers. Small businesses were the primary target market, followed by educators, then consumers and hobbyists; despite its hobbyist customer base, Radio Shack saw them as "not the mainstream of the business" and "never our large market".{{r|thomas1977}}{{r|brown198001}}{{r|reed2}}<ref name="freibergerfuture19810831">{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rD0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA49 |title=Radio Shack Prepares for the Future |magazine=[[InfoWorld]] |date=31 August 1981 |volume=3 |number=17 |access-date=26 October 2016 |author=Freiberger, Paul |author-link=Paul Freiberger  |pages=51, 53–54}}</ref>{{r|bartimo19840820}}{{r|white198708}}

Although the press conference did not receive much media attention because of [[Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional Puertorriqueña#Major incidents|a terrorist bombing elsewhere in the city]], the computer received much more publicity at [[Boston University]]'s Personal Computer Fair two days later.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Computer fair comes to Boston |journal=Personal Computing Magazine |date=1 May 1977 |url=https://archive.org/details/PersonalComputing19770506/page/n13/mode/1up |access-date=7 March 2021 |quote=If you are going to be anywhere all the computer buffs from near Boston on August 4th, 5th or 6th, you may want to get over to Boston University. They are going to have a PERSONAL COMPUTING show complete with exhibits, seminars and everything that's new and up to date that you can see, touch, feel and play with in home computing. And just because Boston suburbia has more colleges and universities per square foot than any other region of the United States doesn't mean that this computing show is just for high school, college students and their professors. To be sure, MIT, Tufts, Harvard, Boston College, Brandeis, Emerson, Simmons, Northeastern, Babson, University of Massachusetts, Bentley, Wentworth, Lincoln, Emmanuel, Lesley, Curry, Radcliff, Jackson, Suffolk, Wheelock and so forth will be there. B.U. is organizing the fair to be of interest for everybody in personal computing.}}</ref>{{r|bartimo19840820}}{{r|brown198001}}<ref>[http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/puertorico/sep4.htm Clinton Pardons Terror]. ''[[New York Post]]''. 1999-08-13. Retrieved 2017-08-03.</ref>{{r|ap19770806}}{{r|freibergerfuture19810831}}{{r|fylstra197804}}<ref>Pérez, Gina M. (2005). [http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/489.html Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional (FALN)]. Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society.</ref>{{r|reed2}}{{r|thomas1977}}{{r|welch2007}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Blast from the Computer's Past |url=https://wtcomputers.com/2017/08/blast-computers-past/ |website=World Technology Computer Repair and Service |publisher=World Technology, LLC |access-date=7 March 2021 |date=3 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Introduction of the TRS-80 at the Boston Personal Computer Faire in 1977. (Photo) |url=http://forums.lawrencehageman.com/media/introduction-of-the-trs-80-at-the-boston-personal-computer-faire-in-1977.510/ |website=Lawrence Hageman Forums |access-date=7 March 2021}}</ref> {{Excessive citations inline|date=September 2021}} A front-page [[Associated Press]] article discussed the novelty of a large consumer-electronics company selling a home computer that could "do a payroll for up to 15 people in a small business, teach children mathematics, store your favorite recipes or keep track of an investment portfolio. It can also play cards." Six sacks of mail arrived at Tandy headquarters asking about the computer, over 15,000 people called to purchase a TRS-80—paralyzing the company switchboard—and 250,000 joined the waiting list with a $100 deposit.{{r|thomas1977}}{{r|welch2007}}{{r|reed2}}<ref name="ap19770806">{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=cVlNAAAAIBAJ&pg=1649%2C1159626 |title=Computers May Soon Be In Homes |work=[[Lakeland Ledger]] |date=August 6, 1977 |agency=Associated Press |access-date=January 23, 2015 |pages=1A}}</ref>{{r|fylstra197804}}{{r|white198708}}{{Excessive citations inline|date=September 2021}}

Despite the internal skepticism, Radio Shack aggressively entered the market. The company advertised "''The $599 personal computer''" as "the most important, useful, exciting, electronic product of our time".<ref name="rs19780526">{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3365536// |title=To the Doctor, the Lawyer, the Butcher, the Baker, the Candlestick Maker, and Everyone Else |work=[[The Galveston Daily News]] |date=1978-05-26 |access-date=6 October 2015 |pages=3–A |type=advertisement}}</ref> Kornfeld stated when announcing the TRS-80, "This device is inevitably in the future of everyone in the civilized world—in some way—now and so far as ahead as one can think", and Tandy's 1977 [[annual report]] called the computer "probably the most important product we've ever built in a company factory". Unlike competitor [[Commodore International|Commodore]]—which had announced the [[Commodore PET|PET]] several months earlier but had not yet shipped any—Tandy had its own factories (capable of producing 18,000 computers a month) and distribution network, and even small towns had Radio Shack stores. The company announced plans to be selling by Christmas a range of peripherals and software for the TRS-80, began shipping computers by September, opened its first computer-only store in October, and delivered 5,000 computers to customers by December. Still forecasting 3,000 sales a year, Radio Shack sold over 10,000 TRS-80s in its first one and a half months of sales, 55,000 in its first year, and over 200,000 during the product's lifetime;{{r|fylstra197804}}{{r|swaine19810831}}<ref name="hogan19810831">{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rD0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA44 |title=A Look at Radio Shack's Five Computers |access-date=February 28, 2011 |author=Hogan, Thom |date=August 31, 1981 |magazine=[[InfoWorld]] |volume=3 |number=17 |pages=44–45}}</ref>{{r|thomas1977}}{{r|ahl198411}}{{r|welch2007}}<ref name="bartimo19840820"/>{{r|leininger19770917}}<ref name="rscat1977">{{cite book |title=1977 TRS-80 Radio Shack Introduction Brochure |year=1977 |url=http://www.radioshackcatalogs.com/catalogs_extra/1977_rsc-01/ |publisher=Radio Shack |access-date=March 14, 2011 |archive-date=July 15, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715145146/http://www.radioshackcatalogs.com/catalogs_extra/1977_rsc-01/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{rp|4}}<ref name="brown198001">{{cite news |url=https://archive.org/stream/80-microcomputing-magazine-1980-01/80Microcomputing_0180#page/n27/mode/2up |title=The Tandy Story |access-date=October 17, 2013 |author=Brown, Chris |date=January 1980 |work=[[80 Micro]]computing |pages=28–30}}</ref>{{r|white198708}}{{Excessive citations inline|date=September 2021}} one entered the [[Smithsonian Institution|Smithsonian]]'s [[National Museum of American History]].<ref name="righthand20100803">{{cite news |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/august-3-1977-the-trs-80-personal-computer-goes-on-sale-186379/ |title=August 3, 1977: The TRS-80 Personal Computer Goes on Sale |work=Smithsonian |date=August 3, 2010 |access-date=January 23, 2015 |author=Righthand, Jess}}</ref> By mid-1978 the waits of two months or more for delivery were over,<ref name="baker19780428">{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3365595// |title=Microcomputer stirs interest |work=[[The San Bernardino County Sun]] |date=1978-04-28 |access-date=6 October 2015 |author=Baker, Joe |pages=B-19}}</ref> and the company could state in advertisements that TRS-80 was "on demonstration and available ''from stock now'' at every Radio Shack store in this community!"{{r|rs19780526}}

[[File:Home or Personal Computers from 1977 - Commodore PET 2001, Apple II, TRS-80 Model I, together called 'Trinity77' (edited image).jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|''Byte''{{'}}s "1977 trinity": Commodore PET, Apple II, and TRS-80 Model I]]

=== Delivery ===
The first units, ordered unseen, were delivered in November 1977, and rolled out to the stores the third week of December. The line won popularity with hobbyists, home users, and small businesses. Tandy Corporation's leading position<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/det/22784/TRS-80-Microcomputer-System-Model-I-16k-Level-II/|title=TRS-80 Microcomputer System Model I 16k Level II - Computer - Computing History|website=www.computinghistory.org.uk}}</ref> in what [[Byte (magazine)|''Byte'']] magazine called the "1977 Trinity" ([[Apple Computer]], [[Commodore International|Commodore]], and Tandy) had much to do with Tandy's retailing the computer through more than 3,000 of its Radio Shack storefronts in the USA.<ref name="byte95">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.byte.com/art/9509/sec7/art15.htm |title=Most Important Companies |access-date=June 10, 2008 |date=September 1995 |magazine=[[Byte (magazine)|Byte]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618072507/http://www.byte.com/art/9509/sec7/art15.htm |archive-date=June 18, 2008 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> Tandy claimed it had "7000 [Radio Shack] stores in 40 countries".<ref name="Tandy/Radio Shack">{{cite web|title=Radio Shack Computer Catalog RSC-3, page 24|url=https://www.radioshackcatalogs.com/flipbook/c1979_rsc-03.html?fb3d-page=24|website=Radio Shack Catalogs dot com|publisher=Tandy/Radio Shack|access-date=December 1, 2022|archive-date=May 31, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170531195020/http://www.radioshackcatalogs.com/html/catalogs_extra/1979_rsc-03/h024.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The pre-release price for the basic system (CPU/keyboard and video monitor) was {{US$|500}} and a {{US$|50}} deposit was required, with a money-back guarantee at time of delivery.

By 1978, Tandy/Radio Shack promoted itself as "The Biggest Name in Little Computers".<ref>{{cite web|title=Radio Shack Computer Catalog RSC-2, page 20|url=https://www.radioshackcatalogs.com/flipbook/c1978_rsc-02.html?fb3d-page=20|website=Radio Shack Catalogs dot com|publisher=Tandy/Radio Shack|access-date=December 1, 2022}}</ref><ref name="Tandy/Radio Shack"/> By 1979 1,600 employees built computers in six factories.{{r|white198708}} ''[[Kilobaud Microcomputing]]'' estimated in 1980 that Tandy was selling three times as many computers as [[Apple Inc.|Apple Computer]], with both companies ahead of Commodore.<ref name="green198010">{{cite news |url=https://archive.org/stream/kilobaudmagazine-1980-10/Kilobaud_Microcomputing_1980_October#page/n5/mode/2up |title=Publisher's Remarks |work=Kilobaud Microcomputing |date=October 1980 |access-date=June 23, 2014 |author=Green, Wayne |author-link=Wayne Green |pages=6–9}}</ref> By 1981, ''[[InfoWorld]]'' described Radio Shack as "the dominant supplier of small computers".<ref name="hoganmarket19810831">{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rD0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA6 |title=From Zero to a Billion in Five Years |magazine=[[InfoWorld]] |volume=3 |number=17 |date=August 31, 1981 |access-date=February 15, 2015 |author=Hogan, Thom |pages=6–7}}</ref> Hundreds of small companies produced TRS-80 software and accessories,<ref name="lundell19810831">{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rD0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA46 |title=TRS-80 Outcrop Companies Evolve |magazine=[[InfoWorld]] |volume=3 |number=17 |date=August 31, 1981 |access-date=February 15, 2015 |author=Lundell, Allan |pages=46–47}}</ref> and [[Adam Osborne]] described Tandy as "the number-one microcomputer manufacturer" despite having "so few roots in microcomputing".<ref name="osborne19810413">{{cite magazine |last=Osborne |first=Adam |author-link=Adam Osborne |date=April 13, 1981 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dj4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA42 |title=The Portable Osborne |magazine=[[InfoWorld]] |volume=3 |number=17 |access-date=January 1, 2015 |pages=42–43}}</ref> That year Leininger left his job as director for advanced research; French had left to found a software company,<ref name="markoff19811005">{{Cite magazine |last=Markoff |first=John |author-link=John Markoff |date=1981-10-05 |title=TRS-80 Co-creator to Leave Tandy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JT0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA3 |magazine=[[InfoWorld]] |volume=3 |issue=20 |pages=1, 6 |access-date=2020-03-20}}</ref> and the company had rejected his attempt for a Tandy Computer Center to sell non-Tandy computers.{{r|green198108}} while the company's computer success helped Roach become Tandy's CEO.<ref name="hayes19921027">{{Cite news |last=Hayes |first=Thomas C. |date=1992-10-27 |title=Tandy Ventures Into the Unknown |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/27/business/tandy-ventures-into-the-unknown.html |access-date=2024-01-09 |work=The New York Times |pages=D1 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Selling computers did not change the company's "schlocky" image; the Radio Shack name embarrassed business customers, and Tandy executives disliked the "Trash-80" nickname for its products. By 1984, computers accounted for 35% of sales, however, and the company had 500 Tandy Radio Shack Computer Centers.{{r|swaine19810831}}{{r|ahl198411}}<ref name="bartimo19840820">{{cite magazine |last=Bartimo |first=Jim |date=August 20, 1984 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HS8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA47 |title=Radio Shack Polishes Its Image |access-date=February 28, 2011 |magazine=[[InfoWorld]] |volume=6 |issue=34 |pages=47–52}}</ref>{{r|white198708}}<ref name="roachbio">{{cite web |url=http://www.ce.org/Events/Awards/2728.htm |title=John Roach, Tandy/Radio Shack |access-date=February 26, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070709114606/http://www.ce.org/Events/Awards/2728.htm |archive-date=July 9, 2007 |publisher=Consumer Electronics Association}}</ref>

=== Model II and III ===
By 1979, when Radio Shack launched the business-oriented, and incompatible, [[TRS-80 Model II]], the TRS-80 was officially renamed the TRS-80 Model I to distinguish the two product lines.

