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[[Starship Troopers (film)]]
[[User:Darkwarriorblake/Special effects of Starship Troopers]]
{{Infobox film
| name           = Starship Troopers
| image          = 
| alt            =
| caption        = North American theatrical release poster
| director       = [[Paul Verhoeven]]
| producer       = {{Plainlist|
* [[Jon Davison (film producer)|Jon Davison]]
* [[Alan Marshall (producer)|Alan Marshall]]
}}
| screenplay     = [[Edward Neumeier]]
| based_on       = {{Based on|''[[Starship Troopers]]''|[[Robert A. Heinlein]]}}
| starring       = {{Plainlist|
* [[Casper Van Dien]]
* [[Dina Meyer]]
* [[Denise Richards]]
* [[Jake Busey]]
* [[Neil Patrick Harris]]
* [[Patrick Muldoon]]
* [[Michael Ironside]]
}}
| music          = [[Basil Poledouris]]
| cinematography = [[Jost Vacano]]
| editing        = {{Plainlist|
* [[Mark Goldblatt]]
* Caroline Ross
}}
| studio         = {{Plainlist|
* [[TriStar Pictures]]
* [[Touchstone Pictures]]
* [[Jon Davison (film producer)|Jon Davison Productions]]
}}
| distributor    = {{Plainlist|
* [[Sony Pictures Releasing]]
* [[Touchstone Pictures]] 
}}
| released       = {{Film date|1997|11|07}}
| runtime        = 129 minutes
| country        = United States
| language       = English
| budget         = $100–110{{nbsp}}million{{efn|The 1997 production budget of $100–$110{{nbsp}}million is equivalent to ${{Format price|{{Inflation|US|100000000|1997}}}}–${{Format price|{{Inflation|US|110000000|1997}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US}}.}}
| gross          = $121{{nbsp}}million{{efn|The 1997 theatrical box office gross of $121{{nbsp}}million is equivalent to ${{Format price|{{Inflation|US|121000000|1997}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US}}.}}
}}

'''''Starship Troopers''''' is a 1997 American [[military science fiction]] [[action film]] directed by [[Paul Verhoeven]] and written by [[Edward Neumeier]], based on [[Robert A. Heinlein]]'s 1959 [[Starship Troopers|novel of the same name]]. The story follows a young soldier named Johnny Rico and his exploits in the Mobile Infantry, a futuristic military unit. Rico's military career progresses from [[Army recruit|recruit]], to [[non-commissioned officer]], and finally to [[Officer (armed forces)|officer]], against the backdrop of an [[interstellar war]] between mankind and an insectoid species known as ''Arachnids''.

The only [[Theatrical release|theatrically released]] film in the [[Starship Troopers (franchise)|''Starship Troopers'' franchise]], it received mostly negative reviews from critics upon release; however, in retrospect, reviews have become more positive, with many critics highlighting the film's [[political satire]]. It grossed $54.5 million in the U.S., and a total of $121.2 million worldwide, against a budget of $105 million. In 1998, the film was nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Visual Effects]] at the [[70th Academy Awards]]. In 2012, ''[[Slant Magazine]]'' ranked the film #20 on its list of "The 100 Best Films of the 1990s".

The film has spawned several sequels – two live-action films, ''[[Starship Troopers 2: Hero of the Federation]]'' (2004) and ''[[Starship Troopers 3: Marauder]]'' (2008), and two [[Computer animation|computer-animated]] films, ''[[Starship Troopers: Invasion]]'' (2012) and ''[[Starship Troopers: Traitor of Mars]]'' (2017).

== Plot ==
<!-- Per [[WP:FILMPLOT]], film plots should be between 400 and 700 words. -->
In the 23rd century,{{efn|In the director's commentary, available on the ''Starship Troopers'' DVD release, Paul Verhoeven confirmed the film takes place in the 23rd century.<ref name="ScreenRant15Things"/><ref name="CBRFascism"/>}} Earth is governed by the United Citizen Federation, a [[stratocracy|military organization]] founded generations earlier by the "veterans" after democracy and social scientists brought civilization to the brink of ruin. Citizenship is gained only through federal service, which grants rights restricted from ordinary civilians such as voting or breeding. Now a spacefaring species, humans conduct colonization missions throughout the galaxy, bringing them into conflict with a race of oversized, highly-evolved insectoid creatures dubbed "Arachnids" or, derisively, "bugs."

Despite the protestations of his parents about the risks, teenage sports jock Johnny Rico enlists for Federal Service as a mobile infantryman to remain close to his girlfriend, spaceship fleet pilot Carmen Ibáñez. Their [[psychic]] friend Carl Jenkins joins [[Military Intelligence]], while Isabelle "Dizzy" Flores, who is in love with Rico, deliberately transfers to his squad. Carmen eventually breaks up with Rico because their career paths separate them and she has developed a mutual attraction for fellow pilot, Zander Barcalow. During training, Rico impresses sergeant Zim, earning a promotion to squad leader, but makes a mistake during a training exercise that causes the death of one of his squad and the resignation of another, resulting in his demotion and [[flagellation]]. Rico resigns from the military, but reneges after learning that an asteroid, apparently sent by the Arachnids, has destroyed [[Buenos Aires]], killing millions, including his parents.

An invasion force is deployed to Klendathu, the Arachnids' home planet, but the military intelligence underestimates the Arachnids' defensive abilities leading to thousands of troop deaths. Badly wounded, Rico is rescued by lieutenant Jean Rasczak, his former high-school teacher, but is mistakenly reported dead, devastating Carmen. Following his recovery, Rico, Dizzy, and squadmate Ace Levy join Rasczak's [[special forces|special forces unit]], the "Roughnecks". Rico eventually earns the rank of Corporal for his feats against the Arachnids, including killing a gigantic "Tanker Bug" on Tango Urilla, and becomes romantically involved with Dizzy. The Roughnecks respond to a distress call on Planet P, where they reconnoiter an Arachnid-ravaged outpost but are quickly swarmed by the creatures. Carmen and Zander recover the surviving Roughnecks by ship, but not before Dizzy is killed and Rico is forced to euthanize the mutilated Rasczak. The group returns to the fleet assembled in orbit above P where Dizzy is eulogized. 

Jenkins, now a high-ranking colonel, explains the Roughnecks were deliberately sent into the trap, justifying it as a necessary sacrifice to prove the existence of a "Brain Bug", an intelligent Arachnid strategically directing the others. He grants Rico command of the Roughnecks and [[Battlefield promotion|field-promotes]] him to lieutenant, ordering that he return to P to capture the Brain Bug. As the battle commences, Carmen's ship is destroyed by the Arachnids, forcing her and Zander to flee in an escape shuttle that crash lands into an underground tunnel system. The pair are captured by the Arachnids and the Brain Bug uses its [[proboscis]] to consume Zander's brain, absorbing his knowledge. Rico sends his squad to complete their mission while he, Ace, and their squadmate Watkins find Carmen and hold the Arachnids at bay with a [[Tactical nuclear weapon|nuclear bomb]]. 

The Brain Bug escapes while the Arachnids attack and mortally wound Watkins, who sacrifices himself by detonating the bomb while his teammates escape. On the surface, they learn that Zim has captured the Brain Bug, and the assembled troops rejoice as Jenkins psychically detects it is afraid. A [[propaganda]] advertisement details how the Brain Bug is being invasively studied to learn its secrets and ensure humanity's victory. The advert encourages the viewers to enlist and do their part in the war so they can become like Carmen, now captain of her own ship, and Rico, who enthusiastically leads his troops into another battle.

== Cast ==
{{multiple image
| total_width = 500
| direction = horizontal
| align = right
| footer = (Left to right) [[Casper Van Dien]] (pictured in 2012), [[Dina Meyer]] (2012), and [[Denise Richards]] (2009)
| image1 = Casper Van Dien by Gage Skidmore.jpg
| alt1 = A photograph of Casper Van Dien
| image2 = Dina Meyer by Gage Skidmore.jpg
| alt2 = A photograph of Dina Meyer 
| image3 = Denise Richards 2009.jpg
| alt3 = A photograph of Denise Richards
}}
* [[Casper Van Dien]] as Johnny Rico: A school sports star turned military infantryman<ref name="TheVergeRetro"/><ref name="NewYorkerRetro"/><ref name="ScreenRantWherearethey"/>
* [[Dina Meyer]] as Dizzy Flores: Rico's former classmate who joins the mobile infantry<ref name="NewYorkerRetro"/><ref name="ScreenRantDizzy"/>
* [[Denise Richards]] as Carmen Ibáñez: An aspiring starship pilot and Rico's girlfriend<ref name="WaPoReviewKempley"/>
* [[Jake Busey]] as Ace Levy: A military infantryman<ref name="ScreenRantWherearethey"/>
* [[Neil Patrick Harris]] as Carl Jenkins: A psychic who joins military intelligence.<ref name="NewYorkerRetro"/><ref name="ScreenRantWherearethey"/>
* [[Clancy Brown]] as Sgt. Zim: Rich's sergeant during training<ref name="ScreenRantWherearethey"/>
* [[Seth Gilliam]] as Sugar Watkins: A member of the Roughnecks special forces unit<ref name="ScreenRantWherearethey"/>
* [[Patrick Muldoon]] as Zander Barcalow: Rico's rival who is romantically interested in Carmen<ref name="ScreenRantWherearethey"/>
* [[Michael Ironside]] as Jean Rasczak: A former teacher turned squad leader<ref name="ScreenRantWherearethey"/>

''Starship Troopers'' also features [[Rue McClanahan]] as a biology teacher, [[Marshall Bell]] as General Owen, [[Eric Bruskotter]] as Breckinridge, Matt Levin as Kitten Smith, [[Anthony Ruivivar]] as Shujumi, [[Brenda Strong]] as Captain Deladier, and [[Dean Norris]] as Commanding Officer. [[Christopher Curry (actor)|Christopher Curry]] and [[Lenore Kasdorf]] appear as Mr. and Mrs. Rico, while [[Bruce Gray]] and [[Denise Dowse]] appear as Sky Marshals Dienes and Meru.<ref name="BFICast"/> Other military infantry characters include Katrina (Blake Lindsley) and Djana'd (Tami-Adrian George).{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=78}}<ref name="EWShowerScene"/> Corporals Bronski and Birdie are portrayed by Teo and Ungela Brockman,{{sfn|Sammon|1997|pp=85,95}} Sergeant Gillespie by Curnal Alesio,{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=96}} and Robert David Hall portrays a heavily disfigured Recruitment Sergreant.<ref name="CBRRetro"/>

Key crewmembers make cameo appearances, including producer Jon Davison as the Angry Survivor of the Buenos Aires' meteor attack who says "the only good bug is a dead bug," and Neumeier appears as a handcuffed prisoner standing before Federation judges. Verhoeven's assistant, Stacy Lumbrezer, is a smiling woman during a psychic advertisement, and Paul Sammon, author of ''The Making of Starship Troopers'', appears as one of the men feeding a cow to an Arachnid.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=101}}

== Production ==
===Development as ''Bug Hunt at Outpost 7''===
Since the release of ''[[RoboCop]]'' (1987), its producer, [[Jon Davison]], had wanted to develop another project that would reunite members of the same creative team such as writer [[Ed Neumeier]] and [[Stop motion|stop motion]] animator [[Phil Tippett]], but struggled to progress any relevant projects.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=5}} Neumeier had seperately been struggling to develop new story ideas alongside his ''RoboCop'' co-writer Michael Miner. The pair eventually realized their writing partnership was no longer working and Neumeier began developing a story treatment called ''Bug Hunt at Outpost 7''.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=6}}<ref name="DeadspinRetro"/><ref name="TheAtlanticMisunderstood"/> He said, "I wanted to do a big, silly, jingoistic, xenophobic, let's-go-out-and-kill-the-enemy movie, and I had settled on the idea that it should be against insects{{nbsp}}... I wanted to make a war movie, but I also wanted to make a teenage romance movie."{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=6}}<ref name="LATimesSep1996"/> Insects were chosen as the enemies based on Neumeier's wife's strong fear of the creatures.<ref name="LATimesSep1996"/>

In December 1991, Neumeier brought his idea to Davison at [[Warner Bros. Studios, Burbank]], which also headquartered [[TriStar Pictures]], with whom Davison had a pre-existing development deal.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=6}} After discussing Neumeier's idea, Davison realized it bore many similarities to the 1959 science fiction novel, ''[[Starship Troopers]]'', by [[Robert A. Heinlein]].{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=6}}<ref name="GuardianHowwemade"/> The novel had received a strongly divided reception on its release for promotiong military powers and necessary violence while criticizng [[social liberalism|liberal social programs]], but it had remained an enduringly popular work for over four decades.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=vii}}

Neumeier and Davison had both read the novel as children and considered directly adapting ''Starship Troopers'' instead of Neumeier's story. However, Davison believed the film adaptation rights would have already been purchased by that point and encouraged Neumeier to continue his original idea, later retitled ''Outpost 7''.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|pp=6–7}} By late 1992, Davison was working out of [[Sony Pictures Studios]], [[Culver City, California|Culver City]], when Neumeier brought him the finished ''Outpost 7'', alternately referred to as ''Bug Hunt''. Although Davison liked the treatment, it failed to impress Tristar executive [[Chris Lee (producer)|Chris Lee]], who rejected it. Undeterred, Neumeier and Davison decided to research the film rights to ''Starship Troopers'', believing the more well-known intellectual property would change Lee's mind. They learned the rights were available and instead pitched making ''Starship Troopers''. Lee was more receptive, but the pair also received broader support from other executives including Tristar head of production, [[Mike Medavoy]], who had been similarly supportive of making ''RoboCop''.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=7}} With the studio's support in place, the rights to ''Starship Troopers'' were purchased and Neumeier began adapting his ''Outpost 7'' script to more closely fit Heinlein's novel.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=7}}<ref name="DeadspinRetro"/><ref name="ScreenRantRetro"/>

===Development as ''Starship Troopers''===
[[File:Paul Verhoeven Cannes 2016.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=A 2016 photograph of Paul Verhoeven|left|[[Paul Verhoeven]] (pictured in 2016) was the only person considered to direct ''Starship Troopers'']]
Progress of the ''Starship Troopers'' adaptation remained slow for the next few years as Tristar began regularly replacing executives, including Medavoy, and high-value or risky projects were more closely scrutinized.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=14}}<ref name="GuardianHowwemade"/><ref name="NewYorkerRetro"/> Even so, Davison spent much fo 1993 securing several key crew including Tippett and their other ''RoboCop'' collaborator, [[Paul Verhoeven]].{{sfn|Sammon|1997|pp=8–10, 14}} According to Neumeier and Davison, they had only ever considered Verhoeven as the director because they determined the fantastical creatures, genre, and politcal subtext suited his creative sensibilities.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|pp=9–10}}<ref name="GuardianHowwemade"/><ref name="NewYorkerRetro"/><ref name="SyFyRetro"/> Verhoeven said, "I like science fiction movies. I mean, the ''[[Star Wars]]'' series is delightful, you know? ...{{nbsp}}but the main reason I decided to do ''Starship Troopers'' was Phil Tippett. I had worked with Phil on ''RoboCop'' and felt that was really interesting{{nbsp}}..." Verhoeven considered himself the director of the live characters, and described Tippett as effectively his co-director, leading filming of the creatures.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=11}} Verhoeven also brought in ''[[Alan Marshall (producer)|Alan Marshall]]'' as a producer, having worked with him on ''[[Basic Instinct]]'' (1992) and his current project, ''[[Showgirls]]'' (1995).{{sfn|Sammon|1997|pp=11–20}} Verhoeven was in need of a promising project as, despite his previous successes leading into the early 1990s, his efforts to develop the pirate adventure, ''Mistress of the Seas'', and the [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]]-starring ''Crusade'', had failed, and ''Showgirls'' became a financial failure as well as earning him the worst reviews of his career.<ref name="SyFyRetro"/>{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=10–11}}<ref name="EscapistRetro"/>

