View source for Tianjin

{{short description|Municipality of China}}
{{Redirect|Tientsin|other uses|Tientsin (disambiguation)|and|Tianjin (disambiguation)}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Tianjin
| native_name        = 天津
| native_name_lang   = zh
| other_name         = Tientsin
| settlement_type    = [[Direct-administered municipality|Municipality]]
| image_skyline      = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 280
| image_style = border:1;
| perrow = 1/2/2/2
| image1 = Tianjin Eye and Tianjin.jpg
| caption1 = [[Tianjin Eye]] on the [[Hai River]]
| image2 = 于家堡金融区1.jpg
| caption2 = [[Binhai|Binhai New Area]]
| image3 = 盘山顶峰 - Summit of Mount Panshan - 2015.10 - panoramio.jpg
| caption3 = [[Mount Pan]]
| image4 = Taipingzhai to Huangyaguan 11 (4921514174).jpg
| caption4 = [[Huangya Pass]]
| image5 = Tianjin Station 03.jpg
| caption5 = [[Tianjin railway station]]
| image6 = 21471-Tianjin (49063757341).jpg
| caption6 = [[Minyuan Stadium]]
| image7 = 21336-Tianjin (49063761436).jpg
| caption7 = Tianjin Concert Hall
}}
| image_caption      = 
| image_map          = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|type=shape|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#000000|zoom=6}}
| image_map1         = Tianjin in China (+all claims hatched).svg
| map_caption1       = Location of Tianjin Municipality within China
| coordinates        = {{coord|39.1336|N|117.2054|E|type:landmark_region:CN-12_source:Gaode|format=dms|display=it}}
| coor_pinpoint      = [[:zh:天津世纪钟|Tianjin Century Clock]] Plaza
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = [[China]]
| established_title  = Settled
| established_date   = {{circa|340 BC}}
| seat_type          = Municipal seat
| seat               = [[Hexi District]]
| parts_type         = Divisions<br />&nbsp;- [[County-level division|County-level]]<br />&nbsp;- [[Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China#Township level|Township-<br />level]]
| parts              = <br />[[List of administrative divisions of Tianjin|16 districts]]<br />240 towns and townships
| government_type    = [[Direct-administered municipalities of China|Municipality]]
| governing_body     = [[Tianjin Municipal People's Congress]]
| leader_title       = [[Communist Party Secretary of Tianjin|Party Secretary]]
| leader_name        = [[Chen Min'er]]
| leader_title1      = [[Tianjin Municipal People's Congress|Congress]] Chairman
| leader_name1       = [[Yu Yunlin]]
| leader_title2      = [[Mayor of Tianjin|Mayor]]
| leader_name2       = [[Zhang Gong (politician)|Zhang Gong]]
| leader_title3      = [[Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference|CPPCC]] Chairman
| leader_name3       = [[Wang Changsong]]
| leader_title4      = [[National People's Congress]] Representation
| leader_name4       = 41 deputies
| total_type         = Municipality
| area_footnotes     = 
| area_total_km2     = 11946
| area_land_km2      = 11609.91
| area_water_km2     = 186
| area_urban_km2     = 11609.91
| area_metro_km2     = 5609.9
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m        = 5
| elevation_max_m    = 1,078
| elevation_max_point = [[Jiushan Peak]]
| population_total   = 13,866,009
| population_as_of   = 2020 census
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://citypopulation.de/php/china-tianjin-admin.php|title=China: Tiānjīn (Districts) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map|website=citypopulation.de|publisher=|date=|access-date=December 29, 2018|archive-date=December 29, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229220432/https://citypopulation.de/php/china-tianjin-admin.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_urban   = 13,866,009
| population_density_urban_km2 = auto
| population_metro   = 11,165,706
| population_density_metro_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Tianjinese<br />Tianjiner
| demographics_type2 = [[Gross domestic product|nominal GDP]] {{normal|(2023)}}<ref name="GDPdata">{{cite web|url=https://data.stats.gov.cn/english/easyquery.htm?cn=E0103|title=National Data|publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China|China NBS]]|date=March 2024|access-date=June 22, 2024|archive-date=January 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109073448/http://data.stats.gov.cn/english/easyquery.htm?cn=E0103|url-status=live}} see also {{cite web|url=https://www.tj.gov.cn/sq/tjgb/202403/t20240319_6564208.html|title=zh: 2023年天津市国民经济和社会发展统计公报|publisher=tianjin.gov.cn|date=March 19, 2024|access-date=June 13, 2024|archive-date=August 16, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816084009/https://www.tj.gov.cn/sq/tjgb/202403/t20240319_6564208.html|url-status=live}} The average exchange rate of 2023 was CNY 7.0467 to 1 USD dollar {{cite press release| url=https://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202402/t20240228_1947918.html| title=Statistical communiqué of the People's Republic of China on the 2023 national economic and social development| publisher=China NBS| date=February 29, 2024| access-date=June 22, 2024| archive-date=March 5, 2024| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305035331/https://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202402/t20240228_1947918.html| url-status=live}}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = Total
| demographics2_info1 = [[CN¥]] 1,674 billion ([[List of Chinese administrative divisions by GDP|24th]])<br />[[US$]] 238 billion
| demographics2_title2 = Per capita
| demographics2_info2 = CN¥ 122,752 ([[List of Chinese administrative divisions by GDP per capita|6th]]) <br /> US$ 17,420
| postal_code_type   = [[Postal code of China|Postal code]]
| postal_code        = '''3000'''00 – '''3019'''00
| area_code          = [[Telephone numbers in China|22]]
| iso_code           = [[ISO 3166-2:CN|CN-TJ]]
| blank_name_sec2    = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2022)
| blank_info_sec2    = 0.858<ref name="SHDI">{{cite web |title=Human Development Indices (8.0)- China |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/CHN/?levels=1+4&years=2022&interpolation=0&extrapolation=0 |access-date=23 September 2024 |website=Global Data Lab}}</ref> ([[List of administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China by Human Development Index|3rd]]) – <span style="color:#090;">very high</span>
| blank2_name_sec2   = [[Licence plates of the People's Republic of China|Vehicle registration]]
| blank2_info_sec2   = {{lang|zh-cn|津A}}, B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M<br />{{lang|zh-cn|津E}} (taxis)
| blank3_name_sec2   = Abbreviation
| blank3_info_sec2   = TJ / {{zh|c={{linktext|津}} |p=jīn |labels=no }}
| blank4_name_sec2   = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank4_info_sec2   = [[Humid continental climate|Dwa]]/[[Semi-arid climate|BSk]]
| module             = {{Infobox place symbols| embedded=yes
 | tree = [[Fraxinus velutina]]
 | flower = [[Rosa chinensis|China rose]]
 | bird = 
 | flowering_tree = 
 | butterfly = 
 | fish = 
 | other_symbols = 
}}
| official_name      = Municipality of Tianjin
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| pic = Tianjin_(Chinese_characters).svg
| piccap = "Tianjin" in Chinese characters
| picupright = 0.5
| c = {{linktext|lang=zh|天津}}
| p = Tiānjīn
| tp = Tianjin
| w = T{{wg-apos}}ien<sup>1</sup>-chin<sup>1</sup>
| bpmf = ㄊㄧㄢ&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ㄐㄧㄣ
| gr = Tianjin
| mi = {{unbulleted list|{{IPAc-cmn|AUD|Zh-Tianjin.ogg|t|ian|1|.|j|in|1}}|{{nowrap|{{IPA|[tʰi̯ɛȵ21 ʨiŋ11]}} ([[Tianjin dialect|locally]])}}}}
| psp = Tientsin
| j = tin1 zeon1
| ci = {{IPAc-yue|t|in|1|-|z|eon|7}} ''or'' {{IPAc-yue|t|in|1|-|z|eon|1}}
| y = Tīnjèun ''or'' Tīnjēun
| wuu = Thie<sup>平</sup>-tsin<sup>平</sup>
| poj = Thian-tin
| showflag = p
}}

'''Tianjin{{efn|{{IPAc-en|t|j|E|n|'|dʒ|ɪ|n}};<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.lexico.com/definition/Tianjin |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210411052545/https://www.lexico.com/definition/tianjin |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 11, 2021 |title=Tianjin |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> Mandarin: {{IPAc-cmn|AUD|zh-Tianjin.ogg|t|ian|1|.|j|in|1}}<!-- Chinese in infoboxes: MOS-ZH-->; [[Postal Map Romanization|previously romanized]] as '''Tientsin''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|j|E|n|'|t|s|ɪ|n}})<ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Tianjin}}</ref>}}''' is a [[direct-administered municipality]] in [[North China|Northern China]] on the shore of the [[Bohai Sea]]. It is one of the [[National Central City|nine national central cities]], with a total population of 13,866,009 inhabitants at the time of the [[2020 Chinese census]]. Its [[metropolitan area]], which is made up of 12 central districts (other than [[Baodi District|Baodi]], [[Jizhou District, Tianjin|Jizhou]], [[Jinghai District|Jinghai]] and [[Ninghe District|Ninghe]]), was home to 11,165,706 inhabitants and is also the world's 29th-largest agglomeration (between [[Chengdu]] and [[Rio de Janeiro]]) and 11th-[[List of cities proper by population|most populous city proper]].<ref>{{cite web |script-title=zh:2015年天津市国民经济和社会发展统计公报-新闻中心-北方网 |url=http://news.enorth.com.cn/system/2016/03/02/030839382.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002000942/http://news.enorth.com.cn/system/2016/03/02/030839382.shtml |archive-date=October 2, 2016 |access-date=March 6, 2016 |website=news.enorth.com.cn}}</ref>

Tianjin is governed as one of the four municipalities (alongside [[Beijing]], [[Shanghai]], and [[Chongqing]]) under the [[direct-administered municipalities of China|direct administration]] of the [[State Council of the People's Republic of China|State Council]] of [[Government of China|China]]. The city borders [[Hebei Province]] and [[Beijing Municipality]], bounded to the east by the [[Bohai Gulf]] portion of the [[Yellow Sea]]. Part of the [[Bohai Economic Rim]], it is the largest coastal city in Northern China and part of the [[Jing-Jin-Ji]] megapolis.

In terms of urban population, Tianjin is the seventh largest city in China. In terms of administrative area population, Tianjin ranks fifth in mainland China.<ref>{{cite web |year=2012 |script-title=zh:最新中国城市人口数量排名（根据2010年第六次人口普查） |url=http://www.elivecity.cn/html/yijuyanjiu/yijuyanjiu1/645.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303135707/http://www.elivecity.cn/html/yijuyanjiu/yijuyanjiu1/645.html |archive-date=March 3, 2015 |access-date=May 28, 2014 |website=elivecity.cn}}</ref> The walled city of Tianjin was built in 1404. As a [[treaty port]] since 1860, Tianjin has been a seaport and gateway to Beijing. During the [[Boxer Rebellion]], the city was the seat of the [[Tianjin Provisional Government]]. Under the [[Qing dynasty]] and the Republic of China, Tianjin became one of the largest cities in the region.<ref name="history">{{cite web |date=December 4, 2009 |script-title=zh:历史沿革 |url=http://www.tj.gov.cn/zjtj/lsyg/lsyg/200712/t200712天津18_37097.htm |access-date=August 24, 2010 |website=tj.gov.cn |publisher=Tianjin People's Government}} {{Dead link|date=July 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> At that time, European-style buildings and mansions were constructed in concessions, some of which are preserved today. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Tianjin suffered a depression due to the policy of the central government and the [[1976 Tangshan earthquake]]; however, it has been recovering since the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 26, 2006 |script-title=zh:河北人才被空吸 本地发展缓慢世界罕见 |url=http://news.sohu.com/20060226/n242024868.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808054209/http://news.sohu.com/20060226/n242024868.shtml |archive-date=August 8, 2014 |access-date=August 20, 2010 |publisher=[[Sohu]]}}</ref> Tianjin is classified as the largest type of port city, a Large-Port Megacity, due to its large urban population and port traffic volume.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Roberts |first1=Toby |last2=Williams |first2=Ian |last3=Preston |first3=John |year=2021 |title=The Southampton system: A new universal standard approach for port-city classification |journal=Maritime Policy & Management |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=530–542 |doi=10.1080/03088839.2020.1802785 |s2cid=225502755 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Tianjin is currently a dual-core city, with its main urban area (including the older part of the city) located along the [[Hai River]], which connects to the [[Yellow River|Yellow]] and [[Yangtze River|Yangtze]] Rivers via the [[Grand Canal (China)|Grand Canal]]; and [[Binhai]], an adjacent [[New areas|New Area]] urban core located east of the older part of the city on the coast of the Bohai. As of the end of 2010, approximately 285 [[Fortune 500]] companies have operated in buildings located in Binhai. Since 2010, Tianjin's [[Yujiapu Financial District]] has become known as China's [[Manhattan]]<ref name="ChinaManhattan1">{{cite news |author=Alexandra Stenson and Cao Li |date=April 10, 2019 |title='China's Manhattan' Borrowed Heavily. The People Have Yet to Arrive |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/10/business/china-economy-debt-tianjin.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410232403/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/10/business/china-economy-debt-tianjin.html |archive-date=April 10, 2019 |access-date=April 11, 2019 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref name="ChinaManhattan2" /> and the city is considered to be one of the world's top 100 cities,<sup>[<nowiki/>[[Wikipedia:Please clarify|''clarification needed'']]]</sup> including in the [[Global Financial Centres Index]].<ref name="GFCI">{{cite web |date=September 2020 |title=The Global Financial Centres Index 28 |url=https://www.longfinance.net/media/documents/GFCI_28_Full_Report_2020.09.25_v1.1.pdf |access-date=26 September 2020 |publisher=Long Finance |archive-date=January 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118104905/https://www.longfinance.net/media/documents/GFCI_28_Full_Report_2020.09.25_v1.1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Tianjin is ranked as a Beta (global second tier) city by the [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The World According to GaWC 2020 |url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html |access-date=2020-10-04 |website=lboro.ac.uk |archive-date=August 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824031341/https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Tianjin is one of the [[List of cities by scientific output|20 cities]] in the world with the highest scientific research outputs, as tracked by the [[Nature Index]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leading 200 science cities {{!}} Nature Index 2023 Science Cities |url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/supplements/nature-index-2023-science-cities/tables/overall |access-date=2023-11-22 |work=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |language=en |archive-date=November 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122050201/https://www.nature.com/nature-index/supplements/nature-index-2023-science-cities/tables/overall |url-status=live }}</ref> The city is also home to [[list of universities and colleges in Tianjin|multiple institutes]] of higher education in Northern China, including [[Tianjin University]], [[Nankai University]], [[Tianjin Normal University]], [[Tianjin Medical University]], [[Tianjin Foreign Studies University]], [[Tiangong University]], [[Tianjin University of Science & Technology]], [[Tianjin University of Technology]], and [[Hebei University of Technology]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Nature Index 2018 Science Cities |url=https://www.natureindex.com/supplements/nature-index-2018-science-cities/global-city-map |access-date=2020-10-07 |work=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |archive-date=October 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002014918/https://www.natureindex.com/supplements/nature-index-2018-science-cities/global-city-map |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=".&quot;:2&quot;">{{cite web |date=2021-10-26 |title=US News Best Global Universities Rankings in Tianjin |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/search?city=tianjin |access-date=2021-10-30 |website=U.S. News & World Report |archive-date=October 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030222540/https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/search?city=tianjin |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Name==
[[File:天津中央商务区8.jpg|thumb|left|CBD in Tianjin]]
''Tianjin'' is the [[pinyin]] spelling of the [[Chinese characters]] {{lang|zh|天津}}. The name literally means 'the port of the emperor'. The origin of the name is disputed. One traditional theory says that it was an homage to the [[state of Chu|Chu]] [[Chinese poetry|poet]] [[Qu Yuan]], whose "[[Li Sao]]" includes the verse "... departing from the Ford of Heaven at dawn ..." ({{zhi|t=朝發軔於天津兮|p=zhāo fārèn yú Tiānjīn xī}}). Another says that it honors the former name of the [[Girl (Chinese constellation)|Girl]], a [[Chinese constellations|Chinese constellation]] recorded under the name ''Tianjin'' in the Astronomical Record section of the [[Book of Sui]]. A third says that it derives from a place name noted in the River Record of the History of [[Jin dynasty (265–420)|Jin]]. The most common theory says that it was bestowed by the [[Yongle Emperor]] of the [[Ming dynasty|Ming]], who crossed Tianjin's [[Hai River|Gu River]] on his way south to overthrow his nephew, the [[Jianwen Emperor]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=23 May 2020 |title=10 Interesting Facts About Tianjin |url=https://thebiggestcitiesinchina.com/10-interesting-facts-about-tianjin/ |access-date=25 February 2024 |website=Biggest Cities in China}}</ref>

Prior to the introduction of pinyin, the city's name was historically romanized as {{transliteration|zh|Tientsin}} in the [[Chinese postal romanization]]. The current English spelling of Tianjin was adopted in 1958, after pinyin was introduced by the PRC government. Several countries, international organizations and media outlets have adopted the pinyin name since in 1979. The [[Government of the Republic of China|Government of the Republic of China (ROC)]] has continued to use the postal and Wade–Giles spelling since the adoption of pinyin by the ROC government in 2009.