After some exhibitors at the 1979 Northeast Computer Show were forced to clarify that their products bearing the TRS-80 name were not affiliated with Radio Shack, publications and advertisers briefly began to use "S-80" generically rather than "TRS-80" under scare of legal action, though this never materialized.<ref name="reed s80">{{cite web |url=http://www.trs-80.org/what-does-s-80-mean/ |website=TRS-80.org  |title=What does S-80 mean? |access-date=February 26, 2020 |author=Reed, Matthew}}</ref>

Following the Model III launch in mid-1980, Tandy stated that the Model I was still sold,<ref name="newsletter_8009">{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/stream/TRS-80_Microcomputer_News_Volume_2_Issue_07_1980-09_Radio_Shack_US/TRS-80_Microcomputer_News_Volume_2_Issue_07_1980-09_Radio_Shack_US_djvu.txt|quote=First of all the Model I is not dropped, it is in the 1981 Radio Shack Annual catalog and the price is unchanged.|date=September 1980|access-date=2015-03-07|title=TRS-80 Microcomputer News}}</ref> but it was discontinued by the end of the year. Tandy cited one of the main reasons as being the prohibitive cost of redesigning it to meet stricter [[Federal Communications Commission|FCC]] regulations covering the significant levels of [[Electromagnetic interference|radio-frequency interference]] emitted by the original design.<ref name="REFOldComputerOrg"/><ref name="newsletter_8101">{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/stream/TRS-80_Microcomputer_News_Volume_3_Issue_01_1981-01_Radio_Shack_US/TRS-80_Microcomputer_News_Volume_3_Issue_01_1981-01_Radio_Shack_US_djvu.txt|title=TRS-80 Microcomputer News|date=January 1981|quote=[In November we] announced that manufacturing of the Model I computer would stop prior to the end of 1980 [primarily because] to meet the new FCC regulations we would have had to redesign the entire product, case and all [which would have made] the cost of the Model I as much as the Model III|access-date=2015-03-07}}</ref> The Model I radiated so much interference that, while playing games, an [[Amplitude modulation|AM]] radio placed next to the computer can be used to provide sounds.<ref name=AMRADIODigiBarn>{{cite web| url=http://www.digibarn.com/collections/systems/trs80-model3/index.html|title=TRS-80 Model III (Tandy/Radio Shack TRS-80 Model III) |work=DigiBarn Computer Museum |access-date=July 20, 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100727172325/http://www.digibarn.com/collections/systems/trs80-model3/index.html |archive-date= Jul 27, 2010 }}</ref> Radio Shack offered upgrades (double-density floppy controller, LDOS, memory, reliable keyboard with numeric keypad, lowercase, Level II, RS-232C) as late as its 1984 catalog.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1984 Radio Shack TRS-80 Computer Catalog |url=https://www.radioshackcatalogs.com/flipbook/c1984_rsc-10.html?fb3d-page=27 |access-date=November 30, 2022 |website=Radio Shack Catalogs |page=27}}</ref>

== Hardware ==
[[File:Radio Shack Tandy TRS-80 Model I PCB.JPG|thumb|Tandy/Radio Shack TRS{{nbhyph}}80 Model&nbsp;I PCB]]
[[File:Radio Shack Tandy TRS-80 Model I Rear Panel.JPG|thumb|Tandy/Radio Shack TRS{{nbhyph}}80 Model&nbsp;I rear-panel connectors]]
[[File:Radio Shack Tandy TRS-80 Model I Level II ROM Upgrade PCB.JPG|thumb|Tandy/Radio Shack TRS{{nbhyph}}80 Model&nbsp;I Level&nbsp;II ROM Upgrade PCB]]
The Model I combines the [[motherboard|mainboard]] and [[computer keyboard|keyboard]] into one unit, which became a design trend in the 8-bit microcomputer era, although the Model&nbsp;I has a separate power supply unit. It uses a [[Zilog Z80]] processor clocked at 1.78&nbsp;MHz (later models shipped with a Z80A). The initial Level&nbsp;I machines shipped in late 1977-early 1978 have only 4&nbsp;KB of RAM. After the Expansion Interface and Level&nbsp;II BASIC were introduced in mid-1978, RAM configurations of 16&nbsp;KB and up were offered (the first 16&nbsp;KB was in the Model&nbsp;I itself and the remaining RAM in the Expansion Interface).

The [[operating system|OS]] [[Read-only memory|ROMs]], I/O area, video memory, and OS work space occupy the first 16&nbsp;KB of memory space on the Model&nbsp;I. The remaining 48&nbsp;KB of the 64&nbsp;KB [[memory map]] space is available for program use, subject to the amount of physical RAM installed. Although the Z80 CPU can use port-based I/O, the Model&nbsp;I's I/O is memory-mapped aside from the [[cassette tape]] and [[RS-232]] serial ports.

=== Keyboard ===
[[File:Radio Shack Tandy TRS-80 Model I Keyboard.JPG|thumb|Tandy/Radio Shack TRS{{nbhyph}}80 Model&nbsp;I Alps keyboard PCB]]

The TRS-80 Model I keyboard uses mechanical switches that suffer from "[[Contact bounce|keyboard bounce]]", resulting in multiple letters being typed per keystroke.<ref name="hoganm319810831">{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rD0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA35 |title=The Radio Shack TRS-80 Model III Computer |access-date=February 28, 2011 |author=Hogan, Thom |date=August 31, 1981 |magazine=[[InfoWorld]] |volume=3 |number=17 |pages=35–37}}</ref> The problem was described in [[Wayne Green]]'s editorial in the first issue of ''[[80&nbsp;Micro]]''.<ref name="green198001">{{cite news |url=https://archive.org/stream/80-microcomputing-magazine-1980-01/80Microcomputing_0180#page/n7/mode/2up |title=Where We're Coming From / Where We're Bound |work=[[80 Micro]] |date=January 1980 |access-date=October 17, 2013 |author=Green, Wayne |author-link=Wayne Green|pages=8}}</ref> Dirt, [[cigarette smoke]], or other contamination enters the unsealed key switches, causing [[electrical noise]] that the computer detects as multiple presses. The key switches can be cleaned, but the bounce recurs when the keyboard is reexposed to the contaminating environment.<ref name="reedkeybounce">{{Cite web |url=http://www.trs-80.org/model-1-keybounce/ |title=Model I Keybounce |last=Reed |first=Matthew |website=TRS-80.org |access-date=2019-05-20}}</ref>

Keyboard bounce only occurs in Model I computers with Level&nbsp;II BASIC [[firmware]]; Level&nbsp;I BASIC has a "debounce" delay to the keyboard driver to avoid the noisy switch contacts. Tandy's {{code|KBFIX}} utility, the Model&nbsp;III, the last Model&nbsp;I firmware, and most third-party operating systems also implement the software fix, and Tandy changed the keyboard during the Model&nbsp;III's lifetime to an [[Alps Electric]] design with sealed switches. The Alps keyboard was available as an upgrade for the Model&nbsp;I for $79.{{r|reedkeybounce}}

The keyboard is [[memory-mapped I/O|memory-mapped]] so that certain locations in the processor's memory space correspond to the status of a group of keys.

=== Video and audio===
[[File:TRS-80-graphics.svg|thumb|Layout of characters and pixels on the TRS-80 display<ref name=80Micro-June80/>]]
The color of the {{cvt|12|in}} KCS 172 RCA monitor's{{r|white198708}} text is faintly blue (the standard P4 [[phosphor]] used in black-and-white televisions). Green and amber filters, or replacement tubes to reduce [[eye fatigue]] were popular aftermarket items. Later models came with a green-on-black display.

Complaints about the video display quality were common. As Green wrote, "hells bells, [the monitor] ''is'' a cheap black and white television set with a bit of conversion for computer use".{{r|green198001}} (The computer could be purchased without the Radio Shack monitor.)<ref name="fylstra197804">{{cite magazine |url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1978-04/1978_04_BYTE_03-04_Optimization#page/n49/mode/2up |title=The Radio Shack TRS-80: An Owner's Report |magazine=[[Byte (magazine)|Byte]] |volume=3 |issue=4 |date=April 1978 |access-date=October 17, 2013 |author=Fylstra, Dan |author-link=Dan Fylstra |pages=49}}</ref> CPU access to the screen memory causes visible [[flicker (screen)|flicker]]. The bus arbitration logic blocks video display refresh (video-RAM reads) during [[central processing unit|CPU]] writes to the VRAM, causing a short black line. This has little effect on normal BASIC programs, but fast programs made with [[assembly language]] can be affected. Software authors worked to minimize the effect, and many arcade-style [[List of TRS-80 games|games]] are available for the Tandy TRS-80.

Because of bandwidth problems in the interface card that replaced the TV's tuner, the display loses horizontal sync if large areas of white are displayed. A simple half-hour hardware fix corrects the problem.

The graphics are displayed at a resolution of 64×16 character positions on a screen measuring {{convert|7.5|in|cm}} wide and {{convert|6.625|in|cm}} tall.{{Sfn|Mazur|1983|p=386}} Each character is composed of a 2×3 matrix of pixels, and corresponds to one byte of the 1&nbsp;KB video memory used by the TRS-80. In each of those bytes, the first six bits control which pixel is displayed. The seventh bit is ignored, and the eighth toggles graphics mode.<ref name=80Micro-June80>{{cite magazine|url=https://archive.org/details/80_Microcomputing_Issue_06_1980-06_1001001_US|title=The Assembly Line|last=Barden|first=William |author-link=William Barden Jr.|magazine=[[80 Micro]]|date=June 1980|access-date=October 14, 2021|pages=22, 24}}</ref>{{Sfn|Mazur|1983|p=294, 297}} The reason that the seventh bit is ignored is due to the company's decision to have only seven 2102 static-RAM chips installed on the computer's motherboard instead of eight to keep the manufacturing cost low.{{Sfn|Technical Reference Handbook|1982|pp=34, 96–97}} Thus, there are no lowercase letters in the [[TRS-80 character set]] of an unmodified Model&nbsp;I, and the number of both graphics symbols and alphanumeric symbols is 64.{{Sfn|Mazur|1983|pp=258–259}} This can be worked around by deleting the unused bit and piggybacking an eighth 2102 chip onto another.{{Sfn|Mazur|1983|pp=28, 313–314}} The alphanumeric symbols are displayed in 5×7 matrices of [[pixel]]s.<ref name=80Micro-June80/> The 1978 manual for the popular word processor [[Electric Pencil]] came with instructions for modifying the computer. Although the modification needs to be disabled for Level&nbsp;II BASIC, its design became the industry standard and was widely sold in kit form,<ref name="reedlc">{{cite web |url=http://www.trs-80.org/electric-pencil-lowercase-modification/ |title=The Electric Pencil Lower Case Modification |access-date=27 February 2016 |author=Reed, Matthew}}</ref> along with an eighth 2102 chip. Later models came with the hardware for the lowercase character set to be displayed with descenders.

