View source for User:Elinruby/sandbox

https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?diff=prev&oldid=1224554701


[https://sigma.toolforge.org/editorinteract.py?users=Gitz6666&users=Elinruby+&users=&startdate=&enddate=&ns=&server=enwiki&allusers=on Editor interaction analyser]

; Misrepresentation

{{tq|15:46, 31 May 2022 (revdeleted) at RS/N: Btw..Weren't you arguing a while back that sexual violence was not really a war crime? (which is false)}}

Looking for diffs. Would like to know who revdel'ed.





[https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?diff=prev&oldid=1120721645&diffmode=source Nov 8 2022]

https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Talk:Torture_in_Ukraine&diff=1123555100&oldid=112355381 09:51, 24 November 2022]
I called [[Torture in Ukraine]] a "piece of garbage article" and said that we should nuke untrue sentences it contained. (focus on content) I furthermore said that he had "apparently misread" a thread at RSN because it did not say what he had said it did (AGF) (?)  



{{tq|12:58, 24 November 2022: I don't know why you, some random lawyer in Italy, choose to devote all this time to Those Poor Misunderstood Russians, but seriously dude, you are embarrassing yourself}}
:He had previously said he was Italian. The lawyer part is apparently from his mutually contradictory arguments. In the legal world, this is usual. This is not an insult. At the time he was trying to add a dispute over a prior regime's removal of the Russian language's status as an official language to an article on human rights abuses in Ukraine.

{{tq|21:00, 14 January 2023, claiming that I built another firehouse.of falsehood and that I made an ethnic slur while adding the picture of a rooster}}
:At this point I await clarification of what he was trying to say here. I am the one who posted the image of the chicken, for a start.
{{tq|22:02, 14 January 2023,Pinocchio}} 
:I tracked these two down in archive 1117. They are both from the 14,823-word subsection titled "Boomerang for Gitz" of a much longer ANI filing. He was topic banned. The Pinocchio quote is incomplete. {{tq|OK Pinocchio. I and all the diffs I've posted, *again*, disagree, and.do do these other efitors}} That would make this not a personal attack, I believe, since a plethora of other editors said much the same thing (except for the part where I defended him). I can probably find the diffs but I need sleep now and this is really unfair to my visitor. 

I will work on this again tomorrow.



;Explicit IDHT

he says somewhere in this dumpster fire that he has consciously elected not to read any of my posts. [[User:Elinruby|Elinruby]] ([[User talk:Elinruby|talk]]) 17:01, 28 November 2022 (UTC)
[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikiped ... ,_Elinruby
Imane [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?diff=1240549695 working hard at a no comment]
"we'll have an RfC"


https://en.m.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=User_talk%3AElinruby&diff=1241239675&oldid=1241220612


... 1238183137 needs to be examined, very contentious point. Sources look ok but … edit removes the information that russians.had operational control of the plant


Unilateral pronouncements on sourcing;
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php? ... 1183068851

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php? ... 1238153617 rm synth cited to guardian Undid revision 1238152221 by Slothtysloth (talk) possible WP:SYNTH plus no clear consensus on the t/p, WP:ONUS applies


Libero (newspaper)

Libero Quotidiano is a biased and/or unreliable source, which should not be used for any kind of controversial or sensitive political assessment

;Creating spinoff articles as backup

... 1183169670
(No opinion on this source myself)

quarrelsome, doubling down.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_ta ... 2121220210

... 1239171059 rm from lede because nor in body; see "already covered in lede in Imane

[... 1239096654 "Synth"


;refact
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php? ... 1247560106
... 1247559149
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php? ... 1247558798
... 1247556915

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Passive voice=== 

Passive voice often masks a fundamental uncertainty. Maybe the writer doesn't know who pulled the trigger. Sometimes the unknown agent is a really important missing piece of information, or sometimes the writer does not wish to discuss this point. But while cluttered sentences are bad, sentences need to contain enough information to allow the reader to ascertain who did what. Genuine exceptions to this rule are rare indeed.
<blockquote>the tree was planted</blockquote>
Sometimes, however, nobody actually knows ''who'' performed the action. 
<blockquote>the funds were embezzled</blockquote>
In the above example passive voice is not only acceptable but necessary if we truly do not know who took the money.

"When applied With common sense" is the most important  phrase in this essay. Common sense is so often surprisingly lacking, and since the specific people who lack it in a given situation often cause the surprise in question, this example is difficult to rewrite into a standard subject-verb-object configuration. 
{{tq|Rumors were spread}} uses passive voice appropriately to convey this uncertainty.

===Complex sentences===

[[Marcel Proust]] wrote [[Remembrance of Things Past]] in long langorous sentences that dreamily evoked bygone childhood pleasures, but even in literature very few other people also succeeded in this, and he had the much more formal grammar of the French language to help him keep his clauses straight. English speakers rarely study the rules of English grammar until college, and the English-language Wikipedia has many readers whose first language was something else, and therefore particularly requires clarity. In short, none of us is Marcel Proust and even if we were were aren't writing great literature and should not delude ourselves that we ever could if we tried.
{{tq|The path into the woods was dark, and it was twisted around thickets of azelea that brightened the gloom with patches of scarlet that scattered the landscape as far as the eye could see}} This sentence is grammatical and depending on the goal of the writing might be just fine. It is rather literary however, and maybe Wikipedia just needs to say that the ill-lit path ran through red azaleas. Probably {{tq|The path was dark. It twisted. It ran through thickets of azeleas}} is not an improvement.

===Parentheses===

The Manual of Style recommends parentheses in certain specific cases such as translations. In general however changing parentheses to a subordinate clause set off by commas or some other punctuation is almost always a readability improvement, despite their heavy use in casual spoken English.
{{tq|Native (or near-native level) English speakers often use parentheses in casual language (but also sentence fragments as well)}} is probably best formalized as {{tq|Native level spoken English often uses parentheses. But spoken English also often contains sentence fragments}}

+++++++++

[[File:Map of mediterranean.jpg|thumb|upright| Mediterranean Sea and vicinity in the [[Planisphere]] of [[Urbano Monti]] ''"Tavola Quinta, Che Ha Sua Superiore La Tavola Prima"'' (1587)  |alt=Detailed depiction of the geography around the Mediterranean Sea]]




Criminal Code of 1830
Criminal Code
of the Empire of Brazil

[[File:Código Criminal de 1830.jpg|thumb |Page from a copy of the
Criminal Code of 1830.Signed in Rio de Janeiro]]

The Criminal Code of 1830  was the first Brazilian penal code, sanctioned a few months before the abdication of [[Pedro I of Brazil]], on December 16 , 1830, took effect in 1831 and remained in force until 1891, then replaced by the Penal Code of the United States of Brazil (Decrees no. 847, of October 11, 1890, and 1,127, of December 6, 1890).

==Summary==
Since 1603, the Philippine Ordinances (cruel punishment) issued by [[Philip II of Spain]], also King of Portugal since 1580. were in force in Brazil, as it was a Portuguese colony. After the [[Independence of Brazil]] in 1822 and the granting of the [[Brazilian Constitution of 1824]], the first Brazilian legal codes began to be constructed. In 1830, the Criminal Code was promulgated, which were more advanced than the Philippine laws, with regard to physical integrity for free men, and the inviolability of their civil rights and legal equality, but did maintain corporal punishment for slaves. Article 60 determined that "If the defendant is a slave and incurs punishment, other than capital punishment, or galley punishment, he will be sentenced to flogging, and after suffering it, he will be handed over to his master, who will be obliged to bring him with a iron, for the time, and manner that the Judge designates". This provision was repealed by Law 3,310 of 1886, which in Article 1, determined that "The same penalties decreed by the Criminal Code and other legislation will be imposed on the slave defendant in force for any other offenders"). The difference in punishment between free people and slaves resided in the fact that the slave's imprisonment would result in financial losses for his owner, while corporal punishment allowed the slave to return to work more quickly than would occur in the case of imprisonment. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]

==Crimes under the criminal code of 1830==
;Public: 
*crimes against the Empire, against the internal tranquility of the Empire, against the administration, the treasury and public property;
;Private: 
*against individual freedom and security, 
*against private property;
;Police: 
*against police regulations and public rules (municipal positions)


;Penalties: 
*proportionality between the crime and the penalty, 
*proportional between the crime committed and the penalty; the exclusive sentence for the convicted person could not exceed the offender, 
and could not be extended to his family members;
*humanization of the death penalty, without torture; 
*prohibition of cruel punishments, without hangings or beheadings, but maintaining the punishment of whipping for slaves; 
*persistence of penalties of exile, banishment, galleys, fines, deprivation of political rights, 
*banishment (exile)
*some penalties from Philippine ordinances still persisting.

