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The '''list of monarchs of Scotland''' concerns the [[Kingdom of Scotland]]. According to tradition, the [[state]] was created by [[Kenneth I of Scotland]] in [[843]], however modern historiography would tend to see his grandson [[Constantine II of Scotland]] as the creator of the [[kingdom of Alba]] which became Scotland. It ceased to exist as an [[independence|independent]] [[monarchy|kingdom]] following the [[Acts of Union 1707|Acts of Union]] in [[1707]], when it was merged with the [[Kingdom of England]] to form the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]]. 

Today, [[Scotland]] exists as one of the [[constituent countries]] and [[Home Nations|nations]] of the [[United Kingdom]], alongside [[England]], [[Wales]] and [[Northern Ireland]].

From the reign of [[Macbeth of Scotland]], Scottish monarchs most commonly employed the style '''King of Scots''' or '''Queen of Scots''', with the exception of the final three: William III, Mary II and Anne used the style "of Scotland" rather than "of Scots" (see [[Style of the monarchs of Scotland]]). The Gaelic styles ''rí Alban'' (King of Scotland) and ''ard-rí Alban'' (High-King of Scotland) were probably used from the time of Constantine II.

[[Charles II of England|Charles II]] was the last monarch to be [[coronate]]d in Scotland, at [[Scone (Perth and Kinross)|Scone]]. 

Although genealogists divide the monarchs of Scotland into "Houses", based on continental European ideas of [[dynasty|dynasties]], it appears that the kings and queens of Scotland, insofar as they thought about their ultimate origins, traced their descent from [[Fergus I of Dalriada|Fergus Mór]], the legendary founder of [[Dál Riata]] said to have flourished in the late 5th century, and from his sons [[Gabhran of Dalriada|Gabrán]] and [[Loarn of Dalriada|Loarn]]. James VI is recorded as saying that he was a "Monarch sprunge of Ferguse race". After the Restoration of 1660, when [[Jacob de Wet]] was commissioned to produce a portraits of Scotland's past and present rulers for [[Holyrood Palace]], the series began with Fergus Mór.

