View source for User:MattWade/New York

{{Redirect|NY}}
{{about|the U.S. state of New York|the city|New York City|other uses|{{PAGENAME}} (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox U.S. state
|Fullname        = State of New York
|Name            = New York
|Flag            = Flag of New York.svg
|Seal            = Seal of New York.svg
|Nickname        = [[The Empire State]], The Excelsior State
|Motto           = [[Seal of New York|Excelsior]] ([[Latin]])<br/>Ever upward
|Demonym         = New Yorker
|OfficialLang    = None
|Map             = Map_of_USA_NY.svg
|Capital         = [[Albany, New York|Albany]]
|LargestCity     = [[New York City]]
|LargestMetro    = [[New York metropolitan area]]
|AreaRank        = 27<sup>th</sup>
|TotalAreaUS     = 54,556
|TotalArea       = 141,299
|WidthUS         = 285
|Width           = 455
|LengthUS        = 330
|Length          = 530
|PCWater         = 13.3
|Latitude        = 40° 30′ N to 45° 1′ N
|Longitude       = 71° 51′ W to 79° 46′ W
|2000Pop         = 19,378,102 (2010)
|PopRank = 3<sup>rd</sup>
|2000DensityUS   = 408.7
|2000Density     = 157.81
|DensityRank     = 7<sup>th</sup>
|HighestPoint    = [[Mount Marcy]]
|HighestElevUS   = 5,344
|HighestElev     = 1,629
|MeanElevUS      = 1,000
|MeanElev        = 305
|LowestElevUS    = 0
|LowestElev      = 0
|Former=[[Province of New York]]
|AdmittanceDate  = July 26, 1788
|AdmittanceOrder = 11<sup>th</sup>
|Governor        = [[Andrew Cuomo]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]])
|Lieutenant Governor = [[Robert Duffy (politician)|Robert Duffy]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]])
|Legislature     = [[New York Legislature]]
|Upperhouse      = [[New York State Senate|State Senate]]
|Lowerhouse      = [[New York State Assembly|State Assembly]]
|Senators        = [[Charles Schumer]] (D)<br />[[Kirsten Gillibrand]] (D)
|Representative  = 27 [[United States Democratic Party|Democrats]],<br />2 [[United States Republican Party|Republicans]]
|TimeZone        = [[Eastern Standard Time Zone|Eastern]]: [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]-5/[[Daylight saving time|-4]]
|PostalAbbreviation = NY
|ISOCode            = US-NY
|Website         = www.ny.gov
}}

'''[[New York]]''' ({{IPAc-en|nj|uː|_|ˈ|j|ɔr|k}}; locally {{IPA-all|nɪu&nbsp;ˈjoək|}} or {{IPA-all|nuː&nbsp;ˈjɔrk||en-us-New York.ogg}}) is a [[U.S. state]] in the [[Mid-Atlantic region]] of the [[Northeastern United States]].{{#tag:ref|For the purposes of this article, the term ''New York'' refers only to the state. When referring to the city, the full name ''New York City'' is used.|group=Note}} New York is commonly known as the "[[Empire State]]" and sometimes the "Excelsior State". It is the nation's [[List of U.S. states by population|third most populous]] state at over 19 million people. The capital of the state is [[Albany, New York|Albany]] and its most populous city is [[New York City]]. New York is often referred to as '''New York State''' to distinguish it from New York City.

The area's history begins with several indigenous groups, mainly the [[Algonquian]] and [[Iroquoian]] peoples. [[Giovanni da Verrazzano]] first discovered New York in 1524, though permanent claim didn't occur until [[Henry Hudson]]'s voyage in 1609 and settlement didn't begin until the building of [[Fort Nassau (North River)|Fort Nassau]] near Albany in 1614. From 1609 to 1664, the state was part of the [[Dutch Republic|Dutch]] [[New Netherland]] colony. In 1664, the [[Kingdom of England|English]] sacked New Netherland and created the [[Province of New York]], named for the [[Duke of York]]. In 1777, the American rebels were victorious in the [[Battle of Saratoga]], widely known as the turning point of the [[American Revolution]]. In 1788, New York became the [[List of U.S. states by date of statehood|eleventh state]] to join the Union.

New York's economy has many sectors: agriculture in [[Upstate New York]]; state government in the [[Capital District]]; the [[Financial District, Manhattan|Financial District]] in [[Manhattan]];

== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of New York}}
{{Regions of New York}}
[[File:New York Relief 1-EDIT.jpg|thumb|left|[[Cartographic relief depiction|Relief map]] of New York]]
New York has a total area of {{convert|54556|sqmi|km2|0}}, including {{convert|7342|sqmi|km2|0}} of water, making it the [[List of U.S. states by area|27th-largest state by area]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/phc3-us-pt1.pdf |page=71 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |year=2004 |date=April 2004 |title=2000 Census of Population and Housing |accessdate=2010-09-26}}</ref> Until the end of the [[Last glacial period|last ice age]], most of the state was covered by [[glacier]]s. The recession of the glaciers revealed or allowed for the creation of nine distinct physiographic regions within the state's borders. The [[Adirondack Mountains|Adirondack Upland]] in northeastern New York is dominated by rugged mountains and is home to the [[Adirondack Park]] and [[Mount Marcy]], the state's tallest mountain at {{convert|5344|ft|m|0}}. The [[Saint Lawrence Lowlands]], essentially a wide river valley, extend from [[Lake Ontario]] along the northern border of the state. The Hudson-Mohawk Lowland (which makes up part of the [[Great Appalachian Valley]]) stretches north from New York City along the [[Hudson Valley]], then west along the [[Mohawk Valley]], and consists of river plains ranging from {{convert|10|to|30|mi|km}} wide. East of the Hudson River is the New England Upland, which includes the [[Berkshire Mountains]] and [[Taconic Range]]. [[Long Island]] and [[Staten Island]] make up the state's portion of the [[Atlantic coastal plain]]. A small portion of the [[Piedmont (United States)|Eastern Piedmont]] extends into New York from New Jersey. Roughly half the state is within the [[Appalachian Highlands]]; geographic features south of the Mohawk and west of the Hudson, such as the [[Allegheny Plateau]], [[Catskill Mountains]], [[Finger Lakes]], and [[Delaware River]] basin, are all within this area. Along the southern shores of [[Lake Ontario]] and [[Lake Erie]] is an area known as the Erie-Ontario Lowlands; this area extends about {{convert|30|mi|km}} from the Great Lake shores. The last region is along the western edge of the Adirondacks and north of [[Oneida Lake]]. It is a rugged area known as the [[Tug Hill Plateau|Tug Hill Upland]]; due to its poor soil and drainage—and large amounts of annual snow—it is very sparsely populated.<ref name=eb>{{cite encyclopedia |title=New York |year=2010 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |accessdate=2010-09-26 |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/412293/New-York}}</ref>

New York is generally split into [[List of regions of the United States#New York|geographical or economical regions]], though these regions are far from standard. The New York Department of Economic Development defines eleven regions: [[Chautauqua County, New York|Chautauqua]]-[[Allegany County, New York|Allegheny]], [[Greater Niagara]], [[Finger Lakes]], [[Thousand Islands]]-[[Saint Lawrence Seaway|Seaway]], [[Central New York Region|Central New York]], the [[Adirondacks]], [[Capital District|Capital-Saratoga]], the [[Catskills]], [[Hudson Valley]], [[New York City]], and [[Long Island]].<ref>{{cite web |title=New York State Travel Guide 2010 |publisher=New York Department of Economic Development |page=4 |year=2010 |accessdate=2010-09-26 |url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nys_ded/ilny_travelguide2010/#/4}}</ref> ''The Encyclopedia of New York State'', on the other hand, defines a relatively different list of regions: the Capital District, Central New York, Long Island, the Lower Hudson, the Mid-Hudson, the Mohawk Valley, New York City, Niagara Frontier, the North Country and Adirondacks, the [[Southern Tier]], and Western New York.<ref name=encycxvi>''The Encyclopedia'' (2005), p. xvi</ref> In contrast with New York City's urban atmosphere, the vast majority of the state is dominated by farms, forests, rivers, mountains, and lakes.<ref name=eb/> This separation between these major parts of New York helps define the difference between [[Upstate New York]] and [[Downstate New York]].

=== Climate ===
See http://nysc.eas.cornell.edu/climate_of_ny.html

{{Main|Climate of New York}}
[[File:LakeEffectSnowBuffalo101206.gif|thumb|right|250px|[[Lake-effect snow]] is a major contributor to snowfall totals in western New York.<ref name=eb/>]]
In general, New York has a [[humid continental climate]], though under the [[Köppen climate classification]], New York City has a [[humid subtropical climate]].<ref name=NYClimate>{{cite web|url=http://nysc.eas.cornell.edu/climate_of_ny.html|title=Climate of New York|publisher=New York State Climate Office – Cornell University|accessdate=April 10, 2008}}</ref> Weather in New York is heavily influenced by two continental air masses: a warm, humid one from the southwest and a cold, dry one from the northwest.

The winters are long and cold in the Plateau Divisions of the state. In the majority of winter seasons, a temperature of {{convert|-13|F|C|0}} or lower can be expected in the northern highlands (Northern Plateau) and {{convert|5|F|C|0}} or colder in the southwestern and east-central highlands (Southern Plateau). The summer climate is cool in the Adirondacks, Catskills and higher elevations of the Southern Plateau.

The New York City/Long Island area and lower portions of the [[Hudson Valley]] have rather warm summers by comparison, with some periods of high, uncomfortable humidity. The remainder of New York State enjoys pleasantly warm summers, marred by only occasional, brief intervals of sultry conditions. Summer daytime temperatures usually range from the upper 70s to mid 80s °F (25 to 30&nbsp;°C), over much of the state.

New York ranks 46th among the 50 states in the amount of [[greenhouse gas]]es generated per person. This efficiency is primarily due to the state's higher rate of [[Public transport|mass transit]] use.<ref>{{cite news|title=A Breath of Fresh New York Air|author=The New York Post|date=2007-06-03|url=http://www.nypost.com/seven/06032007/news/regionalnews/a_breath_of_fresh_n_y__air_regionalnews_.htm|accessdate=2007-06-06}} {{dead link| date=June 2010 | bot=DASHBot}}</ref>