With higher-density RAM chips and purpose-built monitors, higher-resolution crisp displays are obtainable; 80×24-character displays are available in the Model&nbsp;II, Model&nbsp;4, and later systems.

The Model I has no built-in speaker. Square-wave tones can be produced by outputting data to the cassette port and plugging an amplifier into the cassette "Mic" line. Most games use this ability for sound effects. An adapter was available to use [[Atari joystick port|Atari joysticks]].{{r|williams198109}}

== Peripherals ==
{{more citations needed section|date=July 2017}}<!--many paragraphs with no citations-->

=== Cassette tape drive ===
User data was originally stored on [[cassette tape]]. Radio Shack's model CTR-41 cassette recorder was included with the US$599 package.<ref name="rscat1977"/>{{rp|3–4}} The software-based{{r|swaine19810831}} cassette tape interface is slow and erratic;{{r|hoganm319810831}} Green described it as "crummy ... drives users up the wall", and the first issue of ''[[80 Micro]]'' has three articles on how to improve cassette performance.{{r|green198001}} It is sensitive to audio volume,{{r|fylstra197804}} and the computer gives only a crude indication as to whether the correct volume was set, via a blinking character on screen while data is loaded. To find the correct volume at first use, the load is started and the volume is adjusted until the TRS-80 picked up the data. Then it is halted to rewind the tape and restart the load. Users were instructed to save multiple copies of a software program file, especially if audio tape cassettes instead of certified data tape was used. Automatic gain control or indicator circuits can be constructed to improve the loading process (the owner's manual provides complete circuit diagrams for the whole machine, including the peripheral interfaces, with notes on operation).

An alternative to using tape was data transmissions from the [[BBC]]'s ''Chip Shop'' programme in the UK, which broadcast software for several different microcomputers over the radio. A special program was loaded using the conventional tape interface. Then the radio broadcast was connected to the cassette tape interface. Tandy eventually replaced the CTR-41 unit with the CTR-80 which had built-in AGC circuitry (and no volume control). This helped the situation, but tape operation is still unreliable.

TRS-80 Model I computers with Level I BASIC read and write tapes at 250 baud (about 30 bytes per second); Level II BASIC doubles this to 500 baud (about 60 bytes per second). Some programmers wrote machine-language programs that increase the speed to up to 2,000 bits per second without a loss of reliability on their tape recorders.  With the Model III and improved electronics in the cassette interface, the standard speed increased to 1,500 baud which works reliably on most tape recorders.

For loading and storing data from tape, the CPU creates the sound by switching the output voltage between three states, creating crude sine wave audio.

The first version of the Model I also has a hardware problem that complicated loading programs from cassette recorders. Tandy offered a small board which was installed at a service center to correct the issue. The ROMs in later models were modified to correct this.

=== Model I Expansion Interface ===
Only the Model I uses an Expansion Interface; all later models have everything integrated in the same housing.

The TRS-80 does not use the [[S-100 bus]] like other early 8080 and Z80-based computers.{{r|thomas1977}} A proprietary Expansion Interface (E/I) box, which fits under the video monitor and serves as its base, was offered instead. Standard features of the E/I are a floppy disk controller, Centronics [[parallel port]] for a printer, and an added cassette connector. Optionally, an extra 16 or 32 KB of RAM can be installed and a daughterboard with an RS-232 port.<ref name="rsc-02">{{cite book |year=1978 |publisher=Radio Shack |title=1978 Radio Shack Tandy TRS-80 Computer Catalog RSC-02}}</ref> The 40-conductor expansion connector passes through to a card edge connector, which permits the addition of external peripherals such as an outboard hard disk drive, a [[Speech synthesis|voice synthesizer]], or a VOXBOX voice recognition unit.<ref>{{cite web|title=Radio Shack Computer Catalog RSC-3, page 10|url=https://www.radioshackcatalogs.com/flipbook/c1979_rsc-03.html?fb3d-page=10|website=Radio Shack Catalogs dot com|publisher=Tandy/Radio Shack|access-date=December 1, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Radio Shack Computer Catalog RSC-2. page 13|url=https://www.radioshackcatalogs.com/flipbook/c1978_rsc-02.html?fb3d-page=13|website=Radio Shack Catalogs dot com|publisher=Tandy/Radio Shack|access-date=December 1, 2022}}</ref>

Originally, printing with the Model I required the Expansion Interface, but later Tandy made an alternative parallel printer interface available.

The Model I Expansion Interface is the most troublesome part of the TRS-80 Model I system. It went through several revisions. The E/I connects to the CPU/keyboard with a 6-inch ribbon cable which is unshielded against RF interference and its card edge connector tends to oxidize due to its [[base metal]] contacts. This demands periodic cleaning with a pencil eraser in order to avoid spontaneous reboots, which contributes to its "Trash-80" sobriquet. Aftermarket connectors plated with gold solved this problem permanently. Software developers also responded by devising a recovery method which became a standard feature of many commercial programs. They accept an "asterisk parameter", an asterisk (star) character typed following the program name when the program is run from the TRSDOS Ready prompt. When used following a spontaneous reboot (or an accidental reset, program crash, or exit to TRSDOS without saving data to disk), the program loads without initializing its data area(s), preserving any program data still present from the pre-reboot session. Thus, for example, if a [[VisiCalc]] user suffers a spontaneous reboot, to recover data the user enters {{key press|V|C|SPACE|✶}} at TRSDOS Ready, and Visicalc restores the previous computing session intact.<ref group="note">The user must take care not to do anything that could cause memory to be overwritten; they should recover immediately without running any other programs. Since programs may start automatically via the TRSDOS AUTO command, during a spontaneous reboot they take the precaution of holding down {{key press|ENTER}} to prevent this from happening. It takes TRSDOS some half a dozen seconds to load from a floppy disk; the user has this long to keep an AUTO'd program from loading. This star parameter became a standard for many software applications running on the Models III and 4; for instance LS-DOS's TED and Prosoft's Allwrite.</ref>

The power button on the E/I is difficult to operate as it is recessed so as to guard against the user accidentally hitting it and turning it off while in use. A pencil eraser or similar object is used to depress the power button and the E/I has no power LED, making it difficult to determine if it is running or not.

The expansion unit requires a second power supply, identical to the base unit power supply. An interior recess holds both supplies.

The user is instructed to power on and power off all peripherals in proper order to avoid corrupting data or potentially damaging hardware components. The manuals for the TRS-80 advise turning on the monitor first, then any peripherals attached to the E/I (if multiple disk drives are attached, the last drive on the chain is to be powered on first and work down from there), the E/I, and the computer last. When powering down, the computer is to be turned off first, followed by the monitor, E/I, and peripherals. In addition, users are instructed to remove all disks from the drives during power up or down (or else leave the drive door open to disengage the read/write head from the disk). This is because a transient electrical surge from the drive's read/write head would create a magnetic pulse that could corrupt data. This was a common problem on many early floppy drives.

The E/I displays a screen full of garbage characters on power up and unless a bootable system disk is present in Drive 0, it hangs there until the user either presses {{key press|RESET}} on the back of the computer, which causes it to attempt to boot the disk again, or {{key press|Break|Reset}} was pressed, which drops the computer into BASIC. Due to the above-mentioned problems with potentially corrupting disks, it is recommended to power up to the garbage screen with the disk drives empty, insert a system disk, and then hit {{key press|RESET}}.

''InfoWorld'' compared the [[cable spaghetti]] connecting the TRS-80 Model I's various components to the snakes in ''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]''.{{r|hoganm319810831}} Radio Shack offered a "TRS-80 System Desk"<ref>{{cite web|title=Radio Shack Computer Catalog RSC-2, page 19|url=https://www.radioshackcatalogs.com/flipbook/c1978_rsc-02.html?fb3d-page=19|website=Radio Shack Catalogs dot com|publisher=Tandy/Radio Shack|access-date=November 30, 2022}}</ref> that concealed nearly all the cabling. It can accommodate the complete computer system plus up to four floppy drives and the Quick Printer. Since the cable connecting the Expansion Interface carries the system bus, it is short (about 6 inches). The user has no choice but to place the E/I directly behind the computer with the monitor on top. This causes problems for a non-Tandy monitor whose case did not fit the mounting holes. Also, the friction fit of the edge connector on the already short interconnect cable makes it possible to disconnect the system bus from the CPU if either unit is bumped during operation.

=== Floppy disk drives ===
Radio Shack introduced floppy drives in July 1978, about six months after the Model I went on sale. The Model I [[disk operating system]] [[TRSDOS]] was written by Randy Cook under license from Radio Shack; Randy claimed to have been paid $3000 for it. The first version released to the public was a buggy v2.0.  This was quickly replaced by v2.1.<ref>{{cite web|title=Radio Shack Computer Catalog RSC-2, page 15|url=https://www.radioshackcatalogs.com/flipbook/c1978_rsc-02.html?fb3d-page=15|website=Radio Shack Catalogs dot com|publisher=Tandy/Radio Shack|access-date=December 2, 2022}}</ref> Floppy disk operation requires buying the Expansion Interface, which included a single-density floppy disk interface (with a formatted capacity of 85K) based on the [[Western Digital FD1771|Western Digital 1771]] single-density floppy disk controller chip. The industry standard [[Shugart Associates]] SA-400 minifloppy disk drive was used.  Four floppy drives can be daisy-chained to the Model I. The last drive in the chain is supposed to have a termination resistor installed but often it is not needed as it is integrated into later cables.<ref>{{cite web|title=Radio Shack Computer Catalog RSC-2, page 14|url=https://www.radioshackcatalogs.com/flipbook/c1978_rsc-02.html?fb3d-page=14|website=Radio Shack Catalogs dot com|publisher=Tandy/Radio Shack|access-date=December 1, 2022}}</ref>

Demand for Model I drives greatly exceeded supply at first.{{r|green198001}} The drive is unreliable, partly because the interface lacked an external data separator (buffer).{{r|hoganm319810831}} The early versions of TRSDOS were also buggy, and not helped by the Western Digital FD1771 chip which cannot reliably report its status for several instruction cycles after it receives a command. A common method of handling the delay was to issue a command to the 1771, perform several "NOP" instructions, then query the 1771 for the result. Early TRSDOS neglects the required yet undocumented wait period, and thus false status often returns to the OS, generating random errors and crashes. Once the 1771 delay was implemented, it was fairly reliable.

In 1981, [[Steve Ciarcia]] published in ''[[Byte (magazine)|Byte]]'' the design for a homemade, improved expansion interface with more RAM and a disk controller for the TRS-80.<ref name="ciarcia198102">{{cite magazine |last=Ciarcia |first=Steve |author-link=Steve Ciarcia |date=February 1982 |url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1981-03/1981_03_BYTE_06-03_Programming_Methods#page/n37/mode/2up |title=Build the Disk-80: Memory Expansion and Floppy-Disk Control |magazine=[[Byte (magazine)|Byte]] |volume=6 |issue=3| access-date=October 18, 2013 |pages=36}}</ref>

A data separator and a double-density disk controller (based on the WD 1791 chip) were made by [[Percom]] (a Texas peripheral vendor), LNW, Tandy, and others. The Percom Doubler adds the ability to boot and use [[double density]] floppies using a Percom-modified TRSDOS called DoubleDOS. The LNDoubler adds the ability to read and write {{convert|5+1/4|in|adj=on}} diskette drives with up to 720 KB of storage, and also the older {{convert|8|in|adj=on}} diskettes with up to 1,155 KB. Near the end of the Model I's lifespan in 1982, upgrades were offered to replace its original controller with a double-density one.

