View source for Tewa Group

{{Use American English|date=November 2020}}
{{Short description|A group of geologic formations in New Mexico}}
{{Infobox Rockunit
| name           = Tewa Group
| image          = Bandelier Formation.jpg
| caption        = Kwage Mesa, a finger mesa of the Bandelier Tuff, Tewa Group
| type           = [[Group (geology)|Group]]
| age            = [[Pleistocene]], {{fossilrange|1.85|0.068|earliest=1.85|latest=0.068}}
| period         = Pleistocene
| prilithology   = [[Rhyolite]]
| otherlithology = 
| namedfor       = Tewa Mountains (obsolete name for [[Jemez Mountains]])
| namedby        = R.L. Griggs
| year_ts        = 1964
| region         = {{Flag|New Mexico}}
| country        = {{USA}}
| coordinates    = {{coord|35.764|-106.322|display=inline}}
| unitof         = 
| subunits       = [[Bandelier Tuff]], Cerro Toledo Formation, Valles Rhyolite
| underlies      = 
| overlies       = [[Polvadera Group]]
| thickness      = {{convert|1050|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| extent         = 
| area           =
| map            ={{Location map+ | United States#New Mexico
| relief = 1
| width   = 250
| float   = center
| places  =
  {{Location map~ | United States#New Mexico
  | lat_deg = 35.764
  | lon_deg = -106.322
  | mark = Yellow pog.svg
  | marksize = 12
  }}
}}
| map_caption    =
}}

The '''Tewa Group''' is a [[Group (geology)|group]] of [[geologic formation]]s exposed in and around the [[Jemez Mountains]] of northern [[New Mexico]]. [[Radiometric dating]] gives it an age of 1.85 million to 72 thousand years, corresponding to the [[Pleistocene]] [[Epoch (geology)|epoch]].

==Geology==
The Jemez Mountains lie on the intersection of the western margin of the [[Rio Grande Rift]] and the [[Jemez Lineament]].{{sfn|Aldrich|1986}}{{sfn|Whitmeyer|Karlstrom|2007}} Here [[magma]] produced from the fertile rock of an ancient [[Convergent boundary|subduction zone]]{{sfn|Wolff|2004}} has repeatedly found its way to the surface along [[Fault (geology)|fault]]s produced by [[rifting]]. This has produced a long-lived [[volcanic field]], with the earliest eruptions beginning at least 13 million years ago in both the northern ([[Polvadera Group]]) and southern ([[Keres Group]]) portions of the volcanic field.{{sfn|Heiken|Goff|Gardner|Baldridge|1990}} High-[[silica]] eruptions of the Tewa Group began about 1.85 million years ago ([[Ma (unit)|Ma]]) and continued almost to the present day.{{sfn|Zimmerer|Lafferty|Coble|2016}}

The Tewa Group is a sequence of mostly [[rhyolite]] [[Pyroclastic rock|pyroclastic]] flows and domes that underlies much of the [[Valles Caldera]] and forms extensive [[outflow sheet]]s surrounding the [[caldera]]. It has a maximum thickness of {{convert|1050|m|ft|abbr=on}}. It overlies the [[Santa Fe Group (geology)|Santa Fe]], [[Keres Group|Keres]], and [[Polvadera Group]]s to the east and south of the caldera and older rocks ranging in age from [[Paleoproterozoic]] to [[Permian]] to the west and north. It forms the upper surfaces of the [[Pajarito Plateau]] east of the caldera and the Jemez Plateau west of the caldera.{{sfn|Smith|Bailey|Ross|1969|pp=12-18}}

There is geochemical evidence that the Tewa Group originated through rejuvenation of [[Intrusive rock|intrusions]] associated with the Paliza Canyon Formation of the [[Keres Group]].{{sfn|Rowe|Wolff|Gardner|Ramos|2007}}

=== Formations ===

From oldest to youngest, the formations recognized within the Tewa Group are the [[Bandelier Tuff]], the [[Cerro Toledo Formation]], and the [[Valles Rhyolite]]. However, the Pueblo Canyon [[Member (geology)|Member]] of the Cerro Toledo Formation was deposited between the Otowi Member and Tsherige Member of the Bandelier Tuff.