By 1994, the studio had still not agreed to move ''Starship Troopers'' out of the development phase and into pre-production. Key crewmembers, including Davison and Verhoeven, decided to produce test footage to demonstrate their intended visual style and tone.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=16}}<ref name="LATimesSep1996"/> Although still busy filming ''Showgirls'' at this point, Verhoeven was determined to direct the sequence himself. The scene was storyboarded and detailed enough that Tippett's design for the "Warrior Bugs" changed little by the time of actual filming.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=17}}<ref name="LATimesSep1996"/> The resulting 40-second to 2-minute scene, dubbed the "Bug Test", was filmed on July 21, 1994, at [[Vasquez Rocks]] near Los Angeles at a cost of $225,000 provided by Tristar.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|pp=16–17}}<ref name="LATimesSep1996"/> Filmed by [[John Hora]] with a 30-person crew, the sequence depicts a soldier (played by [[Mitch Gaylord]]) being pursued and killed by two Warrior Bugs; Neumeier makes a cameo appearance as a dead soldier.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=17}} The visual effects were finished by September, and the completed Bug Test screened for Tristar executives in early October.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=18}} 

Executives including Lee and [[Mark Canton]] were impressed with the visual effects and did not realize they had been produced with [[computer-generated imagery]] (CGI) and approved moving into pre-production, but others remained non-commital on providing any substantial funding as, according to Neumeier, they did not understand the project.<ref name="LATimesSep1996"/>{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=18}} Development continued at a slow pace into early 1995 when Davison put together a detailed budget totalling $90{{nbsp}}million, based on Neumeier's third draft.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|pp=13, 18–19}} Davison said TriStar was reluctant to provide this amount, often bringing up the financial failure of the $200{{nbsp}}million-budgeted ''[[Waterworld]]'' (1995), which was seen by industry experts as an example of excessive spending and had led to the firing of many involved executives at [[Universal Pictures]].{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=13}} TriStar executives determined that the only way for ''Starship Troopers'' to continue development was to identify a business partner with whom they could split the production costs.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=19}} Davison said he began screening the Bug Test for anyone he could, eventually attracting the interest of [[Walt Disney Studios (division)|Walt Disney Studios]].{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=20}} A meeting was held with, among others, Canton and [[Marc Platt (producer)|Marc Platt]] from TriStar owner, Sony, Disney's head of motion pictures, [[Joe Roth]], Verhoeven, Davison, and Marshall.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=20}} An agreement was made that the studios would produce ''Starship Troopers'' via TriStar and Disney's [[Touchstone Pictures]], splitting the budget costs and box office profits evenly, in exchange for Touchstone receiving all distribution rights to the film outside of the United States (U.S.) and Canada.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=20}}<ref name="LAtimesTouchstoneSony"/> Each studio was also given creative input on the film and its marketing.<ref name="LAtimesTouchstoneSony"/>
{{-}}

===Writing===
[[File:Edward Neumeier 2007.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=A photograph of Edward Neumeier|Writer [[Edward Neumeier]] (pictured in 2007)]]
Neumeier began adapting the ''Starship Troopers'' novel at the beginning of 1993, working out of his office in [[Eagle Rock, Los Angeles]].{{sfn|Sammon|1997|pp=8–9}}<ref name="NewYorkerRetro"/> He was initially concerned about how to translate the tone of Heinlein's work, recalling his awareness as a youth of the controversy surrounding the novel that identified Heinlein as alternately a [[Conservatism|conservatist]], [[militarism|militarist]], [[Libertarianism|libertarian]], and [[fascism|fascist]].{{sfn|Sammon|1997|pp=3, 11–12}}<ref name="EmpireDutch"/> The novel espouses the benefits of military service, citizenship, and masculinity.<ref name="EmpireDutch"/> Heinlein described the central theme  as being "that a man, to be truly human, must be unheistatingly willing at all times to lay down his life for his fellow man. [This theme] is based on the twin conceps of love and duty-and how they are related to the survival of our race.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=4}} Neumeier was interested to write about fascism but was concerned it would be difficult to do so successfully. Even so, he and Davison wanted to faitfhully adapt the novel's and Heinlein's viewpoint, and Neumeier believed audiences would appreciate the concept of a failing democracy and stricter cultural controls.He said, "you want a world that works? Okay, we'll show you one. And it really does work. It happens to be a military dictatorship, but it works. That was the original rhythm I was triyng to play with, just to sort of mess with the audiences."{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=12}} 

Neumeier strugglined adapting certain aspects, finding the first and third acts to be narratively strong but the middle act, focusing on Rico's boot camp experience, to be a lengthy piece "preaching to his readership," which would not make for an interesting film.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=12}} He identified the elements he considered essential, including the high school opening, boot camp, battles, and the underlying philosophy and sociopolitics, and compensated for the novel's second act by expanding on sequences such as the high school romance, basing it on his own experiences of chasing women with no interested in him.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|pp=12–13}} The first draft was completed on July 8, 1993.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=11}} It remained generaly faithful to Heinlein's novel, including a secondary alien race known as the "Skinnies," the "Bounce"—a jet-assisted traversal method, and power armor, which granted the troops superhuman strength.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=13}} Rasczak's lecture on citizenship was also paraphrased from the novel.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|pp=65–66}} A copy was sent to Heinlein's wife who was pleased despite the minor differences to the novel.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=13}}

However, as development progressed, many aspects would be changed or removed, in part because of financial reasons, but also Verhoeven's influence.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|pp=12, 30}}<ref name="DeadspinRetro"/> Verhoeven tried to read the novel but "stopped after two chapters because it was so boring{{nbsp}}... it is really quite a bad book{{nbsp}}... it's a very [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] book."<ref name="EmpireDutch"/><ref name="CBRRetro"/><ref name="DeadspinRetro"/> He had Neumeier summarize the narrative for him, and found it militaristic, fascistic, and overly supportive of armed conflict, which clashed with Verhoeven's childhood experiences in [[Netherlands in World War II|German-occupied Netherlands]] during [[World War II]].<ref name="GuardianHowwemade"/><ref name="NewYorkerRetro"/><ref name="DeadspinRetro"/><ref name="CBRRetro"/><ref name="EmpireDutch"/><ref name="ScreenRantRetro"/> Verhoeven determined that he could use the basic plot to satirize and undermine the book's themes by deconstructing the concepts of [[totalitarianism]], fascism, and militarism, saying "All the way through I wanted the audience to be asking, 'Are these people crazy?'"<ref name="CBRRetro"/><ref name="EmpireDutch"/><ref name="SyFyRetro"/>{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=vii}}

By 1994, Verhoeven was still filming ''Showgirls'', but remained active in the second draft. Among his suggestions was to introduce a romantic subplot between Rico and Carmen, and combined the male character Dizzy with a Neumeier-created female called Ronnie who was romantically interested in Rico. This in turn led Neumeier to develop a romantic triangle between Dizzy, Rico, and Carmen, and Rico, Carmen, and Zander.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=19}} Other aspects were removed such as the Skinnies, because Verhoeven thought too many alien races would be confusing, while queen bugs and advanced canines called Neo-dogs were considered financially unviable.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=30}} Another financially motivated change was the removal of "the Drop", a method of dropping troops from orbit in capsules that shed consecutive layers during landing, leading to the nickname "Cap Troopers".{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=30}} Preliminary designs were made of the capsules but were generally attached to parachutes which was did not match the intended aesthetic, and adding rockets was deemed impractical because it would have required numerous different visual effects and taken too much time to accomplish, so they settled for dropships.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=31}} The most substantial change was making the enemy more insect-like, as Verhoeven did not want to "see a bug with a gun in his hand.”<ref name="LATimesSep1996"/>

The Bounce was also removed due to cost and because Marshall said they made the troops look like they were on pogo sticks and removed the threat of the Arachnids if troops could easily jump away.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=31}} The most controversial omission from the novel, for fans, was the power armor. Davison said that despite the importance of the armor, it was financially impossible to create hundreds of suits for the cast and extras.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=32–33}} He and Verhoeven initially agreed to use the power armor sparingly, and integrate various different ideas such as the Bounce and weapons into them, but later determined it gave the troops too much of an advantage against the Arachnids. Additionally, as development continued, any further increase in costs risked the production being cancelled entirely.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=33}} The FedNet sequences, the main source of information in the future, was invented for the film. An intentional prediction of how Neumeier believed television and computers would eventually be combined, the sequences were depicted in a way that would excite a population with very patriotic narration.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=64}} Verhoeven described the final script as being about contemporary American politics, such as a lack of [[Gun politics in the United States|gun control]] and increasing [[Capital punishment in the United States|capital punishment]] under Texas governor [[George W. Bush]], which he believed could potentially lead to fascism. The characters of Starship Troopers were "fascists who don't know they're fascists."<ref name="EscapistRetro"/><ref name="GuardianHowwemade"/><ref name="TheVergeRetro"/> He said, "If I tell the world that a right-wing, fascist way of doing things doesn't work, no one will listen to me. So I'm going to make a perfect fascist world: everyone is beautiful, everything is shiny, everything has big guns and fancy ships but it's only good for killing fucking Bugs!"<ref name="ScreenRantRetro"/> Neumeier completed his third and final draft by early 1995.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=19}}

===Pre-production===
Under the company name, Big Bug Pictures, the ''Starship Troopers'' team were provided with a large suite in the Astaire Building on the Sony lot, from which to work.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|pp=19, 39}} While pre-production began in earnest by September 1995, after Verhoeven concluded work on ''Showgirls'',{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=19}} he had spent several months producing over 4,000 storyboard images of the ''Starship Troopers'' script. Conscious that the Arachnids, among other CGI elements, would be added after filming, he wanted a detailed image of how each scene would be set out during filming.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|pp=19,36}} Storyboard artists, Robin Richesson and Giacomo Ghiazzi, refined Verhoeven's storyboards, the bulk of the comic book-style art being done by Ghiazzi.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=36}}

Many key crew members were hired during 1996, including Verhoeven's long-time cinematographer, [[Jost Vacano]],<ref name="ASCMag"/>{{sfn|Sammon|1997|pp=28, 42}} as well as [[Vic Armstrong]] ([[second unit director]] and [[stunt coordinator]]), [[Mark Goldblatt]] ([[film editor|editor]]), [[John Richardson (special effects designer)|John Richardson]] ([[special effects supervisor]]), [[Basil Poledouris]] ([[composer|music composer]]), Stacey McIntosh (construction coordinator), Karen Higgins (construction foreman), Gregg Goldstone (first assistanct director), Kenneth Silverstein (second assistant director), John Blake (makeup artist), Kathy Blondell (hair stylist), William Petrotta (prop master), Robert "Rock" Galotti (weapons coordinator),{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=42}} production manager [[Robert Latham Brown]], production coordinator Daren Hicks, and assistant production coordinators Janet Campolito and Lisa Hackler.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=39}} Tippett also began hiring the nearly 100 additional staff required to realize the Arachnids, including Jules Roman ([[Tippett Studio]] visual effects producer), [[Craig Hayes]] (visual effects artist), [[Trey Stokes]] (Animation department head), Adam Valdez and Blake Clark (animators), Paula Luchessi (lead cg painter), 
Julie Newdoll (supervisor of CG lighting), Brennan Doyle (lead compositor), Desiree Mourad (lighting), and Joanna Ladolcetta (lead rotoscoper).{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=28}} Davison's responsibilities focused mainly on the special effects, while Marshall was concerned more with the filming.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=24}}

Production designer Allan Cameron and location manager Bill Bowling scouted several locations but rejected most as they did not consider them unique enough. Others, such as the [[Valley of Fire State Park]] in Nevada had too many environmental restrictions which could impact filming. The situation was made more difficult by an [[1995–1996 United States federal government shutdowns|extended period of U.S. government shutdowns]], which made obtaining the necessary filming and associated permits protracted, so they intentionally avoided further scouting of national or state parks or government owned land. This restriction limited their options, however, particularly for impactful scenery.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=52}} Bowling eventually discovered Hell's Half Acre, located just outside of the town of [[Casper, Wyoming]], which offered "colorful buttes and pinnacles," which could portray the alien planets of Klendathu and Planet P.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|pp=52–53}}<ref name="StrangeHorizons"/> The location was remote, however, being about {{cvt|45|mile|km}} from the Astaire Building or hotels and requiring an hour drive every morning at 5am. It offered other logistical challenges as it was generally undeveloped land, so the production had to build roads for the trucks carrying their gear into the canyons for filming.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=56}} Anything that could not be driven in had to be lowered by helicopter.<ref name="ASCMag"/> Construction of some on-location sets such as Whiskey Outpost camp began in February 1996 and took six weeks.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=53}}<ref name="ASCMag"/> The local government was supportive of the project, helping subsidized the costs of building the roads and camp.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=56}} They later learned that the area was rife with rattlesnakes, although no crew was bitten.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=56}} 

Another, more-easily accessible location, Barry Barber Ranch near [[Kadoka, South Dakota]] and the [[Badlands National Park]], featured little vegetations and smooth, undulating landscape, which could serve as Tango Urilla.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=53}}<ref name="VarietyTango"/><ref name="StrangeHorizons"/> Even as pre-production continued, Davison remained concerned about the studio's ongoing executive turnover and its inconsistent commitment to funding, saying "I felt the plug could always be pulled on us any minute."{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=53}} In contrast, Verhoeven believed the repeated regime changes at the studio meant the project was being overlooked until it was too late to cancel it.<ref name="GuardianHowwemade"/><ref name="NewYorkerRetro"/><ref name="AVClubVerhoevenInt"/><ref name="RollingStoneVerho2016"/>

===Casting===
In casting ''Starship Troopers'', Verhoeven wanted cast who visually embodied the caucasian, blonde, blue-eyed, and beautiful image he had perceived in [[Propaganda in Nazi Germany|Nazi propaganda film]]s by [[Leni Riefenstahl]], ''[[Triumph of the Will]]'' (1935) and ''[[Olympia (1938 film)|Olympia]]'' (1938).<ref name="EmpireDutch"/><ref name="TheVergeRetro"/><ref name="SyFyRetro"/><ref name="CBRRetro"/> He described it as "an idiotic story, young people go to fight bugs, so I felt the human characters should have a comic-book look."<ref name="GuardianHowwemade"/> The search initially focused on popular, well-known film actors aged between their late teens and early twenties, but realized that many of the contemporary stars were already in their thirties or already committed to other projects.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=42–43}} Although television actors were still generally ignored when casting films, the production looked at shows such as ''[[Melrose Place]]'' and ''[[Beverly Hills, 90210]]'', which featured young, photogenic, but less well-known actors, such as Van Dien, Richards, and Meyer.<ref name="SyFyRetro"/>{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=42–43}}<ref name="CBRRetro"/> Verhoeven later said ''Starship Troopers'' could have benefitted from casting actors for their ability instead of looks.<ref name="CBRRetro"/>

Van Dien went through five auditions for the Rico role.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=46}} He shared a similar history to the character, his father and grandfather having been in the military and attending military school himself, as well as being the captain of his high school football team.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=43}} Van Dien was also a science fiction fan, particularly of ''Star Wars'' and ''[[Star Trek]]''.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=46}} He underwent eight months of training for his role, adding about {{cvt|5|lbs|kg}} of muscle and losing several {{cvt|3.5|inch|cm}} from his waist.<ref name="LATimesSep1996"/> [[Mark Wahlberg]] and [[Matt Damon]] also auditioned, but Verhoeven believed Van Dien closely fit the aesthetic of Reiftenstahl's films.<ref name="GuardianHowwemade"/> Richards also went through five auditions to portray Carmen in November and December 1995, before finally screen testing against Van Dien.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=46–47}} Unlike her character, Richards said she was terrified of flying.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=47}} She did not think about the politics of ''Starship Troopers'', saying she was focused on avoiding being fired from her first major film role.<ref name="GuardianHowwemade"/><!-- first major film role -> --><ref name="EWRichards"/><ref name="DigitalSpyRichards"/> Although her agent initially recommended auditioning for Carmen, Meyer was more interested in Dizzy. She thought she could convey the character's "heart" and vulnerability at being overlooked by Rico because her toughness makes her seem like just another guy.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|pp=47–48}} 

Harris was mainly known at the time for portraying a child doctor on ''[[Doogie Howser, M.D.]]'' (1989–1993), and wanted a project that would shed that image as he moved into his adult career.<ref name="SyFyRetro"/> Describing playing Jenkins, Harris said, "He's bipolar, in a sense. Almost two completely separate characters. When you first meet [Jenkins]{{nbsp}}... he's Johnny's best friend. A bit geeky, but also funny, with lots of energy and quips{{nbsp}}... when you finally see him again{{nbsp}}... he's worn and pale and has the whole weight of the world on his shoulders. He's also dressed like a [[Gestapo|German Gestapo officer]]!"{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=69}} ''Starship Troopers'' was the feature film debut for Patrick Muldoon, who was mostly known for ''Melrose Place''. Muldoon said Verhoeven and Neumeier saw Zander as having a dark side, but he considered him to be an "ambiguous character{{nbsp}}... he's very competitive, and he gets what he wants. But what we finally ended up with, I think, is actualy a slightly tougher version of the relationship between [[Han Solo]] and [[Princess Leia]] in the ''Star Wars'' movies."{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=70}} Busey considered Ace Levy to be an integral part of the cast, who finds the humor in the most macabre situations, releasing the tension for the audience.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=78}} Seth Gilliam described his character as "like the [[Vietnam War|[Vietnam war veteran]]] who kept reenlisting after every tour of duty was over. To my mind, Sugar couldn't deal with being 'back in the world,' as they used to call it."{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=94}}

