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===TH===

{{Unreferenced|date=December 2009}}
[[Image:Uni KA Portal.jpg|thumb|[[University of Karlsruhe]], a German technical university, founded in the 19th century, since 2009 it has been named Karlsruhe Institute of Technology]]
'''Technische [[Hochschule]]''' (abbreviated ''TH'') is a type of [[tertiary education]] institution focusing on natural and engineering sciences in [[Germany]] and [[Switzerland]]. The term was previously also used in [[Austria]], the [[Netherlands]] (''Technische hogeschool''), and [[Finland]] (''teknillinen korkeakoulu)''. It is a particular type of an [[Institute of technology|Institute of Technology]]''.'' In the 1970s (in Germany) and the 1980s (in the Netherlands), the ''Technische Hochschule'' emerged into ''[[Technische Universität]]'' (German) or ''Technische Universiteit'' (Dutch). Since 2009, several German [[Fachhochschule|universities of applied sciences]] have started using the term. 

== Terminology ==
{{Main article|Hochschule}}
In [[German language|German]]-language countries, the term ''Hochschule'' is more general than ''Universität'' and also encompasses universities which do not have the right to confer [[Doctorate|Doctorates]] and [[Habilitation|Habilitations]], in contrast to ''Universitäten''. Today, ''Universitäten'' as well as other ''Hochschulen'' call themselves ''Technische Hochschule'' for historical reasons. However, a ''Technische Hochschule'' with the status of a ''Universität'' is regarded as a ''Technische Universität'' despite the name.

== History ==

In the [[Middle Ages]], an educational institution was called a [[medieval university|university]] only if a certain classical [[wiktionary:canon|canon]] of subjects was taught (including [[philosophy]], [[medicine]], [[law]] and [[theology]]). Though in modern times other subjects including [[engineering]] sciences became more important, institutions of [[tertiary education]] devoted to these were denied the prestigious denomination "university", and had to use the general term ''Hochschule'' instead.

It was a major breakthrough, then, when in the first half of the 20th century, some Technische Hochschulen in [[Germany]] and Technische Hoghescholen in the [[Netherlands]] were given the right to award the [[Doctorate|doctoral]] degrees, and again later when they were allowed to call themselves universities in accordance with the usual distinction that defines a ''university'' as an institution of [[tertiary education]] that can grant doctorates. This created the Technische Universität.

Some Technische Hochschulen, however, preferred to maintain their traditional and established names, most notably [[RWTH Aachen]] and both THs in [[Switzerland]], [[ETH Zurich]] and [[École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne|EPF Lausanne]]. Universities that changed their names from TH to TU include [[TU Delft]] and [[TU Eindhoven]] in the Netherlands.

Starting in 2009, several German universities of applied sciences ([[Fachhochschule|Fachhochschulen]]) with a technical focus have changed their names to Technische Hochschule. 

== In Austria ==

List of Austrian ''Technische Universitäten'' by location:

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!Institution!! Established !! City !! State!! Staff !! Students 
|-
| [[Technische Universität Graz]]|| 1811|| [[Graz]]|| [[Styria]]|| 2,256|| 12,692
|-
| [[Technische Universität Wien]]|| 1815|| [[Vienna]]|| [[Vienna]]|| 4,078|| 26,218
|}

== In Germany ==

List of German ''Technische Universitäten'' by location:

