View source for User:Aeusoes1/Phone tables

Guidelines for occurrence sections at consonant pages.  Unless otherwise noted, discussion can  be found at [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Phonetics/Archive 2#Proposed style guidelines]]

==Column 1: Language==
#Only modern spoken natural languages.  This excludes [[constructed languages]] (though [[Esperanto]] is an exception since it is commonly spoken) and [[language death|dead languages]], even those that may still be spoken in certain contexts.  
#Link to <nowiki>[[X language|X]]</nowiki>
#If the occurrence is dialect-specific then mention of the specific dialect should be made  in a separate column (column 1.5) and, preferably, a link to that dialect page.  
#Column 1.5 is also used for situations like Chinese, Arabic, and Kurdish where the language-dialect distinction is ambiguous or controversial.<ref>[[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Phonetics/Archive 2#Arabic and Chinese]]</ref>
#If there is no article for that language or dialect, avoid linking to a more general article about the language family.
#Citations and citation requests go in this column or column 1.5

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Open-mid front unrounded vowel
! colspan="2"|Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center"| [[Chinese language|Chinese]] ||align="center"| [[Yue Chinese|Cantonese]]||align="center"|  [[Chinese Character|蛇]]/[[Jyutping|''s'''e'''4'']] ||align="center"|  {{IPA|[sɛː˩]}}||align="center"|  'snake'|| See [[Cantonese phonology]]
|-
| align="center"| [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]||align="center"|  [[Chinese Character|斜]]/[[Pinyin|''xi'''é''']] ||align="center"|  {{IPA|[ɕjɛ˧˥]}}||align="center"|  'tilted'|| See [[Mandarin phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Catalan language|Catalan]]{{ref|a|a}}||align="center"|  {{lang|ca|[[Catalan orthography|s'''e'''c]]}} ||align="center"|  {{IPA|[sɛk]}}||align="center"|  'dry'|| See [[Catalan phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Czech language|Czech]]<sup>[<small>[[WP:Citation needed|''citation needed]]</small>]</sup>||align="center"|  {{lang|cs|[[Czech orthography|Am'''e'''rika]]}} ||align="center"|  {{IPA|[amɛrɪka]}}||align="center"|  'America'|| See [[Czech phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Dutch language|Dutch]]||align="center"|  {{lang|nl|[[Dutch orthography|b'''e'''d]]}} ||align="center"|  {{IPA|[bɛt]}}||align="center"|  'bed'||  See [[Dutch phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center"| [[English language|English]] || align="center"|[[General American|GA]] ||align="center"|  {{lang|en|[[English orthography|b'''e'''d]]}} ||align="center"|  {{IPA|[bɛd]}}||align="center"|  'bed' ||rowspan="2"|  See [[English phonology]]
|-
| align="center"|[[New Zealand English|New Zealand]]<sup>[<small>[[WP:Citation needed|''citation needed]]</small>]</sup> || align="center"| [[English orthography|''f'''a'''t'']]||align="center"|{{IPA|[fɛ̝t]}}||align="center" | 'fat'
|-
|}
*{{note|a|a}} {{Citation
|last=Carbonell
|first=Joan F.
|last2=Llisterri
|first2=Joaquim
|year=1992
|title=Catalan
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=22
|issue=1-2
|page=54}}