Homosexuality was permitted, with no references to the term sodomy in the texts.

;Structure 
The Code of 1830 was divided into four parts 
*Crimes and Penalties 
*Public crimes
*Private crimes
*Police crimes
with a total of eight chapters, divided into titles and sections, which, whether or not they contain, specifications on crimes and penalties in each of these subdivisions.

Parte Primeira - Dos Crimes, e Das Penas
Essa parte trata, de como são os crimes, e de como deverão ser aplicadas suas penas, suas temáticas são:

Título I - Dos Crimes
Do artigo 1 ao 13, têm-se definido os crimes e os criminosos, e como deveriam ser aplicadas as penas, reunidas em seis grupos básicos:


Ver também
Ordenações Filipinas
Código do Processo Criminal de 1832
Referências
 «ENTRE CIVILIZADOS E BÁRBAROS: transformações nas práticas de punição ao escravo no Maranhão do séc». www.outrostempos.uema.br. Consultado em 15 de dezembro de 2018
 «Os 5 piores castigos dados aos escravos no passado». www.fatosdesconhecidos.com.br. Consultado em 15 de dezembro de 2018
Ligações externas
Wikisource
A Wikisource contém fontes primárias relacionadas com Código Criminal de 1830
«Código Criminal do Império»
«Código Criminal do Império segundo o Professor Rolf Koerner Júnior»
Ícone de esboço	Este artigo sobre História do Brasil é um esboço. Você pode ajudar a 






Electoral Code of 1932

 
The Electoral Code of 1932, Brazil's first Electoral Code, was created at the beginning of the Vargas era. [ 1 ] In May of the same year, the Superior Electoral Court (TSE) was installed in [[Rio de Janeiro]], then the country's capital. The 1930 Revolution had as one of its principles the moralization of the electoral system. One of the first acts of the provisional government was to create a commission to reform electoral legislation, whose work resulted in Brazil's first Electoral Code. [ two ]

Electoral Justice 
The Electoral Code of 1932 created the Electoral Court, which became responsible for all electoral work - registration, organization of voting tables, counting of votes, recognition and proclamation of those elected. In addition, it regulated federal, state and municipal elections throughout the country.

The Code 
The then Minister of Justice [[Maurício Cardos]] convened a commission to create the first Brazilian Electoral Code itself, given that previously the legislation dealing with this subject was dispersed across several legal documents. The Electoral Code of 1932, established by Decree No. 21,076 of February 24, 1932, [ 3 ] brought significant political and social advances, among them:

female vote ;
secret vote ;
proportional representation, in two simultaneous shifts.


Electoral legislation made reference, for the first time, to political parties, although individual candidacy was still permitted. However, this Code preserved a certain exclusionary and anti-democratic character, since according to its article 4 illiterate people did not have the right to vote. [ 3 ]

The Electoral Court was created through the 1932 Code. This institution was responsible, then, for the administration of all electoral work: registration, organization of voting tables, counting of votes, recognition and proclamation of those elected. Furthermore, with the emergence of the Electoral Court, elections across the country were regulated at the federal, state and municipal levels.

At that time, electoral crimes were provided for in the Criminal Code of 1890 and the Electoral Code of 1932. Both legislations considered electoral crimes to be: preventing, or obstructing in any way, the voter from voting; request, using promises or threats, votes for a specific person, or for this purpose buy votes, whatever the election being held; misplace, hide, render useless, confiscate or steal from someone their voter registration card.

Criticism of the 1932 Electoral Code led, in 1935, to the promulgation of our second Code, Law No. 48 of 1935, which replaced the first without altering the achievements made up until then. [ 4 ] Despite having been in force for a few years - in November 1937 Getúlio Vargas initiated the [[Estado Novo]] and abolished the Electoral Court, abolished political parties and suspended free elections - Brazil's first and second electoral codes established revolutionary innovations which were later rescued with the Electoral Code of 1945. [ 5 ]

References
«Brazil’s First Electoral Code turns 81» . www.tse.jus.br . Consulted on April 15, 2018
«Evolution of Electoral Justice in Brazil» . Regional Electoral Court of Piauí
 «DECREE No. 21,076, OF FEBRUARY 24, 1932 - Standard Data - Portal Câmara dos Deputados».www2.camara.leg.br. Consulted on April 15, 2018
«LAW Nº 48, OF MAY 4, 1935 - Original Publication - Portal Câmara dos Deputados» . www2.camara.leg.br . Consulted on April 15, 2018
«DECREE-LAW No. 7,586, OF MAY 28, 1945» . www.planalto.gov.br . Presidency of the Republic of Brazil. May 28, 1945 . Consulted on April 15, 2018
[ To hide ]vdIt is
Brazilian legal codes
Current	
Commercial (1850)Waters (1934)Criminal (1940)Criminal Procedure (1942)Labor and Labor Process (1943)Mineral Waters (1945)Telecommunications (1962)Electoral (1965)Tax (1966)Mining (1967)Military Penalty (1969)Aeronautics (1986)Consumer Protection (1990)Ethics of the Federal Executive Branch (1994)Industrial Property (1996)Transit (1997)Civil (2002)Sports Justice (2003)Fishing (2009)Forestry (2012)Civil Procedure (2015)Defense of public service users (2017)
Repealed	
Penal (1830)Criminal (1890)Civil (1916)Electoral (1932)Forester (1934)Electoral (1935)Air (1938)Fishing (1938)Civil Procedure (1939)Traffic (January 1941)Traffic (September 1941)Electoral (1945)Electoral (1950)Forester (1965)Transit (1966)Air (1966)Fishing (1967)Criminal (1969)Industrial Property (1971)Civil Procedure (1973)
Propositions	
Criminal (PLS 236/2012)
 Portal do Brasil  Policy portal
Categories :Elections in BrazilBrazil Codes
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jlv8kN2lKk0

*[[Banco de Londres y América del Sur Headquarters]]
Cession of Djerba (1493)

The Chamber approved PL 1,876/99 written by [[Aldo Rebelo]]. Bill 1,876/99 was created by Tucano deputy [[Sérgio Carvalho]], then a member of the ruralist bench. However, it took 12 years for this legislative project to clear, due to obstructions from rural groups. It was resumed in 2009 when the Board of Directors appointed a Special Committee to provide an opinion on the Project. Representative Aldo Rebelo (PCdoB) wrote an opinion on the project. 

When the rewritten legislation entered the Chamber's Agenda in March 2011, the Dilma government reached an agreement with the ruralist bench to approve the project since Amendment No. 164 (a radicalization of ruralists, which would allow the reduction of preservation areas in the country by legalizing illegal occupations in permanent preservation areas (APPs), such as riverbanks, hilltops and slopes that were illegally deforested) was rejected. As a result, 410  voted to approve the project, versus 63 who did not. This represented support from 86.5% of parliamentarians for the project, against 13.3% of opponents. Amendment No. 164, proposed by the PMDB to reduce the area of APPs, was later approved. 

The text approved by the Chamber determined: 
Exemption from the legal reserve for the four modules (20 to 400 hectares, depending on the State). The government wanted Aldo Rebelo to exempt only family farming modules, but the rapporteur insisted on including small properties. According to the Ministry of the Environment, the measure would leave 15 million hectares, the equivalent of Acre, without reforestation. Consolidation of the maintenance of agricultural activities in APPs (permanent preservation areas) and authorization for states to participate in the regularization of rural properties. 

Amendment No. 164 provided amnesty for deforestation carried out by rural producers until 2008.