<blockquote><center>
{| class="wikitable" "text-align:center;font-size:90%;"|
|+ '''Monthly Normal High and Low Temperatures For Various New York Cities'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ustravelweather.com/new-york/|title=Typical High and Low Temperatures For Various New York Cities|publisher=US Travel Weather
|accessdate=March 24, 2010}}</ref>
|-
|+ '''([[Fahrenheit]])'''
|-
!  style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000; height:17px;"| City
! style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000;"|
! style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000;" abbr="January"| &nbsp;Jan&nbsp;
! style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000;" abbr="February"| &nbsp;Feb&nbsp;
! style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000;" abbr="March"| &nbsp;Mar&nbsp;
! style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000;" abbr="April"|&nbsp; Apr&nbsp;
! style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000;" abbr="May"| &nbsp;May&nbsp;
! style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000;" abbr="June"| &nbsp;Jun&nbsp;
! style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000;" abbr="July"| &nbsp;Jul&nbsp;
! style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000;" abbr="August"| &nbsp;Aug&nbsp;
! style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000;" abbr="September"| &nbsp;Sep&nbsp;
! style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000;" abbr="October"| &nbsp;Oct&nbsp;
! style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000;" abbr="November"| &nbsp;Nov&nbsp;
! style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000;" abbr="December"| &nbsp;Dec&nbsp;
|-
!  style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000; height:16px;"| [[Albany, New York|Albany]]
! style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000;"|max<br />min
| style="text-align:center; background:#555fff; color:#000;"| 31<br />13
| style="text-align:center; background:#555fff; color:#000;"| 34<br />16
| style="text-align:center; background:#555fff; color:#000;"| 44<br />25
| style="text-align:center; background:#555fff; color:#000;"| 57<br />36
| style="text-align:center; background:#555fff; color:#000;"| 70<br />46
| style="text-align:center; background:#555fff; color:#000;"| 78<br />55
| style="text-align:center; background:#555fff; color:#000;"| 82<br />60
| style="text-align:center; background:#555fff; color:#000;"| 80<br />58
| style="text-align:center; background:#555fff; color:#000;"| 71<br />50
| style="text-align:center; background:#555fff; color:#000;"| 60<br />39
| style="text-align:center; background:#555fff; color:#000;"| 48<br />31
| style="text-align:center; background:#555fff; color:#000;"| 36<br />20
|-
!  style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000; height:16px;"| [[Binghamton, New York|Binghamton]]
! style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000;"|max<br />min
| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#000;"| 28<br />15
| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#000;"| 31<br />17
| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#000;"| 41<br />25
| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#000;"| 53<br />35
| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#000;"| 66<br />46
| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#000;"| 73<br />54
| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#000;"| 78<br />59
| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#000;"| 76<br />57
| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#000;"| 68<br />50
| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#000;"| 57<br />40
| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#000;"| 44<br />31
| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#000;"| 33<br />21
|-
!  style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000; height:16px;"| [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]]
! style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000;"|max<br />min
| style="text-align:center; background:#0ff; color:#000;"| 31<br />18
| style="text-align:center; background:#0ff; color:#000;"| 33<br />19
| style="text-align:center; background:#0ff; color:#000;"| 42<br />26
| style="text-align:center; background:#0ff; color:#000;"| 54<br />36
| style="text-align:center; background:#0ff; color:#000;"| 66<br />48
| style="text-align:center; background:#0ff; color:#000;"| 75<br />57
| style="text-align:center; background:#0ff; color:#000;"| 80<br />62
| style="text-align:center; background:#0ff; color:#000;"| 78<br />60
| style="text-align:center; background:#0ff; color:#000;"| 70<br />53
| style="text-align:center; background:#0ff; color:#000;"| 59<br />43
| style="text-align:center; background:#0ff; color:#000;"| 47<br />34
| style="text-align:center; background:#0ff; color:#000;"| 36<br />24
|-
!  style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000; height:16px;"| [[Long Beach, New York|Long Island]]
! style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000;"|max<br />min
| style="text-align:center; background:#2a8000; color:#000;"| 39<br />23
| style="text-align:center; background:#2a8000; color:#000;"| 40<br />24
| style="text-align:center; background:#2a8000; color:#000;"| 48<br />31
| style="text-align:center; background:#2a8000; color:#000;"| 58<br />40
| style="text-align:center; background:#2a8000; color:#000;"| 69<br />49
| style="text-align:center; background:#2a8000; color:#000;"| 77<br />60
| style="text-align:center; background:#2a8000; color:#000;"| 83<br />66
| style="text-align:center; background:#2a8000; color:#000;"| 82<br />64
| style="text-align:center; background:#2a8000; color:#000;"| 75<br />57
| style="text-align:center; background:#2a8000; color:#000;"| 64<br />45
| style="text-align:center; background:#2a8000; color:#000;"| 54<br />36
| style="text-align:center; background:#2a8000; color:#000;"| 44<br />28
|-
!  style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000; height:16px;"| [[New York City]]
! style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000;"|max<br />min
| style="text-align:center; background:#e34234; color:#000;"| 38<br />26
| style="text-align:center; background:#e34234; color:#000;"| 41<br />28
| style="text-align:center; background:#e34234; color:#000;"| 50<br />35
| style="text-align:center; background:#e34234; color:#000;"| 61<br />44
| style="text-align:center; background:#e34234; color:#000;"| 71<br />54
| style="text-align:center; background:#e34234; color:#000;"| 79<br />63
| style="text-align:center; background:#e34234; color:#000;"| 84<br />69
| style="text-align:center; background:#e34234; color:#000;"| 82<br />68
| style="text-align:center; background:#e34234; color:#000;"| 75<br />60
| style="text-align:center; background:#e34234; color:#000;"| 64<br />50
| style="text-align:center; background:#e34234; color:#000;"| 53<br />41
| style="text-align:center; background:#e34234; color:#000;"| 43<br />32
|-
!  style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000; height:16px;"| [[Rochester, New York|Rochester]]
! style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000;"|max<br />min
| style="text-align:center; background:#bbb222; color:#000;"| 31<br />17
| style="text-align:center; background:#bbb222; color:#000;"| 33<br />17
| style="text-align:center; background:#bbb222; color:#000;"| 43<br />25
| style="text-align:center; background:#bbb222; color:#000;"| 55<br />35
| style="text-align:center; background:#bbb222; color:#000;"| 68<br />46
| style="text-align:center; background:#bbb222; color:#000;"| 77<br />55
| style="text-align:center; background:#bbb222; color:#000;"| 81<br />60
| style="text-align:center; background:#bbb222; color:#000;"| 79<br />59
| style="text-align:center; background:#bbb222; color:#000;"| 71<br />51
| style="text-align:center; background:#bbb222; color:#000;"| 60<br />41
| style="text-align:center; background:#bbb222; color:#000;"| 47<br />33
| style="text-align:center; background:#bbb222; color:#000;"| 36<br />23
|-
!  style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000; height:16px;"| [[Syracuse, New York|Syracuse]]
! style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000;"|max<br />min
| style="text-align:center; background:#cd7f32; color:#000;"| 31<br />14
| style="text-align:center; background:#cd7f32; color:#000;"| 34<br />16
| style="text-align:center; background:#cd7f32; color:#000;"| 43<br />24
| style="text-align:center; background:#cd7f32; color:#000;"| 56<br />35
| style="text-align:center; background:#cd7f32; color:#000;"| 68<br />46
| style="text-align:center; background:#cd7f32; color:#000;"| 77<br />55
| style="text-align:center; background:#cd7f32; color:#000;"| 82<br />60
| style="text-align:center; background:#cd7f32; color:#000;"| 80<br />59
| style="text-align:center; background:#cd7f32; color:#000;"| 71<br />51
| style="text-align:center; background:#cd7f32; color:#000;"| 60<br />40
| style="text-align:center; background:#cd7f32; color:#000;"| 47<br />32
| style="text-align:center; background:#cd7f32; color:#000;"| 36<br />21
|}

{| class="wikitable" "text-align:center;font-size:90%;"|
|+ '''Monthly Normal High and Low Temperatures For Various New York Cities'''
|-
|+ '''([[Celsius]])'''
|-
!  style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000; height:17px;"| City
! style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000;"|
! style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000;" abbr="January"| &nbsp;Jan&nbsp;
! style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000;" abbr="February"| &nbsp;Feb&nbsp;
! style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000;" abbr="March"| &nbsp;Mar&nbsp;
! style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000;" abbr="April"|&nbsp; Apr&nbsp;
! style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000;" abbr="May"| &nbsp;May&nbsp;
! style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000;" abbr="June"| &nbsp;Jun&nbsp;
! style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000;" abbr="July"| &nbsp;Jul&nbsp;
! style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000;" abbr="August"| &nbsp;Aug&nbsp;
! style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000;" abbr="September"| &nbsp;Sep&nbsp;
! style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000;" abbr="October"| &nbsp;Oct&nbsp;
! style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000;" abbr="November"| &nbsp;Nov&nbsp;
! style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000;" abbr="December"| &nbsp;Dec&nbsp;
|-
!  style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000; height:16px;"| [[Albany, New York|Albany]]
! style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000;"|max<br />min
| style="text-align:center; background:#555fff; color:#000;"|{{convert| 31|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}<br />{{convert|13|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}
| style="text-align:center; background:#555fff; color:#000;"|{{convert| 34|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}<br />{{convert|16|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}
| style="text-align:center; background:#555fff; color:#000;"|{{convert| 44|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}<br />{{convert|25|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}
| style="text-align:center; background:#555fff; color:#000;"|{{convert| 57|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}<br />{{convert|36|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}
| style="text-align:center; background:#555fff; color:#000;"|{{convert| 70|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}<br />{{convert|46|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}
| style="text-align:center; background:#555fff; color:#000;"|{{convert| 78|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}<br />{{convert|55|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}
| style="text-align:center; background:#555fff; color:#000;"|{{convert| 82|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}<br />{{convert|60|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}
| style="text-align:center; background:#555fff; color:#000;"|{{convert| 80|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}<br />{{convert|58|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}
| style="text-align:center; background:#555fff; color:#000;"|{{convert| 71|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}<br />{{convert|50|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}
| style="text-align:center; background:#555fff; color:#000;"|{{convert| 60|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}<br />{{convert|39|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}
| style="text-align:center; background:#555fff; color:#000;"|{{convert| 48|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}<br />{{convert|31|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}
| style="text-align:center; background:#555fff; color:#000;"|{{convert| 36|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}<br />{{convert|20|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}
|-
!  style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000; height:16px;"| [[Binghamton, New York|Binghamton]]
! style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000;"|max<br />min
| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#000;"|{{convert| 28|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}<br />{{convert|15|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}
| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#000;"|{{convert| 31|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}<br />{{convert|17|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}
| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#000;"|{{convert| 41|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}<br />{{convert|25|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}
| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#000;"|{{convert| 53|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}<br />{{convert|35|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}
| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#000;"|{{convert| 66|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}<br />{{convert|46|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}
| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#000;"|{{convert| 73|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}<br />{{convert|54|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}
| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#000;"|{{convert| 78|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}<br />{{convert|59|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}
| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#000;"|{{convert| 76|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}<br />{{convert|57|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}
| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#000;"|{{convert| 68|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}<br />{{convert|50|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}
| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#000;"|{{convert| 57|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}<br />{{convert|40|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}
| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#000;"|{{convert| 44|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}<br />{{convert|31|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}
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|-
!  style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000; height:16px;"| [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]]
! style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000;"|max<br />min
| style="text-align:center; background:#0ff; color:#000;"|{{convert| 31|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}<br />{{convert|18|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}
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!  style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000; height:16px;"| [[Long Beach, New York|Long Island]]
! style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000;"|max<br />min
| style="text-align:center; background:#2a8000; color:#000;"|{{convert| 39|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}<br />{{convert|23|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}
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!  style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000; height:16px;"| [[New York City]]
! style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000;"|max<br />min
| style="text-align:center; background:#e34234; color:#000;"|{{convert| 38|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}<br />{{convert|26|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}
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!  style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000; height:16px;"| [[Rochester, New York|Rochester]]
! style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000;"|max<br />min
| style="text-align:center; background:#bbb222; color:#000;"|{{convert| 31|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}<br />{{convert|17|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}
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| style="text-align:center; background:#bbb222; color:#000;"|{{convert| 55|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}<br />{{convert|35|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}
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| style="text-align:center; background:#bbb222; color:#000;"|{{convert| 77|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}<br />{{convert|55|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}
| style="text-align:center; background:#bbb222; color:#000;"|{{convert| 81|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}<br />{{convert|60|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}
| style="text-align:center; background:#bbb222; color:#000;"|{{convert| 79|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}<br />{{convert|59|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}
| style="text-align:center; background:#bbb222; color:#000;"|{{convert| 71|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}<br />{{convert|51|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}
| style="text-align:center; background:#bbb222; color:#000;"|{{convert| 60|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}<br />{{convert|41|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}
| style="text-align:center; background:#bbb222; color:#000;"|{{convert| 47|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}<br />{{convert|33|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}
| style="text-align:center; background:#bbb222; color:#000;"|{{convert| 36|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}<br />{{convert|23|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}
|-
!  style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000; height:16px;"| [[Syracuse, New York|Syracuse]]
! style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000;"|max<br />min
| style="text-align:center; background:#cd7f32; color:#000;"|{{convert| 31|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}<br />{{convert|14|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}
| style="text-align:center; background:#cd7f32; color:#000;"|{{convert| 34|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}<br />{{convert|16|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}
| style="text-align:center; background:#cd7f32; color:#000;"|{{convert| 43|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}<br />{{convert|24|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}
| style="text-align:center; background:#cd7f32; color:#000;"|{{convert| 56|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}<br />{{convert|35|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}
| style="text-align:center; background:#cd7f32; color:#000;"|{{convert| 68|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}<br />{{convert|46|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}
| style="text-align:center; background:#cd7f32; color:#000;"|{{convert| 77|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}<br />{{convert|55|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}
| style="text-align:center; background:#cd7f32; color:#000;"|{{convert| 82|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}<br />{{convert|60|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}
| style="text-align:center; background:#cd7f32; color:#000;"|{{convert| 80|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}<br />{{convert|59|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}
| style="text-align:center; background:#cd7f32; color:#000;"|{{convert| 71|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}<br />{{convert|51|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}
| style="text-align:center; background:#cd7f32; color:#000;"|{{convert| 60|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}<br />{{convert|40|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}
| style="text-align:center; background:#cd7f32; color:#000;"|{{convert| 47|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}<br />{{convert|32|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}
| style="text-align:center; background:#cd7f32; color:#000;"|{{convert| 36|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}<br />{{convert|21|°F|°C|disp=output number only}}
|-
| colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;background:#E8EAFA;"|Converted from Fahrenheit data (above)
|}

</blockquote>

=== State parks ===
'''Is this section warranted?''' '''[[User:UpstateNYer|<span style="color:darkred">upstate</span>]][[User talk:UpstateNYer|<span style="color:darkblue">NYer</span>]]'''
{{See also|List of New York state parks|New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation}}
[[File:Adirondack and Catskill Parks Locator.svg|thumb|right|Two major parks in the state are the [[Adirondack Park]] and [[Catskill Park]].]]