Clancy Brown portrays Sgt. Zim, a "crusty, macho, jingoistic, ultimately admirable drill instructor." Brown based his performance on archetypical "tough as nails" instructors from older American films such as ''[[The D.I.]]'' (1957) and ''[[Full Metal Jacket]]'' (1987), as well as taking guidance from retired Marine captain [[Dale Dye]], who said that he should act as if his soldiers are watching every move he makes.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=77}} Verhoeven was a fan of Ironside, having attempted to cast him in ''RoboCop'' and giving him a central role in ''[[Total Recall]]'' (1990).<ref name="NewYorkerRetro"/>{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=66}} His Jean Rasczak character appears early in ''Starship Troopers'' to set the tone, and was an original character combining two characters from the novel: Rico's teacher, Lieutenant Colonel Jean V. Dubois, and Lieutenant Rasczak, a heroic soldier.<ref name="CBRRetro"/>{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=66}} Ironside said that after the character's family is killed in the destruction of Buenos Aires, "there isn't a God in Rasczak's life anymore. That makes him a little suicidal."{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=94}}

About six main actors, including Van Dien, Meyer, Busey, Gilliam and Curnal Aulisio, as well as twenty-four extras undertook a 12-day boot camp training session under Dale Dye from April 17, 1996 to the first day of filming.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|pp=60–61}} Taking place in Hell's Half Acre, the boot camp taught basic combat skills and tactics as Dye perceived they may evolve centuries in the future.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|pp=61, 63}} Activities included a daily {{cvt|3|mile|km}} run and other physical training in the very thin air of the area which was {{cvt|6000|ft|m}} above sea level area, how to march, perform manouveurs and handle weapons. Those involved slept in open-air military tents, dealing with the harsh conditions including {{cvt|2|ft|m}} of snow and ice following a blizzard, and windstorms, and some people did drop out. Extra, Julia Rupkalvis, later helped Dye train the hundreds of extras portraying troopers.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=63}} As Richard's was not in the Infantry cast she did not have to participate, but chose to anyway, remarking how she, Van Dien, and Busey bonded while huddling together for warmth during the blizzard.<ref name="GuardianHowwemade"/>

===Filming===
[[Image:HellsHalfAcre.JPG|thumb|right|Badlands of [[Hell's Half Acre (Wyoming)|Hell's Half Acre]], Natrona County, Wyoming, where parts of ''Starship Troopers'' were filmed.]]
Principal photography began on April 29, 1996, with six weeks of filming in Hell's Half Acre.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|pp=53,150}}<ref name="ASCMag"/> The location featured extreme weather, with very warm days followed by frigid evenings that took a toll on much of the on-site equipment, requiring various replacements to be blown in on a regular basis.<ref name="ASCMag"/> The location was also beset by torrential rain, blizzards, and wind storms up to {{cvt|80|mile|km}} per hour.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=56}} The site had to be evacuated temporarily after rain mixing with the bentonite in the ground created a slick surface. The crew took as much equipment as they could, and after the rain stopped two weeks later, miles of electrical cables, some equipment, and even cars had been lost under the mud. Even so, only a few days were lost to the weather as a local warehouse had been converted into a soundstage for backup scenes to be filmed.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=56}}<ref name="ASCMag"/> Alongside the weather conditions, filming in Hell's Half Acre took its toll on the crew, with respiratory illnesses, exhaustion, and heat stroke from wearing heavy costumes in the {{cvt|115|F|C}}. Dozens of people per day were treated for the ailment, and production had to be shut down for a week at a cost of $1.5{{nbsp}}million a day after it affected Busey.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=150}}<ref name="CBRRetro"/><ref name="EsquireBusey"/> The location represented the Klendathu night battle and featured about 1,300 background trooper extras on each night of filming. Scenes were filmed mainly with a [[steadicam]] while handheld footage was occasionally used for battle scenes, inspired by the [[Normandy landings]] in 1944, to make the audience feel a part of the scene. It was designed to be disorienting and gory to set expectations of the film's future combat scenes.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|pp=57,65}}<ref name="GuardianHowwemade"/> 

The cast faced a lot of difficulty in interacting with creatures that were not present in the scene and had to learn how to act against invisible objects. Various methods were used to help including cardboard cutouts and tennis balls or flags on sticks to indicate their position, as well as Verhoeven wielding a broom.<ref name="CBRRetro"/><ref name="ASCMag"/><ref name="GuardianHowwemade"/><ref name="LATimesSep1996"/> A fatal accident occurred during the [[Memorial Day]] holiday weekend in May when some crew, returning to Casper from their vacation at Yellowstone park, were involved in a car crashed caused by an oncoming driver, killing the opposing driver and two crew members, and severely injuring the crew member's girlfriend [[Rachel Campos-Duffy]].{{sfn|Sammon|1997|pp=150–151}} Counselling was offered for the remaining cast and crew, who provided donations towards Campos' recover, as did the studio.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=151}} Filming moved to Barry Barber Ranch on June 14, for scenes set on Klendathu and Tango Urilla,{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=150}}<ref name="EmpireDutch"/><ref name="ASCMag"/><ref name="StrangeHorizons"/> before returning to Capser on June 26.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=150}} The post Tango Urilla battle celebration was filmed seprately at Vasquez Rocks.<ref name="StrangeHorizons"/>

Obstacles continued as the crew boarded their return flight to Los Angeles on June 29, to begin filming on sets July 3. One crew member was intoxicated and refused further alcohol by flight attendants and uttered a remark about a bomb which resulted in the plane being evacuated, cargo searched, and all passengers being held in a holding area. The crew member was arrested for violating federal bomb threat laws while the remaining team had to wait another day for a flight, having to travel on a scheduled rest day and losing a day of filming in Los Angeles.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=150}} The Buenos Aires educated center classroom and biology lab sets were built on Sony Studios Stage 23 and filmed in late July.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|pp=65,67}} Jenkin's basement set was filmed on Stage 29; it involved a real ferret and features many of Heinlein's books in the background.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|pp=68–69}} The jumpball scene was filmed at the [[Walter Pyramid|Long Beach Pyramid]] arena.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=69}} Van Dien, Meyer, and Muldoon performed many of their own stunts for the scene apart from flips and somersaults, but otherwise encouraged each other to "go for it, try to lay me out."{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=70}} The exam results scene and the prom were both filmed at [[Kaiser Permanente]].{{sfn|Sammon|1997|pp=66,70}} The prom scene involved over four hundred extras.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=70}} The Federal Recruitment Center scene and the segment where Rico sees off Carmen were filmed over four days at the [[Los Angeles Convention Center]], which Verhoeven chose because he considered its architecture to be futuristic and clean.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|pp=70–71}} The scenes there involved the highest number of extras in ''Starship Troopers'', with about 400.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=71}} Some minor scenes were also filmed at the [[Park Plaza Hotel (Los Angeles)|Park Plaza Hotel]].{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=101}}

It was difficult to find a location for the Camp Currie boot camp scenes until finding [[Mile Square Regional Park]] in [[Fountain Valley, California|Fountain Valley]]. Cameron liked it because it had an abandoned World War II blimp runway onto which they laid a top coat of tarmac and paint for a parade ground. It also fit their image of a low-pollution Earth, being surrounded by flat ground and many trees.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=72}} The entire structure was about {{cvt|500|by|300|ft|m}} and included an obstacle course and artillery ranges, as well as involving up to 300 extras.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=73}} About six weeks were spent transforming the site, including adding seventeen pre-fabricated buildings.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=73}}

The co-ed nude shower scene was filmed on a set at Sony Pictures and involved about fifteen cast. Verhoeven had them gather around him clothed before clearing the set of all crew but himself and Vacano, after which he told the cast to undress at their own pace.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=82}} Although some of the cast admitted to being nervous, they all undressed fairly quickly, but requested that Verhoeven and Vacano also be nude, to which they agreed.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=82}}<ref name="DigitalSpyat20"/><ref name="EmpireDutch"/> The scene would become one of ''Starship Troopers''{{'}} most infamous scenes, but Verhoeven remarked he had done a similar scene in ''RoboCop'' although few seemed to notice. For ''Starship Troopers'' he was intent that people would notice. He described the point of the scene as being that since all of the characters are fascists, they have no libido and only talk about their careers and combat.<ref name="EmpireDutch"/> A seperate nude scene was written for Richards but she refused to take part as she did not see the purpose.<ref name="GuardianHowwemade"/>

Armstrong filmed many of the film's action sequences as well as the complex stunts and special effect sequences that would be too consuming for the first unit. Also working as the stunt director, Armstrong delegated much of the first unit stunt work to Dickey Beer to avoid overworking himself.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|pp=58–60}} The fight betwen Rico and Zander was mainly performed by their actors while wearing padding suits.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=90}} Van Dien was injured during a stunt that involved him riding on the back of a gigantic, moving, fiberglass "Tanker Bug" shell. The movement kept slamming him into the shell as he was held in place with ropes, chipping one of his teeth and bruising his ribs over the 3-and-a-half days of filming, but he refused to mention the pain and interrupt filming.<ref name="LATimesSep1996"/> One of the more dangerous stunts came near the end of filming, involving Van Dien, Busey, and Richards running out of an Arachnid tunnel followed by a real explosion. Only one take was done, and they were told that if someoen tripped to pick them up and keep moving.<ref name="GuardianHowwemade"/>

Despite the difficult conditions and obstacles, principal photography concluded after six months of filming generally six days a week on October 16, 1996, not longer after the intended finishing date.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|pp=99–100, 123}} Second unit filming concluded a week later on October 23, after filming various explosions and background scenery.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=99}} Armstrong estimated that about 40% of ''Starship Troopers'' constituted second unit-filmed scenes.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=100}} Most effects scenes shot early in the schedule so there was sufficient time for the effecs team to complete their work.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=123}}

===Post-production===
Post-production began in late October 1996, and concluded about August 1997, covering editing, music, and effects.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|pp=100,128}} ''Starship Troopers'' was edited by [[Mark Goldblatt]] with co-editor Caroline Ross.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|pp=122–123}} Goldblatt described Verhoeven as very collaborative, allowing them to interpret his footage in their own way and even allowing them input during filming on how special effects may be staged. Even so, he said Verhoeven was conservative with what he filmed and generally only captured what he wanted with no coverage footage.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=123}} Some scenes were changed for the release, including trimming the scene of the Brain Bug sucking brains. Another scene, of Carmen kissing Rico at the end was cut because [[test audience]]s thought it was "immoral" after Zander's death, and were unconvinced that a woman could love both men simultaneously. The audiences were also unhappy with the Carmen character choosing her career over her relationship with Rico and wanted her to die at the end instead of Dizzy.<ref name="CBRRetro"/>

Several scenes were also filmed during this period, including some of the FedNet propaganda sequences as there was no time to complete these during principal photography. Filmed over a week in late January 1997, with many of the same crew including Verhoeven and Vacano, mainly on location in and around Los Angeles, these sequences included survivors digging through the remains of Buenos Aires, shot on a vacalt lot in downtown Los Angeles that was dressed with broken concrete and flame effects. Some of the crew stood in for the cast including Davison, Neumeier, Stacy Lumbrezer, and Paul Sammon, author of the film's "Making Of" book. Another scene of a psychic with a third eye was filmed in a Delta Airlines hangar at the Los Angeles International Airport.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=101}} ''Starship Troopers'' is reported to have a final budget of $100–$110{{nbsp}}million.<ref name="NYTimesNov1097"/><ref name="LATimesSep1996"/><ref name="SyFyRetro"/>

Two [[rough cut]] screenings were held on May 29 and 30, 1997, for executives and the reaction was positive with discussions of a sequel.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|pp=131–132}} Discussing the long development of ''Starship Troopers'', Marshall said that he was proud of it whether it was a success or not, but would be happiest if audiences appreciated the work that had gone into it. Davison called it the project he was proudest to have associated with his name.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|pp=131,133}}

===Music===
The score for ''Starship Troopers'' was composed by another Verhoeven collaborator, Basil Poledouris.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=126}} It was recorded on a Sony Studios recording stage between June and September 1997, with a full orchestra of 97 musicians using mainly acoustic and percussion instruments.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=128}} Poledouris intended to score the film as an action movie but Verhoeven wanted the music to offer a realistic background to what the characters were experiencing, so Poledouris' efforts focused on being exciting as well as passionate and poingnant.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|pp=126–127}} Poledouris developed several and distinct themes for specific characters and relationships, such as one for the relationship between Rico and Carmen and one for Rico and Dizzy, whom he considered the "heart" of ''Starship Troopers''. He did not create a theme for the Arachnids because they made their own distinct noises and wanted that to contrast with the music for the humans.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=127}} Poledouris' daughter Zoe's band, Evelyn Oz, also performs two songs during the prom scene: "I Have Not Been to Oxford Town", composed by [[David Bowie]], and an original song, "Born With It."{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=128}}

==Release==
===Context===
A record number of expensive blockbuster films were scheduled for 1997, and by August a further record-breaking 10 films earning over $100{{nbsp}}million had been released, with two, ''[[The Lost World: Jurassic Park]]'' and ''[[Men in Black (1997 film)|Men in Black]]'' earning over $200{{nbsp}}million. Even so, the success of these films was undermined by the growing cost of film production, with the average film now costing $80{{nbsp}}million to make and a further $40{{nbsp}}million to promote, and the quantity of competing films meant that even successful films could have made a further 15%–20% without the competition.<ref name="LATimesSummerAug1997"/> ''Starship Troopers''{{'}} United States distributor, [[Sony Pictures]], had also set an industry record, earning over $500{{nbsp}}million in ticket sales from summer releases including ''[[Air Force One (film)|Air Force One]]'', ''Men in Black'', and ''[[My Best Friend's Wedding]]'', and had begun focusing efforts on translating some of its films into media franchises, extending their merchandising profitability long after they left theaters, including ''[[Jumanji]]'' (1995), ''Men in Black'', and ''Starship Troopers''.<ref name="LATimesSummerAug1997"/><ref name="LATimesFranchise"/>

===Marketing===
The first trailer for ''Starship Troopers'' was released in November 1996, in front of ''[[Star Trek: First Contact]]'', with the second playing before ''Men in Black'' and ''Air Force One'' in 1997.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=130}} Despite the positive reception from executives, ''Starship Troopers'' was moved from its July 2 release date ostensibly so there was more time to finish the special effects and raise audience awareness of the film.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=132}}{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=104}}<ref name="GuardianHowwemade"/> Its release date was taken by ''Men in Black'' and the other open week to ''Air Force One'', which were deemed more commercially viable and ''Starship Troopers'' lacked a big name like Harrison Ford. ''Starship Troopers'' was initially moved to September and then to November 7.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=104}}<ref name="GuardianHowwemade"/> Marshall said noone involved was happy about moving an anticipated summer blockbuster to the Autumn.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=104}}<ref name="LATimesAnticipated"/> Verhoeven later said that Davison had told him it would "never make its money back. [Davison] saw there was a problem with the american audience better than I had."<ref name="GuardianHowwemade"/>

===Box office===
The premiere of ''Starship Troopers'' took place on November 4, 1997, in [[Westwood, Los Angeles]], with an afterparty at the [[Museum of Flying]].<ref name="LAtimesTouchstoneSony"/> In the United States (U.S.) and Canada, ''Starship Troopers'' was released on November 7, 1997, earning about $22.1{{nbsp}}million from 2,971 theaters, an average of $7,424 per theater, and making it the number{{nbsp}}1 film of the weekend, ahead of the comedy ''[[Bean (film)|Bean]]'' ($12.7{{nbsp}}million) and horror ''[[I Know What You Did Last Summer]]'' ($6.5{{nbsp}}million), both in their fourth weekend.<ref name="BomWeeekend1"/><ref name="SyFyRetro"/> This also made it TriStar's third-largest opening weekend, behind ''[[Total Recall (1990 film)|Total Recall]]'' (1990) and ''[[Terminator 2: Judgment Day]]'' (1991).<ref name="NYTimesNov1097"/> ''[[The New York Times]]'' gave 1,000 tickets for ''Bean'' to young males as a test, and recorded that many then snuck into the [[Motion Picture Association film rating system#MPA film ratings|R-rated]] ''Starship Troopers''.<ref name="CBRRetro"/>