==Column 2: Word==
#Example word from the language in question written in the standard orthography of that language.  Preferably, bracketing the text in its ISO language template as this is advantageous for the rendering of text in some browsers.
#If a language has two standard orthographies, the word should be listed in both.  
#When possible, link to the alphabet or orthography article specific to that language.  If there is no page specific to that language's alphabet, a red link should be avoided by linking instead to the general article on the alphabet used ([[Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic]], [[Greek alphabet|Greek]], etc).
#Languages with a non-Latin script may optionally be transliterated into the Latin alphabet (with a link to the transliteration system, if present) in this column along with the non-Latin form.<sup>[[User talk:Aeusoes1/Phone tables|No discussion]]</sup>
#Avoid linking to the general [[Latin alphabet]] article when there is no separate article covering the language's orthography or romanization system.<sup>[[User talk:Aeusoes1/Phone tables|No discussion]]</sup>
#With words written in the Latin alphabet, the entire word should be in ''italics'' and the letter(s) that indicates the phone should be in '''bold'''.  
#Non-Latin scripts should not be in italics.  If making letters bold affects the way characters are displayed, as is the case with writing systems like Arabic and Devanāgarī scripts, then avoid bolding. 
#If the language has no standard orthography and/or no common transliteration system, the word should be written in IPA and the cell of column 2 combined with that of column 3 (IPA)
#When a language should be included because it has the phone in question in its inventory but no example words are known, the cell should have the template {{tl|example needed}}.  
#Similarly, when the IPA transcription of a word is known but not the orthographic representation, a question mark with a link to the orthography's page is appropriate.<sup>[[User talk:Aeusoes1/Phone|No discussion]]</sup>
#One example word per language.  Exceptions:
#*Basque contrasts two different [[voiceless alveolar fricative]]s<ref>[[User talk:Aeusoes1/Archive 2#Basque]]</ref><ref>[[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Phonetics/Archive 2#Revert war about formatting]]</ref>
#*Clicks<ref>[[User talk:Kwamikagami/Archive 4#Clicks]]</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+Velar nasal
! colspan="2"|Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Aleut language|Aleut]]{{ref|b|b}} ||align="center"|  {{lang|ale-Latn|[[Latin alphabet|chaa'''ng''']]}} ||align="center"|  {{IPA|[tʃɑːŋ] }}||align="center"|  'five'||  
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Greek language|Greek]] ||align="center"|  {{lang|el|[[Greek alphabet|αποτυ'''γ'''χάνω]]}} ||align="center"|  {{IPA|[aˌpo̞tiŋˈxano̞] }}||align="center"|  'I fail (to fail)'||  See [[Modern Greek phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Korean language|Korean]] ||align="center"| {{lang|ko|[[hangul|방]]}}/{{lang|ko-Latn|[[Revised Romanization of Korean|ba'''ng''']]}} ||align="center"|  {{IPA|[paŋ] }}||align="center"|  'room'|| See [[Korean phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Mari language|Mari]]||align="center"|  {{example needed}} ||align="center"|  {{IPA|--}}|| align="center"|  -- || Represented in the [[Cyrillic alphabet]] by ‹ҥ›
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]]  || align="center"| {{lang|mk|[[Macedonian orthography|a'''н'''глиски]]}} ||align="center"|  {{IPA|[ˈaŋɡliski] }}||align="center"|  'English'|| Occurs occasionally as an allophone of {{IPA|/n/}} before {{IPA|/k/}} and {{IPA|/ɡ/}}.  See [[Macedonian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Pazeh language|Pazeh]]  || colspan="2" align="center"|  {{IPA|[ŋaˈŋus] }}||align="center"|  'tiny mosquito,'|| 
|}
*{{note|b|b}}{{citation
|last=Ladefoged
|first=Peter
|authorlink=Peter Ladefoged
|year=2005
|title=Vowels and Consonants: An Introduction to the Sounds of Languages
|volume=1
|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell
}}. Page 165.

==Column 3: IPA==
#See Wikipedia’s [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style (pronunciation)|pronunciation guides]].  
#If the word is known but the correct transcription is not, the cell should be left blank (possibly with a placeholder dash).
#The column head should link to [[International Phonetic Alphabet]]
#If a relevant sound file exists of the example word, use {{tl|Audio-IPA}}<sup>[[User talk:Aeusoes1/Phone tables|No discussion]]</sup>