*Arudsch-barbarossa.jpg
*Sultan Murad III.jpeg
*Conquest of Tunis 1535 bis.jpg
*Battle of Tunis 1534 Spahi of the Regency fighting Spanish tapestry Alcazar of Sevilla 1554.jpg

<gallery>
File:Maison du Kasnadj - salon - Mieusement 03.jpg
File:Maison du Kasnadj - salon - Mieusement 02.jpg
File:Maison du Kasnadj - cour intérieure - Mieusement 07.jpg
File:Daraziza prise1.jpg 
</gallery>

[[User:Elinruby/Brazil|Brazil]]

| image1            = A Barbary Pirate by Giovanni Guida.jpg
| caption1          = ''A Barbary Pirate'', Giovanni Guida (1837-1895)
| alt1              = Turbaned and shirtless man wielding knives and a pistol

::Ok. Examples would be good. By the way I looked at Google Ngrams. Unsurprisingly there were a lot of mentions around 1820 for "Regency of Algiers", but I couldn't get anything to come up at all for "Regency of ALgiers pirate" or piracy or slavery... though I have not used this much and maybe I am using the wrong syntax for an AND query. Maybe the word has to be in there. {{ping|Scope creep}} do you know anything about this? And are you happy with checking me from Manufacturing forward or do you want to do something else? [[User:Elinruby|Elinruby]] ([[User talk:Elinruby|talk]]) 10:10, 16 April 2024 (UTC)
OTTOMAN VELVETS AND THEIR OWNERS, 1600-1750.
Authors:
PHILLIPS, AMANDA1
Source:
Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World; Aug2014, Vol. 31, p151-172, 22p
Document Type:
Article
Subjects:
Silk
Textiles
Velvet
Luxuries
Luxury goods industry
Abstract:
The article discusses the widespread popularity of a specific type of silk, cushion covers made of velvet brocaded with gold. The author explores the relationship between their consumption and production. Also revealed is that the manufacture, purchase, and acquisition of these luxury goods was both more nuanced and more widespread than has been acknowledged.
Author Affiliations:
1Marie Curie Fellow of the Gerda Henkel Stiftung, Centre for Byzantine, Ottoman and Modern Greek Studies, University of Birmingham, U.K
ISSN:
07322992
DOI:
10.1163/22118993-00311p07
Accession Number:




*[[Tragic Week]] 
**(Argentina) 1919
**(Catalonia) 1909 translation; possible source [https://libro.uca.edu/boyd/praetorian.htm]
**(Guatemala) 1920
***{{tq|The National Assembly, whose president then was [[Adrián Vidaurre]], former Secretary of War and one of the most important members of Cabrera's cabinet, declared the President unable to continue and designated [[Carlos Herrera y Luna]] as interim president.}} 
*** Bishop of [[Facelli]], Piñol y Batres from the [[Aycinena]] family, began preaching against government policies in the San Francisco Church in 1919, instructed by his cousin, [[Manuel Cobos Batres]] {{tq|For the first time, the Catholic Church opposed the President; additionally, Cobos Batres was able to inflame the nationality sentiment of conservative [[criollo]] leaders [[José Azmitia]], [[Tácito Molina]], [[Eduardo Camacho]], [[Julio Bianchi]] and [[Emilio Escamilla]] into forming a [[Central America Unionist]] party and oppose the strong regime of  [[Manuel Estrada Cabrera]]}}
::::**See [[Mariano_de_Aycinena_y_Piñol]] article looks ok-ish, here for context
::::**Also [[Pedro de Aycinena y Piñol]] same
:::**And [[Juan José de Aycinena y Piñol]]
*[[1917 Guatemala earthquakes]] (for context, article looks ok)

*''{{ILL|El Guatemalteco|es}} 
[[File:El_Guatemalteco_Tomo_XLVII_numero_54.jpg|thumb|upright]]

*[[Carlos Zachrisson]], Finance minister from 1923 to 1926 

*[[Sebastian Hurtado]], [[Mariano Valverde]], [[German Alcántara]] -- marimba composers.
*[[ La Flor del Café]] by Alcántara.	
*Governor General Brigadier [[Gabino Gaínza]]

*[[Antonio Obando Sánchez]] 
*[[Alfredo Pellecer]] 
*[[Communist Party of Guatemala]]
**[[Revolutionary Armed Forces]]

*[[Francisco Morazán]] announced he would create a large army to re-create the [[Federal Republic of Central America]] and planned to include El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua, but popular feeling rapidly turned against him and a sudden revolt resulted in his arrest and execution by firing squad.
::extensive article here for context

*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/29738226]

*[https://watermark.silverchair.com/0560438.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAA0MwggM_BgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggMwMIIDLAIBADCCAyUGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMc_shkGXDVP39SY7fAgEQgIIC9uiG2YqHC9NAzofFidx1-Es6HskBhDJoRMD-_iehV6d2repZdO-Yg-MrnEsLCwAi0UzYpBfDFH0Mlhf6otks6za8xzX70DFGLylitx7jDHvQUrNBhkmNIA_XQskTe7FaVP_VMyI-fJ5sG70NnoCJGisYELuvTZEQH1eTt_W3PxgnuTUah5FmxApr2CGjd3eeSDPgEeMMjKhUPBHhLTgOwJKEehLkkCo1ygvYWNjQZYQCh7-FgwjYwvMwHiDj-vNoSZPSSx7WVlimMAnnlHHOZ6-3gMlg-TANnhLfkt-bYsa2mQO06mHsMay1rsQVqkhDxgMcIpoVlBjFO-SifJ7PC68-NReLseFRSQC3c2zIPHOlKk4otQzJl5yLDZ14y8k9WztOp5iYzgzKex_YCO1bI0QA71bZTUS9-iEmpmVvAqWuSWYncyM30iJTdfzOL6BZX4FFKKYK0LyHKlLGu-IpVytruSlep29L2HpQdhB5t8t1LtZGIGGc35oDkkrKijPsEzE3xJDigm2Fxt4vKeW2MgELcc_H7j2W3e4gFMRrY4RZRb3PvCKbh-u1G_8Z_5D10kX6ShoYcICIYEPpeS0LLsmjF8jTsTqXKrC3oUSGUOO0mm7zR6OiJWVyShjaXroOm0GnZ2bAFLk1n3T6JuqtxeblY2i16VluWKNpvBpIqJlliLzFsYk87Yuqtz7jCCt-wORXfSHZ0fnmoUEnH68_FQ-5zkZc7f1zJJEuQH1NWGI6lw5OWVcjnDQSdLqJ-3-ZKRYFYZACtuNTu_8SdAZ-tXaVzKaauLe72t04Nymd1793QqzJ-zP6FFS0yY15HIKXfSWmLaw1mP2xxtuLKnTGq6flW76OivzqbIT9l4uBYk0UecbfEjD-X_nHFN9fXRqG_BG5KFF35JVL5SO-Y2jL26faiLsBrv_iiuBX2-Da5V7YK0m7rLg5GdKG_mvLPuiWHuoBIfAm5d2b1DskOTp_mvVvNooZAjWfTB--ZwLVPDf3vASSwMn4 Coffee and Class: The Structure of Development in Liberal Guatemala] David J McCreery, Hispanic American Historical Review Vol 56 # 3, 1976, Duke Unive*rsity Press https://doi.org/10.1215/00182168-56.3.438

*https://www.jstor.org/stable/1007411

==El Salvador==
;National Democratic Party
({{lang|es|Partido Nacional Democrática}}) a Salvadoran political party that existed from 1913 to 1931, a period known as the [[Meléndez–Quiñónez dynasty]]. El Salvador was called a "coffee republic" during the reign of the PND due to the country's heavy reliance on coffee exports.<ref name=coffee>{{cite journal|last1=Paige|first1=Jeffery M.|date=1993|title=Coffee and Power in El Salvador|journal=Latin American Research Review|language=English|publisher=The Latin American Studies Association|volume=28|issue=3|pages=7–40|doi=10.1017/S0023879100016940 |jstor=2503609|s2cid=252914247 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The party ruled as the country's sole political party.<ref name=garcia>Garcia, Miguel Angel (1928) ''Diccionario Histórico Enciclopédico de la República de El Salvador. Vol. II'' San Salvador pp 118-119</ref>

*[[Manuel Humberto Rivera]] Attorney-General of El Salvador until May 1945
*[[Julio Eduardo Jiménez Castillo]] (became Attorney-General of El Salvador in 1948)

*[[Miguel Mármmo]] ([[El Salvador Communist Party]])
**Society of Workers, Peasants and rmen of Ilopango (SCOPI)
** steel workers' strike against the government of [[Julio Adalberto Rivera Carballo]]
**President [[Hernández Martínez]] --
*[[La Matanza]] exists but does have redlinks
*''[[Estrella Roja]]'': newspaper https://books.google.ca/books?id=AubqWtPHt1kC&pg=PA121

*[[Fourteen Families]] (Spanish: Catorce Familias) was a term used to label and refer to the oligarchy of El Salvador during the country's period known as the "Coffee Republic" from 1871 to 1927. These families controlled most of the land in the country.


[[Coffee production in El Salvador]]: {{tq|The coffee industry grew inexorably in El Salvador, after a somewhat tentative start in the mid-19th century. Between 1880 and 1914, the value of coffee exports rose by more than 1,100 percent.[5] Although the coffee industry itself was not taxed by the government, tremendous revenue was raised indirectly through import duties on goods imported with the foreign currencies that coffee sales earned}}

==[[Federal Republic of Central America]]==
In October 1852 El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua created the Federation of Central America (Federación de Centro América). The union lasted less than a month.
In 1856–1857 the region successfully established a military coalition to repel an invasion by the U.S. [[Filibuster (military)|freebooter]] [[William Walker (filibuster)]].
* [[Order of the Lone Star]], organized to conquer Cuba and Nicaragua, succeeding in the latter in 1856 under William Walker before being driven out by a coalition of neighboring states. 