The first disk drives offered on the Model I were Shugart SA-400s which supported 35 tracks and was the sole {{Fraction|5|1|4}}-inch drive on the market in 1977–78. By 1979, other manufacturers began offering drives. Models 3/4/4P uses Tandon TM-100 40-track drives. The combination of 40 tracks and double density gives a capacity of 180 kilobytes per single-sided floppy disk. The use of index-sync means that a "[[flippy disk]]" requires a second index hole and write-enable notch. One could purchase factory-made "flippies". Some software publishers formatted one side for Apple systems and the other for the TRS-80.

The usual method of connecting floppy drives involves setting the drive letter via jumper blocks on the drive controller board, but Tandy opted for a slightly more user-friendly technique where all four select pins on the drives are jumpered and the ribbon cable is missing the Drive Select line. Thus, the user does not need to worry about moving jumpers around depending on which position on the chain a drive was in.

A standard flat floppy ribbon cable is usable on the Model I, in which case the drives is jumpered to their number on the chain, or even an IBM PC "twist" cable, which requires setting each drive number to 1, but only permits two drives on the chain.

Although third-party DOSes allow the user to define virtually any floppy format wanted, the "lowest common denominator" format for TRS-80s is the baseline single-density, single-sided, 35-40 track format of the Model I.

Third-party vendors like Aerocomp made available double-sided and 80 track {{Fraction|5|1|4}}-inch and later {{Fraction|3|1|2}}-inch floppy drives with up to 720 KB of storage each. These new drives are half-height and therefore require different or modified drive housings.

=== Exatron Stringy Floppy ===
An alternative to cassette tape and floppy disk storage from [[Exatron]] sold over 4,000 units by 1981. The device is a continuous loop tape drive, dubbed the [[Exatron Stringy Floppy|stringy floppy]] or ESF. It requires no Expansion Interface, plugging directly into the TRS-80's 40-pin expansion bus, is much less expensive than a floppy drive, can read and write random-access data like a floppy drive unlike a cassette tape, and it transfers data at up to 14,400 [[baud]]. Exatron tape cartridges store over 64 KB of data. The ESF can coexist with the TRS-80 data cassette drive. Exatron also made a complementary RAM expansion board that installed in the TRS-80 keyboard to increase memory to 48 KB without the EI.<ref name="lundell19810831X">{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rD0EAAAAMBAJ&q=%22stringy+floppy+from+exatron%22&pg=PA47 |title=Stringy Floppy from Exatron |magazine=[[InfoWorld]] |date=August 31, 1981 |volume=3 |number=17 |access-date=February 15, 2015 |author=Lundell, Allan |pages=47–48}}</ref>

=== Hard drive ===
Radio Shack introduced a 5 MB external hard disk for the TRS-80 Model III/4 in 1983. It is the same hard disk unit offered for the Model II line, but came with OS software for Model III/4. An adapter is required to connect it to the Model I's E/I.<ref>{{cite web|title=Radio Shack Computer Catalog RSC-8, page 52|url=https://www.radioshackcatalogs.com/flipbook/c1983_rsc-08.html?fb3d-page=52|website=Radio Shack Catalogs dot com|publisher=Tandy/Radio Shack|access-date=December 1, 2022}}</ref> The unit is about the same size as a modern desktop computer enclosure. Up to four hard disks can be daisy-chained for 20 MB of storage. The [[LDOS (operating system)|LDOS]] operating system by [[Logical Systems]] was bundled, which provides utilities for managing the storage space and flexible backup. The initial retail price for the first (primary) unit ({{US$|2495|1983|round=-2}}). Later, a 15MB hard disk was offered in a white case, which can be daisy-chained for up to 60 MB. Like most hard disks used on 8-bit machines, there is no provision for subdirectories, but the DiskDISK utility is a useful alternative that creates virtual hard disk ".DSK" files that can be mounted as another disk drive and used like a subdirectory would.  To display the directory/contents of an unmounted DiskDISK virtual disk file, a shareware DDIR "Virtual Disk Directory Utility"<ref>{{cite book |last1=McKay |first1=Bryan |title=DDIR read-me |date=Jan 2, 1986 |page=1}}</ref> program was commonly used.

=== Printers ===
The "Quick Printer" <ref>{{cite web|title=Radio Shack Computer Catalog RSC-2, page 16|url=https://www.radioshackcatalogs.com/flipbook/c1978_rsc-02.html?fb3d-page=16|website=Radio Shack Catalogs dot com|publisher=Tandy/Radio Shack|access-date=December 1, 2022}}</ref> is an electrostatic rotary printer that scans the video memory through the bus connector, and prints an image of the screen onto aluminum-coated paper in about one second. However, it is incompatible with both the final, buffered version of the Expansion Interface, and with the "heartbeat" interrupt used for the real-time clock under Disk BASIC. This can be overcome by using special cabling, and by doing a "dummy" write to the cassette port while triggering the printer.

Two third-party printers were for {{convert|57|mm|in|abbr=on}} metal-coated paper, selling for approximately DM 600 in Germany, and a [[dot-matrix printer]] built by [[Centronics]] for normal paper, costing at first DM 3000, later sold at approximately DM 1500 in some stores. It has only 7 pins, so letters with descenders such as lowercase "g" do not reach under the baseline, but are elevated within the normal line.

Radio Shack offered an extensive line of printers for the TRS-80 family, ranging from basic 9-pin dot matrix units to large wide-carriage line printers for professional use, daisy-wheel printers, inkjet, laser, and color plotters. All have a Centronics-standard interface and after the introduction of the [[TRS-80 Color Computer|Color Computer]] in 1980, many also had a connector for the CoCo's serial interface.

FP-215 is a flatbed [[plotter]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://github.com/human39/fp-215-plotter|title=GitHub - human39/fp-215-plotter: Radio Shack TRS-80 FP-215 Flatbed Plotter Info|date=August 11, 2019|via=GitHub}}</ref>

== Software ==
=== BASIC ===
Three versions of the [[BASIC]] programming language were produced for the Model I. ''[[Level I BASIC]]'' fits in 4 KB of [[read-only memory|ROM]], and ''Level II BASIC'' fits into 12 KB of ROM. Level I is single precision only and had a smaller set of commands. Level II introduced double precision floating point support and has a much wider set of commands. Level II was further enhanced when a disk system was added, allowing for the loading of ''Disk BASIC''.{{r|thomas1977}}

Level I BASIC is based on [[Li-Chen Wang]]'s free [[Tiny BASIC]] with more functions added by Radio Shack.{{r|leininger19770917}} The accompanying ''User's Manual for Level 1'' by David A. Lien presents lessons on programming with text and cartoons. Lien wrote that it was "written specifically for people who don't know anything about computers ... I want you to have fun with your computer! I don't want you to be afraid of it, because there is nothing to fear".<ref name="lien1977">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/Level_1_Users_Manual_1977_David_Lien#page/n0/mode/2up |title=User's Manual for Level 1 |last=Lien |first=David A. |date=1978 |page=1}}</ref>{{r|fylstra197804}} Reviewers praised the manual's quality.{{r|thomas1977}}{{r|yeager197908}}{{r|archer198310}} Level I BASIC has only two [[string (computer science)|string]] variables (<code>A$</code> and <code>B$</code>), 26 numeric variables (<code>A</code> – <code>Z</code>), and one array, <code>A()</code>. Code for functions like SIN(), COS() and TAN() is not included in ROM but printed at the end of the book. The only error messages are "<code>WHAT?</code>" for syntax errors, "<code>HOW?</code>" for arithmetic errors such as [[division by zero]], and "<code>SORRY</code>" for [[out of memory]] errors.

Level I BASIC is not [[tokenized]]; reserved words are stored literally. In order to maximize the code that fits into 4 KB of memory, users can enter abbreviations for reserved words. For example, writing "<code>P.</code>" instead of "<code>PRINT</code>" saves 3 bytes.

Level II BASIC, introduced in mid-1978, was licensed from [[Microsoft]] and is required to use the expansion bus and disk drives. Radio Shack always intended for Level I BASIC to be a stopgap until Level II was ready, and the first brochure for the Model I in January 1978 mentioned that Level II BASIC was "coming soon". It is an abridged version of the 16K [[Microsoft BASIC|Extended BASIC]], since the Model I has 12 KB of ROM space. According to [[Bill Gates]], "It was a sort of intermediate between 8K BASIC and Extended BASIC. Some features from Extended BASIC such as descriptive errors and user-defined functions were not included, but there were double precision variables and the PRINT USING statement that we wanted to get in. The entire development of Level II BASIC took about four weeks from start to finish." The accompanying manual is more terse and technical than the Level I manual. Original Level I BASIC-equipped machines could be retrofitted to Level II through a ROM replacement performed by Radio Shack for a fee (originally $199). Users with Level I BASIC programs stored on cassette have to convert these to the tokenized Level II BASIC before use. A utility for this was provided with the Level II ROMS.

Disk BASIC allows disk I/O, and in some cases ([[NewDos/80]], MultiDOS, DosPlus, LDOS) adds powerful sorting, searching, full-screen editing, and other features. Level II BASIC reserves some of these keywords and issues a "<code>?L3 ERROR</code>", suggesting a behind-the-scenes change of direction intervened between the creation of the Level II ROMs and the introduction of Disk BASIC.

Microsoft also marketed an enhanced BASIC called [[Microsoft Level III BASIC programming language|Level III BASIC]] written by Bill Gates,<ref>{{cite book |title=Program Instructions for Level III BASIC |date=1979 |publisher=Microsoft Consumer Products |page=1}}</ref> on cassette tape.  The cassette contains a "Cassette File" version on one side and a "disk file" version on the second side for disk system users (which was to be saved to disk).<ref>{{cite book |title=Program Instructions for Level III BASIC |date=1979 |publisher=Microsoft Consumer Products |page=11}}</ref> Level III BASIC adds most of the functions in the full 16 KB version of BASIC plus many other TRS-80 specific enhancements.  Many of Level III BASIC's features are included in the TRS-80 Model III's Level II BASIC and disk BASIC.

Level I BASIC was still offered on the Model I in either 4K or 16K configurations after the introduction of Level II BASIC.