==History==

=== Early history ===
The land where Tianjin is now located was created in between 900 and 1300 CE by the sediments of rivers entering the sea at the [[Bohai Gulf]], including the Yellow River, which entered the open sea in the area at one time. The construction of the [[Grand Canal (China)|Grand Canal]] under the [[Sui dynasty]] helped the future development of Tianjin, as the canal ran from [[Hangzhou]] to the [[Beijing]] and Tianjin region by 609 CE. Grain from southern China was regularly transported to the north through the canal and was used during the subsequent dynasties. Tianjin began to be increasingly mentioned in records during the [[Song dynasty]] and gained importance during the [[Yuan dynasty]]. Tianjin experienced development under the Yuan and became a location for the storage of goods and grains. Tianjin became a garrison town and shipping station during the [[Ming dynasty]]; it was a center of commerce by the 17th century.<ref>{{Cite book|title=International Dictionary of Historic Places, Volume 5: Asia and Oceania|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers|year=1996|isbn=1-884964-04-4|editor-last=Schellinger|editor-first=Paul|location=Chicago|pages=813|editor-last2=Salkin|editor-first2=Robert}}</ref>

===Qing dynasty===

During the [[Qing dynasty]] (1644{{ndash}}1911), the Tianjin [[Zhou (country subdivision)|Prefecture]], or ''Zhou'' ({{lang|zh-hant|{{linktext|州}}}}), was established in 1725, and Tianjin County was established within the prefecture in 1731. Later, it became an [[Fu (administrative division)|urban prefecture]] or ''Fu'' ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|府}}}}), before becoming a relay station ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|駐|地}}}}) under the command of the [[Viceroy of Zhili]].

[[File:Tianjin 20051107.jpg|thumb|1913 map of Tianjin]]

===Opening up as a treaty port===
{{See also|Concessions in Tianjin}}
In 1856, Chinese soldiers boarded ''The Arrow'', a Chinese-owned ship registered in Hong Kong that flew the British flag and which was suspected of piracy, smuggling, and involvement in the opium trade. The soldiers captured twelve men and imprisoned them. In response, the British and French sent gunboats under the command of [[Michael Seymour (Royal Navy officer)|Admiral Sir Michael Seymour]] to capture the [[Taku forts]] near Tianjin in May 1858. At the end of the first part of the [[Second Opium War]] in June of the same year, the British and French prevailed, and the [[Treaty of Tientsin]] was signed, which opened Tianjin (Tientsin) to foreign trade. The treaties were ratified by the [[Xianfeng Emperor]] in 1860, so Tianjin was formally opened to Great Britain and France and thus to the outside world. Between 1895 and 1900, Britain and France were joined by Japan, Germany and [[Russia]], and some countries without Chinese [[concession (territory)|concessions]], such as [[Austria-Hungary]], Italy and [[Belgium]], in establishing self-contained [[concessions in Tianjin]], each with its own prisons, schools, barracks and hospitals.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1017/S0018246X15000461|title=Italy's Informal Imperialism in Tianjin During the Liberal Epoch, 1902–1922|journal=The Historical Journal|volume=59|issue=2|pages=447–468|date=June 2016|last1=Donati|first1=Sabina|s2cid=163536150}}</ref> These nations left architectural reminders of their rule, which include churches and thousands of villas.

[[File:望海楼教堂.jpg|thumb|right|Church of Our Lady's Victories, built in 1869, was the site of the [[Tientsin massacre|Tianjin Church Massacre]].]]
The presence of foreign influence in Tianjin was not always peaceful; one violent incident was that of the [[Tientsin massacre|Tianjin Church Massacre]]. In June 1870, the orphanage held by the Wanghailou Church (translated as Church Our Lady's Victories{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}) in Tianjin, which built by French [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Tianjin|Roman Catholic missionaries]], was accused of kidnapping and brainwashing Chinese children. On June 21, the [[magistrate]] of Tianjin County initiated a conflict at the church that developed into violent clashes between the church's Christian supporters and some non-Christian Tianjin residents. The protesters eventually burned down Wanghailou Church and the nearby French consulate, killing eighteen foreigners, including ten French nuns, the French consul, and merchants. France and six other Western nations complained to the Qing government, which was forced to pay compensation for the incident.
[[File:天津海河望南方向.jpg|left|thumb|Tianjin Haihe River]]
In 1885, Li Hongzhang founded the Tianjin Military Academy ({{zh|labels=no|t=天津武備學堂}}) for Chinese army officers with German advisors as a part of his military reforms.<ref name="Fairbank1978">{{cite book|author=John King Fairbank|title=The Cambridge History of China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pEfWaxPhdnIC&q=Liu+Chin-t%27ang%27s+big+German+guns+Pai+Yen-hu+without+resistance|year=1978|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-22029-3|access-date=August 19, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821143754/https://books.google.com/books?id=pEfWaxPhdnIC&q=Liu+Chin-t%27ang%27s+big+German+guns+Pai+Yen-hu+without+resistance#v=snippet&q=wu-pei%20hsueh-t'ang%201885%20tardy&f=false|archive-date=August 21, 2016|url-status=live}}{{rp|266–267}}</ref> The academy's founding was supported by the [[Huai Army|Anhui Army]] commander Zhou Shengchuan.<ref name="Fairbank1978" />{{rp|267}} The academy was to serve the Anhui Army and the [[Green Standard Army]] officers. The instructors were German officers.<ref name="Fairbank1978" />{{rp|267}} In 1887, the academy started a program to train teenagers to become army officers; the program continued for five years.<ref name="Fairbank1978" />{{rp|268}} Practical and technical subjects including sciences, foreign languages, Chinese literature, mathematics, and history were taught at the school and exams were administered to students. The lessons taught at the Tianjin Military Academy were copied for the Weihaiwei and Shanhaiguan military schools.<ref name="Fairbank1978" />{{rp|268}} A maritime defense fund supplied the budget for the Tianjin Military Academy, which was located in the same area as the Tianjin Naval Academy.<ref name="Fairbank1978" />{{rp|268}} In 1886, the Tianjin Military Academy adopted ''[[Romance of the Three Kingdoms]]'' as part of its curriculum.<ref name="Ph.D.Vittinghoff2004">{{cite book|author1=Michael Lackner, Ph.D.|author2=Natascha Vittinghoff|title=Mapping Meanings: The Field of New Learning in Late Qing China; &#91;International Conference "Translating Western Knowledge Into Late Imperial China", 1999, Göttingen University&#93;|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EGMWzOfJOTIC&q=six+maxims+taizu+kangxi&pg=PA269|date=January 2004|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-13919-0|pages=269–}}</ref> Among its alumni were [[Wang Yingkai]] and [[Duan Qirui]]; its staff included [[Yinchang]].

[[File:Main Building of Peiyang University since 1903.jpg|thumb|[[Peiyang University]], established 1895]]
In June 1900, the [[Boxer Rebellion|Boxers]] were able to seize control of parts of Tianjin. On June 26, European defense forces heading towards Beijing were stopped by Boxers at nearby [[Langfang]]; they were defeated and forced to turn back to Tianjin. The foreign concessions were also under siege for several weeks.

[[File:东莱银行大楼.jpg|thumb|left|Tung Lai Bank building on Heping Road, built in 1930]]

In July 1900, the [[Eight-Nation Alliance]] [[Battle of Tientsin|recaptured Tianjin]]. This alliance soon established the Tianjin Provisional Government, which was composed of representatives from each of the occupying forces (Russia, Britain, Japan, Germany, France, America, Austro-Hungary, and Italy). The city was governed by this council until August 15, 1902, when the city was returned to Qing control. Qing General [[Yuan Shikai]] led efforts to transform Tianjin into a modern city, establishing the first modern Chinese police force. In 1907, Yuan supervised China's first modern democratic elections for a county council.

[[File:1930年代天津法租界杜总领事路与福煦将军路交叉路口.jpg|thumb|right|Major crossing (Rue Général Foch and Rue de Chaylard) of downtown Tianjin in French concession]]

[[Western world|Western nations]] were permitted to garrison the area to ensure open access to Beijing. The British maintained a brigade of two battalions in Tianjin, and the Italians, French, Japanese, Germans, Russians, and Austro-Hungarians maintained their forces using strength regiments; the United States did not initially participate. During [[World War I]], the German and Austro-Hungarian garrisons were captured as [[Prisoner of war|prisoners of war]] by [[Allies of World War I|Allied Forces]]; meanwhile, in 1918, the Bolshevik government withdrew the Russian garrison. In 1920, the remaining participating nations asked the United States to join them, and the US then sent the [[15th Infantry Regiment (United States)|15th Infantry Regiment]], minus one battalion, to Tianjin from the Philippines.

Because of the development of industry, commerce and finance in the city, Tianjin was established as a [[Direct-administered municipalities of China|municipality]] of China in 1927. From 1930 to 1935, Tianjin was the provincial capital of [[Hebei]]; afterwards, it was reestablished as an independent municipality.

Garrison duty was highly regarded by the troops. General [[George Marshall|George C. Marshall]], the "architect of victory" in World War II, during which he was the [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army]], served in Tianjin in the 1920s as the Executive Officer of the 15th Infantry. The US withdrew the infantry unit in 1938, but the nation's presence was maintained by the dispatch of a small US Marine Corps unit from the Embassy Guard at Beijing.

[[File:1939年天津水灾时的旭街.jpg|thumb|Asahi Street (now Heping Road) in 1939 Tianjin flood]]

===Second Sino-Japanese War===
On July 30, 1937, during the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]], Tianjin fell to Japan, but was not entirely occupied, as the Japanese generally respected [[Concessions in Tianjin|foreign concessions]] until 1941, when [[Concessions in Tianjin|American and British concessions]] were occupied. In the summer of 1939, the [[Tientsin Incident]] damaged Anglo-Japanese relations. On June 14, 1939, the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] surrounded and blockaded a British concession due to the refusal of British authorities to transfer six Chinese people, who had assassinated a Japanese collaborator and taken refuge in the British concession, to be under Japan's authority. For a time, the events of 1939 appeared likely to cause an Anglo-Japanese war, especially when reports of the Japanese Army mistreating British subjects wishing to leave or enter the concession appeared in British newspapers. The situation ended when British Prime Minister [[Neville Chamberlain]] was advised by the [[Royal Navy]] and the Foreign Office that the only way to force the Japanese to lift the blockade was to send the main British battle fleet to Far Eastern waters, and that given the situation in Europe, it would be inappropriate to send the British fleet out of European waters, thus leading the British to finally turn over the six Chinese people, who were then executed by the Japanese. During the Japanese occupation, Tianjin was ruled by the [[Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1937–1940)|North China Executive Committee]], a [[puppet state]] based in Beijing.

On August 9, 1940, all of the British troops in Tianjin were ordered to withdraw. On November 14, 1941, the American [[United States Marine Corps|Marine]] unit stationed in Tianjin was ordered to leave, but before it left, the Japanese [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|attacked the United States]]. The American Marine detachment surrendered to the Japanese on December 8, 1941. Only the Italian and French concessions (the local French officials were loyal to [[Vichy France|Vichy]]) were allowed by the Japanese to remain. When Italy signed an [[Armistice of Cassibile|armistice]] with the Allies in September 1943, Japanese troops took the Italian concession, following a battle with its garrison, and the [[Italian Social Republic]] formally ceded the concession to [[Wang Jingwei]]'s Japan-controlled [[Reorganized National Government of China|puppet state]]. Japanese occupation of the city lasted until August 15, 1945, with the surrender of Japan marking the end of World War II.

===After World War II===
[[File:China 10th Anniversary Parade in Tianjin.jpg|thumb|P.R.China's 10th anniversary parade in Tianjin in 1959]]
In the [[Pingjin Campaign]] of the Chinese Civil War, the city was captured after 29 hours of fighting. The [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP) took Tianjin on January 15, 1949.

From 1949 to February 1958, Tianjin was a municipality directly under the control of the central government. In October 1952, [[Tianjin Port|Tanggu New Port]] officially opened its doors, and the first 10,000-ton ferry arrived at Newport Pier. In February 1958, due to the "Great Leap Forward" and the city's industrial foundation, Tianjin was incorporated into [[Hebei|Hebei Province]], the capital of which was relocated to Tianjin for eight years. During the period, under the coordination of the State Council, the city of Tianjin implemented a separate policy for central planning, which was independent of Hebei Province. However, a number of factories and colleges in Tianjin moved to Hebei, hindering Tianjin's economic development. In January 1967, due to preparation and concerns that Tianjin would become a battlefield, Hebei Province repatriated its provincial capital to Baoding, and the [[Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party|CCP Central Committee]] decided that Tianjin should be restored to the central municipality and remain so. In April 1970, since the central government had applied for funding for the construction of the subway, the Tianjin Municipal Government decided to raise funds on its own to establish the project using the name of the channel and by build it on the basis of the old walled river. In July 1973, five counties, including Jixian, Baodi, Wuqing, Jinghai, and Ninghe, were formally placed under the jurisdiction of Tianjin.
[[File:炫彩津门11Tianjin Eye and Haihe River.jpg|thumb|left|Luanhe hydraulic engineering monument and [[Tianjin Eye]]]]

On July 28, 1976, during the 7.6 magnitude [[1976 Tangshan earthquake|Tangshan Earthquake]], Tianjin was affected by shock waves and experienced a loss of life. In the city, 24,345 people died and 21,497 were seriously injured. 60% of the city's buildings were destroyed and more than 30% of the enterprises and Peking Port Reservoir and Yuqiao Reservoir were seriously damaged. Nearly 700,000 people were left homeless. On October 10 of the same year, the Tianjin Underground Railway was opened to traffic. In 1981, Miyun Reservoir was built on the upper reaches of the Hai River; it is now used to supply water for Beijing; however; the reservoir stopped the river from supplying water to Tianjin, resulting in difficulty with water usage in the city. As a result, during 1976, the [[State Council of the People's Republic of China]] decided to initiate a project to solve the problem of water usage in Tianjin by attracting individuals to the city's academic centers.

[[File:邓小平题开发区大有希望的天津泰达垦荒犁.jpg|thumb|Monument of TEDA]]
In 1984, during the beginning of the Chinese government's economic reforms, Tianjin was listed as one of the 14 coastal open cities by the State Council and the [[Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area|Tianjin Development Zone]]'s economy began to develop. However, the overall speed of development in Tianjin is still slower than that of [[special economic zone]]s and that of other southeast coastal areas. In 1994, Tianjin began its industrial shift towards the east and developed the [[Binhai|Binhai New Area]], with the [[Port of Tianjin|Tianjin Port]] as its core. In October 2005, the [[16th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party|Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th CCP Central Committee]] convened; its meeting decided to incorporate the development and opening of the [[Binhai New Area]] into its [[Eleventh five-year plan (China)|Eleventh Five-Year Plan]] and the national development strategy. In March 2006, the State Council executive meeting positioned Tianjin as an "international port city, a northern economic center, and an ecological city." Since then, the dispute between the Beijing-Tianjin economic center at the policy level has come to an end. In May 2006, the State Council approved the Binhai New Area as a national integrated reform pilot area. In June of the same year, the State Council's Opinions on Promoting the Development and Opening of the Tianjin Binhai New Area were announced; they stated the following: "In financial enterprises, financial services, financial markets, and finance Major reforms such as opening up can, in principle, be scheduled to precede the Tianjin Binhai New Area."