 

consider rewrite: [[Treaty of Madrid (1880)]]
General Carrera 

*[[Angel Molina]] reinstated conservative government of [[Mariano Rivera Paz]]  
*had its own newspaper – ''[[El Popular]]''
[[Luis Batres Juarros]] — conservative member of the [[Aycinena Clan]], then secretary general of the Guatemalan government of recently reinstated [[Mariano Rivera Paz]] — obtained from the vicar Larrazabal authorization to dismantle the regionalist Church

===Guatemala===
*[[State of Los Altos]], sought independence from Guatemala. 

Conservative government of Rivera Paz; they even had their own newspaper – [[El Popular]] 
;Governor General Brigadier [[Gabino Gaínza]]
:the above article is extensive and provided for context
*Gabino Gaínza Fernández de Medrano and was alternately victorious and defeated in the following actions:
**Battle of Cucha-Cucha
**Battle of Rancagua
**Battle of Gamero
**Battle of El Quilo
**Battle of El Membrillar
**First Battle of Cancha Rayada
**Battle of Guajardo
**Battle of Río Claro
**Battle of Quechereguas

*[[Corregidor]] general [[Mariano Paredes]]

*[[Granadine Confederation]]
**{ILL|Península de Azuero|es|es}} 
**El Banco, Padilla, Valledupar (provinces)

On July 12, 1861, after fighting the constitutional government of President [[Mariano Ospina Rodríguez]], General [[Tomas Cipriano de Mosquera]] created the [[Sovereign State of Tolima]], created from the [[State of Cundinamarca]]. This was confirmed and legalized by the rest of the states of the [[Colombian Union]], by means of Article 41 of the Pact of the Union on September 20, 1861, reaffirming the legality of the institutionalism of Tolima.[6]

The Granadine Confederation ended on 8 May 1863, with the signing of the [[Constitution of 1863]] by the [[Rionegro Convention]], which officially changed the name of the country to the [[United States of Colombia]] 

[[Federal State of Antioquia]] was created from [[Antioquia Province]] on June 11, 1856.[2]

Active priests of Quetzaltenango — capital of the would-be-state of Los Altos — Urban Ugarte and José Maria Aguilar, were removed from their parish and likewise Regional Confederation of Mexican Workersthe priests of the parishes of San Martin Jilotepeque and San Lucas Tolimán. Larrazabal ordered the priests Fernando Antonio Dávila, Mariano Navarrete and Jose Ignacio Iturrioz to cover the parishes of Quetzaltenango, San Martin Jilotepeque and San Lucas Toliman, respectively.

{{Salvadoran political parties}}

==[[Regional Confederation of Mexican Workers]]==

https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1135&context=history-in-the-making

The Movement that Sinned Twice: The Cristero
War and Mexican Collective Memory
By Consuelo S. Moreno
Abstract: Many scattered occurrences in Mexico bring to memory
the 1926-1929 Cristero War, the contentious armed struggle
between the revolutionary government and the Catholic Church.
After the conflict ceased, the Cristeros and their legacy did not
become part of Mexico’s national identity. This article explores the
factors why this war became a distant memory rather than a part
of Mexico’s history. Dissipation of Cristero groups and
organizations, revolutionary social reforms in the 1930s, and the
intricate relationship between the state and Church after 1929
promoted a silence surrounding this historical event. Decades
later, a surge in Cristero literature led to the identification of
notable Cristero figures in the 1990s and early 2000s. However,
these occurrences continue to be scarce, and nonetheless, continue
to create controversy in Mexican society.
1
www.boe.es/biblioteca_juridica/publicacion.php?id=PUB-LH-1998-62

Recommended Citation
Moreno, Consuelo S. (2020) "The Movement that Sinned Twice: The Cristero War and Mexican Collective
Memory," History in the Making: Vol. 13 , Article 5.
Available at: https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/history-in-the-making/vol13/iss1/5
This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the History at CSUSB ScholarWorks. It has been accepted
for inclusion in History in the Making by an authorized editor of CSUSB ScholarWorks. For more information, please
contact scholarworks@csusb.edu
On July 12, 1861, after fighting the constitutional government of the president Mariano Ospina Rodríguez, the general Tomas Cipriano de Mosquera created the Sovereign State of Tolima, created out of the State of Cundinamarca. This was confirmed and legalized by the rest of the states of the Colombian Union, by means of Article 41 of the Pact of the Union on September 20, 1861, reaffirming the legality of the institutionalism of Tolima.[6]
;[[Economic_history_of_Colombia]]
Under an [[agrarian reform]] in 1592, the crown established [[resguardos]], or reservations, for the indigenous people to provide for their subsistence; the resulting concentration of indigenous people freed up land to be sold to [[hacendados]]. The purchase of land as private real estate from the crown led to the development of [[latifundios]]

*[[mitayos]] (indigenous people contracted to work)
*The new hacendados soon came into conflict with the encomenderos because of the ability of the latter to monopolize indigenous labor.
*[[New Laws]]
*[[War of the Thousand Days]] (1899–1902)
*Coffee production in Colombia
, Nombre de Dios (in present-day Panama), and Cartagena de Indias.
*Manila galleon

https://www.boe.es/biblioteca_juridica/publicacion.php?id=PUB-LH-1998-62


Nicaragua
Legitimist Party
Conservative Party (Nicaragua)
**	Alfredo César Aguirre

Ponciano Corral Acosta (1855)
Fermín Ferrer (1856-1856)
Fernando Chamorro y Alfaro (1860)
Ignacio Chávez López (1891)
Eduardo Montiel de la Cerda (1893)



*Piedras Negras (Maya site)
*Muisca economy


{{Multiimage 
|image1=Imperial Gate Topkapi Istanbul 2007 002.jpg
|image2=Semailname 47b.jpg
|image3=Bastion La Calle.jpg
|Iimage4=Hunername15b.jpg
}}




WLA2017DZ Metier en Algerie (39)Vendeur Osier.jpg

Gustave Clarence Rodolphe Boulanger - La Cour du Palais de Dar Khdaouedj El Amia Alger.jpg
Palais du Bey d'Oran - plafond 2.jpg







{{Captaincy General of the Philippines}}





[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile]]





 Viceroyalty of New Spain,




[[Santa Hermandad]]
[[visitador-general]]

Battle of Mactan "needs to be rewrittern"

==Portuguese Restoration War===



Plafond1.jpg
Emile Claus - The mosque of Sidi Boumedienne.jpg
Naw.jpg
Nawel.jpg
Algeria1.jpg
Mharma.jpg Mharma
Vase trouvés en 1896 musée alger.jpg
Photo de la Casbah d'Alger en Algerie.jpg

Algerian Jebel Amour rug, 19th century or earlier (detail).png Algerian Jebel Amour rug, 19th century or earlier (detail)
Luce Ben Aben School of Arab Embroidery Algiers Algeria.jpg Luce Ben Aben School of Arab Embroidery Algiers Algeria
Tissage nomade Algérie.jpg Tissage nomade Algérie 
Algeria Hand-loom Weavers (NBY 440370).jpg Algeria Hand-loom Weavers (NBY 440370)


{{Navbox
| name       = Hierarchy of norms in French law
| title      = [[Hierarchy of norms#France|Hierarchy of norms in French law]]
| listclass  = hlist
| bodyclass  = hlist
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| state = {{{state<includeonly>|{{{plain}}}</includeonly>}}}<!--autocollapse, collapsed, expanded, plain, off-->

| image      = [[File:Pyramide des normes.png|300px|link=Kelsen's pyramid |alt=Kelsen's pyramid of norms: a triangle or pyramid with administrative actions at the bottom, the Constitution at the apex, and several levels in between]]
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              --><span style="font-weight:3; font-size:smaller; padding-left:1.4em">''Bloc de constitutionnalité''</span>
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* [[Constitution of France|Constitution of 1958]]
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* {{ill|Principles having constitutional status|fr|Principes à valeur constitutionnelle|v=sup}}
* {{ill|Objective of constitutional value|fr|Objectif de valeur constitutionnelle|v=sup}}
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"an objective of constitutional value" x3
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= "Staatsziehlbestimmungen"
"constitutional objective"-->

| group2 = {{ill|Bloc de conventionnalité|fr|italic=yes|v=sup}}{{br}}<!--
              --><span style="font-weight:3; font-size:smaller">Treaties and international agreements</span>
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* [[European Union law]]
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| group3 = {{ill|Bloc de légalité|fr|italic=yes|v=sup}}{{br}}<!--
         --><span style="font-weight:3; font-size:smaller">parliamentary or governmental laws</span><!-- 'rules of reference' per Ehlermann- Atanasiu-2003 https://books.google.com/books?id=a6PbBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA238 -->
| list3 = 
* [[Organic law (France)|Organic law]] <!-- add R → Organic law#France (sec exists); add wd→ :fr:Loi organique en France -->
* {{ill|Ordinary law (France)|fr|Loi ordinaire|lt=Ordinary law|v=sup}}<!-- add REDIR [[Ordinary law#France]]; add that section to art.; add wd link → Loi ordinaire -->
* [[Ordonnance|Ratified ''ordonnance'']]  <!-- article needs expansion and anchor/section for this -->
* {{ill|Règlement autonome|fr|Règlement en droit français#Les règlements autonomes|italic=yes|v=sup}}