=== Other programming languages ===
Radio Shack published a combined assembler and program editing package called the Series I Assembler Editor.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=1982 Radio Shack Computer Catalog RSC-6 page 11 |url=https://www.radioshackcatalogs.com/flipbook/c1982_rsc-06.html?fb3d-page=11 |website=Radio Shack Catalogs dot com |publisher=Tandy/Radio Shack |access-date=December 1, 2022}}</ref> ''[[80 Micro]]'' magazine printed a modification enabling it to run under the Model 4's TRSDOS Version 6. Also from Radio Shack was Tiny Pascal.<ref>{{cite web |title=1982 Radio Shack Computer Catalog RSC-6 page 9 |url=https://www.radioshackcatalogs.com/flipbook/c1982_rsc-06.html?fb3d-page=9 |website=Radio Shack Catalogs dot com |publisher=Tandy/Radio Shack |access-date=May 1, 2019}}</ref>

Microsoft made its [[Fortran]], [[COBOL]] and BASCOM [[BASIC]] compiler available through Radio Shack.<ref name="auto"/>

In 1982, [[Scientific Time Sharing Corporation]] published a version of its [[APL (programming language)|APL]] for the TRS-80 Model III as APL*PLUS/80.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gates |first=Phelps |date=March 1983 |title=A microcomputer APL*PLUS system implementation| journal=ACM SIGAPL APL Quote Quad |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=201–204 |doi=10.1145/390005.801217|doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Other applications ===
[[Blackjack]] and [[backgammon]] came with the TRS-80, and at its debut, Radio Shack offered four payroll, personal finance, and educational programs on cassette.{{r|thomas1977}}{{r|rscat1977}}{{rp|3}}{{r|white198708}} Its own products' quality was often poor.{{r|green198212}} A critical 1980 ''[[80 Micro]]'' review of a [[text adventure]] described it as "yet another example of Radio Shack's inability to deal with the consumer in a consumer's market". The magazine added, "Sadly, too, as with some other Radio Shack programs, the instructions seem to assume that the reader is either a child or an adult with the mentality of a slightly premature corned beef".<ref name="obrien198008">{{cite magazine |url=https://archive.org/stream/80-microcomputing-magazine-1980-08/80Microcomputing_0880#page/n19/mode/2up |title=Pyramid |magazine=[[80 Micro]] |date=August 1980 |issue=8 |access-date=February 12, 2015 |author=O'Brien, William |pages=21}}</ref>

The more than 2,000 Radio Shack franchise stores {{as of|1982|09|lc=y}} sold third-party hardware and software, but the more than 4,300 company-owned stores were at first prohibited from reselling or even mentioning products not sold by Radio Shack itself.<ref name="shuford198002">{{cite magazine |url=https://archive.org/stream/80-microcomputing-magazine-1980-02/80Microcomputing_0280#page/n35/mode/2up |title=The Bottom Shelf: Software For All Seasons |magazine=[[80 Micro]] |date=February 1980 |issue=2 |access-date=October 17, 2013 |author=Shuford, Dan B. |pages=36–37}}</ref><ref name="green198108">{{Cite magazine |last=Green |first=Wayne |author-link=Wayne Green |date=August 1981 |title=Tandy Growth Retarded |url=https://archive.org/details/80-microcomputing-magazine-1981-08/page/n9 |magazine=[[80 Micro]] |issue=20 |page=10 |access-date=2019-05-28}}</ref><ref name="shea19820913">{{Cite magazine |last=Shea |first=Tom |date=1982-09-13 |title=All others sell at list price; we deal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EDAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA11 |magazine=[[InfoWorld]] |volume=4 |issue=36 |page=11 |access-date=2019-03-17}}</ref>{{r|green198212}}{{r|pournelle198307}}{{r|white198708}} Green stated in 1980 that although "there are more programs for the 80 than for all other systems combined" because of the computer's large market share, "Radio Shack can't advertise this because they are trying as hard as they can to keep this fact a secret from their customers. They don't want the TRS-80 buyers to know that there is anything more than their handful of mediocre programs available", many of which "are disastrous and, I'm sure, doing tremendous damage to the industry".<ref name="green198008">{{cite magazine |url=https://archive.org/stream/80-microcomputing-magazine-1980-08/80Microcomputing_0880#page/n7/mode/2up |title=80 Remarks |magazine=[[80 Micro]] |date=August 1980 |issue=8 |access-date=February 12, 2015 |author=Green, Wayne |author-link=Wayne Green |pages=8}}</ref><ref name="green198011">{{cite magazine |url=https://archive.org/stream/kilobaudmagazine-1980-11/Kilobaud_Microcomputing_1980_November#page/n5/mode/2up |title=Publisher's Remarks |magazine=Kilobaud |date=November 1980 |issn=0192-4575 |access-date=June 23, 2014 |author=Green, Wayne |author-link=Wayne Green |pages=6–8}}</ref> [[Broderbund]], founded that year, began by publishing TRS-80 software, but by 1983 cofounder [[Doug Carlston]] said that the computer "turned out to be a terrible market because most of the distribution networks were closed, even though there were plenty of machines out there".<ref name="barry198310">{{Cite magazine |last=Barry |first=David |date=October 1983 |title=Profiles: The Carlston Trio |url=https://www.atarimagazines.com/v2n7/CarlstonTrio.html |magazine=Antic |access-date=2021-07-01}}</ref> Green wrote in 1982 that Apple had surpassed Tandy in sales and sales outlets despite the thousands of Radio Shack dealers because it supported third-party development, while "we find the Shack seeming to begrudge any sale not made by them and them alone".<ref name="green198212">{{Cite magazine |last=Green |first=Wayne |author-link=Wayne Green |date=December 1982 |title=Is the Shack in real trouble? |url=https://archive.org/details/80_Micro_1982-12_1001001_US/page/n7/mode/2up |magazine=[[80 Micro]] |type=editorial |pages=8, 10, 12 |access-date=2020-02-29}}</ref> Dealers not affiliated with Radio Shack preferred to sell software for other computers and not compete with the company; mail-order sales were also difficult, because company-owned stores did not sell third-party publications like ''80 Micro''.{{r|green198108}}{{r|white198708}}

Charles Tandy reportedly wanted to encourage outside developers but after his death a committee ran the company, which refused to help outside developers, hoping to monopolize the sale of software and peripherals.{{r|white198708}} Leininger reportedly resigned because he disliked the company's bureaucracy after Tandy's death.{{r|markoff19811005}} An author wrote in a 1979 article on the computer's "mystery of machine language graphics control" that "Radio Shack seems to hide the neat little jewels of information a hobbyist needs to make a treasure of the TRS-80". He stated that other than the "excellent" Level I BASIC manual "there has been little information until recently ... TRS-80 owners must be resourceful", reporting that the computer's "keyboard, video, and cassette" functionality were also undocumented.<ref name="yeager197908">{{Cite magazine |last=Yeager |first=George H |date=August 1979 |title=Exploring TRS-80 Graphics |url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1979-08/1979_08_BYTE_04-08_LISP#page/n81/mode/2up |magazine=[[Byte (magazine)|Byte]] |volume=4 |issue=8 |pages=82–84}}</ref> The first book authorized by Tandy with technical information on TRSDOS for the Model I did not appear until after the computer's discontinuation.{{r|pournelle198307}}

By 1982, the company admitted—after no software appeared for the Model 16 after five months—that it should have, like Apple, encouraged third-party developers of products like the [[killer app]] [[VisiCalc]].<ref name="markoff19820705">{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MjAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA36 |title=Radio Shack: set apart from the rest of the field |magazine=[[InfoWorld]] |date=July 5, 1982 |volume=4 |issue=26 |access-date=February 10, 2015 |author=Markoff, John |author-link=John Markoff| pages=36}}</ref>{{r|white198708}} (A lengthy 1980 article in a Tandy publication introducing the TRS-80 version of VisiCalc did not mention that the spreadsheet had been available for the Apple II for a year.<ref name="reed">{{cite web |url=http://www.trs-80.org/visicalc/ |title=VisiCalc |publisher=TRS-80.org |access-date=23 January 2015 |author=Reed, Matthew}}</ref>) However, in the early 1980s, it was not uncommon for small companies and municipalities to write custom programs for computers such as the TRS-80 to process a variety of data. In one case a small town's vehicle fleet was managed from a single TRS-80.<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Jeff |last=Clack |title=Vehicle Maintenance - How the City of Lander, WY keeps tracke on their Model III |url=https://archive.org/details/80-U.S._Volume_VI_Number_04_1983-04_80-Northwest_Publishing_US/page/n85?q=%22Lander%2C+Wy%22 |magazine=80-U.S. |publisher=80-Northwest Publishing |date=April 1, 1983 |access-date=October 9, 2019}}</ref>

By 1985, the company's Ed Juge stated that other than [[Scripsit]] and [[DeskMate]], "we intend to rely mostly on 'big-name', market-proven software from leading software firms".{{r|juge198510}} A full suite of office applications became available from the company and others, including the VisiCalc and [[Multiplan]] spreadsheets and the [[Lazy Writer]], [[Electric Pencil]], and from Radio Shack itself the Scripsit and SuperScripsit word processors.<ref>{{cite web |title=1982 Radio Shack Computer Catalog RSC-6 page 10 |url=https://www.radioshackcatalogs.com/flipbook/c1982_rsc-06.html?fb3d-page=10 |website=Radio Shack Catalogs dot com |publisher=Tandy/Radio Shack |access-date=December 2, 2022}}</ref>

Compared to the contemporary Commodore and Apple micros, the TRS-80's block graphics and crude sound were widely considered limited. The faster speed available to the game programmer, not having to processor color data in high resolution, went a long way to compensating for this. TRS-80 arcade games tended to be faster with effects that emphasized motion. This perceived disadvantage did not deter independent software companies such as [[Big Five Software]] from producing unlicensed versions of arcade games like Namco's ''[[Galaxian]]'', Atari's ''[[Asteroids (video game)|Asteroids]]'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Super Nova |url=http://www.trs-80.org/super-nova/ |website=TRS-80 dot org |publisher=Matthew Reed |access-date=December 1, 2022}}</ref> [[Taito]]'s ''[[Lunar Rescue]]'', [[WMS Industries|Williams]]'s ''[[Make Trax]]'',{{r|dobson20121126}} and Exidy's ''[[Targ (video game)|Targ]]''<ref name="williams198109">{{cite magazine |url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1981-09/BYTE_Vol_06-09_1981-09_Artifical_Intelligence#page/n385/mode/2up |title=Big Five Software |magazine=[[Byte (magazine)|Byte]] |volume=6 |issue=9 |date=September 1981 |access-date=October 19, 2013 |author=Williams, Gregg |pages=384–386}}</ref> and ''[[Venture (video game)|Venture]]''. Sega's ''[[Frogger]]'' and ''[[Zaxxon]]'' were ported to the computer and marketed by Radio Shack.<ref name="radioshackcatalogs.com">{{cite web |title=Radio Shack Computer Catalog RSC-12 page 31 |url=https://www.radioshackcatalogs.com/flipbook/c1985_rsc-12.html?fb3d-page=031 |website=radioshackcatalogs dot com |publisher=Tandy/Radio Shack |access-date=December 2, 2022}}</ref>{{r|dobson20121126}} Namco/Midway's ''[[Pac-Man]]'' was cloned by Philip Oliver and distributed by Cornsoft Group as ''[[Scarfman]]''.{{r|dobson20121126}}<ref>{{cite web |title="Software" Category - page 4: Scarfman |url=http://www.trs-80.org/category/software/page/4/ |website=TRS-80 dot org |publisher=Matthew Reed |access-date=May 8, 2019}}</ref> Atari's ''[[Battlezone (1980 video game)|Battlezone]]'' was cloned for the Models I/III by Wayne Westmoreland and Terry Gilman and published by [[Adventure International]] as ''Armored Patrol''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Armored Patrol |url=http://www.trs-80.org/armored-patrol/ |website=TRS-80 dot org |publisher=Matthew Reed |access-date=May 7, 2019}}</ref> They also cloned ''Eliminator'' (based on [[Defender (1981 video game)|''Defender'']]) and ''[[Donkey Kong (arcade game)|Donkey Kong]]'';<ref>{{cite web |title=Search Results for "eliminator", Donkey Kong |url=http://www.trs-80.org/?s=eliminator |website=TRS-80 dot org |publisher=Matthew Reed |access-date=May 8, 2019}}</ref> the latter wasn't published until after the TRS-80 was discontinued, because [[Nintendo]] refused to license the game.{{r|dobson20121126}}