It fell to number{{nbsp}}2 in its second weekend, earning $10{{nbsp}}million, ahead of the re-release of the animated film ''[[The Little Mermaid (1989 film)|The Little Mermaid]]'' ($9.8{{nbsp}}million), and behind the debut of action-thriller ''[[The Jackal (1997 film)|The Jackal]]'' ($15.2{{nbsp}}million), and representing a 54% decrease from the previous weekend's box office.<ref name="BomWeeekend2"/><ref name="LATimesBO54Percent"/> ''Starship Troopers'' dropped to number{{nbsp}}7 in its third weekend with a box office gross of $4.7{{nbsp}}million, and left the top 10 highest-grossing films by its sixth weekend in mid-December.<ref name="BomWeeekend3"/><ref name="TheNumbersBO"/> The film had left most theaters by the end of the year with a total box office gross of about $54.8{{nbsp}}million, making it only the number{{nbsp}}33 highest-grossing film of the year.<ref name="BomWeeekend3"/><ref name="TheNumbersBO"/><ref name="TheNumbersDomestic1997"/> Outside of the U.S. and Canada, ''Starship Troopers'' is estimated to have earned a further $66.3{{nbsp}}million, giving it a worldwide box office of $121{{nbsp}}million against its $105{{nbsp}}million budget, and making it also the number{{nbsp}}34 highest-grossing film worldwide.<ref name="TheNumbersBO"/><ref name="TheNumbersworldwide"/><ref name="ScreenRantRetro"/>

== Reception ==
===Critical response===

''Starship Troopers'' received generally negative reviews at release and was dismissed by critics and audiences alike.<ref name="EmpireDutch"/><ref name="TheVergeRetro"/><ref name="TheAtlanticMisunderstood"/><ref name="NewYorkerRetro"/><ref name="ScreenRantRetro"/><ref name="NYTimesNov1097"/><ref name="TheAtlanticMisunderstood"/> Audience polls by [[CinemaScore]] reported moviegoers gave the film an average grade of "C+" on an {{nowrap|A+ to F}} scale.<ref name="CinemaScore"/>

Many reviewers did not interpret ''Starship Troopers'' as a satire, believing many of its fascist themes were literal.<ref name="EmpireDutch"/><ref name="AVClubVerhoevenInt"/><ref name="DOGAds"/><ref name="TheAtlanticMisunderstood"/><ref name="ReviewEmpire"/> An editorial in ''[[The Washington Post]]'' described ''Starship Troopers'' as a pro-fascist film made directed and written by Nazis.<ref name="AVClubVerhoevenInt"/><ref name="EmpireDutch"/><ref name="DOGAds"/><ref name="SyFyRetro"/> [[Stephen Hunter]] said the film was "spiritually" and "psychologically" Nazi and born of a Nazi-like imagination. Hunter described ''Starship Troopers'' as a "perversion" of [[Erich Maria Remarque]]'s 1929 novel, ''[[All Quiet on the Western Front]]'', which depicts the physical and mental tolls of war, by glorifying the horrors of war.<ref name="WaPoHunterNazis"/> Others, such as ''[[Empire (film magazine)|Empire]]'' believed that the "constant fetishising of weaponry" and "[Aryan] cast", combined with "militaristic imagery" in ''RoboCop'' and ''Total Recall'', made it seem that Verhoeven admired Heinlein's world more than he said.<ref name="ReviewEbert"/><ref name="ReviewEmpire"/> Those who recognized the satirical elements said ''Starship Troopers'' walked a thin line between "overblown melodrama" and parody, accompanied with Verhoeven's ''RoboCop''-style "news breaks", but that these ideas were often indistinguishable from the promotion of the "fascist utopia" it was satirizing.<ref name="ReviewSalon"/><ref name="ReviewReelViews"/><ref name="ReviewEbert"/><ref name="ReviewEmpire"/><ref name="SyFyRetro"/><ref name="ReviewEW"/> ''Salon'' said that even with good satire, it was "self-defeatingly stupid" to use it in a story that wants its audience to care about its characters, and that ''Starship Troopers'' fails to replace Heinlein's themes with a worthwhile ideal.<ref name="ReviewSalon"/><ref name="LATimesHiddenSatire"/> The ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' wrote that Verhoeven  had "lost his touch" with satire by failing to respect his audiences' intelligence and make the world of ''Starship Troopers'' interesting or convincing.<ref name="LATimesHiddenSatire"/>

Reviews generally regarded ''Starship Troopers'' as an unintelligent and "discordant" combination of ultraviolence, poor acting, and special effects, but in spite of this, it was one of the more "jaw-dropping" films of the year, amid a series of "disappointing" blockbusters.<ref name="ReviewLATimes"/><ref name="ReviewReelViews"/><ref name="ReviewEbert"/><ref name="ReviewSalon"/><ref name="ReviewReelViews"/><ref name="ReviewEW"/> Berardinelli said that at its best, ''Starship Troopers'' replicated the thrills of ''[[Aliens (1986 film)|Aliens]]'' (1986), while emulating ''Beverly Hills, 90210'' in its worst moments. [[Roger Ebert]] said that Heinlein's novel was written for juveniles and the film's content would only be of interest to younger audiences.<ref name="ReviewEbert"/> [[Janet Maslin]] and [[Kenneth Turan]] found Neuemeier's script to be unsuccessful in transitioning from the teenage love story to the carnage of war, but that ''Starship Troopers'' remained watchable as a live-action comic book.<ref name="ReviewNYTimesMaslin"/><ref name="ReviewLATimes"/> Turan, in particular, said that unlike its contemporaries, such as ''[[Independence Day (1996 film)|Independence Day]]'' and ''[[Twister (1996 film)|Twister]]'' (both 1996), ''Starship Troopers'' benefitted from a lack of pretence that the effects were less important than emotions or "pseudo-sensitivity."<ref name="ReviewLATimes"/> Ebert concluded that outside of the satire, ''Starship Troopers'' lacked any humanity or basic entertaining value to connect with the audience.<ref name="ReviewEbert"/>

Reviews were generally dismissive of the central cast, describing them as "no name" "mannequins" that offered an all-American superficial Aryan stereotype of beauty, while criticizing their limited acting abilities that made some of their critically-derided peers seem like "classical thespians," and made it difficult to become invested in the narrative.<ref name="ReviewRosenbaum"/><ref name="ReviewEmpire"/><ref name="ReviewReelViews"/><ref name="ReviewEW"/><ref name="ReviewSalon"/><ref name="ReviewLATimes"/><ref name="ReviewSFGate"/> Even so, some critics, such as [[James Berardinelli]], said that ''Starship Troopers''{{'}} content would not work with good "or even competent" actors.<ref name="ReviewEmpire"/><ref name="ReviewReelViews"/> Berardinelli also praised the cast for being "appealing and enthusiastic," particularly Van Dien and Meyer for retaining some human interest once the special effect sequences become more prominent.<ref name="ReviewReelViews"/>

[[Jonathan Rosenbaum]] and others found the violence to be consistent with Verhoeven's other work, offering a "kinky-camp ghoulishness," but that the battles with waves of Arachnids were "joyless", emotionally unsatisfying, and grew tiresome because the creatures lacked any personality and that audiences would quickly become desensitized to the extreme gore.<ref name="ReviewSalon"/><ref name="ReviewEbert"/><ref name="ReviewNYTimesMaslin"/><ref name="ReviewRosenbaum"/><ref name="ReviewEW"/><ref name="ReviewReelViews"/> Ebert said the battles were worsened by the "boring" rock-like planets on which the battles took place, that featured no other species beyond humans and Arachnids.<ref name="ReviewEbert"/> The film's special effects received a mixed reception from those who found them impressive or "astonishing,"<ref name="ReviewNYTimesMaslin"/><ref name="ReviewSFGate"/><ref name="ReviewSalon"/><ref name="ReviewReelViews"/> and others who thought that the creations sometimes faltered and looked fake.<ref name="ReviewReelViews"/>

===Accolades===
At the [[2nd Golden Satellite Awards]] in 1998, ''Starship Troopers'' was nominated for Best Motion Picture (Animated or Mixed Media).<ref name="AwardsSatellite"/> For the [[70th Academy Awards]], Tippett, [[Scott E. Anderson]], [[Alec Gillis]], and [[John Richardson (special effects designer)|John Richardson]] were nominated for [[Academy Award for Best Visual Effects|Best Visual Effects]].<ref name="NYTimesOscars"/> ''Starship Troopers'' was also nominated for Best Action Sequence at the [[1998 MTV Movie Awards|MTV Movie Awards]], as well as receiving a nomination for Best Dramatic Presentation from the [[Hugo Award]]s.<ref name="AwardsMTV"/><ref name="AwardHugo"/> The [[Stinkers Bad Movie Awards]] ceremony also saw ''Starship Troopers'' nominated for Worst Picture, losing to ''[[Batman & Robin (film)|Batman & Robin]]''.<ref name="Stinkers"/>

== Post-release ==

===Performance analysis===
Retrospective analysis has attempted to understand why ''Starship Troopers'' perform poorly at the box office.<ref name="SyFyRetro"/><ref name="TheVergeRetro"/><ref name="NewYorkerRetro"/><ref name="TheAtlanticMisunderstood"/><ref name="ScreenRantWhyitfailed"/> The film generally failed to connect with either critics or audiences, who believed its mixture of satire, violence, gore, and "cheesy" performances were unwelcoming to mainstream audiences. Other industry experts believe it was undone, at least in part, by the number of successful science fiction and genre films already released that year, such as ''The Lost World: Jurassic Park'' ($618.6{{nbsp}}million), ''Men in Black'' ($587.8{{nbsp}}million), and ''[[The Fifth Element]]'' ($263.9{{nbsp}}million).<ref name="NewYorkerRetro"/><ref name="TheAtlanticMisunderstood"/><ref name="ScreenRantWhyitfailed"/><ref name="SyFyRetro"/><ref name="TheVergeRetro"/> ''Starship Troopers'' was also released only a few weeks before ''[[Titanic (1997 film)|Titanic]]'' ($1.8{{nbsp}}billion), which became the highest-grossing film of its time, as well as other successful or anticipated films such as ''[[Alien Resurrection]]'', ''[[Flubber (film)|Flubber]]'', ''[[Scream 2]]'', and the latest [[James Bond]] film ''[[Tomorrow Never Dies]].<ref name="SyFyRetro"/><ref name="TheVergeRetro"/><ref name="TheNumbersworldwide"/><ref name="BOMWorldwide1997/><ref name="LATimesFlubber"/><ref name="NewYorkerRetro"/><ref name="TheAtlanticMisunderstood"/><ref name="ScreenRantWhyitfailed"/>

''[[The Washington Post]]'' also accused ''Starship Troopers'' of being a pro-Nazi film made by two Nazis, Verhoeven and Neumeier.<ref name="GuardianHowwemade"/><ref name="EmpireDutch"/> Verhoeven said "We were accused by ''The Washington Post'' of being neo-Nazis!{{nbsp}}... It was tremendously disappointing. They couldn't see that all I have done is ironically create a fascist utopia."<ref name="SyFyRetro"/><ref name="EmpireDutch"/> The narrative that ''Starship Troopers'' was effectively a "neo-Nazi" film was picked up by European news publications including countries that had been fascist during the Nazi era such as Germany, Italy, and France. Verhoeven described it as "extremely punishing to us," and had to repeatedly explain to European journalists the context that ''Starship Troopers'' was using fascist imagery ironically.<ref name="AVClubVerhoevenInt"/> This, Verhoeven believed, helped dissuade audiences from turning out to see ''Starship Troopers'' and, alongside poor word-of-mouth from audiences that did attend, the U.S. box office gross dropped a rare 50% in its second weekend. The title was also seen as a possible factor, leading audiences to expect something akin to a light-hearted adventure such as ''Star Wars'' instead of a film about fascism.<ref name="GuardianHowwemade"/> Verhoeven also believed audiences were not happy about Dizzy dying instead of Carmen, remarking "we were trying to be good feminists."<ref name="HomeMediaSalon"/> American historian, [[Robert Sklar]], suggested that audiences had also grown tired of alien war films and science-fiction adventure in general after the recent releases of ''[[Mars Attacks!|Mars Attacks!]]'' (1996), the blockbuster ''[[Independence Day (1996 film)|Independence Day]]'' (1996), and the [[Changes in Star Wars re-releases|''Star Wars special editions]]  (1997), and anticipated a resurgence in war films based on World War II instead.<ref name="LATimesSep1996"/><ref name="LATimesSepAliens"/> Verhoeven believed ''Starship Troopers'' had been poorly marketed in the U.S. by labelling it as an action film, in turn leading critics and audiences to overlook the satire.<ref name="EmpireDutch"/> A ''Los Angeles Times'' editorial speculated the decision could have been a deliberate choice by the studio because satire films did not perform as well.<ref name="LATimesHiddenSatire"/> Verhoeven anecdotally remarked that it was appropriately marketed as a satire in the United Kingdom.<ref name="EmpireDutch"/>

===Home media===
''Starship Troopers'' was released on [[VHS]] in 1998,<ref name="HomeMediaAmazonVHS"/> followed by a [[DVD]] release in 1999.<ref name="HomeMediaSalon"/><ref name="HomeMediaIGN1999/> The DVD contained additional features including a documentary about the making of the film, screen tests with some of the actors, commentary by Verhoeven and Neumeier, and deleted scenes including an alternate ending in which Rico and Carmen officially get back together.<ref name="HomeMediaIGN1999/><ref name="HomeMediaIGN2002SE"/> A 2-disc Special Edition DVD was released in 2002. It included additional features such as commentary by Verhoeven, Neumeier, and the cast, including Van Dien, Harris, and Meyer, as well as breakdowns of the special effects. It also includes several documentaries: "Death from Above," a retrospective about the making of the film, "Know Your Foe," about creating the various Arachnid creatures, "The Starships of ''Starship Troopers''," "FX Comparisons," showing how various components were combined to create various scenes, and "Scene De-Constructions," a breakdown of some scenes with commentary by Verhoeven.<ref name="HomeMediaIGN2002SE"/><ref name="HomeMediaIGN2002SE2"/>

''Starship Troopers'' was released on [[Blu-ray]] in 2008, containing many previously released extras and the addition of FedNet mode, which places a graphic overlay to the film with pop-up facts.<ref name="HomeMediaIGN2008BluRay"/> A [[4K Ultra HD Blu-ray]] remastered version was released for the film's 20th anniversary with previously released extras.<ref name="HomeMediaCollider2017"/> A 25th anniversary 4K Blu-ray was released in 2022, in a limited edition steelbook case, and includes a reunion discussion between Neumeier, Van Dien, Richards, Meyer, Ironside, Brown, Busey, and Gilliam.<ref name="HomeMediaCollider2022"/>

=== Other media===
''Starship Troopers'' merchandise included miniatures, action figures, and "Insect Touch," a three issue comic book by [[Dark Horse Comics]].{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=131}} Toy manufacturer [[Galoob]] developed twelve different products including action figures and vehicles. Retailers were reluctant to stock toys for an R-rated film, with both [[Wal-Mart]] and [[Target Corporation|Target]], which represented about 20% of all action figure sales, declining, although [[Toys "R" Us]] and [[KB Toys]] agreed. Sony executives called it an "open secret" that children were attending R-rated films.<ref name="LATimesMerch"/> Author Paul Sammon spent six months accompanying filming for ''Starship Troopers'', through pre-production and leading up to the film's release. His resulting work was released alongside the film as ''The Making of Starship Troopers''.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=152}} A CGI animated television series, ''[[Roughnecks: Starship Troopers Chronicles]]'', was released in 1999. Based on elements of the film and Heinlein's novel, the series ran for forty episodes.<ref name="LooperRoughnecks"/><ref name="AICNRoughnecks"/>