New York has many state parks and two major forest preserves. [[Adirondack Park]], roughly the size of the state of [[Vermont]] and the largest state park in the United States, was established in 1892 and given state constitutional protection to remain "forever wild" in 1894. The thinking that led to the creation of the Park first appeared in [[George Perkins Marsh]]'s ''[[Man and Nature]]'', published in 1864. Marsh argued that deforestation could lead to desertification; referring to the clearing of once-lush lands surrounding the Mediterranean, he asserted "the operation of causes set in action by man has brought the face of the earth to a desolation almost as complete as that of the moon."

The [[Catskill Park]] was protected in legislation passed in 1885,<ref name=CatskillPark1>{{cite web |year= |url=http://www.catskillpark.org/history/history.htm|title=Catskill Park History |publisher=www.catskillpark.org |accessdate=April 11, 2008 }}</ref> which declared that its land was to be conserved and never put up for sale or lease. Consisting of {{convert|700000|acre|km2}} of land,<ref name=CatskillPark1/> the park is a habitat for bobcats, minks and fishers. There are some 400 black bears living in the region. The state operates numerous campgrounds and there are over {{convert|300|mi|km|abbr=off}} of multi-use trails in the Park.

The [[Montauk Point State Park]] boasts the 1797 [[Montauk Lighthouse]], commissioned under [[President of the United States|President]] [[George Washington]], which is a major tourist attraction on the easternmost tip of [[Long Island]]. [[Hither Hills State Park|Hither Hills]] park offers camping and is a popular destination with surfcasting sport fishermen.

== History ==
{{doing}} '''[[User:UpstateNYer|<span style="color:darkred">upstate</span>]][[User talk:UpstateNYer|<span style="color:darkblue">NYer</span>]]'''
{{Main|History of New York}}

===Prehistory===
{{seealso|Eastern Woodlands tribes}}
[[File:Early Localization Native Americans NY.svg|thumb|New York was dominated by [[Iroquoian]] and [[Algonquian]] [[Native Americans in the United States|Indian tribes]].|alt=Map of New York showing Algonquian tribes in the eastern and southern portions and Iroquoian tribes to the western and northern portions.]]
The first peoples of New York are estimated to have arrived around 10,000 [[BCE]]. Around 800 [[Common Era|CE]], [[Iroquoian]] ancestors moved into the area from the [[Appalachian region]]. The [[Point Peninsula Complex]], the predecessors of the [[Eastern Algonquian|Algonquian]] peoples of New York, moved into the state around 1000 CE.<ref name=encycxx>''The Encyclopedia'' (2005), p. xx</ref> By around 1100 CE, the distinct Iroquoian and Algonquian cultures that would eventually be encountered by Europeans had developed.<ref name=klein3>Klein (2001), p. 3</ref> The [[Iroquois]] were the most notable New York Indians; they used their dominance over the [[fur trade]] as a bargaining chip with Europeans, while other New York tribes were typically at the mercy of either European destruction or assimilation within the [[Five Nations|Iroquoian confederacy]].<ref name=klein6-7>Klein (2001), pp. 6–7</ref> Algonquian tribes were less united with neighboring peoples and typically lived along rivers, streams, or the [[Atlantic Coast]].<ref name=klein7>Klein (2001), p. 7</ref>  Despite European beliefs at the time, the natives were well established peoples with complex cultural systems. As stated by historian Milton Klein, the natives had "a complex and elaborate native economy that included hunting, gathering, manufacturing, and farming...[and were] a mosaic of Native American tribes, nations, languages, and political associations."<ref name=klein3/>

=== Colonial period===
{{main|New Netherland|Province of New York}}
[[File:Hudson Arrives in New York Harbor.jpg|thumb|left|A native looks over [[New York Harbor]] to see the arrival of [[Henry Hudson]] in 1609.]]
New York was first discovered by [[Giovanni da Verrazzano]] in 1524,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Giovanni da Verrazzano |last= |first= |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |accessdate=2010-10-10 |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/626406/Giovanni-da-Verrazzano}}</ref> however it was not until 1609 that the [[Dutch Republic|Dutch]] laid claim to the land following [[Henry Hudson]]'s voyage in search of a [[Northwest Passage]]. In 1614 the Dutch built [[Fort Nassau (North)|Fort Nassau]] in present day Albany, which became the first European settlement in the state. [[Fort Orange]] was built to replace it in 1624. [[Fort Amsterdam]] was later built in 1626 at the southern tip of [[Manhattan Island]]. The resulting town of [[New Amsterdam]] would become the largest settlement in the colony of [[New Netherland]]. During its early decades, the colony was dependent on the [[fur trade]], however the [[patroonship]] of ''[[Rensselaerswijck]]''—a feudal manor surrounding Fort Orange—was able to bring about a successful agricultural industry. By the 1650s, under the leadership of [[Director of New Netherland|Director]] [[Peter Stuyvesant]], the colony was a main exporter of tobacco, wheat, and lumber; most of these commodities came through the village of ''[[Beverwijck]]'', the predecessor of the city of Albany. A surprise attack with an overwhelming show of force allowed the [[Kingdom of England|English]] to conquer New Netherland in 1664;{{#tag:ref|The takeover is commonly said to have been part of the [[Second Anglo-Dutch War]], however this war was not officially declared until 1665; the Dutch and English were actually at peace at the time.<ref name=encyclopedia1053>''The Encyclopedia'' (2005), p. 1053 (article: "New Netherland")</ref>|group=Note}} the lenient terms of surrender most likely also kept local resistance to a minimum. The [[Province of New York|colony]] and [[New York City|city]] were both renamed New York (and ''Beverwijck'' was renamed Albany) after its new proprietor, [[James II of England|James]] the [[Duke of York]] and [[Duke of Albany]].{{#tag:ref|[[James II of England|James Stuart]] (1633–1701), brother and successor of [[Charles II of England|Charles II]], was both the [[Duke of York]] and [[Duke of Albany]] before being crowned James II of England and James VII of Scotland in 1685.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=James II |last=Kenyon |first=John P |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica }}</ref>|group=Note}} The population of New Netherland at the time of English takeover was about 7,000–8,000.<ref name=encycxx/><ref name=britannica>{{cite encyclopedia |title=New York |last=Campbell |first=Alan K. |coauthors=Paul Joseph Scudiere |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] }}</ref>

The 18th century saw the creation of large [[manorialism|manors]], including [[Livingston Manor|Livingston]], [[Van Cortlandt Manor|Cortlandt]], [[Philipsburg Manor|Philipsburg]], and Rensselaerswyck.{{#tag:ref|"Rensselaerswyck" is the [[Anglicized]] form of the Dutch ''Rensselaerswijck''. The patroonship was confirmed as an English manor by [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] in 1664.<ref>{{vcite book |author=Reynolds, Cuyler |title=Albany Chronicles: A History of the City Arranged Chronologically, From the Earliest Settlement to the Present Time |publisher=J. B. Lyon Company |year=1906 |location=Albany |page=66 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNU0AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA66}}</ref>|group=Note}} The manors represented more than half of the undeveloped land in the colony. The Province of New York thrived during this time, its economy made strong by Long Island and Hudson Valley agricultural output, in conjunction with trade and artisanal activity at the [[Port of New York and New Jersey|Port of New York]]; the colony was a [[breadbasket]] and lumberyard for the [[History of the Caribbean#Impact of Colonialism on the Caribbean|British sugar colonies]] in the [[Caribbean]]. New York saw a significant population increase during this century: from the first colonial census (1698) to the last (1771), the province grew from 18,067 to 168,007, a nine-fold increase. Immigration from Europe, including [[English people|English]], [[Scottish people|Scottish]], [[German Palatines|Palatine German]], and [[Irish people|Irish]], was the main source, though the slave trade brought in significant numbers of Africans. New York had the largest population of African slaves north of the [[Mason-Dixon Line]]; the group represented 16% of the population at its peak in 1720.<ref name=encycxxxxi>''The Encyclopedia'' (2005), pp. xx–xxi</ref>

New York saw its political scene dominated by factions between merchants and landlords; manorial families had also gained significant power due to their wealth and holdings. The colony was the center of numerous conflicts between the British and French throughout the 18th century. The [[French and Indian Wars]] raged on for more than 70 years, with breaks in between. New York was one of only two colonies regularly housing British troops before 1755; it was the military's base during the conflicts. The fighting brought natives against each other as well, as the Europeans took advantage of the groups for their own gain. Even during wars the colonists tried to gain control of Iroquoia, all while the confederacy strained to stay together. Regardless of the [[Covenant Chain]], the British continued to expand into Indian land; the French were also guilty, and eventually found themselves being punished by the Iroquois through numerous bloody raids in 1701, forcing the French to ebb for a short time.<ref name=encycxxxxi/>

===Statehood to the Civil War===
[[File:Surrender of General Burgoyne.jpg|thumb|[[John Trumbull]]'s ''[[Surrender of General Burgoyne]]'' stylizes the American win at [[Battle of Saratoga|Saratoga]].]]
New York played a pivitol role during the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]]. The colony entered a state of resentment with the [[Stamp Act 1765|Stamp Act of 1765]], bringing the [[Sons of Liberty]]—based in New York City—to the forefront of New York politics. This just exacerbated the postwar depression the province experienced after an unsuccessful invasion of Canada in 1760.<ref name=klein202>Klein (2001), p. 202</ref> Even though many New York City merchants lost out on lucrative military contracts, an effort was made by the group to find middle ground between the King and the people; however, compromise was all but lost by the time of the [[Battles of Lexington and Concord]] in April 1775. New York's location gave it strategic significance during the war, indeed it was the key to domination in [[North America]]. As such, New York saw the largest fleet assembled in the century: at one point 30,000 [[Military history of the United Kingdom|British sailors and soldiers]] were anchored off [[Staten Island]]. General [[George Washington]] is considered lucky to have escaped New York City with his army in January 1776; General [[Sir William Howe]] was successful in [[New York and New Jersey campaign|driving Washington out of New York City]], but overextended his reach into New Jersey, ending the active campaign in January 1777 with only a few outposts near the city. The British held New York City for the rest of the war, using it as a base for expeditions against other targets. However, American General [[Horatio Gates]] saw success in the [[Battle of Saratoga]] in October 1777, widely regarded as the turning point of the Revolution. Had Gates not held the ground, it has been suggested that the American rebellion would have broken down; taking Saratoga would in effect have meant the entire Hudson-Champlain corridor was taken, separating New England from the rest of the colonies, causing a literal split in the future union.<ref name=encycxxixxii>''The Encyclopedia'' (2005), pp. xxi–xxii</ref>