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!Institution !! Established !! City !! State!! Staff !! Students 
|-
| [[Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen]]|| 1870|| [[Aachen]]|| [[North Rhine-Westphalia]]|| 8,047|| 40,025
|-
| [[Technische Universität Berlin]]|| 1770|| [[Berlin]]|| [[Berlin]]|| 8,302|| 31,427
|-
| [[Braunschweig University of Technology|Technische Universität Carolo-Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig]]|| 1745|| [[Braunschweig]] || [[Lower Saxony]]|| 5,550|| 15,500
|-
| [[Technische Universität Chemnitz]]|| 1836|| [[Chemnitz]]|| [[Saxony]]|| 1,185|| 10,850
|-
| [[Technische Universität Clausthal]]|| 1775|| [[Clausthal-Zellerfeld]]|| [[Lower Saxony]]|| 1,000|| 4,080
|-
| [[Brandenburg University of Technology|Brandenburgische Technische Universität Cottbus-Senftenberg]]|| 2013|| [[Cottbus]]|| [[Brandenburg]]|| 1,218|| 10,310
|-
| [[Technische Universität Darmstadt]]|| 1877|| [[Darmstadt]]|| [[Hessen]]|| 4,122|| 24,305
|-
| [[Technische Universität Dortmund]]|| 1968|| [[Dortmund]]|| [[North Rhine-Westphalia]]|| 3,867|| 29,672
|-
| [[Technische Universität Dresden]]|| 1828|| [[Dresden]]|| [[Saxony]]|| 7,094|| 36,534
|-
| [[Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg]]|| 1765|| [[Freiberg]]|| [[Saxony]]|| 1,540|| 5,455
|-
| [[Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg]]|| 1978 || [[Hamburg]]|| [[Hamburg]]|| 1,150|| 6,678
|-
| [[HafenCity Universität Hamburg]]|| 2006 || [[Hamburg]]|| [[Hamburg]]|| 504 || 2,304
|-
| [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover]]|| 1831|| [[Hannover]]|| [[Lower Saxony]]|| 4,290|| 22,236
|-
| [[Technische Universität Ilmenau]]|| 1894|| [[Ilmenau]]|| [[Thuringia]]|| 2,021|| 6,909
|-
| [[Technische Universität Kaiserslautern]]|| 1970|| [[Kaiserslautern]]|| [[Rhineland-Palatinate]]|| 1,124|| 14,184
|-
| [[Karlsruher Institut für Technologie]]|| 1825|| [[Karlsruhe]]|| [[Baden-Württemberg]]|| 9,251|| 22,146
|-
| [[Technische Universität München]]|| 1868|| [[Munich]]|| [[Bavaria]]|| 9,704|| 35,000
|-
| [[Technische Hochschule Nürnberg]]|| 1971 || [[Nuremberg]]|| [[Bavaria]]|| 1,855|| 12,234
|}

== In Switzerland ==

List of ''Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology'' by location:

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!Institution !! Established !! City !! Staff !! Students 
|-
| [[École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne]]|| 1853|| [[Lausanne]]|| 4,000|| 9,000
|-
| [[Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich]]|| 1855|| [[Zürich]]|| 10,242|| 17,781
|}

== In Finland ==

The concept of a TH exists also in Finland as ''teknillinen korkeakoulu'', which is equivalent to a TH. Examples include [[Helsinki University of Technology|Teknillinen korkeakoulu]] in Espoo, [[Tampere University of Technology|Tampereen teknillinen korkeakoulu]] and [[Lappeenranta University of Technology|Lappeenrannan teknillinen korkeakoulu]]. Similarly to German speaking countries, most of them later changed their name to ''teknillinen yliopisto'', which is equivalent to a TU. However, [[Teknillinen korkeakoulu]] retained its old name until it merged with two other universities to form the current [[Aalto University]].

==See also==
*[[TU9]] German Institutes of Technology e. V. 
*[[List of universities in Germany]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
[[:Category:Technical universities and colleges|*]]
[[:Category:Higher education]]
[[:Category:School types]]
[[:Category:Education in Austria]]
[[:Category:Education in Germany]]
[[:Category:Education in Switzerland]]
[[:Category:Education in the Netherlands]]

===TU===
Technische Universität (German) or Technische Universiteit (Dutch), abbreviated TU, is a university with a focus on natural sciences and engineering, also known as an institute of technology, in Germany, Switzerland, Austria, and the Netherlands. This type of university emerged from the Technische Hochschule.