In August 2008, China's first [[high-speed railway]], the [[Beijing-Tianjin Intercity Railway]], which has a speed of 350 kilometers per hour, was opened. In August 2008, Tianjin was the co-host city of the [[2008 Summer Olympics|29th Olympic Games]]. In September 2008, the Annual Meeting of the New Champions of [[World Economic Forum]] (also called [[Summer Davos]]) began to be established in Tianjin; it is now held every two years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/business/222969.htm |title=World Economic Forum: The Inaugural Annual Meeting of the New Champions |publisher=China.org |access-date=August 29, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923232350/http://www.china.org.cn/english/business/222969.htm |archive-date=September 23, 2015 |url-status=live  }}</ref> In October 2010, the UN Climate Change Conference convened in Tianjin.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/10/04/china.climate.talks/index.html?hpt=T2 |title=Global climate talks kick off in China |publisher=CNN |access-date=March 15, 2011 |date=October 4, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108184048/http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/10/04/china.climate.talks/index.html?hpt=T2 |archive-date=November 8, 2012 |url-status=live  }}</ref> In 2012, the [[Tianjin Metro]] Lines 2, 3, and 9 were completed and open to traffic, and Tianjin Rail Transit was formally networked.

In October 2013, Tianjin hosted an international comprehensive event for the first time by hosting the [[East Asian Games]]. In 2014, the coordinated development of Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei was officially incorporated into the national strategy; Tianjin was positioned as the National Advanced Manufacturing R&D Base, Northern International Shipping Core Area, Financial Innovation Operation Demonstration Area, and Reform and Opening-up Preceding Area. In the same year, the first phase of the [[South–North Water Transfer Project|South-to-North Water Transfer Project]] was completed, so water availability in Tianjin increased. On February 26, 2015, the Tianjin National Independent Innovation Demonstration Zone was formally established. On April 21, the China (Tianjin) Free Trade Pilot Zone was also formally established. On April 27, [[Jincheng Group|Jincheng Bank]], the first private bank in northern China, officially opened its doors.

====2015 Tianjin explosion====
On August 12, 2015, a [[2015 Tianjin explosions|fire and explosion]] occurred in a [[chemical]] warehouse in [[Tianjin Port]], causing 173 deaths, hundreds of injuries, and property losses.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-33896292|title=China blasts: Casualties as Tianjin warehouse blows up|work=BBC News|date=August 13, 2015|access-date=June 21, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718135259/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-33896292|archive-date=July 18, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The first two explosions at the facility, which is located in the [[Binhai|Binhai New Area]] of Tianjin, happened within 30 seconds of each other; the second explosion was larger and involved the detonation of approximately 800 tons of ammonium nitrate (equivalent to about 256 tons of [[TNT]]). Fires caused by the initial explosions continued to burn uncontrollably throughout the weekend, resulting in eight additional explosions on August 15. The buildings of seven more surrounding logistics companies were destroyed. The cost to businesses caused by the explosion was estimated to be $9 billion, making it the most expensive supply chain disruption of 2015.

{{wide image|Jinwan Plaza, Haihe River, Tianjin.jpg|900px|Panorama of Hai River||alt=Tianjin Haihe Jinwan Plaza}}

==Geography==
[[File:Urban-Rural Population and Land Area Estimates, v2, 2010 Tianjin, China (13873741565).jpg|thumb|Population density and low elevation coastal zones in the Tianjin area. Tianjin is particularly vulnerable to [[sea level rise]].]]
[[File:Txu-oclc-10552568-nj50-3.jpg|thumb|left|Tianjin (labeled as T'IEN-CHIN (TIENTSIN) 天津) (1955)]]
[[File:Hai River Basin EN.svg|thumb|left|Map of the [[Hai River]] Basin|237x237px]]
[[File:天津夜景航拍20110419.JPG|thumb|2011 satellite image of Tianjin. The city center was on the left, while the smaller urban area to the right was the [[Binhai New Area]].]]
[[File:炫彩津门32北安桥.jpg|thumb|Hai River in 2011]]

Tianjin is located on the west coast of the [[Bohai Gulf]]; the provinces of [[Shandong]] and [[Liaoning]] are located across those waters. The city is bordered by [[Beijing]], which is {{convert|120|km|sp=us}} to the northwest. Tianjin is surrounded on all sides by [[Hebei]], with the exception of its eastern border, which is the [[Bohai Sea]]. With a latitude ranging from 38° 34' to 40° 15' N and a longitude ranging from 116° 43' to 118° 04' E, the total area of the city is {{convert|11,860.63|km2|sqmi|2||sp=us}}.

The city has {{convert|153|km|abbr=on}} of coastline and {{convert|1,137.48|km|mi|2||sp=us}} of land border.<ref>{{cite web
 |url = http://cn.chinagate.cn/ECONOMIC/2007-11/30/content_9328447.htm
 |script-title = zh:天津地理位置、行政区划、人口民族概况
 |publisher = Chinagate
 |language = zh-hans
 |date = November 30, 2007
 |access-date = July 17, 2012
 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120626034054/http://cn.chinagate.cn/ECONOMIC/2007-11/30/content_9328447.htm
 |archive-date = June 26, 2012
 |url-status = dead
 |df = mdy-all
 }}</ref> It is located at the northern end of the [[Grand Canal of China]], which connects with the [[Yellow River|Yellow]] and [[Yangtze River]]s. The municipality is generally flat and is swampy near the coast; however, it has hills in the north, where the [[Yan Mountains]] enter Tianjin. Tidal flats occur on the coastal plain adjacent to the city.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Murray |first1=N.J. |last2=Clemens |first2=R.S. |last3=Phinn |first3=S.R. |last4=Possingham |first4=H.P. |last5=Fuller |first5=R.A. |title=Tracking the rapid loss of tidal wetlands in the Yellow Sea |journal=Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment |date=2014 |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=267–272 |doi=10.1890/130260 |bibcode=2014FrEE...12..267M |url=https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/60169/1/130260.pdf |access-date=October 26, 2021 |archive-date=December 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207073933/https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/60169/1/130260.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The highest point in the municipality is [[Jiuding Shan|Jiuding Peak]] ({{lang|zh-hans|九顶山}}) in [[Ji County, Tianjin|Ji County]] on the northern border with Hebei; the mountain has an altitude of {{convert|1078.5|m|abbr=on}}.

In the Tianjin Municipality, the [[Hai River]] forms at the confluence of the [[Ziya River]] ({{lang|zh|子牙河}}), [[:zh:大清河|Daqing River]] ({{lang|zh|大清河}}), [[Yongding River]], [[:zh:北运河|North Grand Canal]], and [[Grand Canal (China)|South Grand Canal]]; it enters the Pacific Ocean within the municipality as well as in [[Tanggu District]]. Reservoirs include the [[Beidagang Reservoir]] in the south (in [[Dagang District]]) and the [[Yuqiao Reservoir]] in the north in [[Ji County, Tianjin|Ji County]].

===Climate===
Tianjin has a [[semi-arid climate]] (using the [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] system, the city has a ''BSk'' climate bordering on ''Dwa''). As in other areas of East Asia, the city has a four-season, [[monsoon]]-influenced climate; it also has cold, windy, and dry winters due to the [[Siberian anticyclone]] and hot, humid summers due to the monsoon season. Spring in the city is dry and windy; the season sometimes consists of [[Dust storm|sandstorms]] blowing in from the [[Gobi Desert]], which are capable of lasting for several days. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from {{convert|−2.8|°C|1}} in January to {{convert|27.2|°C|1}} in July, with an annual mean of {{convert|13.3|°C|1}}. Extreme temperatures in the city have ranged from {{convert|−22.9|°C|0}} to {{convert|40.6|°C|0}}.<ref name="Extremes">
{{cite web |title=Extreme Temperatures Around the World |url=http://www.mherrera.org/temp.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804202145/http://www.mherrera.org/temp.htm |archive-date=August 4, 2014 |access-date=August 28, 2010 |df=mdy-all}}
</ref> With the monthly percentage of the possible amount of sunshine ranging from 45% in July to 61% in March and April, the city receives 2,460 hours of sunshine annually. Having an annual total precipitation of {{convert|521|mm|sp=us}}, with nearly three-fifths of it occurring in July and August alone, the city lies within the [[semi-arid]] climate zone, although parts of the municipality are [[humid continental]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''BSk''/''Dwa'', respectively).<ref>Peel, M. C. and Finlayson, B. L. and McMahon, T. A. (2007). [/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Asia_K%C3%B6ppen_Map.png "Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification"]. ''Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.'' 11: 1633–1644.</ref>

{{Weather box
| width = auto
| location = Tianjin ([[Dongli District]]) (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951-present)
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| collapsed = 
| Jan record high C = 14.3
| Feb record high C = 20.8
| Mar record high C = 30.5
| Apr record high C = 33.1
| May record high C = 40.5
| Jun record high C = 40.6
| Jul record high C = 40.5
| Aug record high C = 37.4
| Sep record high C = 34.9
| Oct record high C = 30.8
| Nov record high C = 23.1
| Dec record high C = 14.4
| Jan high C = 2.1
| Feb high C = 5.8
| Mar high C = 12.8
| Apr high C = 20.8
| May high C = 26.8
| Jun high C = 30.2
| Jul high C = 31.6
| Aug high C = 30.7
| Sep high C = 26.9
| Oct high C = 19.8
| Nov high C = 10.7
| Dec high C = 3.7
| Jan mean C = −2.8
| Feb mean C = 0.4
| Mar mean C = 7.0
| Apr mean C = 14.8
| May mean C = 21.0
| Jun mean C = 25.0
| Jul mean C = 27.2
| Aug mean C = 26.3
| Sep mean C = 21.7
| Oct mean C = 14.3
| Nov mean C = 5.7
| Dec mean C = −0.9
| Jan low C = −6.5
| Feb low C = −3.7
| Mar low C = 2.4
| Apr low C = 9.6
| May low C = 15.8
| Jun low C = 20.6
| Jul low C = 23.6
| Aug low C = 22.7
| Sep low C = 17.4
| Oct low C = 9.9
| Nov low C = 1.8
| Dec low C = -4.3
| Jan record low C = −18.1
| Feb record low C = −22.9
| Mar record low C = −17.7
| Apr record low C = −2.8
| May record low C = 4.5
| Jun record low C = 10.1
| Jul record low C = 16.2
| Aug record low C = 13.7
| Sep record low C = 6.2
| Oct record low C = −2.2
| Nov record low C = −11.7
| Dec record low C = −17.9
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 2.6
| Feb precipitation mm = 6.0
| Mar precipitation mm = 6.1
| Apr precipitation mm = 22.8
| May precipitation mm = 37.7
| Jun precipitation mm = 78.0
| Jul precipitation mm = 141.2
| Aug precipitation mm = 122.3
| Sep precipitation mm = 54.8
| Oct precipitation mm = 32.8
| Nov precipitation mm = 13.5
| Dec precipitation mm = 3.1
| Jan humidity = 54
| Feb humidity = 54
| Mar humidity = 49
| Apr humidity = 48
| May humidity = 53
| Jun humidity = 64
| Jul humidity = 73
| Aug humidity = 75
| Sep humidity = 67
| Oct humidity = 62
| Nov humidity = 60
| Dec humidity = 56
| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 1.3
| Feb precipitation days = 2.3
| Mar precipitation days = 2.5
| Apr precipitation days = 4.5
| May precipitation days = 6.2
| Jun precipitation days = 9.0
| Jul precipitation days = 11.1
| Aug precipitation days = 9.8
| Sep precipitation days = 6.4
| Oct precipitation days = 4.8
| Nov precipitation days = 3.0
| Dec precipitation days = 2.0
| Jan sun = 167.6
| Jan percentsun = 55
| Feb sun = 175.9
| Feb percentsun = 58
| Mar sun = 227.7
| Mar percentsun = 61
| Apr sun = 243.8
| Apr percentsun = 61
| May sun = 267.8
| May percentsun = 60
| Jun sun = 233.9
| Jun percentsun = 53
| Jul sun = 202.2
| Jul percentsun = 45
| Aug sun = 203.3
| Aug percentsun = 49
| Sep sun = 212.3
| Sep percentsun = 58
| Oct sun = 199.8
| Oct percentsun = 59
| Nov sun = 165.2
| Nov percentsun = 55
| Dec sun = 160.9
| Dec percentsun = 55
| source 1 = China Meteorological Administration<ref>{{cite web
 |url          = https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps
 |script-title = zh:CMA台站气候标准值(1991-2020)
 |publisher    = [[China Meteorological Administration]]
 |language     = zh
 |access-date  = 2023-04-11
 |title        = Experience Template
 |archive-date = April 4, 2023
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20230404092524/https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps
 |url-status   = live
}}</ref><ref name=CMA>{{cite web|url=http://cdc.cma.gov.cn/dataSetLogger.do?changeFlag=dataLogger |script-title=zh:中国气象局 国家气象信息中心 |publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] | language = zh-hans |access-date=November 20, 2010 |date=June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140710164442/http://cdc.cma.gov.cn/dataSetLogger.do?changeFlag=dataLogger |archive-date=July 10, 2014 }}</ref><ref name="cma graphical">{{cite web |url=http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data |publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |access-date=November 9, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905194950/http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |archive-date=September 5, 2018 |url-status=dead |title=Index }}</ref>
| source = 
}}
<div style="width: 80%;"></div>
{{Graph:Weather monthly history
| table=Ncei.noaa.gov/weather/Tianjin.tab
| title=Tianjin temperature
}}

===Measures to improve air quality===
In May 2014, the city's administration enacted new laws in an attempt to lower the city's pollution levels. These measures included several methods to restrict pollution on days when is severe, such as by halving the number of vehicles allowed on roads, halting construction and manufacturing activity, closing schools, and halting large-scale outdoor activities.<ref name = "Pollution" >
{{cite web
| url = https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-china-pollution-idUSKBN0DZ19O20140519
| title = China's Tianjin to restrict vehicle use to curb pollution
| website = [[Reuters]]
| access-date = October 14, 2010
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924200958/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/05/19/uk-china-pollution-idUSKBN0DZ19O20140519
| archive-date = September 24, 2015
| url-status = live
| df = mdy-all
}}
</ref>
{{Clear}} In the past, flights have also been grounded and highways have been closed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-pollution-tianjin-idUSKBN1470C4|title=Highways shut, flights grounded as smog blankets China's Tianjin|newspaper=Reuters|date=December 18, 2016|access-date=October 4, 2021|archive-date=October 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004134600/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-pollution-tianjin-idUSKBN1470C4|url-status=live}}</ref>

Foreign-born professional sportsmen have made statements regarding Tianjin's air quality, citing it as an impediment to athletic activity and being thick enough to "taste".<ref name="Pollution and sports">{{cite web
 |url          = http://www.fourfourtwo.com/au/news/paartalu-airs-player-concerns-about-smoggy-china
 |title        = Paartalu Airs Player Concerns about Smoggy China
 |access-date   = October 14, 2010
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20141027013835/http://www.fourfourtwo.com/au/news/paartalu-airs-player-concerns-about-smoggy-china
 |archive-date = October 27, 2014
 |url-status     = dead
 |df           = mdy-all
}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

==Administrative divisions==
{{Main|List of administrative divisions of Tianjin|List of township-level divisions of Tianjin}}
Tianjin is divided into 16 [[county-level division]]s, which are all [[district of China|districts]].