{{Main|Bandelier Tuff}}
The ''Bandelier Tuff'' is a sequence of rhyolitic pyroclastic flows erupted in three caldera eruptions, at 1.85 Ma (La Cueva Member), 1.62 Ma (Toledo event; Otowi Member), and 1.25 Ma (Valles event; Tsherige Member). These form a vast outflow sheet surrounding the Jemez Mountains.{{sfn|Dethier|Kampf|2007}}

{{anchor|Cerro Toledo Formation}}
The '''Cerro Toledo Formation''' consists of rhyolitic domes erupted in the Toledo Embayment, a structural feature in the northeast caldera rim, between the Toledo and Valles events. It also includes [[Ring dike|ring fracture]] dome remnants of the Toledo event and mixed [[pumice]] and sediment beds separating the Otowi and Tsherige Members ('''Pueblo Canyon Member'''). Ages range from 1.54 Ma for the west Los Posos dome to 1.20 Ma at Pinnacle Peak.{{sfn|Dethier|Kampf|2007}}{{sfn|Goff|Gardner|Reneau|Kelley|2011|pp=22-23}}

<gallery>
File:Pueblo Canyon Member.jpg|Pueblo Canyon Member north of Los Alamos
</gallery>

{{anchor|Valles Rhyolite}}
The '''Valles Rhyolite''' consists of rhyolite domes and flows associated with caldera [[Resurgent dome|resurgence]] and with the ring fracture of the Valles event.{{sfn|Dethier|Kampf|2007}} It includes the most recent eruptions in the Jemez Mountains, ending with the Banco Bonito flow.{{sfn|Zimmerer|Lafferty|Coble|2016}} The earliest members, the Deer Canyon Member and Redondo Creek Member, are associated with resurgence, with [[Ar-Ar dating|argon-argon]] ages of 1.23 to 1.28 Ma. The Cerro del Medio Member (1.169-1.229 Ma), Cerros del Abrigo Member (0.973 Ma), Cerro Santa Rosa Member (0.787-0.936 Ma), Cerro San Luis Member (0.800 Ma), Cerro Seco Member (0.800 to 0.77 Ma), San Antonio Mountain Member (0.557 Ma), and South Mountain Member (0.52 to 0.53 Ma) are individual ring fracture dome complexes that show a progression in age counterclockwise along the presumed ring fracture of the Valles caldera.{{sfn|Goff|Gardner|Reneau|Kelley|2011|pp=19-20}} The El Cajete, Battleship Rock, and Banco Bonito flows are the youngest flows in the Jemez volcanic field, erupting from 77.4 to 68.3 ka.{{sfn|Zimmerer|Lafferty|Coble|2016}}

<gallery>
File:Deer Canyon Rhyolite.jpg|Exposures of Deer Canyon Member on the east flank of Redondo Peak
File:Redondo Creek Rhyolite.jpg|Redondo Creek Member at Thompson Ridge
File:El Cajete Bandelier Wilderness.jpg|Beds of unconsolidated El Cajete Pumice in western Bandelier National Monument
File:Banco Bonito.jpg|East face of Banco Bonito flow at El Cajete vent
</gallery>

The [[quartz latite]] of Cerro Rubio, originally included in the Tewa Group, has been reassigned to the Tschicoma Formation of the Polvadera Group based on radiometric dating and geochemistry.{{sfn|Gardner|Goff|Garcia|Hagan|1986}}{{sfn|Goff|Gardner|Reneau|Kelley|2011|p=23}}

==History of investigation==
The group was first defined by R.L. Griggs in 1964 his study of groundwater resources near the town of [[Los Alamos, New Mexico]]. The group was named for the Tewa Mountains, an obsolete name for the Jemez Mountains.{{sfn|Griggs|1964|pp=45-59}} R.L. Smith, R.A. Bailey, and C.S. Ross adopted Grigg's nomenclature in 1969 as part of their work establishing the stratigraphy of the Jemez Mountains, but proposing some further subdivisions of formations and members.{{sfn|Smith|Bailey|Ross|1969|pp=12-18}} The stratigraphy was further refined by Gardner and collaborators in 2010.{{sfn|Gardner|Goff|Kelley|Jacobs|2010}}