<!-- Règlements autonomes: 'executive regulation' (Bridge-1994 p265) -->

| group4 = {{ill|Règlements|fr|Règlement en droit français|italic=yes|v=sup}}{{br}}<!--(EJV p74)
             --><span style="font-weight:3; font-size:smaller">Executive branch regulations</span>
| list4 = 
* [[Ordonnance|Unratified ''ordonnance'']] <!-- article needs expansion and anchor/section for this -->
* ''[[Décret]]''
* {{ill|Arrêté (French law)|fr|Arrêté en France|lt=Arrêté|italics=yes|v=sup}} <!-- currently wd [[Ministerial order]], but no #France section-->

| group5 = {{ill|Administrative acts in France|fr|Acte administratif unilatéral en France|lt=Administrative acts|v=sup}}{{br}}<!--
             --><span style="font-weight:3; font-size:smaller">Circulars, directives, etc.</span>
| list5 = 
* {{ill|Circulars in French law|fr|Circulaire en droit français|lt=Circulars|v=sup}}
* {{ill|Directive (French law)|fr|Directive (droit administratif)|lt=Directives|v=sup}}
| below = 
* {{ill|Hierarchy of norms|fr|Hiérarchie des normes|v=sup}}
* {{ill|Sources of French law|fr|Source du droit|v=sup}}
* [[General principles of French law]]
}}<noinclude>
{{Documentation|content=
== Usage ==
{{collapsible option|statename=optional|default=collapsed}}

== See also ==

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Codification (law)]]
* [[Criminal justice system of France]]
* [[International law]]
* [[Law of France]]
* [[Napoleonic Code]]
* [[:fr:Modèle:Palette Procédure pénale en France]]
{{div col end}}
{{Draft categories |
[[Category:History and events templates by country]]
[[Category:France navigational boxes]]
[[Category:France politics and government templates]]
}}
}}</noinclude>


{{tq|Note to self about helpful IPv6 {{user|2804:F14:80C6:A301:CF7:6618:2E02:A732}}, who answered my expensive parser function question at VPT, and even managed to stay on the same IP long enough to converse with at their UTP. They added this helpful tip about finding them:
: {{talk quote|The best I do to find my own edits is [[Special:Contribs/2804:F14::/32]] (99% edits by me, although every once in a while it's an IPv4)}}
[[User:Mathglot|Mathglot]] ([[User talk:Mathglot#top|talk]]) 06:40, 15 March 2024 (UTC)
:: Is that the Brazilian IP who was trouble-shooting ping with me the other day? And helped out at ANI with the Portuguese speaker? [[User:Elinruby|Elinruby]] ([[User talk:Elinruby|talk]]) 10:50, 15 March 2024 (UTC)
::: {{u|Elinruby}}, Could be; it geolocates to Maringá, Parana state. The 2804 IP in this section helpfully provided me with a [[CIDR range]] link which targets their contributions without including a lot of noise (i.e., edits by other users that just happen to have nearby IP addresses), so just click that link above in the shaded blue part and see if any of those edits you are talking about are there. Or, click the Talk link in the first sentence, and ask them directly. (That said, it is a dynamic IPv6, and I managed to catch them at that address because I responded very rapidly after their edit at VPT; by now, it's several hours later, and their IP may have changed again, so they may never see what you post there. But you can use the CIDR contributions link (in blue) to see where they are now, and go to *that* IP talk page, and see if you can catch them before the IP swaps out again. That is the whole point of using the CIDR IP, so I can find them.) [[User:Mathglot|Mathglot]] ([[User talk:Mathglot#top|talk]]) 19:44, 15 March 2024 (UTC)}}


User talk:Shokachief

https://www.chronicle.com/article/the-dark-world-of-citation-cartels

===De første massakrene===
Få dager etter at tyske styrker invaderte Litauen (som hadde vært okkupert av Sovjetunionen siden året før), begynte massakrene på landets over {{formatnum:210000}} jøder. De første systematiske massakrene ble gjennomført etter initiativ av en lokal politisjef i Øst-Preussen uten konkret ordre fra Berlin. [[Stapo]]-kontoret (''Staatspolizeistelle'') i [[Tilsit]] hadde mottatt generelle direktiver fra [[Heinrich Müller]], sjefen for [[Gestapo]] innenfor RSHA, og disse direktivene var grunnlaget for ordrene utstedt av [[standartenführer]] [[Hans-Joachim Böhme]]. Stapo-kontoret i Tilsit var involvert i forberedelsene til operasjon Barbarossa, blant annet hadde kontoret fullmakt til å utvide sitt virkeområde over grensen inntil 25 kilometer inn i Litauen. Kontoret fikk tillatelse til å etablere en ''Einsatzkommando Tilsit'', og denne krysset grensen like bak Wehrmacht. Massakrene ble kamuflert som «opprydningsaksjoner» (''Säuberungsaktionen'') eller «straffetiltak» (''Strafaktionen'').<ref name="Kwiet" />{{rp|3–5}}<ref name="Donskis">Donskis, Leonidas. ''The vanished world of Lithuanian Jews''. Vol. 1. Rodopi, 2004.</ref>

[[Fil:Massacre of Jews in Lietūkis garage.jpeg|thumb|Sivile litauere og tyske soldater ser på mens en litauisk mann energisk slår i hjel jøder med en treklubbe, [[Kaunas]], 25. eller 27. juni 1941. En tysk offiser var vitne til hendelsen og noterte: «På gårdsplassen av betong sto en ung blond mann (omkring 25) og støttet seg på en lang treklubbe mens han tok en pause i arbeidet. Ved føttene hans lå 15-20 døde eller døende. Vann strømmet fra en slange og vasket blodet ned i et avløp. Like bak ham sto 20 menn (bevoktet av bevæpnede sivile) og ventet stille på sin grusomme henrettelse. Anvist med en brysk bevegelse gikk neste mann stille frem og ble slått i hjel med treklubben, hvert slag med klubben ble fulgt av entusiastiske tilrop fra tilskuerne.»<ref name="Spiegel" /> De fleste massakrene i Litauen ble utført av lokale under ledelse eller oppfordring av tyske offiserer. Massakre som dette i full offentlighet var unntak, massedrapene skjedde som regel ved skyting.<ref name="MacQueen" />]]

====Gargždai====
Den første ''Judenaktion'' skjedde i [[Gargždai]] (litt øst for [[Klaipėda]]) da tyske styrker og politi henrettet 201 mennesker to dager etter invasjonen.<ref name="Kwiet" /> Tysk infanteriregiment 176 inntok i Gargždai (tysk: Garsden) tidlig på dagen 22. juni 1941 etter 15 timers blodig kamp. Da regiment 176 rykket videre østover overlot de vaktholdet i byen til grensepolitiet fra byen [[Klaipėda]] (tysk: Memel), [[Memelland]] hadde blitt annektert av Tyskland to år tidligere. Grensepolitiet forsterket med lokale litauere skilte ut 600–700 jøder fra sivilbefolkningen. Grensepolitiet var usikre på hva de skulle gjøre videre og telegraferte til ''Staatspolizeistelle'' i Tilsit og [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]] (RSHA) i Berlin. Mens hovedkvarteret i Berlin var usikre på neste skritt, ga standartenführer Hans-Joachim Böhme ved ''Staatspolizeistelle'' i Tilsit ordre om å velge ut 200 menn blant jødene.<ref name="Matthaus" />{{rp|side=253-254}} De 200 ble (sammen med en kvinne som nektet å forlate mannen sin) ført til fots til en åker der de ble bevoktet av mannskap fra tolletaten. Statspolitiet i Tilsit hadde ikke nok mannskap til å gjennomføre henrettelsene og politisjefen i Memel, [[Bernhard Fischer-Schweder]], sendte etter forespørsel en tropp på 25 mann. The squad practiced execution at the Memel police camp on 23 June and drove to Gargždai the next day..<ref name="Matthaus" />{{rp|side=253-254}} 