Upon the end of the war, New York's borders became well defined: the counties east of Lake Champlain broke off to become [[Vermont]] and the state's western borders were defined by 1786. Because many Iroquois supported the British (typically out of fear of future effects of American ambitions), many were killed during the war; others went into exile with the British. Those remaining lived on twelve [[Indian reservation|reservations]]; by 1826 only eight of those reservations remained, all of which still exist today. The [[New York State Constitution|state's constitution]] was adopted in April 1777, creating a strong executive and strict [[separation of powers]]; it would become a strong influence on the federal constitution a decade later. Debate over the federal constitution in 1787 led to formation of the groups known as [[Federalism in the United States|Federalists]]—mainly downstaters who supported a strong national government—and [[Antifederalist]]s—mainly upstaters who opposed large national institutions. In 1787, Alexander Hamilton, a strong Federalist from New York, wrote the first essay of the collection known as the ''[[Federalist Papers]]'', published in New York City newspapers supporting the proposed constitution. Antifederalists were not swayed by the arguments, but still reluctantly ratified the [[United States Constitution]] in 1788.<ref name=encycxxii>''The Encyclopedia'' (2005), p. xxii</ref>

[[File:Old Albany City Hall.png|thumb|left|The ''[[Stadt Huys]]'' in [[Albany, New York|Albany]] became the state's first permanent [[New York State Capitol|capitol]] when Albany became the capital in 1797.]]
In 1785, New York City became the [[List of capitals in the United States#United States|national capital]] and continued as such on and off until 1790; George Washington was [[First inauguration of George Washington|inaugurated]] as the first [[President of the United States]] in front of [[Federal Hall]] in 1789.<ref name=encycxxii/> In 1797, Albany became the permanent [[List of capitals in the United States|state capital]]; from [[List of U.S. states by date of statehood|statehood]] to this date, the [[New York State Legislature|Legislature]] had frequently moved the state capital between Albany, [[Kingston, New York|Kingston]], [[Poughkeepsie, New York|Poughkeepsie]], and New York City.<ref>{{vcite book |last=Stevens |first=John Austin |title=The Magazine of American History with Notes and Queries |publisher=Historical Publication Co |year=1886 |page=24 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V7hnlOojVAEC&pg=RA1-PA124}}</ref> The early 19th century saw New York become a center for advancement in transportation: in 1807, [[Robert Fulton]] initiated a [[steamboat]] line from New York to Albany, the first successful enterprise of its kind;<ref name=mceneny92>McEneny (2006), p. 92</ref> by 1815, Albany was the [[turnpike]] center of the state,<ref name=mceneny75>McEneny (2006), p. 75</ref> establishing Albany as the hub of transportation for pioneers migrating west to Buffalo and the [[Michigan Territory]];<ref name=eb-alb>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/12570/Albany Albany]. (2010). ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved November 10, 2010, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online.</ref> in 1825 the [[Erie Canal]] opened, securing the state's economic dominance and providing economic opportunities throughout the state;<ref name=encycxxii/> and in 1831 the [[Mohawk and Hudson Railroad]] started the first successful steam railroad running regularly-scheduled service in the country.<ref>{{vcite web |title=History of Railroads in New York State |publisher=New York State Department of Transportation |url=https://www.nysdot.gov/divisions/operating/opdm/passenger-rail/passenger-rail-service/history-railroads |accessdate=2010-06-04}}</ref> The Erie Canal's impact on its time cannot be understated: one source states, "Linking the Atlantic Ocean and the Great Lakes, the canal was an act of political will that joined the regions of the state, created a vast economic hinterland for New York City, and established a ready market for agricultural products from the state's interior." The year also saw the virtual end of New York's western frontier. By this time, all counties and most municipalities had been set up, approximately matching the organization today.<ref name=encycxxii/>

The advancements in transportation quickly led to speculation and settlement of the fertile Mohawk and Gennessee valleys and the Niagara Frontier. Buffalo and Rochester became immediate boomtowns. Significant migration of New England "Yankees" (mainly of English descent) to the central and western parts of the state led to minor conflicts with the more settled "Yorkers" (mainly of German, Dutch, and Scottish descent). More than 15% of the state's population had been born in New England by 1850. The western part of the state saw the most growth at this time and by 1840, New York was home to 7 of the 30 largest cities in the nation.{{#tag:ref|New York City (1st at 312,710), Brooklyn (7th at 36,233), Albany (9th at 33,721), Rochester (19th at 20,191), Troy (21st at 19,334), Buffalo (22nd at 18,213), Utica (29th at 12,782).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places: 1840 |publisher=United States Department of Commerce |author=United States Census Bureau |year=1840 |accessdate=2010-11-10 |url=http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027/tab07.txt}}</ref>|group=Note}}

The first half of the 19th century saw New York culture bloom: in 1809 [[Washington Irving]] wrote the satirical ''[[A History of New York]]'' under the pen name Deitrich Knickerbocker and in 1819 he based ''[[Rip Van Winkle]]'' and ''[[The Legend of Sleepy Hollow]]'' in rural Hudson Valley towns;<ref>''The Encyclopedia'' (2005), p. 798 (article: "Irving, Washington")</ref> [[Thomas Cole]]'s [[Hudson River school]] established itself in the 1830s by showcasing dramatic landscapes of the Hudson Valley;<ref>''The Encyclopedia'' (2005), p. 359 (article: "Cole, Thomas")</ref> New York City saw the first modern baseball teams form in the 1840s, including the [[New York Knickerbockers]]; and [[Saratoga Race Course]], an annual summer attraction in [[Saratoga Springs, New York|Saratoga Springs]], opened in 1847.<ref name=encycxxiv>''The Encyclopedia'' (2005), p. xxiv</ref>

===Civil War to World War II===
[[File:Eastman Kodak HQ 1900.jpg|thumb|Companies such as [[Eastman Kodak]] ''(Rochester headquarters pictured ca. 1900)'' epitomized New York's manufacturing economy in the late 19th century.]]
New York saw hundreds of thousands of its young men fight during the [[United States Civil War|Civil War]], having sent more men and more money to fight than any other [[Union (American Civil War)|Northern state]]. New York City saw a unique circumstance, in that much of its trade was based on moving [[Southern United States|Southern]] goods. A war was not in the best interest of business; the city's large Democratic community feared the impact of [[Abraham Lincoln]]'s [[United States presidential election, 1860|election in 1860]], but by the time of the [[Battle of Fort Sumter]] in 1861, political differences vanished and the state quickly met Lincoln's request for soldiers and supplies. While no battles were waged in New York, the state wasn't immune to [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] conspiracies, including one to burn various New York cities and another to invade the state via Canada.<ref name=encyc335337>''The Encyclopedia'' (2005), pp. 335–337 (article: "Civil War")</ref>

The decades following the Civil War saw New York strengthen its dominance of the [[Banking in the United States|financial and banking industries]]. Manufacturing was also on the rise: [[Eastman Kodak]] in Rochester, [[General Electric]] in Schenectady, and [[Endicott Johnson Corporation|Endicott-Johnson Shoe Company]] in the [[Triple Cities]] are some of the well-known companies that sprung up during that time. Additionally, Buffalo and Niagara Falls saw the construction of numerous factories following the advent of [[hydroelectric power]] in the area.<ref name=encycxxv>''The Encyclopedia'' (2005), p. xxv</ref> With industry blooming, [[Labor history of the United States|workers began to unite]] in New York as early as the 1820s and by 1882 the [[Knights of Labor]] in New York City had 60,000 members. [[Labor unions in the United States|Trade unions]] were able to use political influence to limit working hours by as early as 1867. At the same time, New York saw its agricultural peak and a change from a [[History of agriculture in the United States|farm-based agricultural economy]] in Upstate to a [[Dairy farming|dairy-based]] one. By 1881, the state had more than 241,000 farms.<ref name=encycxxv/>
[[File:Ellis Island immigration footage.ogg|thumb|left|Scenes showing immigrants arriving at the Immigration Depot at [[Ellis Island]] in 1906]]

The last half of the 19th century saw a boom in immigration in the state. Starting with the [[Irish potato famine]] in the 1840s, New York became a starting point for a new life in the United States.<ref name=encycxxv>''The Encyclopedia'' (2005), p. xxv</ref> Between 1855 and 1890 an estimated 8 million immigrants passed through [[Castle Clinton]] at [[Battery Park]] in Manhattan.<ref name=ellis>''The Encyclopedia'' (2005), p. 498 (article: "Ellis Island")</ref>{{#tag:ref|For comparison, New York's population in 1890 was just over 5 million.<ref name=census/>|group=Note}} Early in this period, most of the state's immigrants came from Ireland and Germany. [[Ellis Island]] opened in 1892<ref name=ellis/> and between 1880 and 1920, most immigrants were Italians, German Jews, Poles, and other eastern and southern European ethnicities. By 1925, New York City's population outnumbered that of [[London]]; it had become the most populous city in the world.<ref name=encycxxv/> Arguably New York's most identifiable symbol, ''[[Liberty Enlightening the World]]'' (the Statue of Liberty), a gift from [[France]] for the [[Centennial Exposition|American centennial]], was completed in 1886. By the early 20th century, the statue was regarded as the "Mother of Exiles", a symbol of hope to immigrants.<ref>''The Encyclopedia'' (2005), p. 1473 (article: "Statue of Liberty")</ref>

New York's current political pattern is largely unchanged from when it grew in the mid 19th century. New York City has been heavily Democratic and Upstate has been heavily Republican since that time. The 1850s saw the development of one of the most powerful [[political machine]]s in United States history: the Democratic [[Tammany Hall]] in New York City. [[William Tweed|Boss William Tweed]] brought the organization to the forefront of city and then state politics in the 1860s. Tammany would have significant influence until at least the 1930s. On the other hand, state Republicans were able to influence the [[Boundary delimitation|redistricting process]] enough to systematically underrepresent New York City and capture the Legislature in 1894. Both parties have seen legitimate political success: in the 39 [[United States presidential election|presidential elections]] since 1856, the state gone Republican 19 times and Democratic 20 times.<ref name=encycxxv/>

[[File:Old timer structural worker2.jpg|thumb|A frameworker tightens bolts on the [[Empire State Building]] in 1930; the recently completed [[Chrysler Building]] is seen in the background.]]
By 1900, New York was the richest and most populated state in the country. Two years prior, the [[five boroughs of New York City]] were [[History of New York City (1898–1945)|consolidated]] into one city.<ref name=encycxxvi>''The Encyclopedia'' (2005), p. xxvi</ref> Within decades, the city's emblem was the [[skyscraper]]: the [[Woolworth Building]] opened up as the [[History of the tallest buildings in the world|tallest building in the world]] in 1913, only to be surpassed by [[40 Wall Street]] in April 1930, the [[Chrysler Building]] in May 1930, the [[Empire State Building]] in 1931, and the [[World Trade Center]] in 1972; New York City was home to the world's tallest building from 1908 to 1974.<ref>''The Encyclopedia'' (2005), pp. 1417–1418 (article: "Skyscrapers")</ref>

The early 20th century brought about a significant, but very much New York style of [[Progressivism in the United States|Progressivism]], later known as "the New York Idea". [[Theodore Roosevelt]], governor 1899-1900, and the Republicans of the time are credited with its creation. "Its main concerns included the righting of social ills, conservation, the discarding of ineffective and corrupt urban government, and control of trusts and other industrial combinations." Democrats continued the ideology, however they "were more concerned about factory labor and urban problems and had closer ties to immigrants and organized labor." Democrats' efforts in Progressivism impacted much of the national party as a whole: "The Democratic Party developed a new image—at once urban and reform minded, pro-immigrant and welcoming to African Americans—that increasingly defined the northern Democratic Party."<ref name=encycxxvi/>

New York enjoyed a booming economy during the [[Roaring Twenties]], but felt the brunt of the [[Great Depression]], which began with the [[Wall Street Crash of 1929|Wall Street crash on Black Tuesday]] in 1929. The creation of the [[Securities and Exchange Commission]] in 1934 brought government regulation to the system, but not much progress during the 1930s.<ref>''The Encyclopedia'' (2005), pp. 1102–1103 (article: "New York Stock Exchange")</ref> [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]], elected governor in 1928, was tasked with fixing a state that was dealing with upwards of 25% unemployment. His Temporary Emergency Relief Agency, established in 1931, was the first work relief program in the country. Roosevelt's [[United States presidential election, 1932|successful run for president in 1932]] can offer much credit to his record as governor and his promises to extend relief programs in New York to the country as a whole; his [[New Deal]] incorporated many aspects from his programs as governor.<ref name=encycxxvi/><ref>''The Encyclopedia'' (2005), pp. 1334–1335 (article: "Roosevelt, Franklin Delano")</ref> Still, recovery was slow during the decade of the 1930s.