Some games originally written for other computers were ported to the TRS-80. ''[[Microchess]]'' has three levels of play and can run in the 4 KB of memory that is standard with the Model&nbsp;I; the classic ''[[ELIZA]]'' is another TRS-80 port. Both were offered by Radio Shack.{{r|dobson20121126}}<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |title=1982 Radio Shack Computer Catalog RSC-6 page 8 |url=https://www.radioshackcatalogs.com/flipbook/c1982_rsc-06.html?fb3d-page=08 |website=radioshackcatalogs dot com |publisher=Tandy/Radio Shack |access-date=December 2, 2022}}</ref> ''[[Apple Panic]]'', itself a clone of Universal's ''[[Space Panic]]'', was written for the TRS-80 by Yves Lempereur and published by Funsoft.<ref>{{cite web |title="Software" Category - page 5: Apple Panic |url=http://www.trs-80.org/category/software/page/5/ |website=TRS-80 dot org |publisher=Matthew Reed |access-date=May 8, 2019}}</ref> [[Epyx]]{{'}}s ''[[Temple of Apshai]]'' runs slowly on the TRS-80.{{r|dobson20121126}} [[Infocom]] ported its series of interactive text-based adventure games to the Models I/III; the first, ''[[Zork|Zork I]]'', was marketed by Radio Shack.<ref name="radioshackcatalogs.com"/>{{r|dobson20121126}}

[[Adventure International]]'s text adventures began on the TRS-80,{{r|dobson20121126}} as did ''[[Sea Dragon (video game)|Sea Dragon]]'' by Westmoreland and Gilman, later ported to the other home micros.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}} ''[[Android Nim]]'' by Leo Christopherson was rewritten for the Commodore PET and Apple.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}} Many games are unique to the TRS-80, including ''Duel-N-Droids'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Duel-N-Droids |url=https://videogamegeek.com/videogame/142683/duel-n-droids |website=videogamegeek dot com |publisher=BoardGameGeek, LLC |access-date=May 14, 2019}}</ref> also by Christopherson, an early [[first-person shooter]] ''13 Ghosts'' by Software Affair (the Orchestra-80, -85 and -90 people)<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Mitchell |first1=Robert |magazine=[[80 Micro]] |title=Ghost Busting |date=November 1984|page=192 |url=https://archive.org/details/80-microcomputing-magazine-1984-11/page/n193/mode/2up|publisher=CW Communications |access-date=July 15, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=13 Ghosts (TRS-80) |url=https://www.mobygames.com/game/13-ghosts |website=mobygames dot com |publisher=Blue Flame Labs |access-date=May 14, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=1985 Radio Shack Computer Catalog RSC-14 page 36 |url=https://www.radioshackcatalogs.com/flipbook/c1985_rsc-14.html?fb3d-page=36 |website=radioshackcatalogs dot com |publisher=Tandy/Radio Shack |access-date=December 2, 2022}}</ref> and shooters like ''[[Cosmic Fighter]]'' and ''[[Defence Command (video game)|Defence Command]]'',{{citation needed|date=May 2019}} and strange experimental programs such as Christopherson's ''Dancing Demon'',<ref name="dobson20121126">{{Cite web |url=https://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/182224/games_from_the_trash_the_history_.php |title=Games from the Trash: The History of the TRS-80 |last=Dobson |first=Dale |date=2012-11-26 |website=Gamasutra |language=en |access-date=2019-05-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnull.com/demon/|title=Dancing Demon|website=www.dnull.com}}</ref> in which the player composes a song for a devil and choreographs his dance steps to the music.<ref name="byte198105">{{cite magazine |url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1981-05/1981_05_BYTE_06-05_Software_Piracy#page/n149/mode/2up |title=Dancing Demon from Radio Shack |magazine=[[Byte (magazine)|Byte]] |volume=6 |issue=5 |date=May 1981 |access-date=October 18, 2013 |author1=Cooper, Elizabeth |author2=Kolya, Yvon |pages=148}}</ref> Radio Shack offered simple graphics animation programs ''Micro Movie'' and ''Micro Marquee'', and ''Micro Music''.<ref name="auto1"/>

Radio Shack offered a number of programming utilities, including an advanced debugger, a subroutine package, and a cross-reference builder.<ref>{{cite web |title=Radio Shack Computer Catalog RSC-7 page 9 |url=https://www.radioshackcatalogs.com/flipbook/c1982_rsc-07.html?fb3d-page=09 |website=radioshackcatalogs dot com |publisher=Tandy/Radio Shack |access-date=December 2, 2022}}</ref> Probably the most popular utility package was Super Utility written by Kim Watt of Breeze Computing.<ref>{{cite web |title=Super Utility |url=http://www.trs-80.org/super-utility/ |website=TRS-80 dot org |publisher=Matthew Reed |access-date=May 7, 2019}}</ref> Other utility software such as [[Bill Stewart (programmer)|Stewart Software's]] Toolkit offered the first sorted directory, decoding or reset of passwords, and the ability to eliminate parts of TRSDOS that were not needed in order to free up floppy disk space. They also produced the On-Line 80 BBS, a TRSDOS-based Bulletin Board System. Misosys Inc. was a prolific producer of sophisticated TRS-80 utility and language software for all models of TRS-80 from the very beginning.<ref>{{cite web |title=Misosys 1992 Catalog page 1 |url=http://www.tim-mann.org/trs80/doc/TRS-80%20Software%20and%20Hardware%20from%20MISOSYS,%20Inc..pdf |website=tim-mann dot org |publisher=Roy Soltoff/Misosys Inc. |access-date=May 8, 2019}}</ref>

Perhaps because of the lack of information on TRSDOS{{r|pournelle198307}} and its bugs,{{r|white198708}} by 1982 perhaps more operating systems existed for the TRS-80 than for any other computer.<ref name="archer198212">{{cite magazine |url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1982-12/1982_12_BYTE_07-12_Game_Plan_1982#page/n393/mode/2up |title=Multidos / A New TRS-80 Disk Operating System |magazine=[[Byte (magazine)|Byte]] |volume=7 |issue=12 |date=December 1982 |access-date=February 6, 2015 |author=Archer, Rowland Jr. |pages=392–397}}</ref> TRSDOS is limited in its capabilities, since like Apple DOS 3.3 on the [[Apple II]], it is mainly conceived of as a way of extending BASIC to support disk drives. Numerous alternative DOSes appeared, the most prominent being [[Logical Disk Operating System|LDOS]] because Radio Shack licensed it from Logical Systems and adopted it as its official DOS for its Models I and III hard disk drive products. Other alternative TRS-80 DOSes included [[NewDos/80|NewDOS]] from [[Apparat, Inc.]], and [[DoubleDOS]], [[DOSPlus]], [[MicroDOS]], [[UltraDOS]] (later called Multidos). The DOS for the Model 4 line, TRSDOS Version 6, was produced by and licensed from Logical Systems. It is a derivative of LDOS, enhanced to allow for the new Model 4 hardware such as its all-RAM architecture (no ROM), external 32 KB memory banks, bigger screen and keyboard, and featured new utilities such as a ram disk and a printer spooler.

The memory map of the Model I and III render them incompatible with the standard [[CP/M]] OS for Z80 business computers, which loads at [[hexadecimal]] address $0000 with TPA ([[Transient Program Area]]) starting at $0100; the TRS-80 ROM resides in this address space. Omikron Systems' Mappers board remaps the ROM to run unmodified CP/M programs on the Model I. A customized version of CP/M is available but loses its portability advantage.{{r|pournelle198007}}<ref>Theresa Welsh, David Welsh ''Priming the Pump: How TRS-80 Enthusiasts Helped Spark the PC Revolution'', The Seeker Books, 2007, {{ISBN|0979346819}}, Chapter 2 ''The DOS Wars''</ref> ''80 Micro'' magazine published a do-it-yourself CP/M modification for the Model III.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Brewer |first1=Bill |magazine=[[80 Micro]] |title=CP/M Cheap |date=March 1983 |issue= |pages=112–122 |url=https://archive.org/details/80-microcomputing-magazine-1983-03/page/n111/mode/2up |publisher=CW Communications |access-date=July 19, 2020}}</ref>

== Reception ==
[[Dan Fylstra]], among the first owners, wrote in ''Byte'' in April 1978 that as an "'appliance' computer ... the TRS-80 brings the personal computer a good deal closer to the average customer", suitable for home and light business use. He concluded that it "is not the only alternative for the aspiring personal computer user, but it is a strong contender."{{r|fylstra197804}} [[Jerry Pournelle]] wrote in 1980 that "the basic TRS-80 is a lot of computer for the money". He criticized the quality of Tandy's application and system software and the high cost of peripherals, but reported that with the Omikron board a customer paid less than $5000 for a computer compatible with TRS-80 and CP/M software "all without building a single kit".<ref name="pournelle198007">{{cite magazine |url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1980-07/1980_07_BYTE_05-07_Computers_and_Education#page/n199/mode/2up |title=Omikron TRS-80 Boards, NEWDOS+, and Sundry Other Matters |magazine=[[Byte (magazine)|Byte]] |volume=5 |issue=7 |date=July 1980 |access-date=October 18, 2013 |last=Pournelle |first=Jerry |author-link=Jerry Pournelle |pages=198}}</ref>

Three years later Pournelle was less positive about the computer. He wrote in May 1983, "As to our TRS-80 Model I, we trashed that sucker long ago. It was always unreliable, and repeated trips to the local Radio Shack outlet didn't help. The problem was that Tandy cut corners".<ref name="pournelle198305">{{Cite magazine |last=Pournelle |first=Jerry |author-link=Jerry Pournelle |date=May 1983 |title=Ulterior Motives, Lobo, Buying Your First Computer, JRT Update |url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1983-05/1983_05_BYTE_08-05_The_Electronic_Office#page/n299/mode/2up |magazine=[[Byte (magazine)|Byte]] |volume=8 |issue=5 |pages=298–324}}</ref> Pournelle wrote in July 1983:<ref name="pournelle198307">{{cite magazine |url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1983-07-rescan/1983_07_BYTE_08-07_Videotex#page/n325/mode/2up |title=Interstellar Drives, Osborne Accessories, DEDICATE/32, and Death Valley |magazine=[[Byte (magazine)|Byte]] |volume=8 |issue=7 |date=July 1983 |access-date=28 August 2016 |last=Pournelle |first=Jerry |author-link=Jerry Pournelle |pages=323}}</ref>

{{blockquote|I'm a little bitter about my experiences with Tandy. I had genuinely thought that the Model I was the machine of the future: an inexpensive home computer that could be expanded by stages until it would do professional work. Of course it was never that. First, Tandy tried to fence in Model I users through that goofy operating system, and then it wouldn't let Radio Shack stores sell non-Tandy software. ... It had never been all that well designed, and when sales took off much faster than anticipated, the [[quality control]] system couldn't cope.}}

== Compatible successors ==
{{anchor|compatible}}
{{for|computers using the TRS-80 name, but unrelated to Models I, III, and 4|List of TRS-80 and Tandy-branded computers}}

Tandy replaced the Model I with the broadly compatible Model III in 1980. (The [[TRS-80 Model II]] is an entirely different and incompatible design).