{| class="wikitable"
|+Retroflex nasal
! colspan="2"|Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Hindi]] ||align="center"| [[Devanāgarī|गणेश]] ||align="center"|  {{IPA|--}}||align="center"|  '[[Ganesha]]'|| See [[Hindi-Urdu phonology]]
|-  
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] ||align="center"|  {{lang|no|[[Norwegian alphabet|ga'''rn''']]}} ||align="center"|  {{Audio-IPA|sv-garn.ogg|[ɡɑːɳ] }}||align="center"|  'yarn'||  See [[Norwegian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] ||align="center"|  {{lang|pa|[[Gurmukhi script|ਪੁਰਾਣਾ]]/[[Shahmukhi script|{{Nastaliq|پُراڻا}}]]}} ||align="center"|  {{IPA|[pʊraːɳaː]}}||align="center"| 'old' ||
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Swedish language|Swedish]] ||align="center"|  {{lang|sv|[[Swedish alphabet|ga'''rn''']]}} ||align="center"|  {{Audio-IPA|sv-garn.ogg|[ɡɑːɳ]}}||align="center"|  'yarn'||  See [[Swedish phonology]]
|}

==Column 4: Meaning==
#A translation of the word in 'single quotes.'
#When the word is known but the translation is not, leave blank or put a question mark between single quotes ('?')
#Words that are difficult to translate and have their own page may be linked (see Hindi example above)
#For English examples, translations are usually unnecessary but should be present for stylistic conformity (See English examples above).

==Column 5: Notes==
#Brief supplementary notes (no greater than two lines).
#Should only indicate what the orthographical representation is when:
##The word in column 2 cannot show bolding (see Punjabi example above)
##An example word is not known (see Mari example above)
##There are multiple ways of representing the sound orthographically.  An exception to this is English and languages where the list may become too cumbersome.
#Phonological notes such as precise phonetic realization, notable [[allophone|allophony]], and other similar sounds in the language.
#Whenever possible, link to the phonology page of the language/dialect (but not the phonology section of the language page).
#Mention of important dialectal differences

{| class="wikitable"
|+Near-open central vowel
! colspan="2"| Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| align="center"| [[Arabic language|Arabic]] ||align="center"|Standard{{ref|c|c}}||align="center"|  {{lang|ar|[[Arabic alphabet|?]]}} ||align="center"|  {{IPA|[t̪afɑqɑˈtɐː]}}||align="center"|?||  Allophone of long and short {{IPA|/a/}} before a word boundary. See [[Arabic phonology]]
|- 
| rowspan="2" align="center"| [[English language|English]] ||align="center"|[[California English|California]]{{ref|d|d}}||rowspan="2" align="center"|  {{lang|en|[[English orthography|n'''u'''t]]}} ||rowspan="2" align="center"|  {{IPA|[nɐt] }}||rowspan="2" align="center"|  'nut'||rowspan="2"|  ‹{{IPA|ʌ}}› may be used to transcribe this vowel as it corresponds to {{IPA|/ʌ/}} in other dialects.  See [[English phonology]]
|-
|align="center"|[[Received Pronunciation|RP]]{{ref|e|e}}
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Russian language|Russian]]{{ref|f|f}}||align="center"|  {{lang|ru|[[Russian orthography|гол'''о'''ва]]}} ||align="center"|  {{IPA|[ɡəlɐˈva] }}||align="center"|  'head'||  Occurs mostly immediately before stressed syllables.  See [[Russian phonology]]
|}
*{{note|c|c}}{{citation
|last = Thelwall
|first= Robin
|year= 1990
|title= Illustrations of the IPA: Arabic 
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=20
|issue=2
|pages=37–41
}}. Page 39
*{{note|d|d}} {{citation
|last =Ladefoged
|first= Peter
|authorlink=Peter Ladefoged
|year= 1999
|chapter=American English
|title= Handbook of the International Phonetic Association 
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|page=41–44
}}.
*{{note|e|e}} {{Citation
|last =Roca
|first= Iggy 
|last2 =Johnson
|first2= Wyn
|year= 1999
|title= A Course in Phonology
|publisher=Blackwell Publishing
}}. Page 186
*{{note|f|f}} {{citation
|last =Padgett
|first= Jaye
|last2 =Tabain
|first2= Marija
|year= 2005
|title= Adaptive Dispersion Theory and Phonological Vowel Reduction in Russian
|journal=Phonetica
|volume=62
|issue=1
|pages=14–54
|doi =10.1159/000087223
|pmid =16116302
|url=http://people.ucsc.edu/~padgett/locker/vreductpaper.pdf
}}. Page 16

==Discussions==
{{reflist}}

{{IPA navigation}}