===World War II to 9/11===
New York supplied the most people and products in the country to support the American efforts during [[World War II]]. The war affected the state both socially and economically. For example, to overcome discriminatory labor practices, which were exacerbating a time of limited number of workers, Governor [[Herbert H. Lehman]] created the Committee on Discrimination in Employment in 1941 and Governor [[Thomas E. Dewey]] signed the Ives-Quinn bill in 1945, banning employment discrimination. The [[G.I. Bill|G.I. Bill of 1944]], which offered returning soldiers the opportunity of cheap higher education, forced New York to create a [[State university system|public university system]] since its [[List of private colleges and universities in New York|private universities]] would not be able to handle the influx of students; the [[State University of New York]] was created by Gov. Dewey in 1948.<ref name=encyc17261728>''The Encyclopedia'' (2005), pp. 1726–1728 (article: "World War II")</ref>

The efforts during WWII constituted the last great industrial era for New York. At the conclusion of the war, hundreds of thousands of defense workers lost their jobs (including women and minorities, who had found it difficult to find work before the war, and then again after the war when all the former, mainly white, male workers returned home).<ref name=encyc17261728/> Regardless, the years following the war saw the [[Middle class in the United States|middle class]] rise in importance, especially with post-war [[suburbanization]] on Long Island and the counties north of New York City. The [[History of the automobile|automobile]] accelerated suburbanization; [[planned communities]] like [[Levittown, New York|Levittown]] led to cheap, quick construction of middle-class housing.<ref name=encycxxvii>''The Encyclopedia'' (2005), p. xxvii</ref> New York entered its third golden age of transportation (after the canals and railroads) with the construction and opening of the [[New York State Thruway]]. The project was unpopular with New York City Democrats, who referred to it as "Dewey's ditch" and the "enemy of schools", because the Thruway disproportionately served upstaters. The highway was based on the [[German Autobahn]] and was unlike anything seen at that point in the United States. It was within {{convert|30|mi|km}} of 90% of the state population at the time of its conception. With $600 million invested, the full {{convert|427|mi|km|adj=on}} project opened in 1956.<ref name=encyc11001102>''The Encyclopedia'' (2005), pp. 1100–1102</ref>

Due to the significant suburbanization that New York experienced, the larger cities in the state stopped growing after 1950. None of these cities have reversed this trend since, except New York City, but growth did not occur there for another thirty years. The process was so rampant that Buffalo saw its population cut in half between 1950 and 2000. With immigration at a lower level than most of its history, New York saw its population decline for the first time ever between 1970 and 1980. [[California]] and [[Texas]] eventually overcame New York's population, meaning New York lost its place as the largest delegation to the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]. The state lost much of its manufacturing base in the second half of the 20th century. Companies primarily moved to the south and west due to lower taxes and a cheaper, non-unionized workforce. Much of the population loss is blamed on the decline in the state's industrial output.<ref name=encycxxvii/>

New York liberalism saw some change with the tenure of [[Nelson Rockefeller]] as governor (1959–1973). His time began with a notably liberal Republican administration, but ended more conservative with his decisions to hold back SUNY's growth, his reaction to the [[Attica Prison riot]], and the implementation of the uniquely severe [[Rockefeller Drug Laws]]. New York City found itself [[History of New York City (1946–1977)#1970s|nearly at bankruptcy]] in 1975, which eventually led to better fiscal prudence. The problems in New York City epitomized a time when Albany and Washington were leaving their former liberal ways and beginning to tighten their economic belts to save money and close budget gaps.<ref name=encycxxvii/>

The [[New York State Executive Mansion|Executive Mansion]] was retaken by Democrats in 1974 and remained under Democratic control for 20 years under the governorships of [[Hugh Carey]] and [[Mario Cuomo]]. Late-century Democrats became more centrist, including US Senator [[Daniel Patrick Moynihan]] (1977–2001) and [[New York City Mayor]] [[Ed Koch]] (1978–1989), while state Republicans began to align themselves with the more conservative national party, gaining power through the elections of Senator [[Alfonse D'Amato]] in 1980, Mayor [[Rudolph Giuliani]] in 1993, and Governor [[George Pataki]] in 1994. Regardless of a loss of its historic liberalism, New York is still one of the most liberal states in the country; its [[Electoral College (United States)|electoral votes]] have not been won by a Republican since 1984.<ref name=encycxxvii/>

The economy of the late 20th century saw a drastic change where [[Tertiary sector of the economy|service]], communication, and high-tech industries filled in gaps left by a declining manufacturing industry. New York City was especially successful at making the transition. Gone were the days of few companies with thousands of employees; entrepreneurs led the way with many small companies employing fewer people. This success saw many [[young professional]]s move into the dwindling cities and a surge in culture was experienced where New York City became, once again, "the center for all things chic and trendy", as ''The Encyclopedia'' described it.<ref name=encycxxvii/>

The state was changing socially as well. The 1980s brought about the advent of [[History of hip hop music|hip-hop]] and [[rap]], much of which can source itself to New York City. Immigration to both the city and state rose, showing confidence in the growing economy, though the state was still dealing with large socio-economic issues like the rising cost of welfare, housing, education, and healthcare. New York City, with a more mature [[Gay community|gay and lesbian culture]], was hit hard by the [[HIV/AIDS in the United States|AIDS]] crisis of the 1980s.<ref name=encycxxvii/> New York City also became even more of a media center during the last decades of the century, being the broadcast point for all of the [[Big Three Television Networks|Big Three Television Network]] news broadcasts as well as [[United States cable news|two of the three major cable news networks]] following their inception in the 1980s and 1990s.{{fact}} The ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'' and ''[[The New York Times]]'' are two of the three [[List of newspapers in the United States by circulation|most circulated newspapers in the country]], with the latter being considered a national [[newspaper of record]].{{fact}}

Upstate did not fare as well as the City; the major industries that began to reinvigorate New York City did not typically spread beyond city limits. The number of farms in the state had fallen to 30,000 by 1997. City populations continued to decline while suburbs grew in physical size, but not by much in population.<ref name=encycxxvii/> Upstate did see a rise in the high-tech industry in cities such as [[Corning, New York|Corning]] and Rochester. The [[New Economy|1990s saw a bull market]], and success on [[Wall Street]] saw larger tax revenues for social programs and larger government in the state. New York entered the [[3rd millennium|new millenium]] "in a position of economic strength and optimism," as phrased by ''Encyclopædia Britannica''.<ref name=eb/>

===9/11 to today===
[[File:UA Flight 175 hits WTC south tower 9-11 edit.jpeg|thumb|right|[[United Airlines Flight 175]] crashes into the South Tower of the [[World Trade Center]] during the [[September 11 attacks]].]]

New York entered a new era following the [[September 11 attacks]].<ref name=encycxxviii/> The worst terrorist attack to ever take place on US soil saw the Twin Towers of the [[World Trade Center]] destroyed by two hijacked airliners, killing upwards of 2,750 people in New York.<ref name=encyc13951401>''The Encyclopedia'' (2005), pp. 1395–1401 (article: "September 11th, 2001")</ref> The US saw a swell in patriotism while New Yorkers saw a surge in city and state pride. Aftereffects of the attack will last for decades, however, with [[Airport security repercussions due to the September 11 attacks|increased security at airports]] and public spaces, the swift implementation of the controversial [[USA PATRIOT Act]] in 2001, and an ongoing global [[War on Terror]]. New York City—and the country as a whole—saw a significant [[Islamophobia|increase in bigotry]] toward [[Muslim]]s.<ref name=encyc13951401/>

Although noted for being one of the most dysfunctional Legislatures in the country,{{fact}} incumbent reelection rates far exceed 90% and in 2002 only one incumbent in each house was defeated.<ref name=encyc876880>''The Encyclopedia'' (2005), pp. 876–880 (article: "legislature")</ref>
{{-}}

== Demographics ==
{|style="float:right; clear:left;"
|

|
{{USCensusPop
|1790 = 340120
|1800 = 589051
|1810 = 959049
|1820 = 1372812
|1830 = 1918608
|1840 = 2428921
|1850 = 3097394
|1860 = 3880735
|1870 = 4382759
|1880 = 5082871
|1890 = 5003174
|1900 = 7268894
|1910 = 9113614
|1920 = 10385227
|1930 = 12588066
|1940 = 13479142
|1950 = 14830192
|1960 = 16782304
|1970 = 18241391
|1980 = 17558165
|1990 = 17990778
|2000 = 18976457
|2010 = 19378102
|footnote = Sources: 1790–2000,<ref name=census>{{cite web |title=New York: 2000 (Population and Housing Unit Counts) |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |work=[[2000 United States Census]] |year=2000 |accessdate=2010-09-18 |url=http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/phc-3-34.pdf}} (page 1 of the document, page 31 of the file)</ref> 2010<ref>{{cite web |title=Resident Population of the 50 State, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico: 2010 Census |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |work=[[2010 United States Census]] |year=2010 |accessdate=2010-12-22 |url=http://2010.census.gov/news/pdf/apport2010_table2.pdf}}</ref>
}}
|}
{{Main|Demographics of New York}}<!-- Necessary when zoom way out to small font sizes -->

{|style="float:right;"
|-
|[[File:New York Population Map.png|thumb|New York has metropolitan areas located throughout the state.|alt=A map of New York with areas colored in green for low population changing to red (through yellow) for areas of high population. The most red areas are in the very south of the state, and on an east-west axis along the center of the state. The rest is mostly green and yellow.]]
|}

As of 2006, New York was the third largest state in population after California and Texas,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/2006/statepopest_table1.xls |title=Estimates of Population Change for the United States and States, and for Puerto Rico and State Rankings: July 1, 2005 to July 1, 2006 |accessdate=2007-01-05 |format= Excel Spreadsheet |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070311040559/http%3A//www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/2006/statepopest_table1.xls |archivedate = March 11, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> with an estimated population of 19,541,453 as of July 1, 2009.<ref name=09CenEst/> This represents an increase of 513,481, or 2.7%, since the last census in 2000.<ref name=census_cum>{{cite web |title=Cumulative Estimates of the Components of Population Change for the United States, Regions and States: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2008 (NST-EST2008-04) |url=http://www.census.gov/popest/states/tables/NST-EST2008-04.csv |author=U. S. Census Bureau |authorlink=United States Census Bureau |date=2008-12-15 |accessdate=2009-01-16 |format=CSV}}</ref> It includes a natural increase since the last census of 803,680 people (that is 2,072,765 births minus 1,269,085 deaths) and a decrease due to net migration of 698,895 people out of the state.<ref name=census_cum/> [[Immigration to the United States|Immigration]] from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 876,969 people, and migration within the country produced a net loss of 1,575,864 people.<ref name=census_cum/> In spite of the open land in the state, New York's population is very urban, with 92% of residents living in an urban area.<ref>[http://www.ers.usda.gov/StateFacts/NY.htm New York Fact Sheet: NY agriculture income population food education employment farms top commodities exports counties financial indicators poverty organic farming farm income America USDA<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The [[center of population]] is located in [[Sullivan County, New York|Sullivan County]] outside of [[Cuddebackville, New York|Cuddebackeville]], near the Sullivan-[[Orange County, New York|Orange]] County line.<ref name=census>{{cite web |title=Population and Population Centers by State |year=2000 |accessdate=2010-09-18 |format=TXT |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |url=http://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt}}</ref>

New York is a slow growing state with a large rate of domestic migration to other states. In 2000 and 2005, more people moved from New York to Florida than from any one state to another.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/acs/www/Downloads/State_Migration_Flows_Paper.doc|title=Domestic Migration Flows for States from the 2005 ACS|accessdate=2007-10-19|format=Microsoft Word}}</ref> However, New York state is one of the leading destinations for international immigration and thus has the second largest immigrant population in the country (after California) at 4.2 million as of 2008. Although [[Upstate New York]] receives considerable immigration, most of the state's immigrants settle in and around New York City, due to its more vibrant economy and cosmopolitan culture.