Først på vei fra Memel til Gargždai fikk mannskapet overraskende vite at oppdraget var å henrette jøder, og enkelte reagerte med sjokk. Politimennene deltok i avrettingen vel vitende at de drepte uskyldige sivile.<ref name="Kwiet" /> I mellomtiden hadde jødene gravd sin egen grav ved å utvide en eksisterende «[[pansergrav]]». Ettermiddagen 24. juni ble jødene henrettet etter at det ble lest opp en «dom» som omfattet «forbrytelser mot [[Wehrmacht]]». Mange av jødene i Gargždai hadde flyktet fra Memel etter den tyske annektering og var i flere tilfeller gamle bekjente av politimennene som utførte henrettelsene.<ref name="Matthaus" />{{rp|side=253-254}} Gjerningsmennene hevdet etter krigen at ordren om å drepe hadde kommet fra Hitler selv (''Führerbefehl'') eller fra [[brigadeführer]] [[Walter Stahlecker]] (kommandant for Einsatzgruppe A<ref>[[#Asschenfeldt|Piekalkiewicz (1988)]] s. 59</ref><ref>{{cite book |date=1995 |publication-place=Oslo |publisher=Cappelen |title=Norsk krigsleksikon 1940-45 |url=https://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2010113005006}}<!-- auto-translated from Norwegian by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>), men ordren hadde kommet fra Böhme.<ref name="Kwiet" />

====Videre massakrer====
Dagen etter massakren i Gargždai var det lignende «aksjoner» i [[Kretinga]] (tysk: Krottingen) og [[Palanga]] (tysk: Polangen), henholdsvis 214 og 111 drepte de fleste var jødiske menn. RSHA hadde gitt tillatelse til organisering av en ''Einsatzkommando'' (en mobil drapsenhet) i Tilsit og denne krysset grensen rett etter Wehrmacht (Kretinga ble inntatt etter få timers kamp). ''Einsatzkommando Tilsit'' besto av personell fra SS, [[Sicherheitspolizei]], [[Sicherheitsdienst]] og grensepolitiet samt frivillige fra Wehrmacht. De første jødene som ble henrettet ble anklaget for å være snikskyttere, banditter, forrædere eller partisaner. Tyskerne fikk bistand fra litauere hvorav noen hadde flyktet til Tyskland etter den sovjetiske maktovertakelsen i 1940. I Gargždai, Kretinga og Palanga ble likene dumpet i eksisterende hull eller groper i terrenget etter at de som skulle henrettes hadde utvidet graven. En rekke på ti menn ble stilt på kanten av gropen og den neste gruppen på ti menn måtte da sørge for at alle likene fra forrige runde havnet i massegraven.<ref name="Kwiet" /><ref name="Matthaus" />

Pogromer ble dagene etter invasjonen utført av lokale anti-sovjetiske partisaner. Ifølge Stahlecker satte [[Algirdas Klimaitis]] i gang massakrer i Kaunas fra 23. juni. Nettene 23.–26. juni ble 1500 jøder drept av militsen og flere synagoger brent, senere ble 2300 jøder massakrert ifølge Stahleckers notater. I Šiauliai ble 1000 jøder drept i slutten av juni, lignende mindre massakrer ble utført mange steder i landet. Unntaket var Vilnius der det ikke var noen pogromer de første dagene.<ref name="Arad2005" /> Stahlecker kom 25. juni i Kaunas i kontakt med Algirdas Klimaitis, leder for en anti-sovjetisk og anti-semittisk milits. På oppmuntring fra Stahlecker og hans menn gjennomførte Klimatis den første massakren på 1500 jøder.<ref name="Breitman" />

Böhme og hans mannskap møtte Heydrich og Himmler i [[Augustów]] 30. juni. Böhme fortalte Heydrich og Himmler om «tiltakene» (tysk: ''Massnahmen'') iverksatt av politiet i Tilsit hvorpå Heydrich og Himmler bifalt disse fullstendig (tysk: ''billigten diese in vollem Umfang''). Böhme og hans Einsatzkommando fortsatte sitt drapstokt i Litauen og hadde innen 18. juli henrettet 3302 personer.<ref name="Matthaus" />
The day after the massacre in Gargždai, there were similar "actions" in Kretinga (German: Krottingen) and Palanga (German: Polangen), respectively 214 and 111 killed, most of whom were Jewish men. The RSHA had given permission for the organization of an Einsatzkommando (a mobile killing unit) in Tilsit and this crossed the border right after the Wehrmacht (Kretinga was taken after a few hours of fighting). Einsatzkommando Tilsit consisted of personnel from the SS, Sicherheitspolizei , Sicherheitsdienst and the border police as well as volunteers from the Wehrmacht. The first Jews to be executed were accused of being snipers, bandits, traitors or partisans. The Germans received assistance from Lithuanians, some of whom had fled to Germany after the Soviet takeover in 1940. In Gargždai, Kretinga and Palanga, the bodies were dumped in existing holes or pits in the terrain after those to be executed had expanded the grave. A line of ten men was lined up on the edge of the pit and the next group of ten men then had to ensure that all the bodies from the previous round ended up in the mass grave. [30] [31]

Pogroms were carried out in the days after the invasion by local anti-Soviet partisans. According to Stahlecker, Algirdas Klimaitis started massacres in Kaunas from 23 June. The nights 23–26 On June 1,500 Jews were killed by the militia and several synagogues were burned, later 2,300 Jews were massacred according to Stahlecker's notes. In Šiauliai, 1,000 Jews were killed at the end of June, similar smaller massacres were carried out in many places in the country. The exception was Vilnius where there were no pogroms in the first days. [18] On 25 June in Kaunas, Stahlecker came into contact with Algirdas Klimaitis, leader of an anti-Soviet and anti-Semitic militia. Encouraged by Stahlecker and his men, Klimatis carried out the first massacre of 1,500 Jews. [39]

Böhme and his crew met Heydrich and Himmler in Augustów on 30 June. Böhme told Heydrich and Himmler about the "measures" (German: Massnahmen ) implemented by the police in Tilsit whereupon Heydrich and Himmler fully approved them (German: billigten diese in vollem Umfang ). Böhme and his Einsatzkommando continued their killing spree in Lithuania and by 18 July had executed 

Cet article recense les principaux palais existants ou ayant existé en [[Algérie]].

== Alger ==




{{Multiimage
| image1            = Luce Ben Aben, School of Arab Embroidery, Algiers, Algeria, ca. 1899 (3428141309).jpg
| caption1          = [[Eugénie Luce|Luce]] Ben Aben School of Arab Embroidery, Algiers
| alt1              = Women stitching inside a hall
| image2            = Dinandier Casbah Alger.jpg
| caption2          = Coppersmith, Casbah, Algiers
| alt2              = Man making large copper vat with stairs in background
| image3            = Mharma.jpg
| caption3          = Woman wearing a [[Karakou]], head scarf, heavy necklace and Khit errouh
| alt3              = Woman wearing an ornately embroidered jacket known as Karakou, head scarf, heavy necklace and Khit errouh
| total_width       = 600
| align             = center