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; width:90%; text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="15" |'''Administrative divisions of Tianjin'''
|-
| colspan="15" | <div style="position: relative" class="center">
{{Image label begin|image=Administrative Division Tianjin.svg|link=}}
{{Image label|x=159|y=319|scale=410/410|text=[[Heping District, Tianjin|{{small|'''Heping'''}}]]}}
{{Image label|x=161|y=339|scale=410/410|text=[[Hexi District, Tianjin|{{small|'''Hexi'''}}]]}}
{{Image label|x=162|y=308|scale=410/410|text=[[Hebei District|{{small|'''Hebei'''}}]]}}
{{Image label|x=113|y=327|scale=410/410|text=[[Nankai District|{{small|'''Nankai'''}}]]}}
{{Image label|x=173|y=330|scale=410/410|text=[[Hedong District, Tianjin|{{small|'''Hedong'''}}]]}}
{{Image label|x=100|y=310|scale=410/410|text=[[Hongqiao District|{{small|'''Hongqiao'''}}]]}}
{{Image label|x=190|y=090|scale=410/410|text=[[Jizhou District, Tianjin|'''Jizhou''']]}}
{{Image label|x=200|y=200|scale=410/410|text=[[Baodi District|'''Baodi''']]}}
{{Image label|x=250|y=260|scale=410/410|text=[[Ninghe District|'''Ninghe''']]}}
{{Image label|x=260|y=350|scale=410/410|text='''[[Binhai]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=199|y=310|scale=410/410|text=[[Dongli District, Tianjin|'''Dongli''']]}}
{{Image label|x=190|y=365|scale=410/410|text=[[Jinnan District|'''Jinnan''']]}}
{{Image label|x=130|y=350|scale=410/410|text=[[Xiqing District|'''Xiqing''']]}}
{{Image label|x=130|y=290|scale=410/410|text=[[Beichen District|'''Beichen''']]}}
{{Image label|x=100|y=240|scale=410/410|text=[[Wuqing District|'''Wuqing''']]}}
{{Image label|x=080|y=385|scale=410/410|text=[[Jinghai District|'''Jinghai''']]}}
{{Image label end}}
</div>
|-
!! scope="col" rowspan="2" | [[Administrative division codes of the People's Republic of China|Division code]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjbz/cxfldm/2011/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407065847/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjbz/cxfldm/2011/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 7, 2012 |script-title=zh:国家统计局统计用区划代码 |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China]]}}</ref>
!! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Division
!! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Area in km<sup>2</sup><ref>{{lang|zh-hans|《保定经济统计年鉴2011》}}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=September 2018}}
!! scope="col" rowspan=2 |Total population 2010<ref>{{cite book | author1=Census Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China| author2=Population and Employment Statistics Division of the National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China |script-title=zh:中国2010年人口普查分乡、镇、街道资料 |date=2012|publisher=[[:zh:中国统计出版社|China Statistics Print]] |location=Beijing|isbn=978-7-5037-6660-2|edition=1}}<!--|access-date=November 25, 2015--></ref>
!! scope="col" rowspan=2 |Urban area<br />population 2010<ref name="2010PRCcensus">{{cite book |author=国务院人口普查办公室、国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司编 |date=2012 |script-title=zh:中国2010年人口普查分县资料 |location=Beijing |publisher=[[:zh:中国统计出版社|China Statistics Print]] |isbn=978-7-5037-6659-6 }}</ref>
!! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Seat
!! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Postal code
!! scope="col" colspan="7" | Subdivisions<ref>{{lang|zh-hans|《中国民政统计年鉴2012》}}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=September 2018}}
|-
!! scope="col" style="width:45px;"| [[Subdistrict (China)|Subdistricts]]
!! scope="col" style="width:45px;"| [[Town (China)|Towns]]
!! scope="col" style="width:45px;"| [[Townships of the People's Republic of China|Townships]]
!! scope="col" style="width:45px;"| [[Ethnic townships of the People's Republic of China|Ethnic townships]]
!! scope="col" style="width:45px;"| [[Residential community|Residential communities]]
!! scope="col" style="width:45px;"| [[Villages of the People's Republic of China|Villages]]
|- style="font-weight: bold"
! 120000 !! Tianjin
| 11,760.00 || 12,938,693 || 10,277,893 || [[Hexi District, Tianjin|Hexi]] || 300000 || 112 || 118 || 10 || 1 || 1723 || 3762
|-
! 120101 !! [[Heping District, Tianjin|Heping]]
| 9.97 ||colspan="2"| 273,477 || [[Xiaobailou Subdistrict]] || 300041 || 6 || style="background:gray;"|  || style="background:gray;"|  || style="background:gray;"|  || 63 || style="background:gray;"| 
|-
! 120102 !! [[Hedong District, Tianjin|Hedong]]
| 15.06 ||colspan="2"| 860,852 || [[Dawangzhuang Subdistrict]] || 300171 || 13 || style="background:gray;"|  || style="background:gray;"|  || style="background:gray;"|  || 158 || style="background:gray;"| 
|-
! 120103 !! [[Hexi District, Tianjin|Hexi]]
| 41.24 ||colspan="2"| 870,632 || [[Dayingmen Subdistrict]] || 300202 || 13 || style="background:gray;"|  || style="background:gray;"|  || style="background:gray;"|  || 171 || style="background:gray;"| 
|-
! 120104 !! [[Nankai District|Nankai]]
| 40.64 ||colspan="2"| 1,018,196 || [[Changhong Subdistrict, Tianjin|Changhong Subdistrict]] || 300110 || 12 || style="background:gray;"|  || style="background:gray;"|  || style="background:gray;"|  || 180 || style="background:gray;"| 
|-
! 120105 !! [[Hebei District|Hebei]]
| 29.14 ||colspan="2"| 788,451 || [[Wanghailou Subdistrict]] || 300143 || 10 || style="background:gray;"|  || style="background:gray;"|  || style="background:gray;"|  || 109 || style="background:gray;"| 
|-
! 120106 !! [[Hongqiao District|Hongqiao]]
| 21.30 ||colspan="2"| 531,526 || [[Xiyuzhuang Subdistrict]] || 300131 || 10 || style="background:gray;"|  || style="background:gray;"|  || style="background:gray;"|  || 196 || style="background:gray;"| 
|-
! 120110 !! [[Dongli District|Dongli]]
| 460.00 || 598,966 || 591,040 || [[Zhangguizhuang Subdistrict]] || 300300 || 9 || style="background:gray;"|  || style="background:gray;"|  || style="background:gray;"|  || 90 || 102
|-
! 120111 !! [[Xiqing District|Xiqing]]
| 545.00 || 713,060 || 524,894 || [[Yangliuqing]] town || 300380 || 2 || 7 || style="background:gray;"|  || style="background:gray;"|  || 106 || 151
|-
! 120112 !! [[Jinnan District|Jinnan]]
| 401.00 || 593,063 || 590,072 || [[Xianshuigu]] town || 300350 || style="background:gray;"|  || 8 || style="background:gray;"|  || style="background:gray;"|  || 68 || 165
|-
! 120113 !! [[Beichen District|Beichen]]
| 478.00 || 669,121 || 575,103 || [[Guoyuanxincun Subdistrict]]|| 300400 || 5 || 9 || style="background:gray;"|  || style="background:gray;"|  || 115 || 126
|-
! 120114 !! [[Wuqing District|Wuqing]]
| 1,570.00 || 951,078 || 352,659 || [[Yunhexi Subdistrict]]|| 301700 || 6 || 24 || style="background:gray;"|  || style="background:gray;"|  || 64 || 695
|-
! 120115 !! [[Baodi District|Baodi]]
| 1,523.00 || 799,157 || 271,992 || [[Baoping Subdistrict]]|| 301800 || 6 || 16 || style="background:gray;"|  || style="background:gray;"|  || 37 || 765
|-
! 120116 !! [[Binhai]]
| 2,270.00 || 2,423,204 || 2,313,361 || [[Xingang Subdistrict, Tianjin|Xingang Subdistrict]]|| 300451 || 19 || 7 || style="background:gray;"|  || style="background:gray;"|  || 254 || 144
|-
! 120117 !! [[Ninghe District|Ninghe]]
| 1,414.00 || 416,143 || 152,388 || [[Lutai]] town || 301500 || style="background:gray;"|  || 11 || 3 || style="background:gray;"|  || 34 || 282
|-
! 120118 !! [[Jinghai District|Jinghai]]
| 1,476.00 || 646,978 || 293,014 || [[Jinghai Town|Jinghai]] town || 301600 || style="background:gray;"|  || 16 || 2 || style="background:gray;"|  || 46 || 383
|-
! 120119 !! [[Jizhou District, Tianjin|Jizhou]]
| 1,590.00 || 784,789 || 270,236 || [[Wenchang Subdistrict, Tianjin|Wenchang Subdistrict]] || 301900 || 1 || 20 || 5 || 1 || 32 || 949
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; width:90%; text-align:center"
! colspan="5" | Divisions in Chinese and varieties of romanizations
|-
! English
! Chinese
! Pinyin
|-
! Tianjin Municipality
| {{lang|zh-hans|天津市}}
| Tiānjīn Shì
|-
! [[Heping District, Tianjin|Heping District]]
| {{lang|zh-hans|和平区}}
| Hépíng Qū
|-
! [[Hedong District, Tianjin|Hedong District]]
| {{lang|zh-hans|河东区}}
| Hédōng Qū
|-
! [[Hexi District, Tianjin|Hexi District]]
| {{lang|zh-hans|河西区}}
| Héxī Qū
|-
! [[Nankai District]]
| {{lang|zh-hans|南开区}}
| Nánkāi Qū
|-
! [[Hebei District]]
| {{lang|zh-hans|河北区}}
| Héběi Qū
|-
! [[Hongqiao District]]
| {{lang|zh-hans|红桥区}}
| Hōngqiáo Qū
|-
! [[Dongli District]]
| {{lang|zh-hans|东丽区}}
| Dōnglì Qū
|-
! [[Xiqing District]]
| {{lang|zh-hans|西青区}}
| Xīqīng Qū
|-
! [[Jinnan District]]
| {{lang|zh-hans|津南区}}
| Jīnnán Qū
|-
! [[Beichen District]]
| {{lang|zh-hans|北辰区}}
| Běichén Qū
|-
! [[Wuqing District]]
| {{lang|zh-hans|武清区}}
| Wǔqīng Qū
|-
! [[Baodi District]]
| {{lang|zh-hans|宝坻区}}
| Bǎodǐ Qū
|-
! [[Binhai|Binhai New Area]]
| {{lang|zh-hans|滨海新区}}
| Bīnhǎi Xīnqū
|-
! [[Ninghe District]]
| {{lang|zh-hans|宁河区}}
| Nínghé Qū
|-
! [[Jinghai District]]
| {{lang|zh-hans|静海区}}
| Jìnghǎi Qū
|-
! [[Jizhou District, Tianjin|Jizhou District]]
| {{lang|zh-hans|蓟州区}}
| Jìzhōu Qū
|}

The [[Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area]] (TEDA) is not a formal level of administration, but has rights similar to those of a regular district. At the end of 2017, the total population of Tianjin was 15.57 million.[http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2018/indexch.htm]
[[File:Tianjin konggangwuliu.JPG|thumb|right|Airport Industrial Park, [[Dongli District]]]]

As of December 31, 2004, these districts and counties have been further subdivided into 240 [[Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China#Township level|township-level divisions]], including 120 [[town of China|towns]], 18 [[Townships of the People's Republic of China|townships]], 2 [[ethnic township]]s and 100 [[Subdistricts of China|subdistrict]]s.

==Politics==
{{Main|Politics of Tianjin|List of current Chinese provincial leaders}}
As in all other governing institutions in [[mainland China]], the politics of Tianjin is structured in a dual party-government system.

The [[mayor of Tianjin]] is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Tianjin. Since Tianjin is a municipality, the [[Tianjin Municipal Committee of the Chinese Communist Party|CCP Municipal Committee Secretary]] is colloquially known as the "Tianjin [[Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary|CCP Party chief]]".

== Economy ==
{{See also|Industry in Tianjin}}
[[File:Wen Jiabao - Annual Meeting of the New Champions Tianjin 2010.jpg|left|thumb|Then-[[Premier of the People's Republic of China|Premier]] [[Wen Jiabao]], himself a Tianjin native, and [[Klaus Schwab]] at the Annual Meeting of the New Champions of [[World Economic Forum]] in Tianjin, 2010]]
Tianjin's [[Gross domestic product|gross domestic product (GDP)]] reached 1.572 trillion yuan in 2014, an increase of 10.0 percent over its GDP in 2013. The city of Tianjin had China's highest per-capita GDP of $17,126, followed by Beijing with $16,278 and Shanghai with $15,847.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/201402/t20140224_515103.html |title=Statistical Communiqué of the People's Republic of China on the 2013 National Economic and Social Development |publisher=National Bureau of Statistics of China |date=February 24, 2014 |access-date=September 12, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924105958/http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/201402/t20140224_515103.html |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |url-status=live  }}</ref>

[[File:天津周大福金融中心北1.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Tianjin CTF Finance Centre]]]]

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Skyscrapers in Tianjin || Meters  ||  Feet
|-
| [[Goldin Finance 117]] || 597 || 1,958.66
|-
|[[Tianjin CTF Finance Centre]]
|530
|1,738.85
|-
|[[Tianjin Modern City Office Tower]]
|338
|1,108.92
|-
| [[Tianjin World Financial Center]]||  337 || 1,105.32 
|-
|TEDA IFC 1
|313
|1,026.9
|-
|[[Jin Wan Plaza 9]]
|300
|984.25
|-
| Yujiapu Yinglan International Finance Center  ||  299.45 || 982.45 
|-
| Powerlong Center Tower 1 || 289  ||  948.16 
|-
| Bohai Bank Tower  || 270  ||  885.83 
|-
|Financial Street Heping Center
|263
|862.86
|-
|Century Metropolitan Mall
|258
|846.46
|-
|Tianjin China Life Financial Center
|251
|823.49
|}Industries include [[petrochemical]] industries, textiles, car manufacturing, mechanical industries, and [[metalworking]]. [[EADS]] Airbus is one of the manufacturers in the city, and has opened an assembly plant for its [[Airbus A320neo family|Airbus A320 series]] airliners; the plant has been operational since 2009. As of 2010, the fastest supercomputer in the world, [[Tianhe-1A]], has been located at the [[National Supercomputing Center of Tianjin]]. The city's GDP in 2009 was ¥750.1 billion, with a GDP per capita of RMB ¥62,403.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

=== Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area ===
[[File:天津滨海新区泰达金融街2.jpg|thumb|[[Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area]]]]
As one of the first state-level economic and technological development zones, the [[Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area]] (TEDA) was founded on December 6, 1984, with the approval of the State Council. It is given state preferential policies with the task of attracting domestic and foreign investment to develop new technology-oriented modern industries. As an affiliated organization of the Tianjin Municipal Government, the Administrative Commission of Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area exercises unified administration of TEDA on behalf of the Tianjin Municipal Government and has provincial-level administrative and economic management rights.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

=== Tianjin Export Processing Zone ===
The Tianjin Export Processing Zone is one of the first 15 export processing zones approved by the State Council, having been approved on April 27, 2000. This area is a special enclosed zone. where Customs officials conduct constant administration for commodities transported into and out of the zone. The central government granted the special economic zone preferential policies to attract enterprises in the business of processing and trade to invest in the zone. The Tianjin Export Processing Zone is located to the northeast of TEDA and has a planned area of {{convert|2.54|km2|abbr=on}}. The area developed in the first phase is {{Convert|1|m2|sqft|abbr=|sp=us}} wide. A permanent wall is built to separate the export processing and non-export processing zones.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/tianjin-export-processing-zone/ |title=Tianjin Export Processing Zone |publisher=RightSite.asia |access-date=March 15, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100515061608/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/tianjin-export-processing-zone |archive-date=May 15, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Tianjin Airport Economic Area ===
The Tianjin Airport International Logistics Zone is jointly invested by the Tianjin Port Free Trade Zone and Tianjin Binhai International Airport. It is located inside the airfreight area of Tianjin Binhai International Airport. It has domestic and foreign airfreight logistics enterprises engaged in sorting, warehousing, distribution, processing, and exhibition. It is in the process of constructing the largest airfreight base in northern China.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/tianjin-airport-international-logistics-zone/ |title=Tianjin Airport International Logistics Zone |publisher=RightSite.asia |access-date=March 15, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100515061603/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/tianjin-airport-international-logistics-zone |archive-date=May 15, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Tianjin Port Free Trade Zone ===
[[File:At an Electric Car Factory in Tianjin, China.jpg|left|thumb|US Congresswoman [[Nancy Pelosi]] visiting a [[Tianjin Qingyuan Electric Vehicle]] factory in 2009]]
The Tianjin Port Free Trade Zone is the only free trade zone in northern China. The zone was approved for establishment in 1991 by State Council. It is {{convert|30|km|abbr=on}} from Tianjin city proper, less than {{convert|1|km|abbr=on}} away from the wharf,{{Clarification needed|reason=Which port?|date=February 2024}} and {{convert|38|km|abbr=on}} away from Tianjin Binhai International Airport.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/tianjin-port-free-trade-zone/ |title=Tianjin Port Free Trade Zone |publisher=Rightsite.asia |access-date=December 11, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100515061615/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/tianjin-port-free-trade-zone |archive-date=May 15, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Tianjin Tanggu National Marine High-Tech Development Area ===
The Tianjin Tanggu Marine High-Tech Development Area was established in 1992 and was upgraded to the national-level high-tech development area by the State Council in 1995. It is the only national-level high-tech development area specializing in developing the marine technology industry. By the end of 2008, the zone had 2,068 corporations and 5 industries there, including those for new materials, oil manufacturing, modern machinery manufacturing, and electronic information.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/tianjin-tanggu-national-marine-high-tech-development-area/ |title=Tianjin Tanggu National Marine High-Tech Development Area |publisher=Rightsite.asia |access-date=December 11, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100515061622/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/tianjin-tanggu-national-marine-high-tech-development-area |archive-date=May 15, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Tianjin Nangang Industrial Zone ===
The Tianjin Nangang Industrial Zone is a heavy and chemical industry base and harbor, a part of the"dual-city, dual-harbor" space development strategy of Tianjin, and a zone with a [[circular economy]]. The total planned area of Nangang Industrial Zone is {{convert|200|km2|abbr=on}}, of which the terrestrial area is {{convert|162|km2|abbr=on}}.