=== Model III ===
{{anchor|modeliii}}{{Infobox information appliance
| name = TRS-80 Model III
| image = TRS-80 Model 3 01.jpg
| caption = 
| logo = 
| developer = 
| manufacturer = [[Tandy Corporation]]
| carrier = 
| family = 
| type = [[Home computer|Home and small business computer]]
| generation = 
| release date = {{Start date and age|1980|07}}
| lifespan = 
| price = {{ubl|$699 (4KB RAM, Level I)| $999 (16K, Level II)| $2495 (48K, two 180 KB floppy drives, RS-232C)<ref>{{cite web |title=1981 Radio Shack Computer Catalog RSC-4 pages 5-6 |url=https://www.radioshackcatalogs.com/flipbook/c1981_rsc-04.html?fb3d-page=05 |website=radioshackcatalogs dot com |publisher=Tandy/Radio Shack |access-date=May 21, 2019}}</ref>}}
| discontinued = {{End date and age|1983|09}}
| os = TRSDOS 1.3, LDOS 5<ref>{{cite web |title=Radio Shack Computer Catalog RSC-8 page 40 |url=https://www.radioshackcatalogs.com/flipbook/c1983_rsc-08.html?fb3d-page=40 |website=radioshackcatalogs dot com |publisher=Tandy/Radio Shack |access-date=December 2, 2022}}</ref>
| cpu = [[Zilog Z80A]] @ 2&nbsp;[[MHz]]
| memory = 4 [[Kilobyte|KB]] or 16, 32 or 48 KB
| display = 16 rows by 64 or 32 columns, block graphics
| graphics = optional 640 by 240 pixels, $369 extra<ref name="RSCatalog-08-1983">{{cite web |title=Radio Shack Computer Catalog RSC-8 page 52 |url=https://www.radioshackcatalogs.com/flipbook/c1983_rsc-08.html?fb3d-page=52 |website=radioshackcatalogs dot com |publisher=Tandy/Radio Shack |access-date=December 2, 2022}}</ref><ref name="TRS80Mod3HiResGraphicsManual1982">{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/TRS-80_Computer_Graphics_1982_Tandy | title=TRS-80 Computer Graphics | publisher=Tandy Corp. | date=1982}}</ref>
| sound = output through cassette port
| compatibility = Model I  Z80 code ~ 80% (higher with patches), BASIC 100%
| predecessor = Model I
| successor = [[TRS-80 Model 4|Model 4]]
}}
Tandy released the '''TRS-80 Model III''' on July 26, 1980. The improvements of the Model III over the Model I include:<ref>{{cite web|title=1981 Radio Shack Computer Catalog RSC-4, pg. 5|url=https://www.radioshackcatalogs.com/flipbook/c1981_rsc-04.html?fb3d-page=05|website=radioshackcatalogs dot com|publisher=Tandy/Radio Shack|access-date=December 2, 2022}}</ref> built-in lowercase, a better keyboard with repeating keys, an enhanced character set, a real-time clock, 1500-baud cassette interface, a faster (2.03&nbsp;MHz) Z80 processor, and an all-in-one enclosure requiring fewer cables. A Model III with two floppy drives requires the use of only one electrical outlet; a two-drive Model I requires five outlets.<ref group="note">One outlet each for the CPU/keyboard, Expansion Interface, Video Monitor, and the drives.</ref> The Model III avoids the complicated power on/off sequence of the Model I. Shortly after the Model III's introduction, Model I production was discontinued as it did not comply with new [[Federal Communications Commission|FCC]] regulations as of January 1, 1981, regarding [[electromagnetic interference]].{{r|hogan19810831}}{{r|hoganm319810831}}<ref name="robertson198012">{{cite magazine |url=https://archive.org/stream/80-microcomputing-magazine-1980-12/80Microcomputing_1280#page/n49/mode/2up |title=Model I Caught By FCC Fallout |access-date=March 21, 2011 |author=Robertson, Nancy |date=December 1980 |magazine=[[80 Micro]] |issue=12 |pages=51, 56}}</ref>{{r|newsletter_8101}}{{r|white198708}}

Tandy distinguished between the high-end Model II{{r|freibergerfuture19810831}} and Model III, describing the former as "an administrative system, good for things like word processing, data management and VisiCalc operations" and suitable for small businesses.{{r|freiberger19810831}} The lowest-priced version of the Model III was sold with 4 KB of RAM and cassette storage. The computer's CPU board has three banks of sockets (8 sockets to a bank) which take type 4116 DRAMs, so memory configurations come in 16 KB, 32 KB, or 48 KB RAM memory sizes. Computers with 32 KB or 48 KB RAM can be upgraded with floppy disk drive storage. There is space inside the computer cabinet for two full-height drives. Those offered by Tandy/Radio Shack are single-sided, 40-track, double-density (MFM encoding) for 180K of storage. Third-party suppliers offered double-sided and 80-track drives, though to control them they had to modify the TRSDOS driver code or else furnish an alternative third-party DOS which could (see below). The installation of floppy disk drives also requires the computer's power supply to be upgraded. There is no internal cooling fan in the Model III; it uses passive convection cooling (unless an unusual number of power-hungry expansions were installed internally, such as a hard disk drive, graphics board, speedup kit, RS-232 board, etc.).

Tandy claimed that the Model III was compatible with 80% of Model I software.{{r|freiberger19810831}} Many software publishers issued patches to permit their Model I programs to run on the Model III. Marketing director Ed Juge explained that their designers considered changing from the Model I's 64-column by 16-row video screen layout, but that they ultimately decided that maintaining compatibility was most important.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Juge |first1=Ed |magazine=[[80 Micro]]|pages=10–11 |title=Inside 80 |url=https://archive.org/details/80-microcomputing-magazine-1980-09/page/n9 |issue=9 |publisher=CW Communications |access-date=May 22, 2019|date=September 1980}}</ref>

The Model III's memory map and system architecture are mostly the same as the Model I's, but the disk drives and printer port were moved from memory mapped to port I/O, thus Model I software that attempts to manipulate the disk controller directly or output to the printer (in particular Model I DOSes and application packages such as Visicalc and Scripsit) will not work. Under the supplied TRSDOS 1.3 operating system Model I disks can be read in the Model III, but not vice versa.{{r|hogan19810831}} The optional LDOS OS (by Logical Systems Inc.) uses a common disk format for both Model I and Model III versions.

Customers and developers complained of bugs in the Model III's Microsoft BASIC interpreter and TRSDOS.<ref name="freiberger19810831">{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rD0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA49 |title=Bugs in Radio Shack TRS-80 Model III: How Bad Are They? |access-date=February 28, 2011 |author=Freiberger, Paul |author-link=Paul Freiberger |date=August 31, 1981 |magazine=[[InfoWorld]] |volume=3 |number=17 |page=49}}</ref> Tandy/Radio Shack (and TRS-80 magazines like ''[[80 Micro]]'') periodically published many software patches to correct these deficiencies and to permit users to customize the software to their preferences.

Differences in the WD1771 and WD1791 floppy controllers created problems reading Model I disks on a Model III (the double-density upgrade in the Model I included both chips while a Model III had only the WD1791). The WD1771 supports four data markers while the WD1791 only supports two, and some versions of TRSDOS for the Model I also use them. In addition, they are used by copy protection schemes. Software was available to allow Model I disks to be read on a Model III. The WD1791 supports the 500-bit/s bitrate needed for high-density floppy drives, but the controller is not capable of using them without extensive modifications.

TRSDOS for the Model III was developed in-house by Radio Shack rather than being contracted out like the Model I's DOS. None of the code base from Model I DOS was reused and the Model III DOS was rewritten from scratch; this also created some compatibility issues since the Model III DOS's API was not entirely identical to the Model I DOS. This was primarily to avoid legal disputes with Randy Cook over ownership of the code as had occurred with Model I DOS and also because Radio Shack originally planned several features for the Model III such as 80-column text support that were not included. Two early versions, 1.1 and 1.2, were replaced by version 1.3 in 1981 which became the standard Model III OS. TRSDOS 1.3 is not format compatible with 1.1 and 1.2; a utility called XFERSYS is provided which converts older format disks to TRSDOS 1.3 format (this change is permanent and the resultant disks cannot be read with the older DOS versions).

The Model III's boot screen was cleaned up from the Model I. Instead of displaying garbage on the screen at power up, it displays a "Diskette?" prompt if a bootable floppy is not detected. The user can insert a disk and press any key to boot. On powerup or reset holding down the {{key press|Break}} key will boot the computer into ROM-based Level II BASIC. This ability is useful if the disk drive is not functioning and cannot boot a TRSDOS disk (or if a boot disk is not available); it permits an operator familiar with the machine hardware to perform diagnostics using BASIC's PEEK and POKE commands. This works for the Model 4 as well, but not for the 4P.

While Model I DOS is fairly flexible in its capabilities, Model III DOS is hard-coded to only support 180K single-sided floppies, a problem fixed by the many third-party DOSes. To that end, when Radio Shack introduced hard disks for the TRS-80 line in 1982, the company licensed LDOS rather than attempting to modify Model III DOS for hard disk support.

Level II BASIC on the Model III is 16 KB in size and incorporates a few features from Level I Disk BASIC.

TRSDOS 1.3 was given a few more minor updates, the last being in 1984, although the version number was unchanged. This includes at least one update that writes an Easter Egg message "Joe, you rummy buzzard" on an unused disk sector, which is reputedly a joke message left by a programmer in a beta version, but accidentally included in the production master.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.trs-80.org/trsdos-rummy-buzzard-release/|title=The TRSDOS "rummy buzzard" release|website=www.trs-80.org}}</ref>

The Model III keyboard lacks {{key press|CONTROL}}. Many application programs use {{key press|@}}, while others use {{key press|SHIFT|Up}}. Often {{key press|CLEAR}} is used in combination with number and alpha keys. The Model III keyboard also lacks {{key press|CAPS LOCK}}; to caps-lock the alpha keys the user presses {{key press|SHIFT|0}}. Under LDOS [[typeahead]] is supported.

Because TRSDOS 1.3 was found wanting by many users, Tandy offered (at added cost) Logical System's LDOS Version 5 as an alternative. As with the Model I, other third-party sources also offered TRSDOS alternatives for the Model III, including NewDOS, Alphabit's MultiDOS, and Micro Systems Software's DOSPlus. These are compatible with TRSDOS 1.3 and run the same application programs, but offer improved command structures, more and better system utilities, and enhancements to the Microsoft BASIC interpreter. After writing the original Model I TRSDOS, Randy Cook began work on his own DOS, titled VTOS, which was superseded by LDOS and also created some frustration for users as it is the only TRS-80 DOS to be copy-protected.

Although mostly intended as a disk-based computer, the Model III was available in a base cassette configuration with no disk hardware and only 16 KB of RAM with Level II BASIC. Radio Shack also offered a 4K version with Level I BASIC, identical to Model I Level I BASIC, but with the addition of LPRINT and LLIST commands for printer output. Upgrading to a disk machine necessitates installing at least 32 KB of RAM, the disk controller board, and another power supply for the disk drives. Disk upgrades purchased from Radio Shack included TRSDOS 1.3; users upgrading from third-party vendors had to purchase DOS separately (most opted for LDOS or DOSPlus), though a great many Model III applications programs included a licensed copy of TRSDOS 1.3.

As with the Model I's E/I, the RS-232C port on the Model III was an extra cost option and not included in the base price of the computer, though the dual disk Model III for $2495 included the serial port.