== Footnotes ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
* {{cite journal|last=Aldrich|first=M. J. Jr.|title=Tectonics of the Jemez Lineament in the Jemez Mountains and Rio Grande Rift|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research|year=1986|volume=91|issue=B2|pages=1753–1762|doi=10.1029/JB091iB02p01753|bibcode = 1986JGR....91.1753A |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1231400}}
* {{cite book|last1=Dethier|first1=David P.|last2=Kampf|first2=Stephanie K.|title=Geology of the Jemez Region II|date=2007|publisher=Ne Mexico Geological Society|page=499 p|url=http://nmgs.nmt.edu/publications/guidebooks/58|access-date=6 November 2015}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Gardner |first1=Jamie N. |last2=Goff |first2=Fraser |last3=Garcia |first3=Sammy |last4=Hagan |first4=Roland C. |title=Stratigraphic relations and lithologic variations in the Jemez Volcanic Field, New Mexico |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |date=1986 |volume=91 |issue=B2 |page=1763 |doi=10.1029/JB091iB02p01763|bibcode=1986JGR....91.1763G }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Gardner |first1=Jamie N. |last2=Goff |first2=Fraser |last3=Kelley |first3=Shari |last4=Jacobs |first4=Elaine |title=Rhyolites and associated deposits of theValles–Toledo caldera complex |journal=New Mexico Geology |date=February 2010 |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=3–18 |url=https://geoinfo.nmt.edu/publications/periodicals/nmg/32/n1/nmg_v32_n1_p3.pdf |access-date=22 April 2021}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Goff |first1=Fraser |last2=Gardner |first2=Jamie N. |last3=Reneau |first3=Steven L. |last4=Kelley |first4=Shari A. |last5=Kempter |first5=Kirt A. |last6=Lawrence |first6=John R. |title=Geologic map of the Valles caldera, Jemez Mountains, New Mexico |journal=New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources Map Series |date=2011 |volume=79 |pages=V13C–2606 |bibcode=2011AGUFM.V13C2606G |url=https://geoinfo.nmt.edu/publications/maps/geologic/gm/79/  |access-date=18 May 2020}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Griggs |first1=R. L. |year=1964 |title=Geology and ground-water resources of the Los Alamos area,New Mexico |journal=U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper |volume=1753 |doi=10.3133/wsp1753 |citeseerx=10.1.1.939.251 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Heiken |first1=G |last2=Goff |first2=F |last3=Gardner |first3=J N |last4=Baldridge |first4=W S |last5=Hulen |first5=J B |last6=Nielson |first6=D L |last7=Vaniman |first7=D |title=The Valles/Toledo Caldera Complex, Jemez Volcanic Field, New Mexico |journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences |date=May 1990 |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=27–53 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ea.18.050190.000331|bibcode=1990AREPS..18...27H }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Rowe |first1=M. C. |last2=Wolff |first2=J. A. |last3=Gardner |first3=J. N. |last4=Ramos |first4=F. C. |last5=Teasdale |first5=R. |last6=Heikoop |first6=C. E. |title=Development of a Continental Volcanic Field: Petrogenesis of Pre-caldera Intermediate and Silicic Rocks and Origin of the Bandelier Magmas, Jemez Mountains (New Mexico, USA) |journal=Journal of Petrology |date=November 2007 |volume=48 |issue=11 |pages=2063–2091 |doi=10.1093/petrology/egm050|bibcode=2007JPet...48.2063R |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=R.L. |last2=Bailey |first2=R.A. |last3=Ross |first3=C.S. |title=Stratigraphic Nomenclature of ' Volcanic Rocks in the Jemez Mountains, New Mexico |journal=Geological Survey Bulletin |date=1969 |issue=1274-P |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1274p/report.pdf |access-date=4 May 2020}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Whitmeyer |first1=Steven |last2=Karlstrom |first2=Karl E. |journal=Geosphere |date=2007 |volume=3 |issue=4 |page=220 |doi=10.1130/GES00055.1 |title=Tectonic model for the Proterozoic growth of North America|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Wolff |first1=J.A. |title=Petrogenesis of Pre-caldera Mafic Lavas, Jemez Mountains Volcanic Field (New Mexico, USA) |journal=Journal of Petrology |date=14 October 2004 |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=407–439 |doi=10.1093/petrology/egh082|bibcode=2004JPet...46..407W |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Zimmerer |first1=Matthew J. |last2=Lafferty |first2=John |last3=Coble |first3=Matthew A. |title=The eruptive and magmatic history of the youngest pulse of volcanism at the Valles caldera: Implications for successfully dating late Quaternary eruptions |journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research |date=January 2016 |volume=310 |pages=50–57 |doi=10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2015.11.021|bibcode=2016JVGR..310...50Z |doi-access=free }}

[[Category:Geologic groups of New Mexico]]
[[Category:Quaternary formations of New Mexico]]