=== Agriculture ===
Farmland takes up about 40% of Tianjin Municipality's total area. Wheat, rice, and maize are the most economically important crops.

=== Resources ===
{{clarify span|text=Tianjin Municipality has deposits of about 1&nbsp;billion [[tonne]]s of petroleum, with [[Dagang District]] containing [[oilfield]]s. Salt production is also one of the city's industries, with Changlu Yanqu being one of China's salt production areas.|date=June 2021}} [[Geothermal energy]] is another resource of Tianjin. Deposits of [[manganese]] and [[boron]] under Tianjin were the first to be found in China.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

=== Utilities and services ===

[https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/RSAJVZ:CH Tianjin Electric Power Utility] constructs, delivers and maintains electrical power services.

=== Binhai New Area ===
The Tianjin [[Binhai New Area]] (TBNA) is located at the juncture of the Beijing-Tianjin City Belt and the Circum-Bohai City Belt. It is the gateway to North China, Northeast China, and Northwest China. Lying in the center of Northeast Asia, it is the nearest point of departure of the Eurasian Continental Bridge.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

==Demographics==
{{Historical populations
|type=China
|1953|2693831
|1982|7764141
|1990|8785402
|2000|9848731
|2010|12938224
|2013|14720000
|footnote = Population size may be affected by changes on administrative divisions.
|}}
At the end of 2009, the population of Tianjin Municipality was 12.28&nbsp;million, of which 9.8&nbsp;million owned and lived in Tianjin ''[[Hukou system|hukou]]'' (permanent residences). Among permanent residents of Tianjin, 5.99&nbsp;million lived in urban areas, while 3.81&nbsp;million lived in rural ones.<ref>{{cite web |language=zh-hans |url-status=dead|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/was40/gjtjj_detail.jsp?channelid=4362&record=6 |script-title=zh:第二次湖南R＆D资源清查主要数据公报（第四号） |publisher=Stats.gov.cn |date=February 21, 2011 |access-date=March 15, 2011|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110927043811/http://www.stats.gov.cn/was40/gjtjj_detail.jsp?channelid=4362&record=6|archive-date=September 27, 2011 }}</ref>  Tianjin has recently shifted to population growth; its population had reached 14.72 million as of the end of 2013.<ref>{{cite web |language=zh-hans |url=http://news.enorth.com.cn/system/2014/07/11/012008269.shtml |script-title=zh:天津市年末总人口控制在1535万人以下-新闻中心-北方网 |work=enorth.com.cn  |access-date=July 28, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808214658/http://news.enorth.com.cn/system/2014/07/11/012008269.shtml |archive-date=August 8, 2014 |url-status=live  }}</ref>

The encompassing [[metropolitan area]] was estimated by the [[OECD]] (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) to have, {{As of|2010|lc=y}}, a population of 15.4 million.<ref>{{cite news|last1=CNBC.com|first1=Justina Crabtree; special to|title=A tale of megacities: China's largest metropolises|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/09/20/biggest-megacities-in-china.html|work=CNBC|date=September 20, 2016|quote=slide 9|access-date=December 8, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209044105/https://www.cnbc.com/2016/09/20/biggest-megacities-in-china.html|archive-date=December 9, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="oecd2015">{{cite book|doi=10.1787/9789264230040-en|title=OECD Urban Policy Reviews: China 2015, OECD READ edition|url=http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/urban-rural-and-regional-development/oecd-urban-policy-reviews-china-2015_9789264230040-en#page39|publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]]|page=37|via=OECD iLibrary|language=en|date=April 18, 2015|issn=2306-9341|isbn=9789264230033|access-date=December 8, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327210032/http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/urban-rural-and-regional-development/oecd-urban-policy-reviews-china-2015_9789264230040-en#page39|archive-date=March 27, 2017|url-status=live}}Linked from the OECD [http://www.oecd.org/china/oecd-urban-policy-reviews-china-2015-9789264230040-en.htm here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209044027/http://www.oecd.org/china/oecd-urban-policy-reviews-china-2015-9789264230040-en.htm |date=December 9, 2017 }}</ref>

The majority of Tianjin residents are [[Han Chinese]]. People from 51 out of the 55 minor Chinese ethnic groups live in Tianjin. [[List of ethnic groups in China|Minorities]] with higher populations in the city include [[Hui people|Hui]], [[Koreans|Korean]], [[Manchu people|Manchu]], and [[Mongols|Mongol]] people.

[[File:Tianjin guanyinhao.JPG|thumb|right|Old Guanyinhao Bank]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"| Ethnic groups in Tianjin, 2000 census
|-
! [[List of ethnic groups in China|Ethnicity]] !! Population !! Percentage
|-
| [[Han Chinese|Han]] || 9,581,775 || 97.29%
|-
| [[Hui people|Hui]] || 172,357 || 1.75%
|-
| [[Manchu people|Manchu]] || 56,548 || 0.57%
|-
| [[Mongols]] || 11,331 || 0.12%
|-
| [[Korean people|Korean]] || 11,041 || 0.11%
|-
| [[Zhuang people|Zhuang]] || 4,055 || 0.041%
|-
| [[Tujia people|Tujia]] || 3,677 || 0.037%
|}

The graph above excludes members of the [[People's Liberation Army]] in active service.<ref>{{cite book |author=National Bureau of Population and Social Science and Technology Statistics Division of China (国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司) |author2=Department of Economic Development of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission of China (国家民族事务委员会经济发展司) |trans-title=Tabulation on Nationalities of 2000 Population Census of China |script-title=zh:《2000年人口普查中國民族人口資料》 <!--2 vols--> |location=Beijing |publisher=Nationalities Publishing House |year=2003}}</ref>

==Media==
[[File:天津电视台新台址.jpg|thumb|Tianjin Television and Radio Station]]
[[Tianjin People's Broadcasting Station]] is a radio station in Tianjin. Broadcasting for nine channels, it serves most of North China, as well as a part of [[East China|East]] and Northeast China, reaching an audience of over 100 million.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.radiotj.com/dtjj/index.htm |script-title=zh:天津人民广播电台 |publisher=Radiotj.com |date=December 22, 2010 |language=zh-hans |access-date=March 15, 2011  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821043749/http://www.radiotj.com/dtjj/index.htm |archive-date=August 21, 2007 |url-status=dead  }}</ref> [[Tianjin Television]], the local television station, broadcasts on nine channels. It also has a paid [[digital television|digital]] channel, which features [[home improvement]] programs.<ref>[http://tjtv.enorth.com.cn/system/2003/10/27/.shtml]{{Dead link|date=December 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} {{in lang|zh}} {{Dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=January 2014}} Both the radio and television stations are now branches of the Tianjin Film, Radio and Television Group, which was established in October 2002.<ref>[http://news.enorth.com.cn/system/2002/10/28/.shtml]{{Dead link|date=December 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} {{in lang|zh}} {{Dead link|date=March 2011}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=January 2014}}

Local newspapers include the Tianjin Daily and Jin Wan Bao ({{Translation|Tonight Newspaper}}), which are the flagship papers of Tianjin Daily Newspaper Group and Jinwan Mass Media Group, respectively. There are also three English-language magazines: ''Jin'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jinmagazine.com.cn/index/ |title=''Jin'' |publisher=Jinmagazine.com.cn |date=August 16, 2011 |access-date=December 11, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716150021/http://www.jinmagazine.com.cn/index/ |archive-date=July 16, 2012 }}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=January 2014}} ''Tianjin Plus''<ref>{{cite web |author=Tianjin Plus |url=http://www.tianjinplus.com/tjplus/ |title=''Tianjin Plus'' |publisher=Tianjinplus.com |access-date=December 11, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110093330/http://tianjinplus.com/tjplus/ |archive-date=November 10, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=January 2014}} and ''Business Tianjin'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businesstianjin.com/ |title=''Business Tianjin'' |publisher=Businesstianjin.com |access-date=December 11, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608082653/http://www.businesstianjin.com/ |archive-date=June 8, 2012 }}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=January 2014}} which are mainly directed at expats resident in the city.

===Previous newspapers===
The first German newspaper in northern China, ''Tageblatt für Nordchina'' (also spelled as ''Tageblatt für Nord China''), was published in Tianjin, which was known as ''Tientsin'' at the time.<ref name=Walravens90>Walravens, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=0F6U82kZXjsC&dq=%22Its+contents+covered+politics+and+economy+but+there+were%22&pg=PA90 90] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102035918/https://books.google.com/books?id=0F6U82kZXjsC&pg=PA90&dq=%22Its+contents+covered+politics+and+economy+but+there+were%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=VYSQUN7PKIji8gSkhYGQAQ&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Its%20contents%20covered%20politics%20and%20economy%20but%20there%20were%22&f=false |date=January 2, 2016 }}.</ref>

In 1912, Tianjin had 17 Chinese-language newspapers and five daily newspapers in other languages. None of the newspapers in the Tianjin district were trade papers. Of the foreign language newspapers, three were in English; the other two were in French and German, respectively. Newspapers from Tianjin published in the city included ''China Critic'', ''Peking and Tientsin Times'', ''The China Times'',<ref name=USFDC187>[[United States Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=nsANAQAAMAAJ&dq=%22Tsingtauer+Neueste+Nachrichten%22&pg=PA188 p. 187] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102035918/https://books.google.com/books?id=nsANAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA188&dq=%22Tsingtauer+Neueste+Nachrichten%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=i16UUMScH4uC8ASKooGQDQ&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=%22Tsingtauer%20Neueste%20Nachrichten%22&f=false |date=January 2, 2016 }}.</ref>''Tageblatt für Nordchina'', ''L'Écho de Tientsin'', ''China Tribune'', ''[[Ta Kung Pao]]'' (L'Impartial), ''Min Hsing Pao'', and ''Jih Jih Shin Wen Pao'' (Tsientsin Daily News).<ref name=USFDC188>[[United States Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=nsANAQAAMAAJ&dq=%22Tsingtauer+Neueste+Nachrichten%22&pg=PA188 p. 188] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102035918/https://books.google.com/books?id=nsANAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA188&dq=%22Tsingtauer+Neueste+Nachrichten%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=i16UUMScH4uC8ASKooGQDQ&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=%22Tsingtauer%20Neueste%20Nachrichten%22&f=false |date=January 2, 2016 }}.</ref> Newspapers from [[Beijing]] published in Tianjin included ''Pei Ching Jih Pao'', ''Peking Daily News'', and ''Le Journal de Peking''.<ref name=USFDC187/>

In 1930, the newspaper ''Deutsch-Mandschurische Nachrichten''<ref name=ChinaManhattan2>{{cite journal|last1=Hille|first1=Kathrin|title=China's 'Manhattan' becomes censorship capital|journal=Financial Times|date=November 4, 2012|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/77b7cde6-24e1-11e2-8924-00144feabdc0|access-date=January 29, 2016|archive-date=May 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503160415/https://www.ft.com/content/77b7cde6-24e1-11e2-8924-00144feabdc0|url-status=dead}}</ref> moved from [[Harbin]] to Tianjin and changed its name to the ''Deutsch-Chinesische Nachrichten''.<ref name=Walravens91>Walravens, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=0F6U82kZXjsC&dq=%22Hankou+also+had+a+German+paper%22&pg=PA91 91] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102035918/https://books.google.com/books?id=0F6U82kZXjsC&pg=PA91&dq=%22Hankou+also+had+a+German+paper%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=9rCQUKP8EpHa8wTm-YCYBA&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Hankou%20also%20had%20a%20German%20paper%22&f=false |date=January 2, 2016 }}.</ref>

===Censorship capital===
China's leading Internet information providers (which are usually located in Beijing), including social networks [[Sina Weibo]] and [[Douban]], as well as the online video website [[Sohu]], have been increasingly relocating their censorship departments to Tianjin, where labor costs are cheaper than in Beijing, as censorship is a type of [[labor-intensive]] work. In fact, Tianjin is considered to have become the censorship capitol for Chinese Internet.<ref name=ChinaManhattan2/><ref>{{cite journal|title=At Sina Weibo's censorship hub, China's Little Brothers cleanse online chatter|journal=Reuters|date=September 11, 2013|url=http://mobile.reuters.com/article/idUKBRE98A18Z20130911?irpc=932|access-date=January 29, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204065454/http://mobile.reuters.com/article/idUKBRE98A18Z20130911?irpc=932|archive-date=February 4, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Tourism==
[[File:天津名流茶馆的相声表演.jpg|thumb|Crosstalk in Tianjin]]{{Unreferenced section|date=November 2023}}
The city's streetscapes incorporate nineteenth and early twentieth-century [[European architecture]], juxtaposed with the concrete and glass monoliths of contemporary China. Though areas of the city are being redeveloped, much of the [[colonial architecture]] has been placed under protection.

In the nineteenth century, the port city caught the attention of the seafaring Western powers, who used the boarding of a British ship by Chinese troops as an excuse to declare war. Using armed gunboats, they were victorious; the [[Treaty of Tianjin]], signed in 1856, gave the Europeans the right to establish nine [[Concessions in Tianjin|concessionary bases]] on the mainland, from which they could conduct trade and sell opium. These concessions, which were along the banks of the [[Hai River]], were self-contained European communities; the French built [[château]]x and towers, while the Germans constructed red-tiled Bavarian villas. Tensions between the indigenous population and the foreigners were noticeable in the [[Tianjin massacre|Tianjin Incident]] of 1870, which occurred when a Chinese mob attacked a French-run orphanage, and again during the [[Boxer Rebellion]] in 1900, after which foreigners leveled the walls surrounding the old Chinese city to enable them to watch its residents.

The old city was razed entirely during 2000 and 2001 to make way for new developments. Only several old buildings, such as the Tianjin Temple of Confucius, remain.

The network of ex-concession streets south and west of the central train station and south of the Hai River now constitute the areas of most interest to visitors. The châteaux of the French concession now make up the downtown district just south of the river and mansions that the British built are east of the area. Farther east and south of the river, the architecture has a slight German construction.

==Landmarks and attractions==
[[File:Main Building of Nankai University 2015-08-04.jpg|thumb|Nankai University]]
{{See also|Major National Historical and Cultural Sites (Tianjin)}}
* Astor Hotel
* Binjiang Avenue shopping street
* [[Dabei Monastery]]
* [[Drum tower (Asia)|Drum Tower]]
* [[Five Main Avenues]]
* Former [[Concessions in Tianjin]]
** [[Italian Concession of Tientsin|Tianjin Italian Style Town]]
* [[Goldin Finance 117]]
* Hai River Park
* Luzutang [[Boxer Rebellion]] Museum
* Memorial Hall dedicated to [[Zhou Enlai]] and [[Deng Yingchao]]
* [[Nanshi Cuisine Street]]
* [[People's Park (Tianjin)|People's Park]]
* [[St. Joseph's Cathedral of Tianjin]]
* [[Temple of Confucius|Temple of Confucius Wen Miao]]
* [[Temple of Great Compassion]]
* Century Clock
* [[Tianjin Ancient Culture Street]]
** [[Yuhuangge Taoist Temple]]
* [[Tianjin Eye]]
* [[Tianjin Museum]]
* [[Tianjin Library]]
* [[Tianjin Binhai Library]]
* Tianjin Art Gallery
* Tianjin Natural History Museum
* [[Tianjin Olympic Center Stadium]] (also known as "The Water Drop")
* [[Tianjin Radio and Television Tower]]
* [[Tianjin Water Park]]
* [[Tianjin World Financial Center]]
* [[Tianjin Zoo]]
* [[Yangliuqing]] (including Shi Family Grand Courtyard)
* [[Porcelain House]]
* [[Nankai University]]
* [[Nankai Middle School]]
* [[Tianjin University]]

Sights outside the old city urban core area, but within the municipality (including Binhai/[[Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area|TEDA]]), consist of the following:
* [[Huangyaguan|Huangya Pass]], a section of the [[Great Wall of China]]
* [[Mount Panshan]]
* [[Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-city]]
* [[Soviet Aircraft Carrier Kiev]]
* [[Taku Forts]]
* [[TEDA Football Stadium]], home stadium of [[Chinese Super League]] team [[Tianjin Jinmen Tiger F.C.|Tianjin Jinmen Tiger]]

==Culture==
{{Multiple image
| align             = right
| direction         = vertical
| width             = 200
| image1            = Ancient Culture Street entrance.jpg
| caption1          = [[Guwenhua Jie|Ancient Culture Street]]
| image2            = Tianjin lunch of Goubuli.jpg
| caption2          = A traditional Tianjin lunch of [[Goubuli|Goubuli baozi]]
| image3            = Opera at Ancient Culture Street, Tianjin.jpg
| caption3          = Traditional opera in Tianjin
}}

People from Tianjin speak the [[Tianjin dialect]] of [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]], from which it is derived. Despite its proximity to Beijing, the Tianjin dialect sounds different from the [[Beijing dialect]], which provides the basis for [[Putonghua]] (Standard Chinese).