The 1976 board game, ''[[Starship Troopers (board wargame)|Starship Troopers]]'', was re-released and repackaged alongside the film as ''Starship Troopers: Prepare for Battle''.<ref name="CBRRetro"/><ref name="MerchBoardgame"/> A [[Starship Troopers (pinball)|''Starship Troopers pinball'' game]] was also released in 1997. ''[[Starship Troopers: Terran Ascendancy]]'', a strategy game, was released in 2000.<ref name="EuroTerranAscendancy"/> A 2005 video game, ''[[Starship Troopers (video game)|Starship Troopers]]'', features a narrative set five years after the events of the film, with Van Dien returning to voice Rico.<ref name="CBRRetro"/> A 2022 strategy game, '' Starship Troopers – Terran Command'', allows the player to defend colonies against the Arachnid forces.<ref name="TerranCommandIGN"/><ref name="TerranCommandDOG"/>

== Themes and analysis ==
===Politics and propaganda===
''Starship Troopers'' explores themes including patriotism, authoritarianism, militarism, colonialism, and xenophobia.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references: <ref name="ScreenRantRetro"/><ref name="ScreenRantAds"/><ref name="DOGAds"/><ref name="CBRRetro"/><ref name="EmpireDutch"/><ref name="SyFyRetro"/>{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=vii}}}} Verhoeven interpreted Heinlein's novel as fascistic, nationalistic, totalitarian, and in favor of military rule, something antithetical to the director's beliefs following his childhood experiences under the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands during World War II, and used the film adaptation to deconstruct and undermine these themes.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references: <ref name="GuardianHowwemade"/><ref name="NewYorkerRetro"/><ref name="DeadspinRetro"/><ref name="CBRRetro"/><ref name="EmpireDutch"/><ref name="ScreenRantRetro"/><ref name="SyFyRetro"/>{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=vii}}<ref name="DOGAds"/>}}  Iconography of the German Nazi regime and Italian [[National Fascist Party]], led by [[Adolf Hitler]] and [[Benito Mussolini]] respectively, appear throughout ''Starship Troopers'' as symbols of fascism belonging to the United Citizen Federation (UCF). The UCF flag, bearing an eagle, resembles that of the [[Coat of arms of Germany#Nazi Germany|Nazi coat of arms]], officer uniforms resemble those worn by the the Nazi secret police, the [[Gestapo]], including the insignia, and the infantry uniforms bear a symbol similar to Mussolini's [[Blackshirts]].<ref name="ScreenRantRetro"/><ref name="GuardianHowwemade"/> Neumeier said the Nazi uniforms were used, in part, because "the Germans made the best-looking stuff," but Verhoeven also wanted to use that aesthetic in "an artistic way."<ref name="EWNazi"/> Although some contemporary critics and audiences considered ''Starship Troopers'' to be an endorsement of fascism, Verhoeven said, "whenever you see something that you think is fascist, you should know that the filmmakers agree with your opinion."<ref name="AVClubCommentary"/><ref name="GuardianHowwemade"/> 

Other aspects of the Nazi regime influence ''Starship Troopers'', from the architecture of [[Albert Speer]],<ref name="ScreenRantRetro"/><ref name="EWNazi"/> to propaganda films such as ''Triumph of the Will'' and ''Olympia'' by Leni Reifenstahl. The first scene of ''Starship Troopers'', an advertisement for the Mobile Infantry, emulates scenes from ''Triumph of the Will'', including the dialogue, "I'm doing my part!"<ref name="DOGAds"/><ref name="GuardianHowwemade"/><ref name="NewYorkerRetro"/><ref name="EWShowerScene"/><ref name="EWNazi"/> Although some critics believed ''Starship Troopers'' was supportive of fascism, Verhoeven emulated these themes to deliberately portray the film's protagonists as fascists, while casting attractive actors, described by ''Entertainment Weekly'' as conveying the Aryan ideal of beauty, to "seduce the audience into joining  [''Starship Troopers''{{'}}] society{{nbsp}}... but then ask, 'What are you really joining up for?'"<ref name="DOGAds"/><ref name="EWNazi"/><ref name="ScreenRantAds"/><ref name="TheAtlanticMisunderstood"/> Further influence was taken from writer, [[Susan Sontag]]'s 1975 essay, "Fascinating Fascisms," that identifies key aspects of Nazism, such as the "cult of beauty," "fetishism of courage," "repudiation of the intellect," and serving the community at the expense of the self.<ref name="NewYorkerRetro"/>

''Entertainment Weekly'' and ''The A.V. Club'' believed the filmmakers considered the main characters to be "petty and stupid," but that the film's best joke lies in Rico not being very intelligent but, in turn, becoming the ideal Citizen and the "perfect blunt instrument" for the Arachnid war, abandoning any personal hopes and dreams outside of Military life, to seek revenge against the creatures that apparently killed his parents.<ref name="EWShowerScene"/><ref name="AVClub2010"/> The propaganda depicted in ''Starship Troopers'' on the "FedNet" uses extreme examples to satirize the UCF, such as children holding weapons or stamping on cockroaches while an adult looks on happily, as well as slogans such as "join the Mobile Infantry and save the world" because "service guarantees citizenship."<ref name="ColliderRetro"/><ref name="ViceRetro"/> Writer, Darren Mooney, considered the FedNet to be prescient of the increasing prominence of [[fake news]], presenting stories that those in positions of power want the populace to see, emphasizing patriotism and duty, while offering an illusion of choice and enlightenment by asking "would you like to know more?"<ref name="EscapistRetro"/><ref name="AVClub2010"/> The youth are indoctrinated through these slogans and propaganda, and information relating to the Arachnids is intended to provoke a xenophobic response, both convincing the protagonists that their cause is righteous and presenting the Arachnids as less than, by saying "the only good bug is a dead bug." Peace is never presented as an option.<ref name="DOGAds"/><ref name="AVClubDecade"/><ref name="TheAtlanticMisunderstood"/> ''The A.V. Club'' wrote that ''Starship Troopers'' presents a society that has been convinced to trade its freedoms, rights, and identities for security from an alien threat.<ref name="AVClubBestof1990s"/>

''Starship Troopers'' was also Verhoeven's response to events he perceived in contemporary U.S. politics, such as limited gun restrictions and an increase of capital punishment, which he believed could eventually result in open fascism, as well as films that glorified U.S. military forces and depicted a casual attitude to violence.<ref name="DOGVerhoevenInt"/><ref name="ScreenRantRetro"/><ref name="GuardianHowwemade"/><ref name="BestSciFiPaste"/><ref name="DOGAds"/> ''Entertainment Weekly'' found similarities between ''Starship Troopers'' and the action film ''[[Top Gun]]'' (1986), which follows physically strong, young, and attractive [[United States Air Force]] pilots combating a vague enemy. Several action films from the 1990s, such as ''[[Independence Day (1996 film)|Independence Day]]'' (1996) and ''[[Air Force One (film)|Air Force One]]'' (1997), also offered a similar American jingoism and pro-military message, with both films featuring a U.S. president character who is able to take an active role in the action because of their military backgrounds.<ref name="EWShowerScene"/>

===Citizenship and violence===
In this militaristic society depicted in ''Starship Troopers'', many rights are reserved only for citizens, those who have served in the military, and restricted to ordinary civilians.<ref name="EWShowerScene"/><ref name="TheVergeRetro"/> The boot camp shower scene involves several nude characters discussing their reason for enlistment, such as being able to serve as a politician, have children, receive a scholarship, or just not having to work on a farm.{{sfn|Sammon|1997|p=78}}<ref name="EWShowerScene"/> Such options, typical of everyone within a democracy, are restricted by the military government governing Earth, because they must be earned through military service and thus through violence and force.<ref name="EWShowerScene"/> Even voting is presented as an act of force, of supreme authority, a right that must be taken instead of given.<ref name="EWShowerScene"/><ref name="TheVergeRetro"/> As Rasczak tells his students, "violence has resolved more conflicts than anything else. The contrary opinion that violence doesn't solve anything is merely wishful thinking at worst."<ref name="AVClubDecade"/> The nudity in the shower scene was criticized, but Verhoeven believed such criticism was hypocritical, believing it was easier to depict extreme violence in American films without censorship than nudity. He wanted to convey that despite their nudity, the characters do not comment or react to the fact, implying that their libido was supressed by their dedication to fascism, the war, and their careers.<ref name="EmpireDutch"/>

Although humanity is mainly presented as victims of the Arachnid threat, aspects of ''Starship Troopers'' reveal that humans potentially instigated the conflict by invading Arachnid worlds, and the creatures are defending themselves.<ref name="TheAtlanticMisunderstood"/><ref name="SalonORourke"/><ref name="CBRRetro"/>  The meteor that strikes Earth is blamed on the Arachnids although it is not shown if they are responsible, but it serves as a means of justifying a full-scale war.<ref name="SalonORourke"/><ref name="CBRRetro"/> This presents a cycle of war, in which Earth's youths are emboldened by the propaganda slogans to become readily disposable infantry.<ref name="TheAtlanticMisunderstood"/> 

These soldiers' only orders are to kill anything inhuman, and strategic failures are solver by using more soldiers.<ref name="ColliderRetro"/> Writer, Lloyd Farley, considered the gory and explicit scenes depicting the dead were intended to overtly display the "horrors of war" in a society solely dedicated to conflict.<ref name="ColliderRetro"/> The countless soldier deaths on Planet P are quickly forgotten as troops celebrate their victory and capture of the Brain Bug, with the potential promise this will lead to the end of the war, but no actual conclusion is offered in ''Starship Troopers''.<ref name="CBRRetro"/><ref name="CBRFascism"/> This violence is reinforced with rewards, such as Rico's repeated promotions, but these openings often arise because his predecessor was killed.<ref name="AVClub2010"/><ref name="CBRFascism"/> ''Starship Troopers'' culminates with the surviving protagonists not disagreeing with this system or choosing to fight against it, but becoming a part of it by appearing in recruitment propaganda to enlist the next generation of troops.<ref name="ColliderRetro"/><ref name="CBRRetro"/><ref name="TheAtlanticMisunderstood"/>

==Legacy==
=== Critical reassessment ===
Despite its initial negative reception, ''Starship Troopers'' has been re-evaluated and is now considered one of the best science fiction films ever made.<ref name="BestSciFiIGN"/><ref name="BestSciFiPaste"/><ref name="BestSciFiRT"/><ref name="BestSciFiThrillist"/><ref name="TheAtlanticRetrospective"/><ref name="TheAtlanticMisunderstood"/> The film has grown in esteem in the decades since its release, with retrospective analyses describing it as among the most subversive and misunderstood Hollywood studio films ever made, undermined by critics and audiences who misinterpreted the anti-fascist satire as an "endorsement of a fascist utopia."<ref name="AVClubDecade"/><ref name="ScreenRantAds"/><ref name="TheAtlanticMisunderstood"/><ref name="AVClub2010"/><ref name="EscapistRetro"/><ref name="CBRRetro"/><ref name="SyFyRetro"/><ref name="ScreenRant90s"/><ref name="AVClub90s"/> ''[[The Verge]]'' and ''[[The Atlantic]]'' described it as an obvious satire, in hindsight, that was released at the wrong time, amid an era of prosperity in the United States during the late 1990s when American audiences may not have seen, or wanted to see, the criticisms of their own society. The marketing was also blamed, which presented ''Starship Troopers'' as a typical science fiction action film, making it easy for audiences not expecting satire to misinterpret it.<ref name="TheAtlanticMisunderstood"/><ref name="TheVergeRetro"/> Other publications argued that ''Starship Troopers'' was an example of [[Poe's law]], where views are presented to such an extreme that it becomes impossible for audiences to understand if it is parody or serious.<ref name="EscapistRetro"/><ref name="SyFyRetro"/>

Opinions on the film gradually changed alongside societal shifts, making the satire more obvious, particularly in the 2010s as its critiques of right-wing militarism, the [[military–industrial complex]], reactionary violence, and American jingoism, made it seem ahead of its time.<ref name="TheAtlanticMisunderstood"/><ref name="TheVergeRetro"/><ref name="EscapistRetro"/> In a 2020 retrospective, for the ''[[The New Yorker]]'', David Roth argued that ''Starship Troopers''{{'}} message had become more meaningful because it presents a narrative in which humanity, built on a culture of fascism and violence, "gets its ass kicked," and its only solution is to inflict more violence, to little success. Roth further contrasted the culture of violence to contemporary police brutality against peaceful protests or government attempts to defeat the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] through will.<ref name="TheVergeRetro"/> [[Syfy]] said it remained "riveting," but was undermined by poor acting (even if that was intended) and melodrama.<ref name="SyFyRetro"/>

Alongside being looked on more favorably by critics, ''Starship Troopers'' is is also considered a [[Cult following|cult classic]] and "unsung masterpiece."<ref name="NewYorkerRetro"/><ref name="SlashFilmSequels"/><ref name="SyFyRetro"/><ref name="ScreenRantRetro"/><ref name="TheAtlanticMisunderstood"/> ''[[Empire (film magazine)|Empire]]'' called it the true spiritual successor to ''RoboCop''{{'}}s "savage satire" and "gonzo violence," unlike that film's own sequels.<ref name="ActionEmpire2016"/> ''Starship Troopers'' is now considered one of the best films of the 1990s.<ref name="TheAtlanticMisunderstood"/><ref name="AVClub90s"/><ref name="AVClubBestof1990s"/><ref name="Bestof90sRollingStone"/><ref name="Bestof90sSlant"/><ref name="Bestof90sTimeout"/><ref name="Bestof90sIndieWire"/> In 2021, the [[British Film Institute]] named it one of the 10 greatest science fiction adaptations.<ref name="BFIGreatAdapt"/> Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes offers a {{RT data|score}} approval rating from the aggregated reviews of {{RT data|count}} critics, with an average score of {{RT data|average}}. The website's critical consensus reads, "A fun movie...if you can accept the excessive gore and wooden acting."<ref name="RottenTomatoes"/> The film has a score of 51 out of 100 on [[Metacritic]] based on 20 critics' reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews."<ref name="Metacritic"/>

===Cultural influence===
''Starship Troopers'' has continued to generate interest in the decades since its release, in part because of its critical reassessment, but also because of its elements which came to reflect future events such as [[September 11 attacks|September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks]] and the subsequent actions of the U.S. government and president [[George W. Bush]] to convince the American people to surrender certain liberties to enable a war and defeat their enemies.<ref name="SyFyRetro"/><ref name="AVClub2010"/> Retrospectives in the late 2010s and early 2020s have described how a contemporary rise in fascist activity in the U.S. had made ''Starship Troopers'' seem prescient and more of a warning than satire. <ref name="SyFyRetro"/><ref name="ColliderRetro"/><ref name="DOGVerhoevenInt"/> ''The A.V. Club'' described ''Starship Troopers'' as a "brilliant dissection" or wars and how propaganda is used to justify young people being set to their deaths against a dehumanized enemy.<ref name="AVClub2010"/><ref name="ColliderRetro"/>

Verhoeven followed ''Starship Troopers'' with the 2000 science fiction horror ''[[Hollow Man]]'', a film that he believed lacked his own personal style as he acquiesced to studio demands. Disillusioned with the [[Hollywood studio system]], and compounded by the failures of ''Showgirls'' and ''Starship Troopers'', Verhoeven returned to Europe to work outside of the Hollywood film system, going on to earn acclaim for his subsequent works such as ''[[Black Book (film)|Black Book]]'' (2006) and ''[[Elle (film)|Elle]]'' (2016).<ref name="SyFyRetro"/> In 2015, Van Dien remarked "there has not been a week in my life since I did [''Starship Troopers''] where I can go down the street without someone going 'Rico!'"<ref name="SyFyRetro"/> Richards has said she loved her character and how people responded to her as a strong female.<ref name="GuardianHowwemade"/>

Several filmmakers have named it as an influence or among their favorite films, including [[Ari Aster]], [[Margaret Brown (film director)|Margaret Brown]], [[Macaulay Culkin]],<ref name="VultureCulkin"/> [[David Lowery (director)|David Lowery]], [[Robert Rodriguez]], [[Eli Roth]], [[Riley Stearns]], [[Quentin Tarantino]], [[James Wan]], and [[Edgar Wright]].<ref name="IndieWire90sPros"/><ref name="Inverse2021TVSeries"/> A 2020 retrospective by ''[[The Guardian]]'' suggested that, with hindsight, ''Starship Troopers'' formed the final instalment of Verhoeven's unofficial science fiction action film trilogy about authoritarian governance, preceded by ''RoboCop'' (1987) and ''Total Recall'' (1991).<ref name="TheGuardianREtro"/> Slogans used in the film, such as "I'm doing my part!", and "Would you like to know more?" have since become part of the cultural lexicon.<ref name="SyFyRetro"/>

