View source for User:Daniel/Sandbox/1990 Sydney hailstorm

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{{Infobox weather event|
|image=
|caption=
}}{{Infobox weather event/History
|formed=1:30pm, [[March 18]], [[1990]]<br>[[Southern Tablelands]] region
|duration=3 hours, 40 minutes
|dissipated=5:10pm, [[March 18]], [[1990]]<br>West of [[Palm Beach, New South Wales|Palm Beach]], offshore
}}{{Infobox weather event/Effects
|location=[[Greater Western Sydney|Western]] and [[Northern Beaches (Sydney)|northern]] [[Sydney]]
|damages=Insured: [[Australian dollar|A$]]314 million<br>Total: A$450 million (est.)
| injuries = 25
}}{{Infobox weather event/Footer}}

The '''1990 Sydney hailstorm''' was, at the time of the event, the costliest [[storm]] in [[Australia]]n history.<ref name="NRMA">National Roads and Motorists' Association (2004), 5.</ref><ref name="NSWG">New South Wales Government (2007).</ref> The hailstorm, which [[meteorology|meteorologists]] suggest may have been a [[supercell]], struck the [[New South Wales]] capital of [[Sydney]] during the afternoon of [[March 18]], [[1990]], causing severe damage in a corridor through the [[Greater Western Sydney|greater western]] and [[Northern Beaches (Sydney)|northern beaches]] regions of the city.<ref name="AN114">Andrews, ''et al.'' (1997), 114.</ref>

The storm spawned in the [[Southern Tablelands]] region of the state in the early afternoon, before reaching the [[Liverpool]] area—the location of the most severe damage—just over two hours later.<ref name="AN113">Andrews, ''et al.'' (1997), 113.</ref> The cell, which moved at an average speed of {{convert|44|km/h|mph|0|lk=on}}, produced hail up to {{convert|8|cm|in|1|lk=on}} in [[diameter]] as well as violent [[wind]]s and heavy [[rain]]fall.<ref name="AN113"/>

[[Insurance|Insured]] damages caused by the storm were over [[Australian dollar|A$]]314 million, with the total damage bill (including uninsured damages) estimated to be around A$450 million, both in 1990 figures.<ref name="AN115">Andrews, ''et al.'' (1997), 115.</ref><ref name="Isln">Heidorn (n.d.)</ref><ref name="DQLD">Department of Emergency Services, Queensland (2005).</ref> The cell affected 130 [[postcodes]] of Sydney, although 20% of insured damages occurred in just two.<ref name="AN118">Andrews, ''et al.'' (1997), 118.</ref><ref name="Hunt150">Hunter (1998), 150.</ref> In addition to 25 injuries caused by the event, over 14,000 homes and 9,000 cars incurred damage from the hailstones, wind and rain.<ref name="EMA6">Emergency Management Australia (2006).</ref>

==Conditions and climatology==
The severe [[thunderstorm]] season for [[Sydney]] is generally considered to be between the months of X and Y, with a peak in Z.{{fact}} During this time, conditions along the east coast of [[Australia]] are highly conducive for the formation of [[hail]]stones within these severe thunderstorms. The variation of air temperature in the [[atmosphere]] with warm and [[humid]] air close to the ground and colder air above it causes [[instability]], and the cold upper atmosphere temperatures allow the [[precipitation]] to fall in solid form as hailstones.<ref name="WH93">Whitaker (2005), 93.</ref>

{conditions on the day}

==Progression of the storm==

==Aftermath==

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
<div class="references-small">
*{{cite journal
 | author = Andrews, Kylie, Blong, Russell
 | date = August 29, 1997
 | title = March 1990 Hailstorm Damage in Sydney, Australia
 | journal = Natural Hazards
 | publisher = Kluwer Academic
 | location = [[The Netherlands]]
 | volume = 16
 | pages = pp. 113—125
}}
*{{cite web
 | title=The Sydney Hailstorm - 18 March 1990
 | url=http://www.bom.gov.au/weather/nsw/sevwx/18mar90.shtml
 | author=[[Bureau of Meteorology]]
 | date=n.d.
 | publisher=[[Commonwealth of Australia]]
 | accessdate=2007-12-15
}}
*{{cite book
 | author = Griffiths, David, Mitchell, Ewan
 | title = Report on the Sydney hailstorm: March 1990
 | year = 1993
 | publisher = Bureau of Meteorology
 | location = [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]]
}}
*{{cite book
 | author = [[Richard Whitaker|Whitaker, Richard]]
 | title = Australia's Natural Disasters
 | year = 2005
 | publisher = Reed New Holland
 | location = [[Sydney]], [[Australia]]
 | isbn = 1 877069 04 3
 | pages = pp. 45, 93
}}
</div>

*http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parlment/HansArt.nsf/V3Key/LA19990512044
*http://www.riskfrontiers.com/nhq/Nhq6-1tables.htm
*http://www.ga.gov.au/hazards/severeweather/historic.jsp
*http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&client=opera&rls=en&hs=ylu&q=%22The+thunderstorm+produced+a+swathe+of+hailstones+from+Camden%22&btnG=Search
*http://www.benfieldhrc.org/activities/issues4/pages/alt_pers.htm
*http://www.nrma.com.au/pub/nrma/home/media/safeashouses_qld.pdf
*http://www.conferenceworld.com.au/resources/other/5%20Roy%20Leigh%20Tues%20am%20paper.pdf
*http://www.disaster.qld.gov.au/disasters/severestorms_history.asp
*http://www.emergency.nsw.gov.au/content.php/641.html
*http://home.iprimus.com.au/ozthunder/oz/sydney.html
*http://www.islandnet.com/~see/weather/almanac/diarymar.htm
*http://www-das.uwyo.edu/~geerts/cwx/notes/chap09/more_hail.html
*http://australiasevereweather.com/techniques/moreadv/extreme.htm
*http://www.anzacatt.org.au/prod/PARLMENT/hansArt.nsf/V3Key/LA20000531009
*http://www.business.otago.ac.nz/sirc/conferences/1998/20_Hunter.pdf
*http://72.14.235.104/search?q=cache:XeXQyjC64rsJ:www.business.otago.ac.nz/sirc/conferences/1998/20_Hunter.pdf+1990+sydney+hailstorm&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=113&client=opera
*http://www.pilotfriend.com/av_weather/meteo/clouds.htm
*http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/10005482/ABSTRACT?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 <-- check
*http://www.infocus.sl.nsw.gov.au/res/resdesc.cfm?res_code=1356&sres=1
*http://www.riskfrontiers.com/newsletter_images/rfnewsV5I3_March06_new.pdf
<nowiki>
[[Category:1990 in Australia]]
[[Category:1990 meteorology]]
[[Category:1990 natural disasters]]
[[Category:Natural disasters in Australia]]
</nowiki>