Tianjin is considered to be a "home base" of [[Beijing opera]], which is a form of [[Chinese opera]].
[[File:Tinajin railway station ceiling 0857.JPG|thumb|left|[[Tianjin railway station#Dome mural|''Jingwei Tries to Fill the Sea'']], the dome mural of [[Tianjin railway station]]]]
Tianjin is known for its stand-up comedy and comedians, including [[Guo Degang]] and [[Ma Sanli]]. [[Ma Sanli]] (1914–2003), an ethnic [[Hui people|Hui]] person and longtime resident of Tianjin, was known for his ''[[xiangsheng]]'', a form of Chinese entertainment akin to stand-up comedy. Ma Sanli delivered some of his ''xiangsheng'' in the [[Tianjin dialect]]. Tianjin, along with Beijing, is a center for the art of ''xiangsheng''. Tianjin's general style of stand-up also includes the use of rhythmic bamboo clappers (''kuaiban'').<ref>{{cite book|last=McDougall|first=Bonnie S.|title=Popular Chinese literature and performing arts in the People's Republic of China, 1949–1979|year=1984|publisher=University of California Press|page=84}}</ref>

[[Yangliuqing]] ({{Translation|Green Willows}}), a town about {{convert|15|km|abbr=on}} west of Tianjin's urban area and the seat of [[Xiqing District]], is known for its [[Chinese New Year]]-themed, traditional, and colorful [[wash (visual arts)|wash paintings]] ({{lang|zh-hans|杨柳青年画}}). Tianjin is also known for the [[Clay Figure Zhang|Zhang clay figurine]], a type of colorful figurine depicting a variety of characters, and Tianjin's Wei's kites, which can be folded to a fraction of their full sizes and are noted for portability.

On September 28, 2015, the [[Juilliard School]] in [[Chinatown, Manhattan|Manhattan]], [[Chinese in New York City|New York City]] announced an expansion into Tianjin during a visit by China's first lady, [[Peng Liyuan]]. At the time, the school had plans to offer a [[master's degree]] program. The visit was the institution's first full-scale foray outside the United States .<ref name=JuillardTianjin>{{cite news|url=http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/09/28/juilliards-china-plans-move-forward/|title=Juilliard's China Plans Move Forward|author=Michael Cooper|newspaper=The New York Times|date=September 28, 2015|access-date=February 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928185723/http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/09/28/juilliards-china-plans-move-forward/|archive-date=September 28, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Cuisine==
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2024}}
[[Tianjin cuisine]] places a focus on seafood, due to Tianjin's proximity to the sea. It can be further classified into several varieties, including rough ({{zh|s=粗|hp=cū|links=no}}), smooth ({{zh|s=细|t=細|hp=xì|links=no}}), and high ({{zh|s=高|hp=gāo|links=no}}) cuisine. Menu options include the Eight Great Bowls ({{zh|s=八大碗|hp=Bādà wǎn|links=no}}), a combination of eight main meat dishes, and the Four Great Stews ({{zh|s=四大扒|hp=sì dà bā|links=no}}), which actually refers to a large number of stews, which may include chicken, duck, seafood, beef, and [[mutton]].

The four foods that are considered to be delicacies of Tianjin include [[Go Believe|Goubuli]] [[baozi]], Guifaxiang Shibajie Mahua ({{zh|s=十八街麻花|hp=shíbā jiē máhuā|links=no}}), Erduoyan Zhagao ({{zh|s=耳朵眼炸糕|hp=erduoyǎn zhà gāo|links=no}}) and Maobuwen [[Jiaozi]] ({{zh|s=猫不闻饺子|hp=māo bù wén jiǎozi|links=no}}). Known foods include Caoji donkey meat, Bazhen sheep-leg mutton of Guanshengyuan, Luji Tangmian Zhagao, Baiji Shuijiao, Gaogan of Zhilanzhai, Guobacai of Dafulai, Subao of Shitoumenkan and Xiaobao chestnut. These snacks are available in Nanshi Food Street, which has food from Tianjin.

==Transport{{anchor|Transportation}}==
{{Main|Transport in Tianjin}}The transportation system in Tianjin is considered to be relatively effective, inclusive and [[Sustainable transport|sustainable]]. The city received the [[Sustainable Transport Award]] for 2024 due to its efforts to improve and expand [[Active mobility|non motorized]] and [[public transport]], as well as to make it [[Accessibility (transport)|accessible]]. The policy of the city had an impact on policies at the regional and country level and received support from the World Bank (transportation in Tianjin is its biggest investment in this domain). According to a statement of the Institute for Transportation & Development about policy that resulted in the award, "Thus, the city's recent investments into sustainable mobility policy and infrastructure have the potential to serve as a model for the rest of China, as the nation works towards achieving carbon neutrality before 2060."<ref>{{cite news |title=Tianjin China receives 2024 sustainable transport award for walking cycling and public transport improvements |url=https://prwireindia.com/press-release/tianjin-china-receives-2024-sustainable-transport-award-for-walking-cycling-and-public-transport-improvements |access-date=26 January 2024 |agency=PR WIRE India |archive-date=January 26, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126150415/https://prwireindia.com/press-release/tianjin-china-receives-2024-sustainable-transport-award-for-walking-cycling-and-public-transport-improvements |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=January 8, 2024 |title=Tianjin, China Receives 2024 Sustainable Transport Award for Focus on Cycling and Walking Infrastructure |url=https://www.itdp.org/2024/01/08/tianjin-china-receives-2024-sustainable-transport-award/ |access-date=26 January 2024 |website=Institute for Transportation & Development policy |archive-date=January 26, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126150416/https://www.itdp.org/2024/01/08/tianjin-china-receives-2024-sustainable-transport-award/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Airport===
[[File:Tianjin_Binhai_International_Airport_201509.jpg|thumb|[[Tianjin Binhai International Airport]] Terminal 1 and 2]]
[[Tianjin Binhai International Airport]] is located in [[Dongli District]] and is roughly {{convert|13|km|0|abbr=on}} away from the city's downtown area. Tianjin is also served by the new [[Beijing Daxing International Airport]] in [[Beijing]].

===Port of Tianjin===
[[File:TianjinPortContainerTerminalandOrientContainerTerminal.jpg|thumb|[[Port of Tianjin]] pilot boat berth]]
The [[Port of Tianjin]] is China's largest artificial deep water harbor; its throughput capacity is the fifth largest in the world. Located in the Binhai Economic Zone, a national new economic zone of China, Tianjin Harbor is a port for international cruises visiting the wider area, including [[Beijing]].

===Trams===
[[File:New_Tram_in_Tianjin.jpg|thumb|The [[TEDA Modern Guided Rail Tram]] is one of the two rubber tire tram systems in Asia.]]
{{Main|Trams in Tianjin|TEDA Modern Guided Rail Tram}}
Tianjin's harbor area of Binhai/TEDA has a modern, high-speed rubber-tired tram system; it is the first of its kind in China and Asia. Constructed in 2006, the system marked a return of the tram to Tianjin, which once had a standard steel-wheeled tramway network. The original Tianjin tram network was constructed by a Belgian company<ref>{{Cite web |title=Souvenirs de Chine: The story of a Belgian engineer and doctors in China 1898-1908 |url=https://www.ugent.be/vandenhove/en/exhibitions/archive/souvenirs-de-chine-the-story-of-a-belgian-engineer-and-doctors-in-china-1898-1908 |access-date=October 4, 2021 |archive-date=October 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004233116/https://www.ugent.be/vandenhove/en/exhibitions/archive/souvenirs-de-chine-the-story-of-a-belgian-engineer-and-doctors-in-china-1898-1908 |url-status=live }}</ref> in 1904 and opened in 1906. It was the first citywide tramway system in China. It closed in 1972.

===Metro===
[[File:天津轨道交通--刘园折返线.jpg|thumb|The [[Tianjin Metro]] near Liuyuan station]]
The [[Tianjin Metro]] was formerly operated by two companies, Tianjin Metro General Corporation and Tianjin Binhai Mass Transit Development Company. However, in 2017, the two companies merged to form the Tianjin Rail Transit Group Corporation. It is currently under expansion to create five to nine lines.{{cn|date=October 2024}} A total of six lines are currently operating in the city and the Binhai area. As of April 2019, the entire network of [[Tianjin Metro]] has 155 stations and 6 lines.

Construction work on the Tianjin Metro started on July 4, 1970. It was the second metro to be built in China and commenced service in 1984. The total length of track was {{convert|7.4|km|0|sp=us}}. The metro service was suspended on October 9, 2001, for reconstruction. The original line is now part of [[Line 1, Tianjin Metro|Line 1]] of the new metro system. It was reopened to the public in June 2006. The track was extended to {{convert|26.2|km|3|abbr=on}};<ref>{{Cite web |title=UrbanRail.Net > Asia > China > TIANJIN (Tientsin) Subway |url=http://www.urbanrail.net/as/cn/tian/tianjin.htm |access-date=October 4, 2021 |archive-date=December 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226135017/http://urbanrail.net/as/cn/tian/tianjin.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> there is now a total of 22 stations. Construction work on Line 2 and Line 3 was completed in 2012; the two lines are now in operation. Several new metro lines have been planned.

The two rapid transit operators in Tianjin are responsible for the service as follows:

* Tianjin Metro General Corporation operates Lines 1, 2, 3 and 6.
* Tianjin Binhai Mass Transit Development Company. operates Lines 5 and 9

===Rail===
[[File:Tianjin_Station_03.jpg|thumb|[[Tianjin railway station]]]]
There are several railway stations in the city, [[Tianjin railway station]] being one of them. It was built in 1888. The station was initially located at Wangdaozhuang ({{zh|s=旺道庄|t=旺道莊|hp=Wàngdàozhuāng|links=no}}). The station was later moved to Laolongtou ({{zh|s=老龙头|t=老龍頭|hp=Lǎolóngtóu|links=no}}) on the banks of the [[Hai He]] River in 1892; as a result, the station was renamed as Laolongtou Railway Station. The station was completely rebuilt in 1988. The rebuilding work began on April 15, 1987, and was finished on October 1, 1988. The Tianjin Railway Station is also locally known as the 'East Station', due to its geographic position. In January 2007, the station began another long-term restructuring project to modernize the facility as part of the larger Tianjin transport hub project, which involves [[Tianjin Metro]] lines 2, 3, and 9, as well as the Tianjin-Beijing High-Speed Rail.

[[Tianjin West railway station]] and [[Tianjin North railway station]] are also railway stations in Tianjin. [[Tanggu railway station]] is located in the port area of [[Tanggu District]]; [[Binhai railway station]] and [[Binhai North railway station]] are located to the north of Tanggu in [[Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area|TEDA]]. There are several other railway stations in the city that do not handle passenger traffic. Construction on a [[Beijing-Tianjin high-speed rail]]way began on July 4, 2005, and was completed during August 2008.

The following [[Rail transport in the People's Republic of China|rail lines]] go through Tianjin:

* [[Jingshan Railway]] (travels from Beijing to [[Shanhai Pass]])
* [[Jinpu Railway]] (travels from Tianjin to [[Pukou District]], [[Nanjing]])
* Jinji Railway (travels from the urban area of Tianjin to [[Ji County, Tianjin|Ji County]], Tianjin)
* Jinba Railway (travels from Tianjin to [[Bazhou City|Bazhou]], Hebei)

[[File:炫彩津门0天津西站全景Panorama_of_Tianjin_West_Railway_Station.jpg|thumb|[[Tianjin West railway station]]]]
The inter-city trains between Beijing and Tianjin will adopt a new numbering system using the letter C (C stands for InterCity) followed by four numbers. The train numbers range between C2001 and C2298. The number ranges are divided into three different groups, which provide information about where a train will go:

* C2001–C2198: Directly from Beijing South Station to Tianjin
* C2201–C2268: From Beijing South Station to Tianjin, with stops at Wuqing Station (武清站)
* C2271–C2298: From Beijing South Station to Yujiapu Railway Station in Tianjin<ref>{{cite web |date=July 31, 2008 |title=New Beijing-Tianjin intercity train numbering system |url=http://www.shike.org.cn/news.asp?nId=3175 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720154522/http://www.shike.org.cn/news.asp?nId=3175 |archive-date=July 20, 2011 |access-date=March 15, 2011 |publisher=Shike.org.cn}}</ref>

The new C trains take 30 minutes to travel between Beijing and Tianjin; the trains make the journey with half the time used by the previous D trains. The ticket price, as of Aug 15, 2008, is 69 [[Renminbi|RMB]] for first-class seating and 58 RMB for second-class seating.

===Bus===
[[File:4-2527_at_Jichangyihaolu_(20200515120228).jpg|thumb|Tianjin Bus Route 678]]
There were over 900 bus lines in the city {{As of|2005|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=天津公交 |url=http://www.tjbus.com/frontpage/index.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304141924/https://www.tjbus.com/frontpage/index.aspx |archive-date=March 4, 2010 |access-date=January 25, 2010}} Tianjin Bus Company official website. {{in lang|zh}}</ref>

===Roads and expressways===
Some roads and bridges, such as  [[Three Principles of the People|Minquan]] Gate and [[Beiyang]] Road, have retained names given to them while the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] (1912–1949) was in power. As in other cities in China, some roads in Tianjin are named after Chinese provinces and cities. Unlike Beijing, Tianjin has few roads that run parallel to the four [[cardinal direction]]s.

Tianjin has three ring roads. The Inner and Middle Ring Roads are not closed, traffic-controlled roadways and some often have traffic light intersections. The Outer Ring Road is similar to a highway-level ring road. The road experiences traffic.

* [[Inner Ring Road (Tianjin)|Inner Ring Road ''(neihuan)'']]
* [[Middle Ring Road (Tianjin)|Middle Ring Road ''(zhonghuan)'']]
* [[Outer Ring Road (Tianjin)|Outer Ring Road ''(waihuan)'']]

Tianjin's roads often finish in ''dao'' ({{zh|s=道|l=avenue|links=no}}) and ''xian'' ({{zh|s=线|t=線|l=line|links=no}}). These suffixes are most often used for highways and [[through route]]s. The terms ''lu'' ({{zh|s=路|l=road|links=no}}) and j''ie'' ({{zh|s=街|l=street|links=no}}) are not generally used. As Tianjin's roads are tend to not be in cardinal directions, ''jing'' ({{zh|s=经|t=經|l=avenue|links=no}}) roads and ''wei'' ({{zh|s=纬|t=緯|l=avenue|links=no}}) roads appear; these roads attempt to run more directly north–south and east–west, respectively.