New York has no official language{{cn}} because, linguistically, New York is relative diverse, thanks mainly to the demographic range of the population of New York City. English is the only language spoken by {{nowrap|12,977,510 (71.0%) New Yorkers}}, though it is spoken "very well" by an additional 2,863,897 (15.6%) for a total of 86.6% of the state population. Among speakers of other languages [[Spanish language|Spanish]] is the most common with 2,588,384 (14.2%), and a total of 1,656,844 (9.1%) people speak other [[Indo-European languages]].<ref name=language>{{cite web |title=New York Selected Social Characteristics in the United States |year=2008 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |accessdate=2010-09-18 |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=04000US36&-qr_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_DP2&-ds_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false}}</ref>




{{As of|2008}}, New York had an estimated population of 19,428,881 which is an increase of 148,238, or about 0.75%, from the prior year<ref name=demographics>{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-context=adp&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_DP3YR5&-ds_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_&-tree_id=3308&-redoLog=true&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=04000US36&-format=&-_lang=en |title=New York ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates: 2006-2008 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |year=2008 |accessdate=2010-09-18}}</ref> and an increase of 452,424, or 2.4%, since the year 2000.<ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=2008-01-31|title=American FactFinder}}</ref> This includes a decrease from net migration of 589,175&nbsp;people out of the state. [[Immigration to the United States|Immigration]] from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 859,994&nbsp;people, and migration within the country produced a net decrease of 1,449,169&nbsp;people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2009/tables/09s0015.pdf|title=State Resident Population—Components of Change: 2000 to 2007|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|date=December 27, 2007|accessdate=April 6, 2010}}</ref> 



=== Population ===
The [[center of population]] of New York is located in [[Orange County, New York|Orange County]], in the town of [[Deerpark, New York|Deerpark]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt|title= Population and Population Centers by State: 2000|accessdate=2007-01-05 |format= Text }}</ref> New York City and its eight suburban counties (excluding those in New Jersey, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania) have a combined population of 13,209,006 people, or 68.42% of the state's population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?-geo_id=04000US36&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_DP3&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U
|title= DP-3. Profile of Selected Economic Characteristics: 2000, Geographic Area: New York|accessdate=2007-01-05|work=U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000}}</ref>

=== Racial and ancestral makeup ===
[[File:Largest ancestry of each New York county (en).svg|thumb|left|New York population ethnicity map]]
The major ancestry groups in New York state are [[United States|African American]] (15.8%), [[Italian-American|Italian]] (14.4%), [[Irish-American|Irish]] (12.9%), and [[German-American|German]] (11.1%).<ref>[http://awesomeamerica.com/newyork/ Awesome America: New York]. RetrieveAugust d 18, 2007.</ref> According to a 2004 estimate, 20.4% of the population is foreign-born.

New York is home to the [[List of U.S. states by African-American population|largest African American]] population and the [[List of U.S. states by Asian American population|second largest Asian American]] population in the United States. In addition it is home to the largest [[Puerto Rican people|Puerto Rican]], [[Dominican American|Dominican]] and [[Jamaican American]] populations in the continental United States. The New York City neighborhood of [[Harlem]] has historically been a major cultural capital for African-Americans of sub-Saharan descent, and [[Bedford Stuyvesant]] is the largest such population in the United States.

[[Queens]], also in New York City, is home to the state's largest [[Asian-American]] population, and is also the most diverse county in the United States. The second concentration of Asian-Americans is in Manhattan's Chinatown. [[Queens]] is home to the largest [[Andes|Andean]] population ([[Colombian American|Colombian]], [[Ecuadorian American|Ecuadorian]], [[Peruvian American|Peruvian]] and [[Bolivian American|Bolivian]]) population in [[The United States]] of America.

In the 2000 Census, [[Italian Americans]] made up the largest ancestral group in Staten Island and Long Island, followed by [[Irish Americans]]. Albany and southeast-central New York also have populations with many of Irish-American and Italian-American descent. In Buffalo and western New York, [[German Americans]] are the largest group; in the northern tip of the state, [[French Canadians]] are. New York State has a higher number of Italian Americans than any other U.S. state.

6.5% of New York's population were under 5 years of age, 24.7% under 18, and 12.9% were 65 or older. Females made up 51.8% of the population.

According to the [[2000 U.S. Census]], 13.61% of the population aged 5 and over speak [[Spanish language|Spanish]] at home, while 2.04% speak [[Chinese language|Chinese]] (including [[Yue Chinese|Cantonese]] and [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]), 1.65% [[Italian language|Italian]], and 1.23% [[Russian language|Russian]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mla.org/map_data_results&state_id=36&mode=state_tops |title=Language Map Data Center |publisher=Mla.org |date=2007-07-17 |accessdate=2010-07-02}}</ref>

=== Religion ===
[[Roman Catholicism in the United States|Catholics]] comprise more than 40% of the population in New York.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.gc.cuny.edu/faculty/research_briefs/aris/key_findings.htm
|title=American Religious Identification Survey(Key Findings)|accessdate=January 5, 2007|author=Egon Mayer, Ph.D.|coauthors=Barry A. Kosmin, Ph.D, Ariela Keysar, Ph.D.|year=2001|publisher=The City University of New York}}</ref> [[Protestant Reformation|Protestants]] are 30% of the population, [[Judaism|Jews]] 8.4%, [[Muslim]]s 3.5%, [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] 1%, and 13% claim no religious affiliation. The largest Protestant denominations are the [[United Methodist Church]] with 403,362; the [[American Baptist Churches USA]] with 203,297; and the [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal Church]] with 201,797 adherents.<ref>[http://www.thearda.com/mapsReports/reports/state/36_2000.asp The Association of Religion Data Archives | Maps & Reports<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

==Administrative divisions==
{{New York County Labelled Map}}
New York is split into numerous [[Administrative divisions of New York|administrative divisions]], the highest being the [[County (New York)|county level]]. New York has [[List of counties in New York|62 counties]]. Counties are made up of [[Town (New York)|towns]] and [[City (New York)|cities]]. [[Village (New York)|Villages]] are also possible and can either be restricted to one town or can cross borders between towns, however villages cannot be within city limits. All residents of a village are also residents of a town.

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of New York}}
[[File:NYC NYSE.jpg|thumb|left|The [[New York Stock Exchange|NYSE]] is the largest stock exchange by volume in the world.]]
New York has [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|one of the largest]] [[gross domestic product]]s (GDP) in the world. In 2008, New York's GDP was ${{formatprice|{{inflation|US|964755000000|2000|2008|r=-3}}}},{{#tag:ref|This value has been adjusted for inflation to equivalent 2008 dollars (i.e., the year the study was done); the source gives this value in 2000 dollars: $964,755 million.<ref name=bea>{{cite press release |title=GDP by State |publisher=[[US Department of Commerce]] [[Bureau of Economic Analysis]] |date=2009-06-02 |accessdate=2010-09-28 |url=http://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/regional/gdp_state/gsp_newsrelease.htm}}</ref>|group=Note}} making it the [[List of U.S. states by GDP (nominal)|second largest]] in the United States, behind California.<ref name=bea/> Similar to other Northeastern states, the [[service sector]] dominates New York's economy, along with an important—albeit shrinking—[[manufacturing sector]].<ref name=eb/>

The [[economy of New York City]] is known for being a center of business, banking, and finance, as well as being the headquarters for hundreds of the world's largest and most profitable companies.
[[File:BrunswickAutumn.JPG|thumb|This [[dairy farm]] in [[Brunswick, New York|Brunswick]] contributes to the $4.4 billion farming industry in New York.<ref name=farms/>]]
Upstate's economy is dependent mainly on agriculture, manufacturing, and government. Almost one third of the state is farmland and three-fifths of that is cropland;<ref name=eb/> farming is a $4.4 billion industry in New York. In 2007, the state had 36,350 farms, most of which were small, family-run farms consisting of less than {{convert|200|acre|ha}} of farmland.<ref name=farms>{{cite web |title=The Role of Agriculture in the New York State Economy |publisher=[[New York State Office of the State Comptroller]] |year=2010 |date=February 2010 |accessdate=2010-09-28 |url=http://www.osc.state.ny.us/reports/other/agriculture21-2010.pdf }}</ref> [[Dairy farming]] is the largest source of farm income and the state's agricultural staples include apples, cherries, peaches, currants, strawberries, tomatoes, peas, beans, sweet corn, and cabbage; the state is also on par with Vermont with respect to production of maple sugar products. The Hudson Valley and Finger Lakes regions are also known for wine production.<ref name=eb/> Although still an important segment of the Upstate economy, manufacturing output has been shrinking in recent decades. 


===Old===
New York's gross state product in 2007 was $1.1 trillion, ranking third in size behind the larger states of California and Texas.<ref name="bureaueconomic">{{cite news|title=Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by State, 2005|author=The Bureau of Economic Analysis|date=2006-08-26|url=http://www.bea.gov/bea/newsrel/gspnewsrelease.htm|accessdate=2007-02-08}}</ref> If New York were an independent nation, it would rank as the 16th largest economy in the world behind [[Turkey]]. Its 2007 [[List of U.S. states by GDP per capita (nominal)|per capita personal income]] was $46,364, placing it sixth in the nation behind Maryland, and eighth in the world behind [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]. New York's [[agriculture|agricultural]] outputs are [[dairy]] products, [[cattle]] and other [[livestock]], [[vegetable]]s, [[Nursery (horticulture)|nursery]] stock, and [[apples]]. Its industrial outputs are printing and [[publishing]], scientific instruments, electric equipment, [[machinery]], [[chemical]] products, and [[tourism]].

A recent review by the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities found 13 states, including several of the nation's largest, face budget shortfalls for FY2009. New York faces a [[deficit]] that could be as large as $4.3 billion.<ref>[http://www.cbpp.org/12-18-07sfp.htm 13 States Face Total Budget Shortfall of at Least $23 Billion in 2009; 11 Others Expect Budget Problems, 12/18/07], Center on Budget and Policy Priorities</ref>


New York City is the leading center of [[banking]], [[finance]] and [[mass media|communication]] in the United States and is the location of the [[New York Stock Exchange]], the largest stock exchange in the world by dollar volume. Many of the world's largest corporations are based in the city.

The state also has a large manufacturing sector that includes printing and the production of garments, furs, railroad equipment and bus line vehicles. Many of these industries are concentrated in upstate regions. Albany and the Hudson Valley are major centers of nanotechnology and microchip manufacturing, while the [[Rochester, Monroe County, New York|Rochester]] area is important in photographic equipment and imaging.

== Transportation ==
{{Main|Transportation in New York}}
{| class="userboxes" style="float:left;"
|-
|[[File:NYS Thruway Sign.svg|90px|link=New York State Thruway|New York State Thruway]]
|}
[[File:Thaddeus Kosciusko Bridge Albany Summer.jpg|thumb|The [[Thaddeus Kosciusko Bridge]] carries [[Interstate 87 (New York)|I-87]] over the [[Mohawk River]]]]
[[File:NYCSub 7 Vernon Jackson 3.jpg|thumb|right|The [[New York City Subway]] serves more than 5 million rides on a given week day]]


New York has one of the most extensive and one of the oldest transportation infrastructures in the country. Engineering difficulties because of the terrain of the state and the unique issues of the city brought on by urban crowding have had to be overcome since the state was young. Population expansion of the state generally followed the path of the early waterways, first the [[Hudson River]] and then the [[Erie Canal]]. Today, railroad lines and the [[New York State Thruway]] follow the same general route. The [[New York State Department of Transportation]] is often criticized for how they maintain the roads of the state in certain areas and for the fact that the tolls collected along the roadway have long passed their original purpose. Until 2006, tolls were collected on the Thruway within [[Buffalo, New York|The City of Buffalo]]. They were dropped late in 2006 during the campaign for Governor (both candidates called for their removal).