== Sequels and remake ==
Verhoeven had never developed a sequel to any of his films, but he was interested in directing a sequel to ''Starship Troopers'', depending on its performance, although he said "I would need another three or four years of thinking to make sure the movie doesn't repeat itself."<ref name="NYTimesNov1097"/> The relative failure of ''Starship Troopers'' derailed plans for a theatrical sequel and Verhoeven moved on to other projects.<ref name="SyFyRetro"/> Even so, ''Starship Troopers'' was followed by two low-budget, direct-to-home media sequels. The first, ''[[Starship Troopers 2: Hero of the Federation]]'' (2004), was directed by Tippett from a script by Neumeier and featured no returning cast or characters. Neumeier wrote and directed the second sequel, ''[[Starship Troopers 3: Marauder]]'' (2008), which brought back Van Dien as an older Rico.<ref name="SlashFilmSequels/><ref name="SyFyRetro"/> The series narrative was continued in two CGI animated films: ''[[Starship Troopers: Invasion]]'' (2012) sees the return of Rico, Jenkins, and Ibáñez (with different voice actors), while ''[[Starship Troopers: Traitor of Mars]]'' (2017) was written by Neumeier and features voice acting by Van Dien and Meyer.<ref name="SyFyRetro"/><ref name="THRTraitor"/><ref name="IGNInvasion"/>

Beginning in 2011, reports suggested that producer [[Neal H. Moritz|Neal Moritz]] and [[Columbia Pictures]] were interested in [[Reboot (fiction)|rebooting]] the ''Starship Troopers'' film series by more closely following Heinlein's novel; there have been no updated since 2016.<ref name="SyFyRetro"/><ref name="EmpireReboot"/><ref name="THRReboot"/> Verhoeven was unhappy with the idea of the reboot being more faithful to the book.<ref name="SyFyRetro"/><ref name="RollingStoneVerho2016"/> In 2021, Van Dien said a potential television series was being discussed at [[Sony Pictures Television]], although talks had been stalled due to the ongoing [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name="Inverse2021TVSeries"/>

== References ==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="AICNRoughnecks">{{cite web |date= September 21, 1999 |title=  "Roughnecks: The Starship Troopers Chronicles" Debacle !!!|url=http://legacy.aintitcool.com/node/4421 |website=[[Ain't It Cool News]] |access-date= August 14, 2022 |archive-date=August 14, 2022  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814140940/http://legacy.aintitcool.com/node/4421 |url-status= live }}</ref>

<ref name="ASCMag">{{cite web |date=March 5, 2020 |first= Les Paul |last=Robley |title= ''Starship Troopers'': Interstellar Exterminators |url= https://ascmag.com/articles/starship-troopers-interstellar-exterminators |website= [[American Cinematographer]]|access-date= August 6, 2022 |archive-date= June 14, 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200614060109/https://ascmag.com/articles/starship-troopers-interstellar-exterminators |url-status= live }}</ref>

<ref name="ASCMagCreatureFX">{{cite web |date= March 5, 2020 |first=Ron |last=Magid |title= Pest Control On ''Starship Troopers'' |url= https://ascmag.com/articles/pest-control-on-starship-troopers |website=  [[American Cinematographer]] |access-date= August 6, 2022 |archive-date= August 3, 2022 |archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20220803155403/https://ascmag.com/articles/pest-control-on-starship-troopers |url-status= live }}</ref>

<ref name="ASCMagStarshipFX">{{cite web |date= March 5, 2020 |first=Ron |last=Magid |title= Starship Maneuvers For ''Starship Troopers'' |url=https://ascmag.com/articles/needs-pics-starship-maneuvers |website=  [[American Cinematographer]] |access-date= August 6, 2022 |archive-date= June 27, 2021 |archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20210627231631/https://ascmag.com/articles/needs-pics-starship-maneuvers |url-status= live }}</ref>

<ref name="ActionEmpire2016">{{cite web |title=The 60 Best Action Movies |url= https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/best-action-movies/|website= [[Empire (film magazine)|Empire]] |date= October 1, 2016 |access-date=June 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123004554/https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/best-action-movies/ |archive-date=November 23, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="AVClub90s">{{cite web |url= https://www.avclub.com/article/best-movies-1997-259214 |title= The Best Movies Of 1997 |last= Vishnevetsky |first= Ignatiy |website= [[The A.V. Club]] |date= August 10, 2017 |access-date= August 10, 2017 |archive-date= August 10, 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170810094255/http://www.avclub.com/article/best-movies-1997-259214 |url-status= live }}</ref> 

<ref name="AVClubBestof1990s">{{cite web |date= October 8, 2012|first1=Mike |last1=D'Angelo|first2=Noel |last2=Murray|first3=Tasha |last3=Robinson|first4=Keith |last4=Phipps|first5=Nathan|last5= Rabin|first6=Scott |last6=Tobias|first7=Sam |last7=Adams|first8=Alison|last8= Willmore|title=  The 50 best films of the '90s (1 of 3)|url=https://www.avclub.com/the-50-best-films-of-the-90s-1-of-3-1798235618|website= [[The A.V. Club]] |access-date= August 14, 2022 |archive-date= July 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718065451/https://www.avclub.com/the-50-best-films-of-the-90s-1-of-3-1798235618 |url-status= live }}</ref>

<ref name="AVClub2010">{{cite web |date= June 10, 2010|first=Scott  |last=Tobias |title=  ''Starship Troopers''|url= https://www.avclub.com/starship-troopers-1798220409 |website= [[The A.V. Club]]  |access-date= August 11, 2022 |archive-date= July 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723051500/https://www.avclub.com/starship-troopers-1798220409 |url-status= live }}</ref>

<ref name="AVClubDecade">{{cite web|url=https://www.avclub.com/article/a-decade-of-underrated-movies-1486|title=A Decade Of Underrated Movies: Who Will Love ''The Brown Bunny''?|last=Tobias|first=Scott|date=October 19, 2005|website=[[The A.V. Club]]|access-date=July 9, 2008|archive-date=August 2, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802233337/http://www.avclub.com/article/a-decade-of-underrated-movies-1486|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="AVClubCommentary">{{cite web |first1=Nathan  |last1=Rabin |first2= Noel |last2=Murray |first3=Scott  |last3=Tobias |url=https://www.avclub.com/content/node/24776  |title=Commentary Tracks Of The Blessed (1997 ''Starship Trooper'') |access-date=August 18, 2022 |date=March 25, 2005 |website=[[The A.V. Club]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051201085900/http://avclub.com/content/node/24776 |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 1, 2005}}</ref>

<ref name="AVClubVerhoevenInt">{{cite web|url=https://www.avclub.com/paul-verhoeven-1798211089 |title=Paul Verhoeven|last=Tobias|first=Scott|date=March 4, 2007 |website=[[The A.V. Club]]|access-date=August 18, 2022 |archive-date=April 29, 2022 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20220429041905/https://www.avclub.com/paul-verhoeven-1798211089 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="AwardHugo">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/1998-hugo-awards/ |title=1998 Hugo Awards  |website=[[Worldcon]]|access-date=August 22, 2022 |archive-date=August 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809104259/https://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/1998-hugo-awards/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="AwardsMTV">{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/1998/film/news/mtv-watchers-pick-their-pix-1117469703/ |title=MTV-Watchers Pick Their Pix |last=Katz |first=Richard |date=April 14, 1998 |website=[[Variety (magazine)]]|access-date=August 22, 2022 |archive-date=May 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528205304/https://variety.com/1998/film/news/mtv-watchers-pick-their-pix-1117469703/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="AwardsSatellite">{{cite web|url=http://www.pressacademy.com/award_cat/1998/ |title=1998  |website=[[International Press Academy]]|access-date=August 22, 2022|archive-date=March 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321061630/http://www.pressacademy.com/award_cat/1998/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="BestSciFiIGN">{{cite web |title=Top 100 Sci-Fi Movies |url=https://www.ign.com/lists/best-science-fiction-movies/22 |website=[[IGN]] |access-date=October 1, 2020 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20200411003159/https://www.ign.com/lists/best-science-fiction-movies/22 |archive-date=April 11, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="BestSciFiPaste">{{cite web|first=Michael |last=Burgin |title=The 100 Best Sci-Fi Movies Of All Time |url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/movies/sci-fi-movies/the-100-best-sci-fi-movies-of-all-time/#14-back-to-the-future |website=[[Paste (magazine)|Paste]] |date=November 13, 2018 |access-date=October 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430193727/https://www.pastemagazine.com/movies/sci-fi-movies/the-100-best-sci-fi-movies-of-all-time/ |archive-date=April 30, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="BestSciFiRT">{{cite web |title=150 Essential Sci-Fi Movies To Watch Now |url=https://editorial.rottentomatoes.com/guide/best-sci-fi-movies-of-all-time/ |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=October 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926195854/https://editorial.rottentomatoes.com/guide/best-sci-fi-movies-of-all-time/ |archive-date=September 26, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="BestSciFiThrillist">{{cite web |first=Russ |last=Fischer |title=The 50 Greatest Sci-Fi Films Of All Time |url=https://www.thrillist.com/entertainment/nation/best-sci-fi-movies-of-all-time-ranked |website=[[Thrillist]] |access-date=January 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032000/https://www.thrillist.com/entertainment/nation/best-sci-fi-movies-of-all-time-ranked |archive-date=November 12, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Bestof90sRollingStone">{{cite web |date=July 12, 2017 |first1=Daniel |last1=Kreps|first2=Scott |last2=Tobias|first3=Alex |last3=Suskind|first4=Joshua |last4=Rothkopf|first5=Noel |last5=Murray|first6=Stephen |last6=Garrett|first7=Jenna |last7=Scherer|first8=Phoebe |last8=Reilly|first9=Tim |last9=Grierson|first10=Eric |last10=Hynes|first11=Bilge |last11=Ebiri|first12=David |last12=Fear|first13=Jason |last13=Newman|first14=Kory |last14=Grow|first15=Sean T. |last15=Collins|first16=Dan |last16=Epstein|first17=Rob |last17=Sheffield|first18=Kristen |last18=Yoonsoo Kim|first19=Gina |last19=Mcintyre|first20=Brian |last20=Tallerico|first21=Abbey |last21=Bender|first22=Judy |last22=Berman|first23=Steven |last23=Boone|first24=Vikram |last24=Murthi|title= The 100 Greatest Movies Of The Nineties |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/movie-lists/the-100-greatest-movies-of-the-nineties-195513/starship-troopers-1997-195399/|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |access-date= August 14, 2022 |archive-date=  August 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508103312/https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/movie-lists/the-100-greatest-movies-of-the-nineties-195513/starship-troopers-1997-195399/|url-status= live }}</ref>

<ref name="Bestof90sSlant">{{cite web |date= November 5, 2012 |title= The 100 Best Films Of The 1990s|url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/film/the-100-best-films-of-the-1990s/ |website= [[Slant Magazine]]|access-date= August 14, 2022 |archive-date=October 8, 2021  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008013311/https://www.slantmagazine.com/film/the-100-best-films-of-the-1990s/ |url-status= live }}</ref>

<ref name="Bestof90sTimeout">{{cite web |date=February 26, 2019 |first1= Cath |last1= Clarke|first2=Dave |last2= Calhoun|first3=Tom |last3= Huddleston|first4=Kate |last4= Lloyd|first5=James |last5= Manning|first6=Gail |last6= Tolley|first7=Chris |last7= Waywell |title= The 50 Best '90s Movies |url=https://www.timeout.com/london/film/the-50-best-90s-movies|website=[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]] |access-date= August 14, 2022 |archive-date= May 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.ph/20200508104536/https://www.timeout.com/london/film/the-50-best-90s-movies|url-status= live }}</ref>

<ref name="Bestof90sIndieWire">{{cite web |date=July 14, 2017 |first1=Chris |last1=O'Falt |first2=Zack |last2=Sharf |first3=Michael |last3=Nordine |first4=Kate |last4=Erbland |first5=Steve |last5=Greene |first6=David |last6=Ehrlich |first7=Jamie |last7=Righetti |first8=Graham |last8=Winfrey|title=  The 50 Best Films Of The 90s From ''Pulp Fiction'' To ''Groundhog Day''|url=http://www.indiewire.com/2017/07/best-films-movies-90s-1201852966/|website=[[IndieWire]] |access-date= August 14, 2022 |archive-date=  May 28, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528234918/http://www.indiewire.com/2017/07/best-films-movies-90s-1201852966/|url-status= live }}</ref>

<ref name="BFIGreatAdapt">{{cite web|first=Anton |last=Bitel |title= 10 Great Sci-fi Adaptations|url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/lists/10-great-sci-fi-adaptations |website=[[British Film Institute]] |date=October 14, 2021 |access-date=April 1, 2022| archive-date=April 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422000306/https://www.bfi.org.uk/lists/10-great-sci-fi-adaptations |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="BFICast">{{cite web |title= ''Starship Troopers'' (1997)|url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7eadb61d |website=[[British Film Institute]] |access-date=April 1, 2022| archive-date=April 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405221647/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7eadb61d |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="BOMWorldwide1997>{{cite web |title= 1997 Worldwide Box Office|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/year/world/1997/ |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]  |access-date=April 1, 2022| archive-date=April 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409150811/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/year/world/1997/|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="BomWeeekend1">{{cite web |title= Domestic 1997 Weekend 45|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/1997W45/?ref_=bo_rl_table_1 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=April 1, 2022| archive-date=April 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413201332/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/1997W45/?ref_=bo_rl_table_1 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="BomWeeekend2">{{cite web |title= Domestic 1997 Weekend 46|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/1997W46/?ref_=bo_rl_table_2 |website= [[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=April 1, 2022| archive-date= April 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413200445/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/1997W46/?ref_=bo_rl_table_2 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="BomWeeekend3">{{cite web |title= Starship Troopers|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl3144910337/weekend/?ref_=bo_rl_tab#tabs |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=April 1, 2022| archive-date=April 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413194126/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl3144910337/weekend/?ref_=bo_rl_tab#tabs |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="CBRRetro">{{cite web|first=Nigel |last=Mitchell |title= ''Starship Troopers'': 20 Things Even Hardcore Fans Don't Know|url=https://www.cbr.com/starship-troopers-unknown/ |website= [[Comic Book Resources]] |date= September 3, 2018|access-date= August 11, 2022| archive-date=April 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414202914/https://www.cbr.com/starship-troopers-unknown/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="CBRFascism">{{cite web|first=Ben |last=Wasserman |title= How ''Starship Troopers'' Satirizes Fascism, War & Misinformation By Making It Fun|url=https://www.cbr.com/how-starship-troopers-satirizes-fascism-war-media-misinformation/ |website=[[Comic Book Resources]] |date= August 22, 2020|access-date= August 11, 2022| archive-date= July 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703185045/https://www.cbr.com/how-starship-troopers-satirizes-fascism-war-media-misinformation/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="CinemaScore">{{cite web |url= https://www.cinemascore.com/publicsearch/index/title/ |title= CinemaScore |website= [[CinemaScore]] |access-date=September 11, 2019 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181220122629/https://www.cinemascore.com/publicsearch/index/title/ |archive-date= December 20, 2018 }}</ref>

<ref name="ColliderRetro">{{cite web|first=Lloyd |last=Farley |title= ''Starship Troopers'' Review: Paul Verhoeven's Classic Is Satire At Its Best|url=https://collider.com/starship-troopers-review-satire-at-its-best/ |website= [[Collider (website)|Collider]]|date= August 5, 2022|access-date= August 11, 2022| archive-date=August 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818122226/https://collider.com/starship-troopers-review-satire-at-its-best/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="DeadspinRetro">{{cite web|first= Tom|last=Breihan |title= The Grisly, Goofy ''Starship Troopers'' Played Dumb To Make Hollywood Look Even Dumber|url=https://deadspin.com/the-grisly-goofy-starship-troopers-played-dumb-to-make-1741600229 |website=[[Deadspin]] |date= November 20, 2015|access-date=April 1, 2022| archive-date= May 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508132413/https://deadspin.com/the-grisly-goofy-starship-troopers-played-dumb-to-make-1741600229 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="DigitalSpyRichards">{{cite web|first=Hugh |last=Armitage |title= Denise Richards – Where Is She Now?|url=https://www.digitalspy.com/movies/a847077/denise-richards-now-where/ |website= [[Digital Spy]]|date= October 21, 2018|access-date=April 1, 2022| archive-date=April 3, 2022 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20220403214929/https://www.digitalspy.com/movies/a847077/denise-richards-now-where/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="DigitalSpyat20">{{cite web |date= November 11, 2017 |last= Singer |first= Leigh |title= ''Starship Troopers'' 20 Years On: Verhoeven Reveals How His Movie Predicted Donald Trump |url= https://www.digitalspy.com/movies/a823951/starship-troopers-paul-verhoeven-donald-trump-20-years-anniversary/ |website= [[Digital Spy]] |access-date= May 30, 2020 |archive-date= October 17, 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201017174920/https://www.digitalspy.com/movies/a823951/starship-troopers-paul-verhoeven-donald-trump-20-years-anniversary/ |url-status= live }}</ref> 