The following seven [[expressways of China]] run in or through Tianjin:

* [[Jingjintang Expressway]] (travels from Beijing, through Tianjin's urban area, to [[Tanggu District]] / [[Tianjin Economic Development Area|TEDA]])
* [[Jinghu Expressway]] (travels from Jinjing Gonglu Bridge to Shanghai; similarly to [[Jingjintang Expressway]], this expressway travels from Beijing to Shanghai)
* [[Beijing−Shenyang Expressway|Jingshen Expressway]] (travels through [[Baodi District]] on its way from Beijing to [[Shenyang]])
* [[Tangjin Expressway]] (travels from [[Tanggu District]], Tianjin, to [[Tangshan]], Hebei''—''known as the Jintang Expressway in Tianjin)
* [[Baojin Expressway]] (travels from [[Beichen District]], Tianjin, to [[Baoding]], Hebei''—''known as the Jinbao Expressway in Tianjin)
* [[Jinbin Expressway]] (travels from Zhangguizhuang Bridge to Hujiayuan Bridge; both bridges are in Tianjin)
* [[Jinji Expressway]] (travels from central Tianjin to [[Jixian County]])

The following six [[China National Highway]]s pass through Tianjin:

* [[China National Highway 102]] (travels through [[Ji County, Tianjin]] on its way from Beijing to [[Harbin]]
* [[China National Highway 103]] (travels from Beijing, through Tianjin's urban area, to [[Tanggu District]])
* [[China National Highway 104]] (travels from Beijing, through Tianjin Municipality, to [[Fuzhou]])
* [[China National Highway 105]] (travels from Beijing, through Tianjin Municipality, to [[Macau]])
* [[China National Highway 112]] (a circular highway around Beijing; passes through Tianjin Municipality)
* [[China National Highway 205]] (travels from [[Shanhaiguan District|Shanhaiguan]], Hebei, through Tianjin Municipality, to [[Guangzhou]])

==Religion==
Some residents of Tianjin participate in [[Chinese folk religion|indigenous religious practices]], such as the worship of [[Mazu]], a sea goddess. Tianjin also contains the [[Temple of Great Compassion]] (a [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] temple), [[St. Joseph Cathedral (Tianjin)|St. Joseph's Cathedral]] (a [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] cathedral also known as Laoxikai Church), and [[Our Lady of Victory Church, Tianjin|Our Lady of Victory Church]] (a Catholic church also known as Wanghailou Church). A [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Tianjin]] exists.<ref>{{cite web |date=April 16, 2007 |title=Refugee Review Tribunal Australia – RRT Research Response |url=http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?docid=4b6fe1800 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108061010/http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?docid=4b6fe1800 |archive-date=January 8, 2014 |access-date=January 8, 2014}}</ref> According to the Chinese General Social Survey of 2009, Christians constitute 1.51% of the city's population.<ref name="Wang20152">China General Social Survey (CGSS) 2009. Report by: [https://baylor-ir.tdl.org/baylor-ir/bitstream/handle/2104/9326/WANG-THESIS-2015.pdf?sequence=1 Xiuhua Wang (2015, p. 15)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925123928/https://baylor-ir.tdl.org/baylor-ir/bitstream/handle/2104/9326/WANG-THESIS-2015.pdf?sequence=1|date=September 25, 2015}}</ref> Tianjin has been described as a historically "strong center" of [[Islam in China]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Raphael Israeli |title=Islam in China: Religion, Ethnicity, Culture, and Politics |date=2002 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=9780739103753 |page=105}}</ref> Northwestern Tianjin has traditionally been the location of the Muslim quarter of the city, where Muslims have lived for centuries; the area is near the city's Great Mosque, ''Qingzhen si'', which was founded in 1703.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Ruth Rogaski |url=https://archive.org/details/hygienicmodernit0000roga |title=Hygienic Modernity: Meanings of Health and Disease in Treaty-Port China |date=2004 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520930605 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/hygienicmodernit0000roga/page/56 56], 171, 245 |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture |date=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195309911 |editor1-last=Bloom |editor1-first=Jonathan |page=484 |editor2-last=Blair |editor2-first=Sheila S.}}</ref> The city also contains the Dahuoxiang Mosque.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/chinesearchitect0000unse/page/36 |title=Chinese Architecture |date=2002 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=9780300095593 |editor1-last=Steinhardt |editor1-first=Nancy Shatzman |edition=illustrated |page=[https://archive.org/details/chinesearchitect0000unse/page/36 36]}}</ref>
[[File:MazuTemple.jpg|thumb|A [[Mazu (goddess)|Mazu]] temple in Tianjin]]
[[File:天津的瓷房子.jpg|thumb|House decorated by more than seven hundred million pieces of ceramic]]
[[File:炫彩津门11Tianjin_Eye_and_Haihe_River.jpg|thumb|[[Tianjin Eye]]]]
[[File:炫彩津门31Tianjin_Museum.jpg|thumb|[[Tianjin Museum]]]]
[[File:炫彩津门30天津意大利风情区.jpg|thumb|[[Tianjin Italian Town]]]]

==Sports==
Sports teams based in Tianjin include the following:

* [[Tianjin Jinmen Tiger F.C.|Tianjin Jinmen Tiger FC]] (in the [[Chinese Super League]] of professional football)
* [[Tianjin Lions]] (in the [[China Baseball League]])
* [[Tianjin Pioneers]] (in the [[Chinese Basketball Association]])
* [[Tianjin Bohai Bank women's volleyball team]] (in the [[Chinese Volleyball League]])

[[File:Tianjin_shuidi.JPG|thumb|[[Tianjin Olympic Center Stadium]], [[Nankai District]]]]
[[File:Tianjin1.JPG|thumb|[[TEDA Football Stadium]], [[Binhai District]]]]
The [[1995 World Table Tennis Championships]], the [[2013 East Asian Games]], and the [[2017 National Games of China]] were hosted by the city. Tianjin was scheduled to be one of the host cities for the expanded [[FIFA Club World Cup]] in [[2021 FIFA Club World Cup|2021]] before its cancellation due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. It was also scheduled to be one of the host cities for the [[2023 AFC Asian Cup]] before China's withdrawal as the host.

Since 2014, a [[Women's Tennis Association|WTA]] international [[Tianjin Open|tennis]] tournament has taken place in Tianjin every year at the Tuanbo International Tennis Center.

==Martial arts==
For some centuries, Tianjin and Beijing had been considered centers for traditional Chinese martial arts. Formerly and currently practiced martial arts including ''[[bajiquan]]'', ''[[piguazhang]]'', ''[[xingyiquan]]'', and ''[[baguazhang]]'' have been practiced in the city.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cook Ding's Kitchen: The World of Martial Arts That Has Long Since Passed |url=http://cookdingskitchen.blogspot.co.il/2013/06/the-world-of-martial-arts-that-has-long.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140801020004/http://cookdingskitchen.blogspot.co.il/2013/06/the-world-of-martial-arts-that-has-long.html |archive-date=August 1, 2014 |access-date=August 9, 2014 |work=cookdingskitchen.blogspot.co.il}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Cook Ding's Kitchen: Master Zhou: The Man, The Artist, The Teacher |url=http://cookdingskitchen.blogspot.co.il/2012/12/master-zhou-man-artist-teacher.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117032135/http://cookdingskitchen.blogspot.co.il/2012/12/master-zhou-man-artist-teacher.html |archive-date=November 17, 2015 |access-date=August 9, 2014 |work=cookdingskitchen.blogspot.co.il}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Martial Spirit of Tianjin – An Interview with Nitzan Oren By Jonathan Bluestein. – Masters of the IMA |url=http://wulinmingshi.wordpress.com/2014/05/29/the-martial-spirit-of-tianjin-an-interview-with-nitzan-oren-by-jonathan-bluestein/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814165050/http://wulinmingshi.wordpress.com/2014/05/29/the-martial-spirit-of-tianjin-an-interview-with-nitzan-oren-by-jonathan-bluestein/ |archive-date=August 14, 2014 |access-date=August 9, 2014 |work=Masters of the IMA}}</ref> The martial arts that the city is known most for are Hong Qiao and Nankai. Martial artists practice in public green spaces such as [[Xigu Park]] and the [[Tianjin Water Park]].

== Education ==
=== Colleges and universities ===
{{Main list|List of universities and colleges in Tianjin
}} {{Multiple image
| align             = right
| direction         = vertical
| width             = 200
| image1            = 天津大学南开大学联合研究大厦201608.jpg
| caption1          = [[Tianjin University]] and [[Nankai University]] Joint Research Building
| image2            = 天津师范大学主校区.jpg
| caption2          = [[Tianjin Normal University]]
}}

The following universities are under the jurisdiction of the [[Ministry of Education (China)|national Ministry of Education]]:

* [[Tianjin University]] (founded in 1895; the first modern university in China)
* [[Nankai University]] (founded in 1919)

The following are under the jurisdiction of the municipal government:

* [[Tianjin Academy of Fine Arts]]
* [[Tianjin Agricultural College]]
* [[Tianjin Chengjian University]]
* [[Tianjin Conservatory of Music]]
* [[Tianjin Foreign Studies University]]
* [[Tianjin Institute of Physical Education]]
* [[Tianjin Medical University]]
* [[Tianjin Normal University]]
* [[Tianjin Polytechnic University]]
* [[Tianjin University of Commerce]]
* [[Tianjin University of Finance & Economics]]
* [[Tianjin University of Science & Technology]]
* [[Tianjin University of Technology]]
* [[Tianjin University of Technology and Education]]
* [[Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine]]

[[File:Tianjin_Juilliard_School.jpg|thumb|[[Tianjin Juilliard School]] in Binhai,Tianjin]]
The following are under the jurisdiction of the national [[Civil Aviation Authority of China]]:

* [[Civil Aviation University of China]]

The following are under the Hebei Provincial People's Government:

* [[Hebei University of Technology]] (founded 1903, the earliest institute of technology in China)

The following are foreign institutions:

* The [[Florida International University Tianjin Center]] (opened in 2006 as a cooperative venture between the municipal government and the Miami-based university)
* The Great Wall MBA Program of the [[Oklahoma City University]]'s [[Meinders School of Business]] (established in 1986 on the campus of the [[Tianjin University of Finance & Economics]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Great Wall MBA Program |url=http://www.okcu.edu/business/global/greatwall.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610025551/http://www.okcu.edu/business/global/greatwall.aspx |archive-date=June 10, 2010 |access-date=December 11, 2012 |publisher=Okcu.edu}}</ref>
* Raffles Design Institute Tianjin is a joint-project between the [[Tianjin University of Commerce]], [[Boustead College]] and the [[Raffles Design Institute]] in Singapore.
* The [[Tianjin Juilliard School]] is a branch of the [[Juilliard School]] located in Binhai, Tianjin, China.

The following is a private institution:

* [[Boustead College]]

Institutions without full-time bachelor programs are not listed above.

=== High schools ===
{{Multiple image
| align             = right
| direction         = vertical
| width             = 200
| image1            = 耀华学校老校门.jpg
| caption1          = [[Yaohua High School]]
| image2            = 20zhongxue.JPG
| caption2          = Tianjin No.20 High School
}}

* [[Tianjin Nankai High School]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|天津市南开中学}})
* Tianjin No. 1 High School ({{lang|zh-Hans|天津市第一中学}})<ref>{{cite web |title=Tianjin No. 1 High School |url=http://www.tjyz.org/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040429015011/http://www.tjyz.org/ |archive-date=April 29, 2004 |access-date=December 11, 2012 |publisher=Tjyz.org}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=January 2014}}
* [[Yaohua High School|Tianjin Yaohua Middle School]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|天津市耀华中学}}) was founded in 1927. It was previously known as Tianjin Gongxue by Lefeng Zhuang; it was renamed as Tianjin Yaohua Middle School in 1934.
* [[Tianjin Xinhua High School]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|天津市新华中学}})<ref>{{cite web |title=Tianjin Xinhua High School |url=http://www.xinhuaedu.cn/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040520205809/http://www.xinhuaedu.cn/ |archive-date=May 20, 2004 |access-date=December 11, 2012 |website=Xinhuaedu.cn}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=January 2014}}
* Tianjin Experimental High School ({{lang|zh-Hans|天津市实验中学}})<ref>[http://www.tjsyzx.cn/ Tianjin Shiyan High School] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815004000/http://www.tjsyzx.cn/|date=August 15, 2015}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=January 2014}}
* Tianjin No. 21 High School ({{lang|zh-Hans|天津第二十一中學}}) (formerly Fahan College—{{zh|labels=no|t=法漢學堂|l=College}}), was founded in 1895. The French ambassador to China and consul general in Tianjin <!--授意紫竹林教堂創辦--> called it the French academy. It was renamed "{{lang|zh-Hant|工部局學校}}" in 1902, before moving to its current address in 1916, when it was renamed Fahan College ({{lang|zh-Hant|法漢學堂}}); in French, it is still known as "Ecole Municipale Francaise". The school is located in an area with political and cultural education in Heping district and is adjacent to the largest Catholic church in northern China; thus, the main building of the school has retained its church-like appearance. The school covers an area of 10.1 [[Mu (unit of area)|mu]] (6.7&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>); the building's floor has an area of 10,300 square meters.
* Tianjin Tianjin High School ({{lang|zh-Hans|天津市天津中学}})
* Tianjin Fuxing High School ({{lang|zh-Hans|天津市复兴中学}})
* Tianjin Ruijing High School ({{lang|zh-Hans|天津市瑞景中学}})
* The Foreign Languages School Affiliated with the Tianjin Foreign Studies University (TFLS; {{lang|zh-Hans|天津外国语学院附属外国语学校}})<ref>{{cite web |title=Tianjin Foreign Languages School (TFLS) |url=http://www.tjfls.cn/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115215531/http://www.tjfls.cn/ |archive-date=January 15, 2013 |access-date=December 11, 2012 |website=Tjfls.cn}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=January 2014}}
* [[Tianjin No.20 High School|Tianjin No. 20 High School]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|天津市第二十中学}})
* Tianjin No. 4 High School ({{lang|zh-Hans|天津市第四中学}})<ref>{{cite web |date=March 28, 2012 |title=Tianjin No. 4 High School |url=http://www.tj4z.cn/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707085900/http://www.tj4z.cn/ |archive-date=July 7, 2014 |access-date=December 11, 2012 |publisher=Tj4z.cn}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=January 2014}}
* Tianjin Yangcun No. 1 High School ({{lang|zh-Hans|天津市杨村第一中学}})
* Tianjin Ji No. 1 High School ({{lang|zh-Hans|天津市蓟县第一中学}})
* Tianjin Dagang No. 1 High School ({{lang|zh-Hans|天津市大港第一中学}})
* Tianjin Second Nankai High School ({{lang|zh-Hans|天津市第二南开中学}})<ref>{{cite web |title=Tianjin Second Nankai High School |url=http://www.tj.xinhuanet.com/campus/nankai/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822212157/http://www.tj.xinhuanet.com/campus/nankai/ |archive-date=August 22, 2009 |access-date=December 11, 2012 |publisher=Tj.xinhuanet.com}}</ref>
* Tianjin Tanggu No. 1 High School ({{lang|zh-Hans|天津市塘沽第一中学}})
* Tianjin No. 42 High School ({{lang|zh-Hans|天津市第四十二中学}})
* Tianjin Baodi No. 1 High School ({{lang|zh-Hans|天津市宝坻第一中学}})
* Tianjin Dagang Oilfield Experimental High School ({{lang|zh-Hans|天津市大港油田实验中学}})
* [[Tianjin No.47 High School|Tianjin No. 47 High School]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|天津市第四十七中学}})<ref>{{cite web |title=Tianjin No. 47 High School |url=http://www.tj47zx.net/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927195525/http://www.tj47zx.net/ |archive-date=September 27, 2013 |access-date=September 14, 2013 |publisher=Tj47zx.org}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=January 2014}}
* Tianjin No. 7 High School ({{lang|zh-Hans|天津市第七中学}})<ref>{{cite web |title=Tianjin No. 7 High School |url=http://www.tjqz.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906063649/http://tjqz.org/ |archive-date=September 6, 2011 |access-date=December 11, 2012 |publisher=Tjqz.org}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=January 2014}}
* Tianjin Jinghai No. 1 High School ({{lang|zh-Hans|天津市静海第一中学}})
* Tianjin Haihe High School ({{lang|zh-Hans|天津市海河中学}})
* Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area No. 1 High School ({{lang|zh-Hans|天津经济技术开发区第一中学}})
* Tianjin No. 55 High School ({{lang|zh-Hans|天津市第五十五中学}})
* Tianjin High School Affiliated with Beijing Normal University ({{lang|zh-Hans|北京师范大学天津附属中学}})
* Tianjin No. 21 High School ({{lang|zh-Hans|天津市第二十一中学}})
* Tianjin Xianshuigu No. 1 High School ({{lang|zh-Hans|天津市咸水沽第一中学}})
* The High School Affiliated with Nankai University ({{lang|zh-Hans|南开大学附属中学}})
* Tianjin No. 41 High School ({{lang|zh-Hans|天津市第四十一中学}})
* Tianjin Lutai No. 1 High School ({{lang|zh-Hans|天津市芦台第一中学}})
* Tianjin No. 2 High School ({{lang|zh-Hans|天津市第二中学}})
* Tianjin No. 3 High School ({{lang|zh-Hans|天津市第三中学}})
* Tianjin Huiwen High School ({{lang|zh-Hans|天津市汇文中学}})
* Tianjin Chonghua High School ({{lang|zh-Hans|天津市崇化中学}})
* Tianjin No. 100 High School ({{lang|zh-Hans|天津市第一〇〇中学}})
* Tianjin Hangu No. 1 High School ({{lang|zh-Hans|天津市汉沽第一中学}})
* Tianjin Ziyun High School ({{lang|zh-Hans|天津市紫云中学}})
* Tianjin No. 102 High School ({{lang|zh-Hans|天津市第一〇二中学}})
* Tianjin No. 45 High School ({{lang|zh-Hans|天津市第四十五中学}})
* Tianjin No. 25 High School ({{lang|zh-Hans|天津市第二十五中学}})
* The High School Affiliated with Tianjin University ({{lang|zh-Hans|天津大学附属中学}})
* Tianjin No. 5 High School ({{lang|zh-Hans|天津市第五中学}})<ref>{{cite web |title=Tianjin No. 5 High School |url=http://www.tj5ms.cn/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231074854/http://www.tj5ms.cn/ |archive-date=December 31, 2010 |access-date=December 11, 2012 |publisher=Tj5ms.cn}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=January 2014}}
* Tianjin Yangliuqing No. 1 High School ({{lang|zh-Hans|天津市杨柳青第一中学}})
* Tianjin No. 14 High School ({{lang|zh-Hans|天津市第十四中学}})
* Tianjin National High School ({{lang|zh-Hans|天津市民族中学}})
* Tianjin No. 54 High School ({{lang|zh-Hans|天津市第五十四中学}})
* Tianjin No. 43 High School ({{lang|zh-Hans|天津市第四十三中学}})
* Tianjin Ironworks No. 2 High School ({{lang|zh-Hans|天津铁厂第二中学}})
* Tianjin No. 9 High School ({{lang|zh-Hans|天津市第九中学}})
* Tianjin No. 57 High School ({{lang|zh-Hans|天津市第五十七中学}})
* Tianjin No. 51 High School ({{lang|zh-Hans|天津市第五十一中学}})
* Tianjin Fulun High School ({{lang|zh-Hans|天津市扶轮中学}})
* Tianjin Bohai Petroleum No. 1 High School ({{lang|zh-Hans|天津市渤海石油第一中学}})