==Kings of [[Kingdom of Alba|Alba]]==
===Kings of the [[Picts]]===
These kings are included in most lists of Scottish rulers, but are not considered kings of Alba or Scotland by historians but rather kings of the Picts.
* [[Kenneth I of Scotland | Kenneth I]] (Modern Gaelic: Coinneach I mac Alpin; Old Gaelic: Cináed mac Ailpín) (c.[[843]]&ndash;[[858]])
* [[Donald I of Scotland | Donald I]] (Domhnall I; Domnall mac Ailpín)  ([[858]]&ndash;[[862]])
* [[Constantine I of Scotland | Constantine I]] (Causantín mac Cináeda) ([[862]]&ndash;[[877]])
* [[Aed of Scotland | Aed]] ([[877]]&ndash;[[878]])
* [[Giric of Scotland |Giric]] (Giric; Giric mac Dúngail) ([[878]]&ndash;[[889]]) [[Eochaid of Scotland | Eochaid]] (Eochaidh; Eochu) was possibly joint ruler with Giric
* [[Donald II of Scotland | Donald II]] (Domhnall II; Domnall mac Causantín) ([[889]]&ndash;[[890]])
===Kings of Alba===
These kings are treated as rulers of the [[gaelicised]] Pictish kingdom of Alba.
* [[Constantine II of Scotland | Constantine II]] (Causantín mac Áeda) ([[900]]&ndash;[[943]])
* [[Malcolm I of Scotland | Malcolm I]] (Calum I; Máel Coluim mac Domnaill) ([[943]]&ndash;[[954]])
* [[Indulf of Scotland | Indulf]] (Indulbh; Idulb mac Causantín) ([[954]]&ndash;[[962]])
* [[Dub of Scotland | Dub]] (Dubh; Dub mac Maíl Choluim) ([[962]]&ndash;[[967]])
* [[Culen of Scotland | Culen]] (Cuilean; Cuilén mac Iduilb) ([[967]]&ndash;[[971]])
* [[Kenneth II of Scotland | Kenneth II]] (Coinneach II; Cináed mac Maíl Choluim) ([[971]]&ndash;[[995]])
* [[Constantine III of Scotland | Constantine III]] (Constantin III; Causantín mac Cuilén) ([[995]]&ndash;[[997]])
* [[Kenneth III of Scotland | Kenneth III]] (Coinneach III; Cináed mac Duib) ([[997]]&ndash;[[1005]])
* [[Malcolm II of Scotland | Malcolm II]] (Calum II; Máel Coluim mac Cináeda) ([[1005]]&ndash;[[1034]])
* [[Duncan I of Scotland | Duncan I]] (Donnchadh I; Donnchad mac Crínáin) ([[1034]]&ndash;[[1040]])
===Kings of the Scots===
From MacBeth onwards, kings used Latin styles with the meaning "king of (the) Scots" or "king of Scotland".
* [[Macbeth of Scotland | MacBeth]] (MacBeatha; Mac Bethad mac Findláich) ([[1040]]&ndash;[[1057]])
* [[Lulach of Scotland | Lulach]] (Lulach mac Gillai Comgain) ([[1057]]&ndash;[[1058]])
* [[Malcolm III of Scotland | Malcolm III]] (Calum III; Máel Coluim mac Donnchada) ([[1058]]&ndash;[[1093]])
* [[Donald III of Scotland | Donald III]] (Domhnall III; Domnall mac Donnchada) ([[1093]]&ndash;[[1094]])
* [[Duncan II of Scotland | Duncan II]] (Donnchadh II; Donnchad mac Maíl Choluim) ([[1094]])
* [[Donald III of Scotland | Donald III]] (Domhnall III; Domnall mac Donnchada) ([[1094]]&ndash;[[1097]])
* [[Edmund of Scotland | Edmund]] (Eamonn; Etmond mac Maíl Choluim) ([[1094]]&ndash;[[1097]])
* [[Edgar of Scotland | Edgar]] (Eagar/Eadgar; Etgair mac Maíl Choluim) ([[1097]]&ndash;[[1107]])
* [[Alexander I of Scotland|Alexander I]] (Alasdair I; Alaxandair mac Maíl Choluim) (1107&ndash;1124)
* Saint [[David I of Scotland | David I]] (Daibhidh I; Dabíd mac Maíl Choluim) ([[1124]]&ndash;[[1153]])
* [[Malcolm IV of Scotland | Malcolm IV]] (Calum IV; Máel Coluim mac Enric) ([[1153]]&ndash;[[1165]])
* [[William I of Scotland | William I]] (Uilleam I; Uilliam mac Enric) ([[1165]]&ndash;[[1214]])
* [[Alexander II of Scotland|Alexander II]] (Alasdair II ) ([[1214]]&ndash;[[1249]])
* [[Alexander III of Scotland | Alexander III]] (Alasdair III) ([[1249]]&ndash;[[1286]])
==Interregnum, Invasion and the Wars of Independence==
With the death of Alexander III in 1286, the kingdom was left with no near male heir.
* [[Margaret of Scotland| Margaret]] (Mairead; Maighread) ([[1286]]&ndash;[[1290]]) heir apparent at the death of Alexander III; never invested as ruler.
* [[Guardians of Scotland]] 
** [[William Fraser (Guardian of Scotland)|William Fraser]], [[Bishop of St Andrews]]
** [[Donnchadh IV of Fife]], 8th [[Earl of Fife]]
** [[Alexander Comyn]], 2nd [[Earl of Buchan]]
** [[Robert Wishart]], [[Bishop of Glasgow]]
** [[James Stewart, 5th High Steward of Scotland]]
** [[John Comyn]]
[[Edward I of England]] was asked by the Scots to arbitrate the claims of Bruce and Balliol to the throne of Scotland, so as to avoid civil war. Edward found for Balliol.
* [[John Balliol|John]] (Iain) ([[1292]]&ndash;[[1296]])
Balliol proved to be less pliable than Edward may have hoped, and he was exiled. King John was owned by many Scots, well into the 14th century.
*[[Guardians of Scotland]]
** [[Andrew de Moray]] ([[1297]])
** [[William Wallace]] ([[1297]]&ndash;[[1298]])
** [[Robert the Bruce]], [[Earl of Carrick]] ([[1298]]&ndash;[[1300]])
** [[John Comyn]] ([[1298]]&ndash;[[1301]])
** [[William Lamberton]], [[Bishop of St Andrews]] ([[1299]]&ndash;[[1301]])
** [[Ingram de Umfraville|Sir Ingram de Umfraville]] ([[1300]]&ndash;[[1301]])
** [[John de Soules (died 1310)|John de Soules]] ([[1301]]&ndash;[[1304]])
** [[John Comyn]] ([[1302]]&ndash;[[1304]])
Robert Bruce, having killed John Comyn, had himself declared king and embarked upon a civil war and war against Edward I and later Edward II.
* [[Robert I of Scotland|Robert I the Bruce]] (Raibeart I) ([[1306]]&ndash;[[1329]])
* [[David II of Scotland | David II]] (Daibidh II) ([[1329]]&ndash;[[1371]])
David II was a youth, then an exile and prisoner, and the effective government of Scotland was exercised by a series of Guardians. [[Edward Balliol]], son of King John, attempted to take the throne, firstly on his own, later with the assistance of [[Edward III of England]]. On David's death, the throne passed to the [[House of Stewart|Stewarts]]