In addition to New York City's famous [[New York City Subway|mass transit subway]], four suburban commuter railroad systems enter and leave the city: the [[Long Island Rail Road]], [[Metro-North Railroad]], [[Port Authority Trans-Hudson]], and five of [[New Jersey Transit Rail Operations|New Jersey Transit's rail lines]]. Many other cities have urban and regional public transportation. In Buffalo, the [[Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority]] runs the [[Buffalo Metro Rail]] light-rail system; in Rochester, the [[Rochester Subway]] operated from 1927 until 1956 but has fallen into disuse.

The [[New York State Department of Motor Vehicles]] (NYSDMV or DMV) is the governmental agency responsible for registering and inspecting automobiles and other motor vehicles as well as licensing drivers in the U.S. state of New York. As of 2008, the NYSDMV has 11,284,546 drivers licenses on file<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nydmv.state.ny.us/Statistics/statli08.htm |title=NYS DMV – Statistics – NYS Driver Licenses on File – 2008 |publisher=Nydmv.state.ny.us |date= |accessdate=2010-07-02}}</ref> and 10,697,644 vehicle registrations in force.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nydmv.state.ny.us/Statistics/regin08.htm |title=NYS DMV – Statistics – Vehicle Registrations in Force – 2008 |publisher=Nydmv.state.ny.us |date= |accessdate=2010-07-02}}</ref> All gasoline powered vehicles registered in New York State must get an emissions inspection every 12 months. Diesel powered vehicles with a Gross Weight Rating over 8 500&nbsp;lb that are registered in the NY Metropolitan Area must get an annual emissions inspection. All vehicles registered in NYS must get an annual safety inspection.

== Politics and government ==
{{Main|Government of New York}}

[[File:NYSCapitolPanorama.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The [[New York State Capitol]] building in [[Albany, New York|Albany]].]]
Under its present [[New York State Constitutions|constitution]] (adopted in 1938), New York is governed by the same three branches that govern all fifty states of the United States: the [[Executive (government)|executive branch]], consisting of the [[Governor of New York]] and the other independently elected constitutional officers; the [[legislative branch]], consisting of the [[bicameral]] [[New York State Legislature]] ([[New York Senate|senate]] and [[New York State Assembly|assembly]]); and the [[judicial branch]], consisting of the state's highest court, the [[New York Court of Appeals]], and lower courts. The state has two U.S. senators, 29 members in the [[United States House of Representatives]], and 31 [[United States Electoral College|electoral votes]] in national presidential elections (a drop from its 47 votes during the 1940s).

New York's capital is [[Albany, New York|Albany]]. The state's subordinate political units are its 62 [[county|counties]]. Other officially incorporated governmental units are [[Town (New York)|towns]], [[City (New York)|cities]], and [[Village (New York)|villages]]. New York has more than 4,200 local governments that take one of these forms. About 52% of all revenue raised by local governments in the state is raised solely by the [[government of New York City]], which is the largest municipal government in the United States, whereas New York City houses only 42% of the state population.<ref>{{cite news|title=2006 Annual Report on Local Governments|author=Office of the New York State Comptroller|date=2006-11|url=http://www.osc.state.ny.us/localgov/datanstat/annreport/06annreport.pdf|accessdate=2006-11-14}}</ref>

The state has a strong imbalance of payments with the federal government. New York State receives 82 cents in services for every $1 it sends in taxes to the federal government in Washington.<ref>{{cite news|title=A Fair Share State Budget: Does Albany Play Fair with NYC?|author=New York City Finance Division|date=2005-03-11|url=http://webdocs.nyccouncil.info/attachments/65379.htm?CFID=232457&CFTOKEN=33008944|accessdate=2006-07-19}}</ref> The state ranks near the bottom, in 42nd place, in federal spending per tax dollar.<ref>{{cite web |year= |url=http://www.taxfoundation.org/research/show/266.html |title=Federal Spending in Each State Per Dollar of Federal Taxes FY2005 |publisher=Tax Foundation |accessdate=April 12, 2008 }}</ref>

Many of New York's public services are carried out by [[public benefit corporations]], frequently called ''authorities'' or ''development corporations''. Well known [[New York public benefit corporations|public benefit corporations in New York]] include the [[Metropolitan Transportation Authority (New York)|Metropolitan Transportation Authority]], which oversees New York City's public transportation system, and the [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]], a bi-state transportation infrastructure agency.

New York's legal system is explicitly based upon [[English common Law]].

=== Federal representation ===
{{See also| United States congressional delegations from New York#2003-present: 29 seats| l1=Current United States congressional delegation from New York | New York's congressional districts}}
As of the 2000 census and the redistricting for the 2002 elections, the state has [[New York's congressional districts|29 members]] in the [[United States House of Representatives]],  and  two U.S. senators. New York has 31 [[United States Electoral College|electoral votes]] in national presidential elections (a drop from its 47 votes during the 1940s).

New York is represented by [[Chuck Schumer]] and [[Kirsten Gillibrand]] in the [[United States Senate]] and has 29 representatives to the [[United States House of Representatives]], behind [[California]]'s 53 congressional districts and [[Texas]]' 32 congressional districts.

=== Capital punishment ===
{{Main|Capital punishment in New York}}

[[Capital punishment in the United States|Capital punishment]] was reintroduced in 1995 under the [[George Pataki#Death penalty|Pataki administration]] but the statute was declared unconstitutional in 2004, when the [[New York Court of Appeals]] ruled in ''[[People v. LaValle]]'' that it violated the [[New York Constitution|state constitution]]. The remaining death sentence was commuted by the court to [[life imprisonment]] in 2007, in ''People v. John Taylor'', and the death row was disestablished in 2008, under executive order from [[David Paterson|Governor Paterson]]. No execution has taken place in New York since 1963. Legislative efforts to amend the statute have failed, and death sentences are no longer sought at the state level, though certain crimes that fall under the jurisdiction of the federal government are subject to the [[Capital punishment by the United States federal government|federal death penalty]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://users.bestweb.net/~rg/execution/NEW%20YORK.htm|title=New York Executions|date=2005-10-25|accessdate=2009-04-09|author=Rob Gallagher|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080528081537/http%3A//users.bestweb.net/%7Erg/execution/NEW%2520YORK.htm |archivedate = May 28, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nypost.com/seven/07242008/news/regionalnews/gov_pulls_switch_on_death_cell_121295.htm|title=GOV PULLS SWITCH ON DEATH CELL|date=2008-07-24|publisher=[[New York Post]]|author=Scott, Brendan|accessdate=2009-04-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Powell, Michael|title=In N.Y., Lawmakers Vote Not to Reinstate Capital Punishment|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A47871-2005Apr12.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=2005-04-13|accessdate=2008-04-11}}</ref>

=== Politics ===
[[File:David Paterson 2 by David Shankbone (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[David Paterson]] [[United States Democratic Party|(D)]] is the current [[Governor of New York]].]]
{{Main|Politics of New York|Elections in New York|Political party strength in New York|New York's congressional districts}}

In the last few decades, New York State has generally supported candidates belonging to the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] in national elections. Democratic presidential candidate [[Barack Obama]] won New York State by 25 percentage points in 2008, a bigger margin than [[John Kerry]] in 2004. [[New York City]] is a major Democratic stronghold with liberal politics. Many of the state's other urban areas, such as [[Albany, New York|Albany]], [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]], [[Rochester, New York|Rochester]], and [[Syracuse, New York|Syracuse]] are also Democratic. Rural upstate New York, however, is generally more conservative than the cities and tends to favor [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]]. Heavily populated Suburban areas such as [[Westchester County]] and [[Long Island]] have swung between the major parties over the past 25 years, but more often than not support Democrats.

New York City is the most important source of political fund-raising in the United States for both major parties. Four of the top five zip codes in the nation for political contributions are in Manhattan. The top zip code, 10021 on the [[Upper East Side]], generated the most money for the 2000 presidential campaigns of both [[George W. Bush]] and [[Al Gore]].<ref>{{cite news|title=2006 Election Overview: Top Zip codes|author=Opensecrets.org|date=2005-05-16|url=http://www.opensecrets.org/bigpicture/topzips.asp?cycle=2004|accessdate=2006-07-19}}</ref>

== Education ==
{{Main|Education in New York}}
[[File:SUNY System Admin Building 2011 1.jpg|thumb|[[SUNY System Administration Building|System Administration Building]] of the [[State University of New York]] in [[Albany, New York|Albany]]]]
The [[University of the State of New York]] oversees all public primary, middle-level, and secondary education in the state, while the [[New York City Department of Education]] manages the public school system in New York City.

At the college level, the statewide public university system is the [[State University of New York]] (SUNY). The [[City University of New York]] (CUNY) is the public university system of New York City. The SUNY system consists of 64 community colleges, technical colleges, undergraduate colleges and universities. The four university centers are [[University at Albany]], [[Binghamton University]], [[University at Buffalo]] and [[SUNY Stony Brook]].

In addition there are many notable private universities, including the oldest [[Catholic]] institution in the northeast, [[Fordham University]]. New York is home to both [[Columbia University]] and [[Cornell University]], making it the only state to contain more than one [[Ivy League]] school.  [[West Point]], the service academy of the [[U.S. Army]] is located just south of [[Newburgh (city), New York|Newburgh]], NY on the banks of the [[Hudson River]].

During the 2007–2008 school year, New York spent more per pupil on public education than any other state.<ref>{{cite news |title=New York Leads Nation in Education Spending |last=Thomas |first=G. Scott |publisher=American City Business Journals, Inc |work=The Business Review |date= |accessdate=2010-06-29 |url=http://albany.bizjournals.com/albany/stories/2010/06/28/daily2.html}}</ref>

== Sports ==
{{Main|Sports in New York}}
New York hosted the [[1980 Winter Olympics]] at [[Lake Placid, New York|Lake Placid]], the Games known for the USA–USSR hockey game dubbed the "[[Miracle on Ice]]" in which a group of American college students and amateurs defeated the heavily favored Soviet national ice hockey team 4–3 and went on to win the gold medal against [[Finland]].  Lake Placid also hosted the [[1932 Winter Olympics]]. Along with [[St. Moritz, Switzerland]] and [[Innsbruck, Austria]], it is one of the three places to have twice hosted the Winter Olympic Games.

New York is the home of one [[National Football League]] team, the [[Buffalo Bills]] (based in the suburb of [[Orchard Park (town), New York|Orchard Park]]). Although the [[New York Giants]] and [[New York Jets]] represent the [[New York metropolitan area]] and were previously located in New York City, they play in [[New Meadowlands Stadium]], located in [[East Rutherford, New Jersey|East Rutherford]], [[New Jersey]]. The Meadowlands stadium will host [[Super Bowl XLVIII]] in 2014. There has been much controversy over several proposals for a new New York Jets [[West Side Stadium|football stadium]]. The owners of the New York Jets were willing to split the $1.5 billion cost of building a new football stadium over Manhattan's West Side rail yards, but the proposal never came to fruition.

New York also has two [[Major League Baseball]] teams, the [[New York Yankees]] (based in [[the Bronx]]) and the [[New York Mets]] (based in [[Queens]]). New York is home to three [[National Hockey League]] franchises: the [[New York Rangers]] in [[Manhattan]], the [[New York Islanders]] on [[Long Island]] and the [[Buffalo Sabres]] in [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]]. New York has a [[National Basketball Association]] team, the [[New York Knicks]], in Manhattan. The former New York Nets from 1968 to 1977 is now titled as a New Jersey team; however, plans to relocate to New York City are in the works. There are a variety of minor league teams that can be found all through the state of New York, such as the [[Long Island Ducks]].

