View source for User:Mdd/History of organization charting

[[File:Nuremberg chronicles - Organizational Structure of the Empire of the Holy Roman Empire (CLXXXIIIv-CLXXXIIIIr).jpg|thumb|320px|Organizational Structure of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] in the ''[[Nuremberg Chronicle]]'', 1493]]
The '''history of organization charting''' refers here to origins and development of the [[design]] and use of [[organizational chart]]s. Its [[history]] goes back to halfway the [[nineteenth century]], but the picturing of [[authority]] go way back to the [[cradle of civilization]]. 

The history of organization charting is divided here in an early history from the first civilisations up to the dawn of the [[modern society]], and a modern history ever since. The modern history brought the intentional drive to picture company organization, and to make it a tool of management. The awareness grew, that [[organizational structure]] could be designed and optimized, and charts could visualize those structures.      

The intention of most of the earlier works have often remained unknown, and are open to reinterpretation. Historical studies in the graphic history of organization and organizational theory are rare, and scattered. There is a general understanding, that [[Daniel McCallum]] drew one of the earliest organizational charts in American business.<ref name="ADC 1977">[[Alfred D. Chandler, Jr.]] (1977) ''[[The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business]]''. p. 101</ref> However, what happened before and after, is still quite unclear. 

== Early history ==
=== Picturing authority in the first civilisation ===
One of the earliest example of a societal structure depicted is the [[Standard of Ur]], a hollow wooden box with scenes of war and peace from the ancient city of [[Ur]] from ca. 2.600 BC. 

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|File:Standard of Ur - War.jpg
  |alt 1=
    |[[Standard of Ur]], war side, c. 2600 BC 
|File:Standard of Ur - peace side.jpg
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    |[[Standard of Ur]], peace side, c. 2600 BC 
}}

From [[Ancient Egypt]] images have been found in which both daily life is picture, and the social structure of daily life. One of the most remarkable example are the images from the [[TT52|tomb of Nakht at Thebes]] from the 14th century B.C.<ref>[[N. de Garis Davies]] ''[http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/davies1917 The tomb of Nakht at Thebes].'' New York (1917).</ref>:
{{Gallery
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|File:Tomb of Nakht (2).jpg
 |alt1=Agriculture scenes
  |Agriculture scenes
|File:Tomb of Nakht (8).jpg
 |alt2=Nakht while hunting and fishing
   |Nakht while hunting and fishing
|File:Ancient Egypt ((198-)) (18168336196).jpg
 |alt3=People present goods to offered 
  |People present goods to be offered 
|File:Tomb of Nakht (16).jpg
 |alt4=Nakht and Lady Taui offer to Ra 
  |Nakht and Lady Taui offer to Ra
}}

Nakht was an ancient Egyptian official, astronomer (Astronomer of Amun), scribe, and priest during the reign of [[Thutmose IV]], during the Eighteenth Dynasty.

=== Organization charting in the Roman Empire ===

* System of Gods in the friezes of the Pantheon, the shrine of Alexander the Great  
* Road maps and map of Rome
* Logical systems pictures in 8th century works.  
   

=== The dawn of organization charting in the middle ages ===

Medieval examples of organizational structures depicted

<gallery>
File:Croisanti.jpg|Philip IV of France, 14th century
File:Nuremberg chronicles - Organizational Structure of the Empire of the Holy Roman Empire (CLXXXIIIv-CLXXXIIIIr).jpg| Organizational Structure of the Empire of the Holy Roman Empire in ''[[Schedelsche Weltchronik|Nuremberg Chronicle]],'' 1493
File:Tuebinger Hausbuch Freie Kuenste.jpg|Tuebinger Hausbuch Freie Kuenste, 15th century
File:Quaternion Eagle by Jost de Negker.jpg|Double-headed eagle with coats of arms of individual states, symbol of the Holy Roman Empire, 1510
</gallery>

=== The enlightenment and the charting of organization === 

Older example the [[Porphyrian tree]]

New the picturing of systems of plants, organism, knowledge

 

== Modern history ==

=== The first modern organizational charts ===

Listing of first originals 
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Listing of first known charts where original principles have been are re-used 



=== Organization charting in the later 19th century ===

Organization listing 

Organization classification charts

First charts in the late 19th century


=== The breakthrough of the organizational chart ===

== Study of organizational charts and its history ==
In the early 20th century there was a growing awareness of the usability of organizational charts for [[management]], and the chart was published in a growing number of articles ever since. In 1905 a first two-page article was published, exclusively on organization chart by US Majoor Kendall Banning, entitled ''An Organization chart for builders.''<ref>Kendall Banning. "[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951002804946x;view=2up;seq=628;size=150 An Organization chart for builders]," in: [[Arch Wilkinson Shaw]], ''The Magazine of Business,'' Vol. 8, 1905, p. 623; Banning was Director of the Division of Pictures.</ref>

One of the first works to represent an organizational charts independently, was Willard C. Brinton in his 1914 book, ''Graphic methods for presenting facts.'' The first chapter devoted a few pages on this topic, with three illustrations and a couple of related diagrams.<ref>Willard C. Brinton, ''Graphic methods for presenting facts.'' 1914. p. 13-16</ref> The second edition from 1946 contained a separate chapter.<ref>Brinton (1914/1946, 59-67)</ref> The 1922 book ''Graphic charts in business; how to make and use them'' by Allan Cecil Haskell contained a chapter about how organization charts art made, and a chapter on the organization chart. The seminal work in those days, ''Charts and graphs'' by [[Karl G. Karsten]] (1923) showed some organizational charts not in a separate chapter, but in a chapter on [[classification chart]]s.

In his 1977 ''[[The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business|The Visible Hand]]'' [[Alfred D. Chandler, Jr.|Chandler]] mentioned several historically significant organizational charts, and inspired [[Charles D. Wrege]] to study the graphic history of scientific management. 

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* {{commons-inline|Organizational chart}}