==The Stewart dynasty ([[French language|French]]: ''Stuart''; Gaelic: Stiubhart)==
* [[Robert II of Scotland|Robert II]] (Raibeart II) ([[1371]]&ndash;[[1390]])
* [[Robert III of Scotland|Robert III]] (Raibeart III) ([[1390]]&ndash;[[1406]])
* [[James I of Scotland|James I]] (Seumas I) ([[1406]]&ndash;[[1437]])
* [[James II of Scotland|James II]] (Seumas II) ([[1437]]&ndash;[[1460]])
* [[James III of Scotland|James III]] (Seumas III) ([[1460]]&ndash;[[1488]])
* [[James IV of Scotland|James IV]] (Seumas IV) ([[1488]]&ndash;[[1513]])
* [[James V of Scotland|James V]] (Seumas V) ([[1513]]&ndash;[[1542]])
* [[Mary I of Scotland|Mary I]] (Mairi) ([[1542]]&ndash;[[1587]])
* [[James I of England|James VI]] (Seumas VI) ([[1587]]&ndash;[[1625]]), [[Union of the Crowns]] with [[Kingdom of England]] from ([[1603]])
* [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] (Teàrlach I) ([[1625]]&ndash;[[1649]])
* [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] (Teàrlach II) ([[1649]]&ndash;[[1685]]) (See also [[English Interregnum]])
* [[James II of England|James VII]] (Seumas VII) ([[1685]]&ndash;[[1689]])
* [[Mary II of England|Mary II]] (Màiri II) ([[1689]]&ndash;[[1694]]), co&ndash;monarch
* [[William III of England|William II]] (Uilleam II) ([[1689]]&ndash;[[1702]]), co-monarch until 1694
* [[Anne of Great Britain|Anne]] (Anna) ([[1702]]&ndash;[[1714]]), though the Scottish throne was replaced with that of the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] in [[1707]]

From [[1707]], the titles ''King of Scots'' and ''Queen of Scots'' are incorrect. Hence, this list runs up to 1707; for monarchs after that date, see [[List of British monarchs]].

==References==
{{Unreferenced|date=December 2006}}

==See also==
*[[Scottish monarchs family tree]]
*[[List of Kings of the Picts]]
*[[List of regnal numerals of future British monarchs]]
*[[Idi Amin]], who claimed to be King of Scotland
*[[Lord High Commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland]]
*[[List of Queens of Scotland]]