{{Collapse top|List of all New York State professional sports teams|bg=#B0E0E6}}
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Club
!Sport
!League
|-
|[[Buffalo Bills]]
|[[American football|Football]]
|[[National Football League]]
|-
|[[New York Red Bulls]]
|[[Soccer]]
|[[Major League Soccer]]
|-
|[[New York Knicks]]
|[[Basketball]]
|[[National Basketball Association]]
|-
|[[New York Liberty]]
|Basketball
|[[Women's National Basketball Association]]
|-
|[[Rochester Raging Rhinos]]
|[[Soccer]]
|[[USL First Division]]
|-
|[[Buffalo Sabres]]
|[[Ice hockey]]
|[[National Hockey League]]
|-
|[[New York Islanders]]
|Ice Hockey
|National Hockey League
|-
|[[New York Rangers]]
|Ice Hockey
|National Hockey League
|-
|[[Adirondack Phantoms]]
|Ice Hockey
|[[American Hockey League]]
|-
|[[Albany River Rats]]
|Ice Hockey
|[[American Hockey League]]
|-
|[[Binghamton Senators]]
|Ice Hockey
|American Hockey League
|-
|[[Elmira Jackals]]
|Ice Hockey
|[[ECHL]]
|-
|[[Rochester Americans]]
|Ice Hockey
|American Hockey League
|-
|[[Syracuse Crunch]]
|Ice Hockey
|American Hockey League
|-
|[[New York Mets]]
|[[Baseball]]
|[[Major League Baseball]]
|-
|[[New York Yankees]]
|Baseball
|Major League Baseball
|-
|[[Brooklyn Cyclones]]
|Baseball
|[[New York - Penn League]]
|-
|[[Staten Island Yankees]]
|Baseball
|New York – Penn League
|-
|[[Jamestown Jammers]]
|Baseball
|New York – Penn League
|-
|[[Batavia Muckdogs]]
|Baseball
|New York – Penn League
|-
|[[Auburn Doubledays]]
|Baseball
|New York – Penn League
|-
|[[Oneonta Tigers]]
|Baseball
|New York – Penn League
|-
|[[Tri-City Valley Cats]]
|Baseball
|New York – Penn League
|-
|[[Hudson Valley Renegades]]
|Baseball
|New York – Penn League
|-
|[[Binghamton Mets]]
|Baseball
|[[Eastern League (baseball)|Eastern League]]
|-
|[[Buffalo Bisons]]
|Baseball
|[[International League]]
|-
|[[Rochester Red Wings]]
|Baseball
|International League
|-
|[[Syracuse Chiefs]]
|Baseball
|International League
|-
|[[Long Island Ducks]]
|Baseball
|[[Atlantic League of Professional Baseball]]
|-
|[[New York Dragons]]
|[[Arena football]]
|[[Arena Football League (1987–2008)|Arena Football League]]
|-
|[[Albany Conquest]]
|[[Arena football]]
|[[af2]]
|-
|[[Long Island Lizards]]
|[[Lacrosse]]
|[[Major League Lacrosse]]
|-
|[[Rochester Rattlers]]
|Lacrosse
|Major League Lacrosse
|-
|[[Buffalo Bandits]]
|Lacrosse
|[[National Lacrosse League]]
|-
|[[Rochester Knighthawks]]
|Lacrosse
|National Lacrosse League
|-
|[[New York Titans (NLL)|New York Titans]]
|Lacrosse
|National Lacrosse League
|-
|[[Brooklyn Wonders]]
|Basketball
|[[American Basketball Association (21st century)|American Basketball Association]]
|-
|[[Buffalo Silverbacks]]
|Basketball
|American Basketball Association
|-
|[[Rochester Razorsharks]]
|Basketball
|American Basketball Association
|-
|[[Strong Island Sound]]
|Basketball
|American Basketball Association
|-
|[[Albany Patroons]]
|Basketball
|[[Continental Basketball Association]]
|-
|New York
|[[Gaelic football]]
|[[Gaelic Athletic Association]]
|-
|New York
|[[hurling]]
|Gaelic Athletic Association
|}
{{Collapse bottom}}

==State symbols==
{{done}} by '''[[User:UpstateNYer|<span style="color:darkred">upstate</span>]][[User talk:UpstateNYer|<span style="color:darkblue">NYer</span>]]'''
{{Main|List of New York state symbols}}
[[File:Eastern Bluebird-27527-2.jpg|thumb|The [[Eastern Bluebird]] is New York's [[List of U.S. state birds|state bird]].|alt=]]

New York is universally known by the nickname, "[[The Empire State]]", though the history of the term is not actually known. One possible source is an April 10, 1785, letter from [[George Washington]]  to [[New York City Mayor]] [[James Duane]] in which Washington refers to New York City as "the Seat of the Empire", but no connection to common usage has ever been made. The state's wealth and vast resources are also commonly claimed as the nickname's origin. However, the source of the term has apparently been lost to history. It is known that the phrase has been in common usage since at least 1825.<ref name=kleinxix–xx>Klein (2001), pp. xix–xx</ref>

The state's motto, ''[[:wikt:Excelsior|Excelsior]]'', translates from [[Latin]] to "Ever upward", and is used on the [[Seal of New York|state seal]], which is seen at the center of the [[Flag of New York|state flag]]. The seal was designed in 1777 and its latest revision dates to 1882;<ref>{{vcite web |title=Great Seal of New York State |publisher=New York State Department of State |accessdate=2010-09-19 |url=http://www.dos.state.ny.us/kids_room/508/emblem2_seal.html}}</ref> the flag comprises the state seal on a blue background and is a modern version of a Revolutionary War flag,<ref>{{vcite web |title=New York State Flag and Great Seal of the State of New York |publisher=[[New York State Library]] |accessdate=2010-09-19 |url=http://www.nysl.nysed.gov/emblems/flag.htm}}</ref> though the current version was not adopted until 1902.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1355632/flag-of-New-York New York, flag of]. (2010). ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved September 19, 2010, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online.</ref> The majority of the other symbols were made official during the second half of the 20th century.<ref name=symbols>{{vcite web |title=New York State Information |publisher=[[New York State Library]] |date=2010-05-28 |accessdate=2010-09-10 |url=http://www.nysl.nysed.gov/reference/emblems.htm}}</ref> New York's [[List of U.S. state songs|state song]] is ''I Love New York''.<ref>{{vcite web |title=I Love New York Song |publisher=[[New York State Library]] |date=2009-04-29 |accessdate=2010-09-19 |url=http://www.nysl.nysed.gov/emblems/song.htm}}</ref> The rest of the state emblems are as follows:<ref name=symbols/>
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[List of U.S. state animals|Animal]]: [[Beaver]]
* [[List of U.S. state beverages|Beverage]]: [[Milk]]
* [[List of U.S. state birds|Bird]]: [[Eastern Bluebird]]
* Bush: [[Lilac]]
* [[List of U.S. state fish|Fish (fresh water)]]: [[Brook Trout]]
* [[List of U.S. state fish|Fish (saltwater)]]: [[Morone saxatilis|Striped Bass]]
* [[List of U.S. state flowers|Flower]]: [[Rose]]
* [[List of U.S. state trees|Tree]]: [[Sugar Maple]]
* [[List of U.S. state fossils|Fossil]]: ''[[Eurypterus remipes]]''
* [[List of U.S. state minerals, rocks, stones and gemstones|Gem]]: [[Garnet]]
* [[List of U.S. state insects|Insect]]: [[coccinella novemnotata|Lady Bug]]
* [[List of U.S. state reptiles|Reptile]]: [[chelydra serpentina|Common Snapping Turtle]]
* [[List of U.S. state mottos|Motto]]: ''[[:wikt:Excelsior|Excelsior]]''
* [[List of U.S. state nicknames|Nickname]]: [[The Empire State]]
* [[List of U.S. state shells|Shell]]: [[Argopecten irradians|Bay Scallop]]
* [[List of U.S. state muffins|Muffin]]: Apple Muffin
* [[List of U.S. state slogans|Slogan]]: [[I Love New York|I ♥ New York]]
}}
{{Clear}}

== See also ==
*[[Outline of New York]]
*[[Index of New York-related articles]]
{{Portal bar|Geography|New York|North America|United States}}

==Notes==
<div style="font-size:90%;">
<references group=Note />
</div>

==References==
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
{{Reflist}}
}}

==Bibliography==
{{main|Bibliography of New York}}
*{{vcite book |author=Brodhead, John Romeyn |title=History of the State of New York |publisher=Harper & Brothers |year=1874 |location=New York City |oclc=458890237 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zEAOAAAAIAAJ}}{{via|GB}}
*{{vcite book |title=The Encyclopedia of New York State |author=Eisenstadt, Peter (ed.) |publisher=[[Syracuse University Press]] |year=2005 |location=Syracuse, New York |isbn=081560808X}}; ''Cited as'' "The Encyclopedia"
*{{vcite book |author=French, John Homer |title=Historical and Statistical Gazetteer of New York State |publisher=R. Pearsall Smith |location=Syracuse, New York |oclc=224691273 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R_zHwh4xByQC |year=1860}}{{via|GB}}
*{{vcite book |author=[[John McEneny|McEneny, John]] |title=Albany, Capital City on the Hudson: An Illustrated History |publisher=American Historical Press |location=Sun Valley, California |year=2006 |isbn=1892724537}}
*{{vcite book |author=[[New York State Historical Association]] |editor=Milton M. Klein |title=The Empire State: A History of New York |publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] |location=[[Ithaca, New York]] |year=2001 |isbn=0801438667}}
*{{vcite book |author=New York State Historical Association |title=New York: A Guide to the Empire State |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1940 |location=New York City |oclc=504264143 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TmbOZd4D-ccC |isbn=9781603540315}}{{via|GB}}

== External links ==
{{Sisterlinks|voy=New York (state)}}
'''General'''

'''Government'''
* [http://www.ny.gov/ State Government website]
* [http://www.ny.gov/governor/ Governor of New York State, David Paterson]
* [http://www.nysenate.gov/front New York State Senate]
* [http://assembly.state.ny.us/ New York State Assembly]
* [http://www.courts.state.ny.us/ New York State Unified Court System]
* [http://www.dos.state.ny.us/info/constitution.htm Constitution of New York] (or see [[File:Wikisource-logo.svg|15px]] [[:wikisource:New York Constitution as of 2004|Wikisource]])

'''Tourism and recreation'''
* [http://www.iloveny.com/ I ♥ New York]
* [http://nysparks.state.ny.us/ New York State Office of Parks, Recreation, and Historic Preservation]

'''Culture and history'''
* [http://www.nysha.org/ New York State Historical Association]
* [http://www.oce.nysed.gov/ctl/index.htm New York State Cultural Education Center]
* [http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/states/newyork/ New York State Guide from the Library of Congress]

'''Maps and Demographics'''
* [http://www.usgs.gov/state/state.asp?State=NY USGS geographic resources of New York]
* [http://nysc.eas.cornell.edu/ New York State Climate Office (NOAA and Cornell University)]
* [http://www.ers.usda.gov/statefacts/ny.htm New York State Fact Sheet]
* [http://www2.census.gov/census_2000/datasets/demographic_profile/New_York/2kh36.pdf 2000 Census of Population and Housing for New York], [[U.S. Census Bureau]]

{{Geographic Location
|Centre    = New York
|North     = {{flag|Ontario}}, [[Canada]]<br/>{{flag|Quebec}}, [[Canada]]</br>[[Lake Ontario]]
|Northeast = {{flag|Quebec}}, [[Canada]]
|East      = {{flag|Vermont}}<br/>{{flag|Massachusetts}}<br/>{{flag|Connecticut}}
|Southeast = [[Atlantic Ocean]]
|South     = {{flag|Pennsylvania}} </br>{{flag|New Jersey}}
|Southwest = [[Lake Erie]]</br>{{flag|Pennsylvania}}
|West      = [[Lake Ontario]]</br>{{flag|Ontario}}, [[Canada]]</br>[[Lake Erie]]
|Northwest = [[Lake Ontario]]</br>{{flag|Ontario}}, [[Canada]]
}}
{{New York|expand}}
{{United States political divisions}}
{{United States topics}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Virginia]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of U.S. states by date of statehood]]|years=Ratified [[Constitution of the United States of America|Constitution]] on July 26, 1788 (11th)}}
{{s-aft|after=[[North Carolina]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Coord|43|N|75|W|type:adm1st_scale:3000000_region:US-NY|display=title|name=New York}}
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