<ref name="DOGAds">{{cite web|first=Ryan |last=Lambie |title= The Use of Ads in ''RoboCop'', ''Total Recall'' & ''Starship Troopers''|url=https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/the-use-of-ads-in-robocop-total-recall-starship-troopers/ |website=[[Den of Geek]] |date= June 1, 2019|access-date=August 11, 2022| archive-date=August 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819110849/https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/the-use-of-ads-in-robocop-total-recall-starship-troopers/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="DOGVerhoevenInt">{{cite web|first=Ryan |last=Lambie |title= Paul Verhoeven Interview: ''Elle'', Creative Risks And ''RoboCop''|url=https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/paul-verhoeven-interview-elle-creative-risks-and-robocop/|website= [[Den of Geek]]|date= March 7, 2017|access-date=August 11, 2022| archive-date=April 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410183912/https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/paul-verhoeven-interview-elle-creative-risks-and-robocop/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="EmpireDutch">{{cite web |url= https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/paul-verhoeven/ |title= Triple Dutch: Paul Verhoeven's Sci-Fi Trilogy |last1= Smith |first1= Adam |last2= Williams |first2= Owen |date= February 12, 2015 |website= [[Empire (film magazine)|Empire]] |access-date= May 25, 2020 |archive-date= June 10, 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200610185005/https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/paul-verhoeven/ |url-status= live }}</ref>

<ref name="EmpireReboot">{{cite web|url=https://www.empireonline.com/news/story.asp?NID=32603|title=''Starship Troopers'' Remake Planned|last=White|first=James|date=December 4, 2011|website=[[Empire (film magazine)|Empire]] |access-date=January 27, 2012|archive-date=March 23, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323211506/http://www.empireonline.com/news/story.asp?NID=32603|url-status=dead}}</ref> 

<ref name="EuroTerranAscendancy">{{cite web |title= ''Starship Troopers'' |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/r-startroop |website=[[Eurogamer]] |date= December 25, 2000|access-date=August 13, 2022| archive-date= July 8, 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220708215910/https://www.eurogamer.net/r-startroop|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="EWNazi">{{cite web|url=https://ew.com/article/1997/11/21/starship-troopers-relys-nazi-imagery/ |title=''Starship Troopers'' Relys On Nazi imagery |last=Svetkey|first=Benjamin|date=November 21, 1997|website=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|access-date=December 7, 2016|archive-date=April 15, 2022 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20220415102005/https://ew.com/article/1997/11/21/starship-troopers-relys-nazi-imagery/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="EWRichards">{{cite web|first=Ernest |last=Macias |title= 'Starship Troopers': Where Are They Now?|url=https://ew.com/movies/starship-troopers-where-are-they-now/?slide=5788920#5788920 |website= [[Entertainment Weekly]]|date=November 13, 2017 |access-date=April 1, 2022| archive-date=April 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415162217/https://ew.com/movies/starship-troopers-where-are-they-now/?slide=5788920#5788920 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="EWShowerScene">{{cite web|first= Darren |last= Franich |title= 'Starship Troopers' Turns 20: A Look Back At That Famous Shower Scene|url=https://ew.com/movies/2017/11/07/starship-troopers-shower-scene-fascism/ |website= [[Entertainment Weekly]]|date= |access-date=August 11, 2022| archive-date=April 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416204214/https://ew.com/movies/2017/11/07/starship-troopers-shower-scene-fascism/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="EscapistRetro">{{cite web|first=Darren |last=Mooney |title= Over 20 Years Later, The World Has Finally Caught Up With ''Starship Troopers'' |url=https://www.escapistmagazine.com/starship-troopers-paul-verhoeven/ |website= [[The Escapist (magazine)|The Escapist]] |date=  February 16, 2020|access-date=August 11, 2022| archive-date=June 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628201747/https://www.escapistmagazine.com/starship-troopers-paul-verhoeven/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="EsquireBusey">{{cite web|first= Bruce |last=Fretts|title= Jake Busey On ''Justified'', Getting Splattered, And Dear Old Dad|url=https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/tv/interviews/a33088/jake-busey-justified/ |website=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]] |date=February 11, 2015|access-date=August 11, 2022| archive-date=August 11, 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220811144943/https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/tv/interviews/a33088/jake-busey-justified/|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="GuardianHowwemade">{{cite web|first=Phil |last=Hoad |title= How We Made ''Starship Troopers''|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2018/jan/22/how-we-made-starship-troopers-paul-verhoeven-nazis-leni-riefenstahl |website= [[The Guardian]]|date=  January 22, 2018|access-date=April 1, 2022| archive-date=July 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702001106/https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2018/jan/22/how-we-made-starship-troopers-paul-verhoeven-nazis-leni-riefenstahl |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="HomeMediaIGN1999">{{cite web |title= ''Starship Troopers''|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/1999/12/07/starship-troopers-3 |website=[[IGN]] |date= December 7, 1999|access-date=August 14, 2022| archive-date=August 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814154638/https://www.ign.com/articles/1999/12/07/starship-troopers-3 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="HomeMediaIGN2002SE2">{{cite web |title= ''Starship Troopers'': Special Edition|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2002/05/30/starship-troopers-special-edition |website=[[IGN]] |date= May 30, 2002|access-date=August 14, 2022| archive-date=August 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813231134/https://www.ign.com/articles/2002/05/30/starship-troopers-special-edition |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="HomeMediaIGN2002SE">{{cite web |title= ''Starship Troopers'' (Special Edition)|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2002/04/18/starship-troopers-special-edition-2 |website=[[IGN]] |date= April 18, 2002|access-date=August 14, 2022| archive-date=August 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814154638/https://www.ign.com/articles/2002/04/18/starship-troopers-special-edition-2 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="HomeMediaSalon">{{cite web|first=Andrew |last=O'Hehir |title= "''Starship Troopers''"|url=https://www.salon.com/2000/06/20/starship_troopers/ |website=[[Salon.com]] |date= June 20, 2000|access-date=August 14, 2022| archive-date= August 14, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814154639/https://www.salon.com/2000/06/20/starship_troopers/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="HomeMediaAmazonVHS">{{cite web |title= ''Starship Troopers'' [VHS] [1998] VHS Tape – VHS |url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Starship-Troopers-VHS-Casper-Dien/dp/B00004CWOY |website=[[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] |access-date=August 14, 2022| archive-date=August 14, 2022 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20220814154635/https://www.amazon.co.uk/Starship-Troopers-VHS-Casper-Dien/dp/B00004CWOY |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="HomeMediaCollider2022">{{cite web|first=Ryan |last=O'Rourke |title= 'Starship Troopers'' 4K Ultra HD Steelbook Arrives In November With New Extras|url=https://collider.com/starship-troopers-4k-ultra-hd-steelbook-release-date/ |website= [[Collider (website)|Collider]]|date= July 28, 2022|access-date=August 14, 2022| archive-date= July 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730175308/https://collider.com/starship-troopers-4k-ultra-hd-steelbook-release-date/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="HomeMediaCollider2017">{{cite web|first=Dave |last=Trumbore |title= ''Starship Troopers Traitor of Mars'' Clip Teases The Roughnecks' Return|url=https://collider.com/starship-troopers-traitor-of-mars-clip/ |website= [[Collider (website)|Collider]]|date=July 24, 2017|access-date=August 14, 2022| archive-date= August 14, 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220814160750/https://collider.com/starship-troopers-traitor-of-mars-clip/|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="IGNInvasion">{{cite web |date= September 20, 2012|first=RL  |last=Shaffer |title=  ''Starship Troopers: Invasion'' Blu-ray Review|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2012/09/20/starship-troopers-invasion-blu-ray-review |website=[[IGN]] |access-date= August 14, 2022 |archive-date= July 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727191339/https://www.ign.com/articles/2012/09/20/starship-troopers-invasion-blu-ray-review|url-status= live }}</ref>

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<ref name="Inverse2021TVSeries">{{cite web|first=Aaron |last=Pruner |title= Casper Van Dien Has A Genius Idea For A ''Starship Troopers'' Streaming Series|url=https://www.inverse.com/entertainment/starship-troopers-reboot-show-casper-van-dien-robert-rodriguez |website= [[Inverse (website)|Inverse]]|date=February 27, 2021 |access-date=August 18, 2022| archive-date=March 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310163515/https://www.inverse.com/entertainment/starship-troopers-reboot-show-casper-van-dien-robert-rodriguez |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="InverseThemes">{{cite web|first=Eric |last=Francisco |title= The One Sci-fi Satire You Need To Watch Before It Leaves Netflix This Week|url=https://www.inverse.com/entertainment/starship-troopers-streaming-netflix |website= [[Inverse (website)|Inverse]]|date=September 28, 2020 |access-date=August 18, 2022| archive-date=August 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818203626/https://www.inverse.com/entertainment/starship-troopers-streaming-netflix |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="LATimesFranchise">{{cite web|first1= Claudia |last1=  Eller |first2= James|last2=Bates|title= Sony Banks On ''Godzilla'' Becoming A Monster Hit|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-nov-07-fi-51086-story.html |website= [[Los Angeles Times]]|date= November 7, 1997|access-date=April 1, 2022| archive-date=April 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410175729/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-nov-07-fi-51086-story.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="LATimesSummerAug1997">{{cite web|first=Claudia |last=Eller |title=The Heat Was On |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-aug-12-fi-21659-story.html |website= [[Los Angeles Times]]|date= August 12, 1997|access-date=April 1, 2022| archive-date=April 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413193724/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-aug-12-fi-21659-story.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="LATimesFlubber">{{cite web|first=Robert W. |last=Welkos |title= ''Flubber'' Takes Holiday Bounce To Top|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-dec-02-ca-59874-story.html |website= [[Los Angeles Times]]|date= December 2, 1997|access-date=April 1, 2022| archive-date=April 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417152743/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-dec-02-ca-59874-story.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="LATimesSep1996">{{cite web|first= David |last=Kronke |title= Attack Of The $100- Million Insects|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-09-23-ca-46882-story.html |website= [[Los Angeles Times]]|date= September 23, 1996|access-date=August 5, 2022| archive-date=April 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409232226/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-09-23-ca-46882-story.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="LATimesSepAliens">{{cite web|first=Jack |last=Mathews |title= Storming The Cinema|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-apr-19-ca-40643-story.html |website= [[Los Angeles Times]]|date= April 19, 1998|access-date=August 5, 2022| archive-date=April 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413201946/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-apr-19-ca-40643-story.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="LATimesAnticipated">{{cite web |title= The Plot Twist: Canton Wins New Praise|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-jul-11-fi-11649-story.html |website= [[Los Angeles Times]]|date= July 11, 1997|access-date=August 5, 2022| archive-date= April 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414202921/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-jul-11-fi-11649-story.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="LAtimesTouchstoneSony">{{cite web |title= Hope They Have A Big Enough Tour Bus|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-nov-03-ca-49690-story.html |website= [[Los Angeles Times]]|date= 3 November 1997|access-date=August 5, 2022| archive-date=April 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409151623/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-nov-03-ca-49690-story.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="LATimesMerch">{{cite web|first=Marla |last=Matzer |title=Merchandising For R-Rated Films Has Some Bugs |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-oct-30-fi-48260-story.html |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=October 30, 1997 |access-date=August 5, 2022| archive-date=April 9, 2022 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20220409151623/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-oct-30-fi-48260-story.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="LATimesHiddenSatire">{{cite web|first=Michael |last=Voss |title=Exploring Hidden 'Satire' Of ''Starship Troopers''|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-dec-08-ca-61817-story.html |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=December 8, 1997 |access-date=August 22, 2022| archive-date=April 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409151620/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-dec-08-ca-61817-story.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="LATimesBO54Percent">{{cite web |title=''The Jackal'' Finds Its Target At Box Office |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-nov-17-ca-54658-story.html |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=November 17, 1997 |access-date=August 22, 2022| archive-date=April 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409151623/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-nov-17-ca-54658-story.html |url-status=live |agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref>

<ref name="LooperRoughnecks">{{cite web |date=February 4, 2021|first=Tom  |last=Meisfjord |title=  The Forgotten ''Starship Troopers'' TV Series You Didn't Know Existed|url=https://www.looper.com/327286/the-forgotten-starship-troopers-tv-series-you-didnt-know-existed/ |website=[[Looper.com]] |access-date= August 14, 2022 |archive-date= August 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814140939/https://www.looper.com/327286/the-forgotten-starship-troopers-tv-series-you-didnt-know-existed/ |url-status= live }}</ref>

<ref name="MerchBoardgame">{{cite web|url=https://v1.escapistmagazine.com/articles/view/tabletop/11532-8-Avalon-Hill-Board-Games-That-Deserve-New-Life.5|title=8 Avalon Hill Board Games That Deserve New Life|last=Keefer|first=John|date=May 30, 2014|website=[[Escapist Magazine]]|access-date=April 17, 2022 |archive-date=November 22, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122023940/https://v1.escapistmagazine.com/articles/view/tabletop/11532-8-Avalon-Hill-Board-Games-That-Deserve-New-Life.5|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="Metacritic">{{cite web |url= https://www.metacritic.com/movie/starship-troopers |title=''Starship Troopers'' (1997) |website= [[Metacritic]] |access-date= April 12, 2022 |archive-date= April 5, 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130405091732/http://www.metacritic.com/movie/starship-troopers |url-status= live }}</ref>