}}


{| class=wikitable
! Nom du palais
! Image
! Siècle
! Commune
! Observation
|-
| [[Dar Aziza]]
| [[File:Patio de Dar Aziza.jpg|border|center|frameless|219x219px]]
| {{s|XVI|e}}
| [[Casbah d’Alger]]
| Siège de l’Office national de Gestion et d’Exploitation des Biens Culturels protégés
|-
| [[Dar Hassan Pacha]]
| [[File:Galeries. Interieur du palais Hassan Pacha - Alger - Algérie.JPG|border|center|frameless|219x219px]]
| {{s|XVIII|e}}
| [[Casbah d’Alger]]
|
|-
| [[Palais du Peuple (Alger)|Palais du Peuple]]
| [[File:Palais du gouverneur d'Alger.jpg|border|center|frameless|219x219px]]
| {{s|XVIII|e}}
| [[Sidi M'Hamed (Alger)|Sidi M'Hamed]]
| Un lieu de réception et de festivités officielles 
|-
| [[Palais d'El Mouradia]]
| [[File:201001-D-BN624-1079 (50405247213).jpg|border|center|frameless|219x219px]]
| 
| [[El Mouradia]]
| Résidence officielle du président de l'Algérie
|-
| [[Palais consulaire d'Alger]]
| [[File:19 juin 1916.jpg|border|center|frameless|219x219px]]
| {{s|XIX|e}}
| [[Casbah d’Alger]]
| Siège de la [[chambre algérienne de commerce et d'industrie]]
|-
| [[Palais des Raïs]]
| [[File:Palais des Rais (Es'hine) - Alger.JPG|border|center|frameless|219x219px]]
| {{s|XVI|e}} et {{s|XVIII|e}}
| [[Casbah d'Alger]]
| Centre des Arts et de la Culture
|-
| [[Palais Mustapha Pacha]]
| [[File:Palais mustapha bacha.jpg|border|center|frameless|219x219px]]
| {{s|XVIII|e}}
| [[Casbah d'Alger]]
| Abrite le [[Musée national de l'enluminure, de la miniature et de la calligraphie d'Alger]]
|-
| [[Palais de la Jénina]]
| [[File:Djenina Palace (Algiers).jpg|border|center|frameless|219x219px]]
| {{s|XVI|e}}
| [[Casbah d'Alger]]
| Démoli par les français en 1857. Actuellement [[Place des Martyrs (Alger)|Place des Martyrs]]
|-
| [[Dar Khedaoudj el Amia]]
| [[File:Palace khdaouedj amia.jpg|border|center|frameless|219x219px]]
| {{s|XVI|e}}
| [[Casbah d'Alger]]
| Abrite le [[Musée national des Arts et Traditions populaires (Alger)|Musée national des Arts et Traditions populaires d'Alger]]
|-
| [[Palais de la culture Moufdi Zakaria]]
| [[File:PaCultAR.JPG|border|center|frameless|219x219px]]
| {{s|XX|e}}
| [[Kouba]]
| Palais d'expositions et de conférences 
|-
| [[Villa Abd-el-Tif]]
| [[File:Dar Abdel-Latif, Alger,Algeria 02.jpg|border|center|frameless|219x219px]]
| {{s|XVIII|e}}
| [[Belouizdad]]
| Abrite l'[[Agence algérienne pour le rayonnement culturel]]
|-
| [[Villa du Bardo]]<ref>{{cite web |access-date=24-04-2023 |language=en |title=Centre National de Recherche en Archéologie |url=http://cnra.dz/atlas/villa-du-bardo/ |website=cnra.dz}}<!-- auto-translated from French by Module:CS1 translator -->.</ref>
| [[File:Museebardo prise1.jpg|border|center|frameless|219x219px]]
| {{s|XVIII|e}}
| [[Sidi M'Hamed (Alger)|Sidi M'Hamed]]
| Abrite le [[Musée national du Bardo (Algérie)|Musée national du Bardo]] et également le siège du [[Centre national de recherches préhistoriques, anthropologiques et historiques]] (CNRPAH)
|-
| [[Dar Ahmed Pacha]]<ref>{{cite web |access-date=24-04-2023 |language=en |title=Centre National de Recherche en Archéologie |url=http://cnra.dz/atlas/dar-ahmed-pacha/ |website=cnra.dz}}<!-- auto-translated from French by Module:CS1 translator -->.</ref>
| 
| {{s|XVI|e}}
| [[Casbah d'Alger]]
| Abrite la Direction du théâtre national algérien
|-
| [[Palais du Dey]]<ref>{{cite web |access-date=24-04-2023 |title=Palais du dey d'Alger |url=https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=468 |website=qantara-med.org}}<!-- auto-translated from French by Module:CS1 translator -->.</ref> (Voir la [[Citadelle d'Alger]])
| [[File:Dar Soltan Alger.jpg|border|center|frameless|219x219px]]
| {{s|XVI|e}}
| [[Casbah d'Alger]]
| En cours de restauration 
|-
| [[Dar El Hamra]]<ref>https://www.elwatan.com/archives/alger-archives/dar-el-hamra-renait-de-ses-cendres-26-04-2007</ref>
| 
| {{s|XVI|e}}
| [[Casbah d'Alger]]
| Abrite le [[Centre national de recherche en archéologie]]
|-
| [[Dar El Kadi]]<ref>{{cite web |access-date=24-04-2023 |language=en |title=Centre National de Recherche en Archéologie |url=http://cnra.dz/atlas/dar-el-kadi/ |website=cnra.dz}}<!-- auto-translated from French by Module:CS1 translator -->.</ref>
|
| {{s|XVI|e}}
| [[Casbah d'Alger]]
| En restauration 
|-
| [[Djenane El Mufti]]
| 
| {{s|XVII|e}}
| [[Sidi M'Hamed (Alger)|Sidi M'hamed]]
| Résidence présidentielle 
|-
| [[Djenane Lakhdar]]<ref>{{Article |auteur1= |titre=Djenane Lakhdar, demeure de Mouloud Feraoun jusqu’à la fin de ses jours |périodique=[[La Dépêche de Kabylie]] |date=07-08-2011 |lire en ligne=https://www.depechedekabylie.com/culture/98650-djenane-lakhdar-demeure-de-mouloud-feraoun-jusqua-la-fin-de-ses-jours/ |consulté le=24-04-2023}}.</ref>
|
| {{s|XIX|e}}
| [[El Madania]]
| En restauration
|-
| [[Villa du Dey]]<ref>{{cite web |access-date=24-04-2023 |title=Hussein-dey,villa du dey;http : //alger-roi.fr |url=http://alger-roi.fr/Alger/hussein_dey/pages_liees/138_hussein_dey_villa_dey_9_2_1929_afrique.htm |website=alger-roi.fr}}<!-- auto-translated from French by Module:CS1 translator -->.</ref>
| [[File:L'Illustration 1862 gravure Arrivée des tabacs au magazin de Hussein-Dey.jpg|border|center|frameless|219x219px]]
| {{s|XIX|e}}
| [[Hussein Dey (commune)|Hussein Dey]]
| En restauration<ref>{{cite web |access-date=25 December 2023 |date=3 August 2023 |title=Les monuments historiques: le « Fort » de Rais Hamidou et « la villa du Dey » seront réhabilités par la Wilaya d’Alger |url=https://dia-algerie.com/les-monuments-historiques-le-fort-de-rais-hamidou-et-la-villa-du-dey-seront-rehabilites-par-la-wilaya-dalger/ |website=dia-algerie.com}}<!-- auto-translated from French by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>.
|-
| [[Villa Boulkine]]
| 
| {{s|XIX|e}}
| [[Hussein Dey (commune)|Hussein Dey]]
| Abrite provisoirement [[Le Grand musée d’Afrique]]<ref>{{cite web |access-date=25 December 2023 |author1=Fayçal Métaoui |date=15 June 2023 |title=Le Grand musée d’Afrique installé provisoirement à la  villa Boulkine à Hussein Dey |url=https://www.24hdz.dz/le-grand-musee-dafrique-installe-provisoirement-a-la-villa-boulkine-a-hussein-dey/ |website=24hdz.dz}}<!-- auto-translated from French by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>.
|-
| [[Villa des Arcades]]<ref>https://www.vitaminedz.com/fr/Alger/la-villa-des-arcades-une-magnifique-2866380-Articles-16-20824-1.html</ref>
|
| {{s|XVI|e}}
| [[El Madania]]
|
|-
| [[Djenane mahieddine]]<ref>https://www.elwatan.com/archives/alger-archives/que-deviennent-la-citadelle-ketchaoua-et-djenane-mahieddine-05-01-2012</ref>
|
| {{s|XVIII|e}}
| [[Sidi M'Hamed (Alger)|Sidi M'hamed]]
| En restauration 
|-
| [[Bordj Erriah]]<ref>Ahmed Karim Labeche, ''Le Bordj Erriah'', Dépôt légal 3568-2015, {{ISBN|978-9947-0-4382-0}}</ref>
|
| {{s|XVII|e}}
| [[Bouzareah]]
| Connu sous appellation ''Villa Polignac''
|-
| [[Djenane El Dey]]<ref>{{cite web |access-date=24-04-2023 |title=Palais Rahat Eddey : Un joyau livré à l'usure du temps |url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/elwatan/92059 |website=Djazairess}}<!-- auto-translated from French by Module:CS1 translator -->.</ref>
|
| {{s|XVIII|e}}
| [[Bologhine]]
| En restauration 
|-
| [[Château des Deux Moulins]]<ref>https://www.elwatan.com/regions/centre/alger/le-chateau-de-rais-hamidou-en-restauration-18-02-2016</ref>
|
| {{s|XIX|e}}
| [[Raïs Hamidou (Alger)|Raïs Hamidou]]
| Résidence des hôtes de la wilaya d'Alger<ref>{{cite web |access-date=24-04-2023 |date=09-11-2012 |title=Ampagne électorale - Après l’expiration du mandat actuel des maires Qui fera leur bilan de gestion ? |url=https://www.algerie360.com/alger-le-chateau-hante-de-rais-hamidou-a-discretement-change-de-vocation/amp/ |website=algerie360.com}}<!-- auto-translated from French by Module:CS1 translator -->.</ref>
|-
| [[Château Béraud]]
| [[File:Photo chateau draria 30052016.jpg|border|center|frameless|219x219px]]
| {{s|XIX|e}}
| [[El Achour]],
([[Draria]])
| Abrite L'école des jeunes aveugles
|-
| [[Villa Sésini]]
| [[File:Villa Susini.png|border|center|frameless|219x219px]]
| {{s|XIX|e}}
| [[El Madania]]
|
|-
| [[Château des Tourelles (Bologhine)]]
|
| {{s|XIX|e}}
| [[Bologhine]]
|Résidence des hôtes de la wilaya d'Alger
|-
| [[Villa Brossette]]
|
| {{s|XVIII|e}}
| [[El Mouradia]]
| Occupée auparavant par l’Agence nationale de gestion des réalisations des grands projets de Culture (ARPC). Récupérée par la Présidence de la République<ref>{{cite web |access-date=24-04-2023 |date=16-07-2020 |title=La présidence de la République récupère la Villa Brossette |url=https://www.24hdz.com/presidence-republique-recupere-villa-brossette/ |website=24H Algérie - Infos - vidéos - opinions.}}<!-- auto-translated from French by Module:CS1 translator -->.</ref>.
|-
| [[Villa Joly]]
|
| {{s|XIX|e}}
| [[Alger-Centre]]
| Aujourd'hui, elle abrite le siège de la [[Banque d'Algérie]]
|-
| [[Villa des Oliviers]]
| [[File:La Résidence de France.jpg|border|center|frameless|219x219px]]
| Époque [[Régence d'Alger]], entre {{s|XVI|e}} et {{s|XIX|e}}
| [[El-Biar]]
| Résidence officielle de l'[[Ambassade de France en Algérie|ambassadeur de France en Algérie]], également appelée « résidence de France ».
|}