Like the Model I, the Model III sold well in the educational market. Many school administrators valued the Model III's all-in-one hardware design because it made it more difficult for students to steal components.{{r|white198708}} ''InfoWorld'' approved of the Model III's single-unit design, simplified cable management, and improvements such as lack of keyboard bounce and improved disk reliability. The reviewer, a former Model I owner, stated "I'm impressed" and that "had the Model III been available, it's probable that I wouldn't have sold it". He concluded, "If you're looking for a computer that's not too expensive but that performs well, you would be wise to test the Model III—you might end up buying it."{{r|hoganm319810831}}

Don French, who had left Radio Shack to found FMG Software after designing the Model I, expressed his disappointment in the new machine while trying to convert CP/M to run on it. "I've encountered numerous problems with the floppy drive and its interface. Radio Shack will sell a Model III to anyone. They're trying to market it as a business computer when the existing software is woefully inadequate. 48K just isn't enough. You run out of memory before you get going. They're selling a medical package that takes up nine disks. I think the Model III is a very poorly conceived machine".{{r|freiberger19810831}}

==== Aftermarket products ====
Aftermarket hardware was offered by Tandy/Radio Shack and many third-party manufacturers. The usual selection of add-ons and peripherals available for the Model I were offered: outboard floppy drives (one or two could be plugged into a card-edge connector on the back panel), an outboard hard disk drive (LDOS was furnished as Tandy's hard drive OS vice TRSDOS), an RS-232C serial port on an internal circuit card, and a parallel printer (connected by a card-edge connector). Multiple high-resolution graphics solutions were available.<ref name="ReedHighResGraphics"> { {cite web | url=http://www.trs-80.org/high-resolution-graphics-for-the-trs-80/ | title=High-resolution grpahics for the TRS-80 | author=Reed, Matthew | access-date=Oct 26 2024 } }</ref>  The official Radio Shack Model III high-resolution graphics board had a screen resolution of 640 x 240 pixels.{{r|RSCatalog-08-1983}}{{r|TRS80Mod3HiResGraphicsManual1982}}  The third-party Micro-Labs "Grafyx Solution" board had a screen resolution of 512 x 192 pixels.<ref name="Dyk198301"> { {cite magazine | url=https://archive.org/stream/80-microcomputing-magazine-1983-01 | title=The Grafyx Solution (Review) | access-date=Oct 26 2024 | author=Dyk, Harley | date=January 1983 | magazine=[[80 Micro]] | issue=1 | pages=65-69 } }</ref>
A popular hardware/software add-on was the Orchestra-90<ref>{{cite web|title=Orchestra-90|url=http://www.trs-80.org/orchestra-90/|website=trs80 dot org|publisher=Matthew Reed|access-date=May 3, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=1985 Radio Shack Computer Catalog RSC-12, page 31|url=https://www.radioshackcatalogs.com/flipbook/c1985_rsc-12.html?fb3d-page=31|website=radioshackcatalogs dot com|publisher=Tandy/Radio Shack|access-date=December 2, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Ludwig |first1=Gary A. |title=Let There Be Music |magazine=[[80 Micro]] |date=March 1985 |page=114 |url=https://archive.org/details/80_Micro_1985-03_CW_Communications_US/page/n115/mode/2up|publisher=CW Communications |access-date=July 9, 2020}}</ref> music synthesizer. It can be programmed to play up to five voices with a range of six octaves stereophonically. A great many Orch-90 (as it was often called) music files were available for download from [[CompuServe]]. The Orch-90 was licensed from a company called Software Affair, which also produced the Model I-compatible Orchestra-85 from 1981.

At least three vendors produced CP/M modifications for the Model III, Omikron (also a Model I mod), Holmes Engineering, and Memory Merchant.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Kepner |first1=Terry |magazine=[[80 Micro]] |date=December 1983 |title=CP/M III Ways|page=122 |url=https://archive.org/details/80-microcomputing-magazine-1983-12/page/n121/mode/2up |publisher=CW Communications |access-date=July 17, 2020}}</ref> Options were available for upgrading the [[Cathode-ray tube|CRT]] to the CP/M professional standard of 80 columns and 24 rows, as well as eight-inch floppy drives.

A number of third-party manufacturers specialized in upgrading Model IIIs with high-performance hardware and software, and remarketing them under their own labels.<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=[[80 Micro]] |pages=81–94 |title=The Muscle Micros, These Three Sleek Supercharged Model IIIs... |url=https://archive.org/details/80-microcomputing-magazine-1983-04/page/n81 |access-date=May 22, 2019|date=April 1983}}</ref><ref group="note">It was necessary to rebrand these highly modified Model IIIs because Radio Shack enforced a strict policy that no repair service would be performed on nonstandard RS products.</ref> The improvements typically included internal hard disk drives, greater capacity floppy drives, 4&nbsp;MHz Z80 speedup kits, professional-grade green or amber CRT video displays, better DOS software (typically DOSPlus by Micro Systems Software or LDOS by Logical Systems) including the all-important hard drive backup utilities, and custom menu-driven shell interfaces which insulated non-expert users (business employees) from the DOS command line. These were touted as high productivity turnkey systems for small businesses at less cost than competing business systems from higher-end providers such as IBM and DEC, as well as Radio Shack's own [[TRS-80 Model II]].

=== Model 4{{anchor|model4}} ===
{{main|TRS-80 Model 4}}
[[File:TRS-80 Model 4 (modified).jpg|thumb|TRS-80 Model 4 (standard version)]]
[[File:TRS-80 Model 4P Crop Delsener.jpg|thumb|TRS-80 Model 4P]]
The successor to the Model III is the [[TRS-80 Model 4]] released in April 1983. It has a faster Z80A {{val|4|u=MHz}} CPU,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trs-80.com/wordpress/trs-80-computer-line/model-4/ |title=TRS-80 Computers: TRS-80 Model 4 |publisher=Trs-80.com |date=March 4, 2009 |access-date=August 13, 2013}}</ref> a larger video display 80 columns x 24 rows with reverse video, bigger keyboard, internal speaker, and its 64 KB of RAM can be upgraded to 128 KB of [[bank switching|bank-switched]] RAM. The display can be upgraded with a high-resolution graphics card yielding 640{{resx}}240 pixels. The Model 4 is fully compatible with Model III and CP/M application software. A diskless Model 4 (with 16 KB RAM and Level II BASIC) cost {{US$|long=no|999}}, with 64 KB RAM and one single-sided 180K disk drive {{US$|long=no|1699}}, and two drives with RS-232C {{US$|long=no|1999}}; an upgrade for Model III owners cost {{US$|long=no|799}} and provided a new motherboard and keyboard.<ref name="archer198310">{{cite magazine |url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1983-10/1983_10_BYTE_08-10_UNIX#page/n293/mode/2up |title=Radio Shack's TRS-80 Model 4 |magazine=[[Byte (magazine)|Byte]] |date=October 1983 |volume=8 |issue=10 |access-date=January 31, 2015 |author=Archer, Rowland Jr. |pages=292–302}}</ref> Tandy sold 71,000 in 1984.<ref name="bartimo19850311">{{cite magazine |last=Bartimo |first=Jim |date=March 11, 1985 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5C4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA28 |title=Tandy Revamps Product Line |magazine=[[InfoWorld]] |volume=7 |issue=10 |access-date=January 21, 2015 |pages=28–29}}</ref>

The Model 4 includes all of the Model III's hardware, port assignments, and operating modes, making it 100% compatible. Model III programs running on a Model 4 can access the Model 4's added hardware features (like 4&nbsp;MHz clock rate, bigger video screen and keyboard, banked RAM above 64 KB). There were aftermarket software packages that made this ability available to non-programmer users.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Soltoff |first1=Roy |title=The Misosys Quarterly Vol. I.iii pg. 6, "LDOS 5.3 Model 4 Hardware Interface Kit" |url=https://www.tim-mann.org/trs80/doc/TMQ%20Vol%20I.iii.pdf |website=tim-mann dot org |publisher=Misosys, Inc. |access-date=November 12, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Dalton |first1=David |magazine=[[80 Micro]] |page=33 |type=product review |title=The Enhancer |url=https://archive.org/details/80-microcomputing-magazine-1985-09/page/n33 |publisher=CW Communications |access-date=November 12, 2019 |date=September 1985}}</ref>

The Model 4P is a transportable version introduced in September 1983 and discontinued in early 1985. It is functionally the same as the dual-drive desktop model but lacks the card edge connector for two outboard diskette drives and for a cassette tape interface. It has a slot for an internal modem card and could emulate a Model III.

The Model 4D with bundled Deskmate productivity suite was introduced in early 1985. It has a revised CPU board using faster gate array logic which includes the floppy controller and RS-232C circuitry, all on a single board. The computer has two internal double-sided diskette drives and is the last model descended from the 1977 Model I. It retailed for {{US$|long=no|1199}} at its introduction in 1985. During 1987–1988 the retail stores removed the Model 4Ds from display but they were available by special order through 1991.

[[File:DGT-100 Brazilian TRS-80 Clone.jpg|thumb|DGT-100 by DIGITUS Ind. Com. Serv. de Eletrônica Ltda., one of a dozen brands of TRS-80 clones made by other companies]]

=== Model 100{{anchor|model100}} ===
{{main|TRS-80 Model 100}}
Also in April 1983, Radio Shack released the TRS-80 Model 100, one of the first laptop-portable computers.

Manufactured by [[Kyocera]], the Model 100 features an [[LCD]] with 8 lines of 40 characters each, 8 kilobytes of RAM (expandable to 32KB), and is powered by AA cell batteries (or a plug-in adapter).  A built-in [[modem]] and 25-pin RS-232 serial port provided connectivity.

With the rudementary operating system held in [[ROM]], the Model 100 (and the improved model, named the [[Tandy 102]]) was ready to use immediately after sliding the power switch on, and work would be held ready when switched off, making it convenient to use for a few moments at a time.  This speed made the Model 100/102 useful well after powerful—and slower-booting—laptop computers became common.

The Model 100-series computers also found popularity as a field-portable communications terminal due to its light weight and simplicity.

== See also ==
* [[TRS-80 character set]]
* [[List of TRS-80 games]]
* [[List of software for the TRS-80]]
* [[List of TRS-80 clones]]
* ''[[SoftSide]]'', magazine with BASIC programs for the TRS-80 and other microcomputers
* ''[[The Alternate Source Programmer's Journal]]'', TRS-80 magazine with technical programming articles

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note|liststyle=lower-roman}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="juge198510">{{cite news |url=http://www.atarimagazines.com/creative/v11n10/108_News_for_the_top_whats_.php |title=News for the top: what's really going on at Tandy. |work=[[Creative Computing]] |date=October 1985 |access-date=14 October 2016 |author=Juge, Ed |pages=108}}</ref>
}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book|ref={{SfnRef|Technical Reference Handbook|1982}}|url=https://archive.org/details/TRS-80_Micro_Computer_Technical_Reference_Handbook_2nd_1982_Radio_Shack|title=TRS-80 Micro Computer Technical Reference Handbook|edition=2nd|publisher=Radio Shack|date=1982|access-date=October 14, 2021}}
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/Creative_TRS-80_1983_Creative_Computing_Press|title=The Creative TRS-80|last=Mazur|first=Ken|publisher=Creative Computing Press|date=1983|isbn=9780916688363 |access-date=October 14, 2021}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|TRS-80 Models I, III and 4}}
* [http://www.radioshackcatalogs.com/ Radio Shack Catalog Archive (1939–2011)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081228104218/http://www.robert.to/reports/trs80rsc3.html Radio Shack Model I and II catalog RSC-3]
* [http://www.trs-80.com/ trs-80.com : Ira Goldklang's TRS-80 Revived Site]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090126074706/http://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?st=1&c=409 TRS-80 Model 1 at www.old-computers.com]
* [http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/cgi-bin/sitewise.pl?act=sect&pt=1609_371&s=2372 REM 80 – The North West TRS-80 USers Group Magazines]
* [http://people.cs.ubc.ca/~pphillip/trs80.html TRS-80 Emulator in Javascript : online emulation of Model III BASIC & commercial arcade games]
* [http://jtandy.retrolandia.net/ jTandy, another javascript TRS-80 emulator : online emulation of Model III BASIC & commercial arcade games]
* [https://archive.org/details/Model_4_and_4P_Technical_Reference_Manual_1984_Tandy_Corporation Tandy Model 4/4P Technical Reference]
* [https://archive.org/details/LDOS_v5.1_for_Model_I_and_III_19xx_Tandy LDOS 5.1 User Manual]
* [https://archive.org/details/byte-magazine-1982-03/page/n373 ''Byte'' magazine review of LDOS 5.1]
* {{cite web |title=Guide to the Radio Shack collection |url=https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8d50t54/admin/ |website=[[Computer History Museum]] |publisher=[[Online Archive of California]], [[California Digital Library]] |date=2004}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{TRS-80 and Tandy computers}}
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