<ref name="NewYorkerRetro">{{cite web|first=David |last= Roth |author-link=David Roth (writer) |title= How "''Starship Troopers''" Aligns With Our Moment Of American Defeat|url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/how-starship-troopers-aligns-with-our-moment-of-american-defeat |website= [[The New Yorker]]|date=July 6, 2020|access-date=April 1, 2022| archive-date=August 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802174112/https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/how-starship-troopers-aligns-with-our-moment-of-american-defeat |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="NYTimesNov1097">{{cite web|first=Neil |last=Strauss |title= 50's Sci-Fi Camp Goes High-Tech; Icky Giants That Hop, Fight And Think|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/11/10/movies/50-s-sci-fi-camp-goes-high-tech-icky-giants-that-hop-fight-and-think.html|website=[[The New York Times]]  |date= November 10, 1997|access-date=August 5, 2022| archive-date= April 1, 2018|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20180104230014/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/11/10/movies/50-s-sci-fi-camp-goes-high-tech-icky-giants-that-hop-fight-and-think.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="NYTimesOscars">{{cite web|first=Bernard |last=Weinraub |title= ''Titanic'' Leads The Oscar List With ''L.A.'' And ''Good Will''|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/02/11/movies/titanic-leads-the-oscar-list-with-la-and-good-will.html|website=[[The New York Times]]  |date=February 11, 1998|access-date=August 11, 2022| archive-date=April 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423191916/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/02/11/movies/titanic-leads-the-oscar-list-with-la-and-good-will.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="ReviewNYTimesMaslin">{{cite web|first= Janet|last=Maslin |author-link=Janet Maslin |title=Film Review; No Bugs Too Large For This Swat Team |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/11/07/movies/film-review-no-bugs-too-large-for-this-swat-team.html|website=[[The New York Times]] |date=November 7, 1997 |access-date=August 11, 2022| archive-date=April 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422183302/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/11/07/movies/film-review-no-bugs-too-large-for-this-swat-team.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="ReviewEmpire">{{cite web|first= Adam|last=Smith |title= ''Starship Troopers''|url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/reviews/starship-troopers-review/|website=[[Empire (film magazine)|Empire]] |date=January 1, 2000 |access-date=August 21, 2022| archive-date=December 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219170142/https://www.empireonline.com/movies/reviews/starship-troopers-review/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="ReviewEbert">{{cite web|first=Roger |last=Ebert |author-link=Roger Ebert |title= ''Starship Troopers'' Movie Review (1997) |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/starship-troopers-1997 |website=[[RogerEbert.com]] |date= |access-date=August 21, 2022| archive-date= March 31, 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220331173638/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/starship-troopers-1997|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="ReviewLATimes">{{cite web|first=Kenneth |last=Turan |author-link=Kenneth Turan |title= 00000169-6333-da6f-abeb-7fbb36690000|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-nov-07-ca-51016-story.html |website= [[Los Angeles Times]]|date=November 7, 1997|access-date=August 21, 2022| archive-date= March 31, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331201538/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-nov-07-ca-51016-story.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="ReviewEW">{{cite web|first=Owen |last=Glieberman |author-link=Owen Glieberman |title= Movie Review: ''Starship Troopers''|url=https://ew.com/article/1997/11/07/movie-review-starship-troopers-2/ |website= [[Entertainment Weekly]]|date= |access-date=August 21, 2022| archive-date=February 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203155639/https://ew.com/article/1997/11/07/movie-review-starship-troopers-2/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="ReviewSFGate">{{cite web|first=Mick |last=LaSalle |title= Film Review -- Raid!!! / ''Starship Troopers'' Will Leave Viewers Bug-Eyed -- And Reaching For A Huge Fly Swatter|url=https://www.sfgate.com/movies/article/FILM-REVIEW-RAID-Starship-Troopers-will-2797232.php |website=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |date=  November 7, 1997|access-date=August 21, 2022| archive-date=May 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516013503/https://www.sfgate.com/movies/article/FILM-REVIEW-RAID-Starship-Troopers-will-2797232.php |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="ReviewSalon">{{cite web|first= Scott |last=Rosenberg |title=  Melrose Vs. The Monsters|url=https://www.salon.com/ent/movies/1997/11/07starship.html |website=[[Salon.com]] |access-date=August 21, 2022| archive-date= 2008-07-19|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20080719131355/https://www.salon.com/ent/movies/1997/11/07starship.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="ReviewRosenbaum">{{cite web|first= Jonathan |last= Rosenbaum|author-link=Jonathan Rosenbaum |title= Multinational Pest Control ''Starship Troopers'' |url=https://jonathanrosenbaum.net/2020/04/multinational-pest-control/ |website=[[Jonathan Rosenbaum|JonathanRosenbaum.net]] |date= |access-date=August 21, 2022| archive-date= November 1, 2020 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20201101013143/https://jonathanrosenbaum.net/2020/04/multinational-pest-control/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="ReviewReelViews">{{cite web|first=James  |last=Berardinelli |author-link=James Berardinelli |title= ''Starship Troopers'' (United States, 1997)|url=https://www.reelviews.net/reelviews/starship-troopers |website=[[ReelViews]]  |access-date=August 21, 2022| archive-date= May 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516142409/https://www.reelviews.net/reelviews/starship-troopers |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="RollingStoneVerho2016">{{cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/news/starship-troopers-director-remake-fits-trump-presidency-w450823|title=Original ''Starship Troopers'' Director: Remake Fits Trump Presidency|last1=Reed|first1=Ryan|date=November 16, 2016|website=[[Rolling Stone]]|access-date=December 20, 2017|archive-date=February 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214032231/https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/movie-news/original-starship-troopers-director-remake-fits-trump-presidency-115777/|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="RottenTomatoes">{{cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/starship_troopers |title=''Starship Troopers'' (1997) |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=April 12, 2022  |archive-date=November 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101005527/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/starship_troopers |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="SalonORourke">{{cite web|first= |last= |title= Beto O'Rourke's "War Tax" Is Straight Out Of "''Starship Troopers''"|url=https://www.salon.com/2019/06/25/beto-orourkes-war-tax-is-straight-out-of-starship-troopers/ |website=[[Salon.com]] |date=June 25, 2019|access-date=August 11, 2022| archive-date= June 12, 2022|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20220612043752/https://www.salon.com/2019/06/25/beto-orourkes-war-tax-is-straight-out-of-starship-troopers/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="ScreenRant90s">{{cite web |first=Nathan |last=Sharp |title=10 Action Movies From The '90s That Critics Hated (But Audiences Loved) |url=https://screenrant.com/90s-action-movies-critic-hate-audience-love/ |website=[[Screen Rant]] |date=April 29, 2020 |access-date=May 30, 2020 |archive-date=June 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611113644/https://screenrant.com/90s-action-movies-critic-hate-audience-love/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="ScreenRantDizzy">{{cite web|first=Padraig |last=Cotter |title= Dina Meyer's Dizzy IsThe Best Character In ''Starship Troopers''|url=https://screenrant.com/dina-meyer-starship-troopers-movie-best-character/ |website= [[Screen Rant]]|date=  March 24, 2020|access-date=April 1, 2022| archive-date=April 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414210848/https://screenrant.com/dina-meyer-starship-troopers-movie-best-character/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="ScreenRant15Things">{{cite web|first=Kayleena |last=Pierce-Bohen |title= 15 Things About ''Starship Troopers'' That Haven't Aged Well|url=https://screenrant.com/starship-troopers-things-havent-aged-well/ |website= [[Screen Rant]]|date= July 18, 2020|access-date=April 1, 2022| archive-date=April 3, 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220403215109/https://screenrant.com/starship-troopers-things-havent-aged-well/|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="ScreenRantRetro">{{cite web|first=Keith |last=Deininger |title= ''Starship Troopers''{{'}} Secret Meaning Explained: What It Was Really About|url=https://screenrant.com/starship-troopers-movie-meaning-fascism-military-explained/ |website= [[Screen Rant]]|date= June 5, 2020|access-date=April 1, 2022| archive-date=April 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415075847/https://screenrant.com/starship-troopers-movie-meaning-fascism-military-explained/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="ScreenRantWherearethey">{{cite web|first=Jack |last=Beresford |title=Where Are They Now? The Cast Of Starship Troopers |url=https://screenrant.com/starship-troopers-cast-20th-anniversary-where-are-they-now/ |website= [[Screen Rant]]|date=May 26, 2017 |access-date=April 1, 2022| archive-date=April 14, 2022 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20220414211614/https://screenrant.com/starship-troopers-cast-20th-anniversary-where-are-they-now/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="ScreenRantWhyitfailed">{{cite web|first=Keith |last=Langston |title= Why ''Starship Troopers'' Bombed So Hard (And How It Became A Cult Classic)|url=https://screenrant.com/starship-troopers-movie-bomb-fail-cult-classic-reason/ |website= [[Screen Rant]]|date= September 2, 2020|access-date=April 1, 2022| archive-date= August 13, 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220813113008/https://screenrant.com/starship-troopers-movie-bomb-fail-cult-classic-reason/|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="ScreenRantAds">{{cite web|first=Sarah Bea |last=Milner |title= Starship Troopers' Fake Advertisements Explained|url=https://screenrant.com/starship-troopers-movie-fake-commercial-mobile-infantry-explained/ |website= [[Screen Rant]]|date= 23 June 2020|access-date=August 11, 2022| archive-date=July 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711033112/https://screenrant.com/starship-troopers-movie-fake-commercial-mobile-infantry-explained/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="SlashFilmSequels">{{cite web|first=Rob |last=Hunter |title= Should You Enlist For The ''Starship Troopers'' DTV Sequels?|url=https://www.slashfilm.com/571683/starship-troopers-sequels/ |website=[[/Film]] |date=January 20, 2020|access-date=April 1, 2022| archive-date=April 16, 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220416203539/https://www.slashfilm.com/571683/starship-troopers-sequels/|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="StrangeHorizons">{{cite web|first= Brenta |last=Blevins |title= Offworlding Without Leaving Earth: Going On Location With ''Starship Troopers''|url=http://strangehorizons.com/non-fiction/articles/offworlding-without-leaving-earth-going-on-location-with-starship-troopers/ |website=[[Strange Horizons]] |date= April 23, 2007|access-date=August 11, 2022| archive-date=April 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417211612/http://strangehorizons.com/non-fiction/articles/offworlding-without-leaving-earth-going-on-location-with-starship-troopers/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Stinkers">{{cite web |title= The Stinkers 1997 Ballot |url= http://www.thestinkers.com/1997.html |website= [[Stinkers Bad Movie Awards]] |access-date=August 13, 2022 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20000818030700/http://www.thestinkers.com/1997.html |archive-date= August 18, 2000 }}</ref>

<ref name="SyFyRetro">{{cite web|first= Tim|last=Grierson |title= This Week In Genre History: ''Starship Troopers'' Was A Bugged-out Critique Of Fascism|url=https://www.syfy.com/syfy-wire/this-week-in-genre-history-starship-troopers |website=[[SyFy]] |date=November 4, 2020|access-date=April 1, 2022| archive-date= June 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608002627/https://www.syfy.com/syfy-wire/this-week-in-genre-history-starship-troopers |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="TerranCommandIGN">{{cite web|first=Leana |last=Hafer |title= ''Starship Troopers'': Terran Command Review|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/starship-troopers-terran-command-review |website= [[IGN]]|date= June 17, 2022|access-date=August 11, 2022| archive-date=August 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811152023/https://www.ign.com/articles/starship-troopers-terran-command-review |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="TerranCommandDOG">{{cite web|first=Matthew |last=Byrd |title= ''Starship Troopers'' Strategy Game Releasing In 2020|url=https://www.denofgeek.com/games/starship-troopers-strategy-game-release-date/|website=[[Den of Geek]] |date= December 3, 2019|access-date=August 11, 2022| archive-date=August 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811152112/https://www.denofgeek.com/games/starship-troopers-strategy-game-release-date/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="TheAtlanticMisunderstood">{{cite web|first=Calum |last=Marsh |title= ''Starship Troopers'': One Of The Most Misunderstood Movies Ever|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2013/11/-em-starship-troopers-em-one-of-the-most-misunderstood-movies-ever/281236/ |website= [[The Atlantic]]|date=November 7, 2013|access-date=April 1, 2022| archive-date=April 7, 2022 |archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20220417143728/https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2013/11/-em-starship-troopers-em-one-of-the-most-misunderstood-movies-ever/281236/|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="TheGuardianREtro">{{cite web|first=Scott|last=Tobias |title=Total Recall at 30: A Thrilling Reminder Of Paul Verhoeven At His Best |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/jun/01/total-recall-paul-verhoeven-at-his-best |website=[[The Guardian]] |date= June 1, 2020 |access-date=November 6, 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210929212514/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/jun/01/total-recall-paul-verhoeven-at-his-best|archive-date=September 29, 2021  |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="TheNumbersBO">{{cite web|title= ''Starship Troopers'' (1997) - Financial Information|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Starship-Troopers#tab=box-office |website=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]] |access-date=April 1, 2022| archive-date= April 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409145135/https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Starship-Troopers#tab=box-office |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="TheNumbersworldwide">{{cite web |title= Top 1997 Movies At The Worldwide Box Office|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/box-office-records/worldwide/all-movies/cumulative/released-in-1997 |website= [[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]]|access-date=April 1, 2022| archive-date=August 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815223012/https://www.the-numbers.com/box-office-records/worldwide/all-movies/cumulative/released-in-1997 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="TheNumbersDomestic1997">{{cite web |title= Top 1997 Movies At The Domestic Box Office|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/box-office-records/domestic/all-movies/cumulative/released-in-1997 |website=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]] |access-date=April 1, 2022| archive-date= April 9, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409145136/https://www.the-numbers.com/box-office-records/domestic/all-movies/cumulative/released-in-1997 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="TheVergeRetro">{{cite web|first=Joshua |last=Rivera |title= The World Is Finally Coming Around To ''Starship Troopers''|url=https://www.theverge.com/21319886/starship-troopers-movie-yesterdays-future |website=[[The Verge]] |date= July 10, 2020|access-date=April 1, 2022| archive-date=March 31, 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220331193544/https://www.theverge.com/21319886/starship-troopers-movie-yesterdays-future |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="THRTraitor">{{cite web |date=June 5, 2017|first=  |last=|title=  ''Starship Troopers'' Animated Sequel ''Traitor of Mars'' To Debut In Theaters For One Night Only|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/starship-troopers-animated-sequel-traitor-mars-debut-theaters-one-night-1010088/ |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |access-date= August 14, 2022 |archive-date= April 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407195400/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/starship-troopers-animated-sequel-traitor-mars-debut-theaters-one-night-1010088/|url-status= live }}</ref>

<ref name="THRReboot">{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/starship-troopers-reboot-works-943882|title=''Starship Troopers'' Reboot In The Works (Exclusive)|last=Kit|first=Borys|date=November 3, 2016|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|access-date=June 7, 2017|archive-date=June 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610170727/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/starship-troopers-reboot-works-943882|url-status=live}}</ref> 

<ref name="VarietyTango">{{cite web|first= Bashirah  |last=Muttalib |title= Warehouse Proves Ready|url=https://variety.com/1998/voices/columns/warehouse-proves-ready-1117478288/|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date= July 9, 1998|access-date=August 13, 2022| archive-date=August 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813214301/https://variety.com/1998/voices/columns/warehouse-proves-ready-1117478288/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="ViceRetro">{{cite web|first=Jason |last=Bailey |title= 1997 Was An Amazing Year For Dystopian Sci-fi Movies|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/mb394x/1997-was-an-amazing-year-for-dystopian-sci-fi-movies |website=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]] |date=November 3, 2017 |access-date=August 13, 2022| archive-date= February 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215182337/https://www.vice.com/en/article/mb394x/1997-was-an-amazing-year-for-dystopian-sci-fi-movies |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="VultureCulkin">{{cite web |date= August 21, 2018|first=Erik  |last=Abriss |title= Macaulay Culkin Breaks Down The Brilliant Satire Of ''Starship Troopers''|url=https://www.vulture.com/2018/08/macaulay-culkin-on-the-brilliant-satire-of-starship-troopers.html|website=[[Vulture.com]] |access-date= August 14, 2022 |archive-date=August 16, 2022  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816151207/https://www.vulture.com/2018/08/macaulay-culkin-on-the-brilliant-satire-of-starship-troopers.html|url-status= live }}</ref>

<ref name="WaPoHunterNazis">{{cite web|first=Stephen |last=Hunter |author-link=Stephen Hunter |title=Goosestepping At The Movies |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1997/11/11/goosestepping-at-the-movies/83272787-18ae-4126-b8c4-3d46b1b31277/ |website=[[The Washington Post]] |date=November 11, 1997
 |access-date=April 15, 2022| archive-date= August 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.ph/wip/spRYt |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="WaPoReviewKempley">{{cite web|first=Rita  |last=Kempley |title=''Starship Troopers'': A Slew Of Beauties Bash Big Bugs |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/starshiptrooperskemp.htm |website=[[The Washington Post]] |date=November 7, 1997 |access-date=April 1, 2022| archive-date=August 22, 2022  |archive-url=https://archive.ph/wip/0ZWB5 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="WAPOHunter">{{cite web|first=Stephen |last=Hunter |author-link=Stephen Hunter |title=97 Film |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/style/1997/12/28/97-film/51e64d76-16c0-4ff8-be1d-7a39eea7e692/ |website=[[The Washington Post]] |date=December 28, 1997 |access-date=April 1, 2022| archive-date=August 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.ph/wip/YmHob |url-status=live}}</ref>

}}

===Works cited===
*{{cite book| last=Sammon | first=Paul M. |date= 1997 |title=The Making Of Starship Troopers | publisher=[[Little, Brown and Company]] |location=[[New York City]], New York |isbn=0-316-64461-7 }}

== External links ==
* {{AFI film|id=61484|title=Starship Troopers}}
* {{mojo title|starshiptroopers|Starship Troopers}}
* {{IMDb title|0120201|Starship Troopers}}
* {{Tcmdb title|328903|Starship Troopers}}

{{Subject bar|portal1=1990s|portal2=Film |portal3=United States|portal4=Science fiction|commons=yes|n=no|wikt=no|q=no|d=no|voy=no|d-search=Q478626}}

===Refs to use===
*https://parade.com/594484/samuelmurrian/the-power-of-satire-casper-van-dien-and-ed-neumeier-talk-starship-troopers-and-robocop/
*https://www.filmtracks.com/titles/starship.html
*https://www.inverse.com/entertainment/starship-troopers-streaming-netflix (already in the refs)
*https://archive.org/details/starlog_magazine-223/page/n33/mode/2up
*https://www.indiewire.com/gallery/best-movies-90s-stars-lists/red-rocket-red-carpet-16th-rome-film-fest-2021/