===Middle schools===

* [[Tianjin No. 7 Middle School]]

==Notable people from Tianjin==<!--Please keep in alphabetical order-->

* [[Hou Baolin]] (1917{{ndash}}1993; [[xiangsheng]] performer)
* [[Xia Baolong]] (1952{{ndash}}; Chinese politician and member of the [[National People's Congress Environment Protection and Resources Conservation Committee]])
* [[Zhang Boli (physician)|Zhang Boli]] (1948{{ndash}}; [[traditional Chinese medicine]] practitioner)
* [[Qin Gang]] (1966{{ndash}}; former Chinese Ambassador to the United States and current Chinese foreign minister)
* [[Yu Genwei]] (1974{{ndash}}; professional football midfielder; manager)
* [[Wang Hao (diver)|Wang Hao]] (1992{{ndash}}; diver who is a world champion)
* [[Liu Huan]] (1963{{ndash}}; modern singer and songwriter; professor of western music at the [[University of International Business and Economics (Beijing)|Beijing University of International Business and Economics]])
* [[Li Ruihuan]] (1934{{ndash}}; Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference from 1993 to 2003)
* [[Wen Jiabao]] (1942{{ndash}}; [[Premier of the People's Republic of China|premier of China]] from 2003 to 2013)
* [[Hao Jingfang]] (1987{{ndash}}; science-fiction writer)
* [[Harry Kingman]] (1892{{ndash}}1982; the only major league baseball player born in China)
* [[Robert Ya Fu Lee]] (1913–1986; actor)
* [[Eric Liddell]] (1902{{ndash}}1945; Olympic gold medalist)
* [[Gao Lingwei]] (1870{{ndash}}1940; former [[premier of the Republic of China]] 1923–1924)
* [[Gao Lingwen]] (1862–1945; founder of Tianjin's first public school)
* [[Adeline Yen Mah]] (1937{{ndash}}; Chinese-born American author of ''Falling Leaves'' and ''Chinese Cinderella: The Secret Story of an Unwanted Daughter'')
* [[Lemon Zhang|Zhang Meng]] (1988{{ndash}}; actress)
* [[Yu Min (physicist)|Yu Min]] (1926{{ndash}}2019; nuclear physicist who is referred to as "the father of [[Test No. 6|Chinese Hydrogen Bomb]]")
* [[Zhang Pengxiang]] (1980{{ndash}}; chess grandmaster)
* [[Liu Ping (sprinter)|Liu Ping]] (1984{{ndash}}; [[Paralympic Games|Paralympic]] gold medalist sprinter)
* [[Chang Po-ling]] (1876{{ndash}}1951; founder of [[Nankai University]])
* [[Wang Qiang (tennis)|Wang Qiang]] (1992{{ndash}}; Chinese professional female tennis player)
* [[Zhou Ruchang]] (1918{{ndash}}2012; Chinese [[Redology|Redologist]] and calligrapher)
* [[Shao Fang Sheng]] (1917–2009; Chinese artist)
* [[Peng Shuai]] (1986{{ndash}}; Chinese professional female tennis player)
* [[Zhang Shuai (tennis)|Zhang Shuai]] (1989{{ndash}}; Chinese professional female tennis player)
* [[Lubert Stryer]] (1938{{ndash}}; American professor of biochemistry)
* [[Lam Suet]] (1964{{ndash}}; actor from Hong Kong)
* [[Hu Xianxu]] (2000{{ndash}}; Chinese actor)
* [[Wu Ma|Fung Wang-yuen (Wu Ma)]] (1942{{ndash}}2014; actor, director, producer, and writer for movies)
* [[Tan Xue]] (1984{{ndash}}; Olympic and world champion fencer)
* [[Zhao Yanming]] (1981{{ndash}}; professional football goalkeeper)
* [[Sun Yaoting]] (1902{{ndash}}1992; last surviving imperial [[eunuch]] from China)
* [[Shang Yi]] (1979{{ndash}}; professional football midfielder and sports commentator)
* [[Yang Yi (translator)|Yang Yi]] (1919–2023; translated ''[[Wuthering Heights]]'' into Chinese)
* [[Chen Yibing]] (1984{{ndash}}; world champion and Olympic gold medal-winning gymnast)
* [[Xu Yifan]] (1988{{ndash}}; professional tennis player)
* [[Yu Ying-shih]] (1930{{ndash}}2021; historian and [[Sinology|Sinologist]])
* [[Duan Yingying]] (1989{{ndash}}; Chinese professional female tennis player)
* [[Cui Yongyuan]] (1963{{ndash}}; television personality)
* [[Ed Young (illustrator)|Ed Tse-chun Young]] (1931{{ndash}}2023; award-winning Chinese-American children's book writer and illustrator)
* [[Huo Yuanjia]] (1868{{ndash}}1910; Chinese martial artist and co-founder of the [[Chin Woo Athletic Association]])
* [[Zhang Yuxuan]] (1994{{ndash}}; professional female tennis player)
* [[An Zhongxin]] (1971{{ndash}}; Olympic silver medalist for softball)
* [[Juliana Young Koo]] (1905{{ndash}}2017; Chinese-American diplomat worked in the UN Protocol Department, widow of [[Wellington Koo]])
* [[Niohuru X]] (drag performer, fashion designer, and make-up artist)

== Twin towns and sister cities ==
{{Main list|List of twin towns and sister cities in China}}

* {{flagdeco|JPN}} [[Kobe]], [[Hyōgo Prefecture]], Japan
* {{flagdeco|JPN}} [[Chiba (city)|Chiba]], [[Chiba Prefecture]], Japan<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.clair.or.jp/cgi-bin/simai/e/03.cgi?p=12&n=Chiba%20Prefecture |title = International Exchange |work = List of Affiliation Partners within Prefectures |publisher = Council of Local Authorities for International Relations (CLAIR) |language=en |access-date=November 21, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304204202/http://www.clair.or.jp/cgi-bin/simai/e/03.cgi?p=12&n=Chiba%20Prefecture |archive-date=March 4, 2016 }}</ref>
* {{flagdeco|ROK}} [[Incheon]], South Korea
* {{flagdeco|US}}{{flagdeco|Alabama}} [[Mobile, Alabama]], United States<ref>{{cite web |url = https://asiamattersforamerica.org/asia/data/sister-partnerships |title = Sister Partnerships by US State – Asia Matters for America |access-date = January 9, 2020 |archive-date = April 23, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210423180922/https://asiamattersforamerica.org/asia/data/sister-partnerships |url-status = live }}</ref>
* {{Flagdeco|US}}{{flagdeco|Massachusetts}} [[Fitchburg, Massachusetts]], United States
* {{flagdeco|US}}{{flagdeco|Pennsylvania}} [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]], United States
* {{flagdeco|AUS}}{{flagdeco|Victoria}} [[Melbourne]], Victoria, Australia
* {{flagdeco|THA}} [[Bangkok]], Thailand
* {{flagdeco|CAM}} [[Phnom Penh]], Cambodia
* {{flagdeco|DPRK}} [[Pyongyang]], North Korea<ref name="Corfield2013">{{cite book|last=Corfield|first=Justin|title=Historical Dictionary of Pyongyang|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a46gFDWr3aMC&pg=PA196|year=2013|publisher=Anthem Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-85728-234-7|page=196|chapter=Sister Cities|access-date=October 22, 2017|archive-date=February 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218091156/https://books.google.com/books?id=a46gFDWr3aMC&pg=PA196|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagdeco|BIH}} [[Sarajevo]], Bosnia and Herzegovina
*{{flagdeco|CIV}} [[Abidjan]], Côte d'Ivoire
* {{flagdeco|NED}} [[Groningen]], the Netherlands (since 1985)
* {{flagdeco|ISR}} [[Rishon LeZion]], Israel
* {{flagdeco|TUR}} [[İzmir]], Turkey
* {{flagdeco|VNM}} [[Haiphong]], Vietnam (since 1997)
* {{SGP}}
* {{flagdeco|ARG}} [[Mar del Plata]], Argentina (since 2001)
* {{flagdeco|CYP}} [[Larnaca]], Republic of Cyprus (since 2007)<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.larnaka.org.cy/en/page/adelfopoiiseis#.WOflptLyvIU |title=Twinnings |website=www.larnaka.org.cy |language=en |access-date=April 7, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170408082424/http://www.larnaka.org.cy/en/page/adelfopoiiseis#.WOflptLyvIU |archive-date=April 8, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* {{flagdeco|SWE}} [[Jönköping]], Sweden (since 1993)<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.jonkoping.se/kommunpolitik/internationelltarbete/sistercitytianjinikina.4.74fef9ab15548f0b8001a7c.html |title=jonkoping.se |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160822195615/http://www.jonkoping.se/kommunpolitik/internationelltarbete/sistercitytianjinikina.4.74fef9ab15548f0b8001a7c.html |archive-date=August 22, 2016 }}</ref>
* {{flagdeco|GRE}} [[Thessaloniki, Greece]] (since 2002)
* {{flagdeco|COL}} [[Cali|Cali, Colombia]] (since 2022)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cali |first=Casa Editorial El País |title=Cali firmó un "pacto de hermandad" con Tianjin, ciudad de la República de China |url=https://www.elpais.com.co/cali/firmo-un-pacto-de-hermandad-con-tianjin-ciudad-de-la-republica-de-china.html |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=elpais.com.co |date=March 22, 2022 |language=spanish |archive-date=April 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426065152/https://www.elpais.com.co/cali/firmo-un-pacto-de-hermandad-con-tianjin-ciudad-de-la-republica-de-china.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{portal|China|Cities}}
* Tianjin is also the name of an [[Asterism (astronomy)|asterism]] in the [[Chinese constellation]] of [[Girl (Chinese constellation)|Girl mansion]].

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* ''Miscellaneous series, Issues 7–11''. [[United States Department of Commerce]], [[Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce]], 1912.
* Walravens, Hartmut. "German Influence on the Press in China". – In: ''Newspapers in International Librarianship: Papers Presented by the Newspaper Section at IFLA General Conferences''. [[Walter de Gruyter]], January 1, 2003. {{ISBN|3110962799}}, {{ISBN|9783110962796}}.
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20030617073505/http://ifla.queenslibrary.org/IV/ifla62/62-walh.htm Also available at] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20030617073505/http://ifla.queenslibrary.org/IV/ifla62/62-walh.htm Archive]) the website of the [[Queens Library]] – This version does not include the footnotes visible in the Walter de Gruyter version
** Also available in Walravens, Hartmut and Edmund King. ''Newspapers in international librarianship: papers presented by the newspapers section at IFLA General Conferences''. [[K.G. Saur]], 2003. {{ISBN|3598218370}}, 9783598218378.
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* (fr) Mathieu Gotteland, ''Les forces de l'ordre japonaises à Tientsin, 1914–1940 : Un point de vue français'', Éditions universitaires européennes, 2015.
* {{cite book |title=Tientsin: An Illustrated Outline History |author=O. D. Rasmussen |oclc=2594229 |location=University of Michigan|publisher=Tientsin Press |year=1925 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E7w5AAAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite journal|doi=10.1017/S0018246X15000461|title=Italy's Informal Imperialism in Tianjin During the Liberal Epoch, 1902–1922|journal=The Historical Journal|volume=59|issue=2|pages=447–468|date=June 2016|last1=Donati|first1=Sabina|s2cid=163536150}}
* Maurizio Marinelli, Giovanni Andornino, ''Italy's Encounter with Modern China: Imperial dreams, strategic ambitions'', New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
* Maurizio Marinelli, "The Triumph of the Uncanny: Italians and Italian Architecture in Tianjin", In ''Cultural Studies Review'', Vol. 19, 2, 2013, 70–98.
* Maurizio Marinelli, "The Genesis of the Italian Concession in Tianjin: A Combination of Wishful Thinking and Realpolitik". ''Journal of Modern Italian Studies'', 15 (4), 2010: 536–556.

== External links ==
{{Commons and category|Tianjin|Tianjin}}
{{Wiktionary|Tianjin|Tientsin|T'ien-chin}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054614/http://www.tj.gov.cn/english/ Tianjin Government website]
*[http://en.china-tjftz.gov.cn/ China (Tianjin) Pilot Free Trade Zone] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102174918/http://en.china-tjftz.gov.cn/ |date=November 2, 2019 }}
* [http://info.hktdc.com/mktprof/china/mptij.htm Economic profile for Tianjin] at [[Hong Kong Trade Development Council|HKTDC]]
* [http://english.enorth.com.cn/ Official Tianjin Media Gateway] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020070323/http://english.enorth.com.cn/ |date=October 20, 2018 }}
* [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/china_city_plans/txu-oclc-6567184.jpg Historic US Army map of Tianjin, 1945]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gKt1PodYyvE Official promotional video of Tianjin City]
* {{cite EB1911 |wstitle = Tientsin }}

{{Clear}}
{{Geographic location
| Centre = Tianjin
| North = [[Chengde]] (Hebei)
| Northeast = [[Tangshan]] (Hebei)
| East = ''[[Bohai Gulf]]''
| Southeast = ''Bohai Gulf''
| South = [[Cangzhou]] (Hebei)
| Southwest = Cangzhou (Hebei)
| West = [[Langfang]] (Hebei)
| Northwest = Langfang (Hebei) and [[Beijing]]
}}
{{Navboxes
|title = Articles related to Tianjin
|list =
{{Tianjin}}
{{Roads and Expressways of Tianjin}}
{{Landmarks in Tianjin}}
{{Bo Hai}}
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{{Prefectural-level divisions of the People's Republic of China}}
{{Metropolitan cities of the People's Republic of China}}
{{World's most populous urban areas}}
{{Megacities}}
}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tianjin| ]]
[[Category:Municipalities of China]]
[[Category:Metropolitan areas of China]]
[[Category:North China Plain]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in China]]
[[Category:Province-level divisions of China]]
[[Category:Populated places with period of establishment missing]]