== Autres villes ==
{| class=wikitable
! Nom du palais
! Image
! Siècle
! Ville
! Observation
|-
| [[Palais du Bey (Oran)|Palais du Bey]] 
| [[File:Palais du Bey DemeureMod (Oran) (21).jpg|border|center|frameless|219x219px]]
| {{s|XVIII|e}}
| [[Oran]]
| Fermé
|-
| [[Palais El Mechouar]]
| [[File:Mechouar,Tlemcen..JPG|border|center|frameless|219x219px]]
| {{s|XIII|e}}
| [[Tlemcen]]
| Monument public
|-
| [[Palais Ahmed Bey (Constantine)|Palais Ahmed Bey]]
| [[File:Palais ahmed bey.jpg|border|center|frameless|219x219px]]
| {{s|XIX|e}}
| [[Constantine (Algérie)|Constantine]]
| Monument public
|-
| [[Palais de Kourdane]]
| [[File:'Aïn Madhi - Kourdane.jpg|border|center|frameless|219x219px]]
| {{s|XIX|e}}
| [[Aïn Madhi]]
| Fermé
|-
| [[Dar EL Emir Abdelkader (Médéa)]]
| [[File:Dar el amir abdelkader medea intereur.jpg|border|center|frameless|219x219px]]
| {{s|XVI|e}}
| [[Médéa]]
| Avant de devenir la maison de l'[[Émir Abdelkader]], elle était la résidence du Bey de Médéa ([[Bey du Titteri]]). Abrite le Musée des Arts et Traditions populaires de Médéa
|-
|[[Dar EL Emir Abdelkader (Miliana)]]<ref>{{dead link |brisé le=24-04-2023 |titre=aps.dz/regions/70444-miliana-a… |url=https://www.aps.dz/regions/70444-miliana-ain-defla-des-monuments-revelateurs-de-la-gouvernance-ottomane}}.</ref>
| [[File:Musée EAK.JPG|border|center|frameless|219x219px]]
| {{s|XVI|e}}
| [[Miliana]]
| Avant de devenir la maison de l'[[Émir Abdelkader]], elle était la résidence du premier gouverneur ottoman de Miliana. Abrite le Musée de Miliana
|-
| [[Château de la Comtesse]]<ref>https://www.elwatan.com/pages-hebdo/magazine/le-chateau-de-la-comtesse-renait-31-07-2016</ref>
| [[File:Château de la comtesse d'aokas, Béjaia, construit en 1870.jpg|border|center|frameless|219x219px]]
| {{s|XIX|e}}
| [[Aokas]]
|
|-
| [[Dar Meriem]]<ref>{{dead link |brisé le=24-04-2023 |titre=liberte-algerie.com/est/vers-l… |url=https://www.liberte-algerie.com/est/vers-la-rehabilitation-du-palais-meriem-azza-347969}}.</ref>
|
| {{s|XX|e}}
| [[Skikda]]
| Appelé aussi ''Palais Bengana''. Il sert aujourd'hui de villa d'hôtes et lieu de réceptions officielles<ref>https://www.elwatan.com/edition/culture/skikda-chateau-bengana-11-08-2005</ref>
|-
| [[Château Chancel]]<ref>{{cite web |access-date=14-10-2023 |date=15-08-2016 |title=Le château Chancel - Annaba-Patrimoine |url=http://web.archive.org/web/20211025180313/https://www.annaba-patrimoine.com/chateau-chancel/ |website=annaba-patrimoine.com via [[Internet Archive]]}}<!-- auto-translated from French by Module:CS1 translator -->.</ref>
|
| {{s|XX|e}}
| [[Annaba]]
| Appelé également ''Château de l’Ouenza''. Devenu un hôtel
|-
| [[Palais de la Culture Abdelkrim Dali]]<ref>{{cite web |access-date=24-04-2023 |title=Palais de la culture de tlemcen |url=http://www.palais-culture-tlemcen.org/ |website=palais-culture-tlemcen.org}}<!-- auto-translated from French by Module:CS1 translator -->.</ref>
|
| {{s|XXI|e}}
| [[Tlemcen]]
| Le palais est un joyeux d'art architectural du {{s|XXI|e}} des pays arabo-musulmans. Il se situe dans la localité ''Imama'' à proximité des sites et monuments historiques de [[Mansourah (Tlemcen)|Mansourah]].
|-
| [[Château Ben Kritly]]
| [[File:Maisondc27.png|border|center|frameless|219x219px]]
|{{s|XX|e}}
| [[Mostaganem]]
| Le palais abritait l'école régionale des beaux-arts de Mostaganem 
|}

== Références ==
{{reflist}}
== Articles connexes ==
* [[Liste des sites et monuments classés en Algérie]]
* [[Liste du patrimoine mondial en Algérie]]
* [[Art ottoman]]
* [[Architecture islamique]]
* [[Architecture néo-classique]]
* [[Architecture mauresque]]
* [[Architecture néo-classique]]

{{Portail|architecture|châteaux|Algérie}}

[[Catégorie:Bâtiment en Algérie]]
[[Catégorie:Palais en Algérie]]
[[Catégorie:Liste de bâtiments|Palais en Algérie]]
[[Catégorie:Liste en rapport avec l'Algérie]]
[[Catégorie:Patrimoine architectural en Algérie]]



, and my name has been dragged a little further through the mud but who cares right? Another entitled mansplainer has been empowered to lecture someone else on imaginary incivility and create arbcom cases over problems that exist only in his preconceptions. NBD. 
:: I am just a dog he got to kick because he was mad, two hours and 22 minutes after AE told him not to do that. {{u|Thryduulf}} last I heard you didn't understand the problem. You were complaining about people not notifying you, so I did. Would you please find some time to understand this and at least have an informal talk with him about reality checking his preconceptions? Neither I not Cukrakalnis is a Polish nationalist, thank you very much, and neither of us was disrupting Wikipedia before he came into our lives to tell us that we shouldn't. We are both North Americans who speak other languages, yes that is weird. He probably doesn't even remember who Cukrakalnis is, since he didn't check any of the links he was commenting on before he started the Arbcom request, so skip that part if you like and just believe me. Or ask me questions?
::Or I could just change my name too I guess. Maybe to Jake or Jack or something. It's not like I have 100k edits on important non-EE articles or anything, eyeroll. Or will by the time you read this the way things are going. I do understand that the Arbcom case just now ended and you were involved in the policy discussion. but it's been a month and this issue is now stale. I never asked for the man's head, but I would have liked someone to tell him that that wasn't ok. If not he will continue to think that it is. I honestly don't think that's unreasonable. I realize it's easier to just assume he knows what he is talking about but I am trusting you not to do that.

{{u|Star Mississippi}} you were only in this because as far as I can tell you are the only admin that has made any attempt whatsoever to understand the context here, and kudos again for that. [[User:Elinruby|Elinruby]] ([[User talk:Elinruby|talk]]) 23:41, 8 April 2024 (UTC)



{{[[Template:The BLP Barnstar|subst:The BLP Barnstar]]|1=for stalwart defense of Wikipolicy at [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Vita Zaverukha]]}}


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really?|
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|Serbia
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|Yugoslavia
|-
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|Yugoslavia
|-
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|Russia, Eastern Europe
|-
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