View source for User:MinorProphet/Draft subpages/Lee Building, Christ Church

{{user draft|date=November 2019}}

==TTD==

#Spin off [[#Matthew Lee]]? and deffo [[#The old Anatomy School]] into new articles. {{done}}
#Keep relevant sections of Matthew Lee re will & benefaction in this article.
#Redact lengthy quotes from Gunther as per Help Desk - they are available online for the inquisitive reader.
#Fix various similar refs to be [ref name=], & sfns eg Gunther.
#Write Description with aid of Curthoys, Gunther, et al.
#Tidy refs and bibliography.
#Update [[John Freind (physician)|John Freind]].
#Make separate sections for a) the fabric of the building & its various alterations, and b) the Lee's Readers.

==Outline of article==
#Lede
#History
##Old Anatomy School - see new draft
##John Freind & Matthew Lee (physician) - see new draft
##Lee Building - construction & fabric
###Anatomy School
###Chemistry lab
###Art gallery
###SCR
#Dr. Lee's readers
#Selden Map
#Refs & Bibliography

==Curthoys refs==

1. Objections by Chemistry and Physics readers to a planned extension of the Kitchen and Scullery in 1910. Their worries were noted, and the extension took place southwards towards the Meadow, rather than westwards where it would have encroached on the Lee Building's [[curtilage]].{{sfn|Curthoys|2017|pp=66-7}}

2. In 1963 the remaining pictures in the [[Christ Church Library]] were moved into temporary storage.{{sfn|Curthoys|2017|p=142}} I have it in my head that the Lee Building was used for this purpose: and that the opening of the Gallery and the re-opening of the LB were more or less simultaneous. Check!

3. Dean Gregory was the "main force" behind the LB's construction.{{sfn|Curthoys|2017|p=52}}

4. Description: It is a "simple, [[astylar]] box with unembellished sash windows and a plain [[parapet]]. The 'ground' floor entrance has a small [[portico]], reached by a short flight of stone steps.{{sfn|Curthoys|2017|p=152}} 

Built at the top of some steeply sloping land, the [[façade]] is just two stories high; but to the side the basement continues down the slope, and there are three stories at the rear of the building.

5. Main history, pp. 151-9, notes pp. 250-1.

5.1 Organist's house was demolished to make way for the Anatomy School (AS).{{sfn|Curthoys|2017|p=152}}
The organist was [[Thomas Norris (composer)|Thomas Norris]]  See also [[List of musicians at English 
cathedrals#Oxford, Christ Church Cathedral]]

5.2 Lee's bequest of £20,000 was specifically for Westminster alumni and for the construction of the AS.{{sfn|Curthoys|2017|p=152}}

5.3 The AS was built in 1765. The architect was [[Henry Keene]], who had designed both the [[Gothic revival]] interior of the upper [[Christ Church Library]] and the much simpler lower Library, which was to become the picture gallery to house Sir John Guise's bequest. Project supervised by the dean, sub-dean [possibly Dr. [[Edward Bentham]] and the treasurer, tho' Bentham filled both offices... ]

:BHO: "Slightly earlier is the small Anatomy School designed by Henry Keene and built in 1766–7 to the south of the hall: it later became a chemical laboratory, but in 1948–50 was reconstructed as an additional picture gallery."
:BHO: "In addition the College owns an important collection of paintings and drawings by old masters which are housed partly in the Library and partly in the former School of Anatomy which has been re-decorated for this purpose."
::'Christ Church', in A History of the County of Oxford: Volume 3, the University of Oxford, ed. H E Salter and Mary D Lobel (London, 1954), pp. 228-238. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/oxon/vol3/pp228-238 [accessed 23 April 2020].

6. CC Chapter House used to be the trad meeting place for the dean and canons until the AS's refurbishment in 1971 as the SCR.{{sfn|Curthoys|2017|pp=201-2}}

7. Alterations to the old Anatomy School included in major repairs to buildings in late C19 and early C20.{{sfn|Curthoys|2017|pp=204}}

8. Basement of the Anatomy School converted into a refectory.{{sfn|Curthoys|2017|pp=209}}

9. Gunther receives nary a mention in this book.

==Lede==
[[File:Anatomical School in the precints of Christ Church. Wellcome L0002242.jpg|thumb|The Anatomy School, with the college kitchens on the left. Woodcut by Orlando Jewitt<ref>{{cite web |website=History of Headington |title=Orlando Jewitt (1799–1869) |url=http://www.headington.org.uk/history/famous_people/jewitt.htm |last=Jenkins |first=Stephanie |accessdate=26 November 2019}}</ref> of an original drawing by [[William Alfred Delamotte|W. A Delamotte]] ]]

'''Dr. Lee's Building''' is a Grade II Georgian building in the grounds of [[Christ Church, Oxford|Christ Church, Oxford]], built in 1765 (or 1766-7) as the new Anatomy School which was formerly housed in the [[Bodleian Library#Schools Quadrangle and Tower of the Five Orders|Schools Quadrangle]] of the Bodleian Library. It is named for Dr. Matthew Lee, an alumnus of Christ Church and physician to [[Frederick, Prince of Wales]].{{efn|One of Prince Frederick's principal art advisers was General [[John Guise (British Army officer)|John Guise]],{{sfn|Rorschach|1990|p=19}} whose bequest of notable artworks currently adorns the walls of the [[Christ Church Picture Gallery]]. His father was Professor of Oriental Languages at Christ Church. }} Lee endowed a Readership in Anatomy in his will, along with funds for a new Anatomy School building.{{sfn|Gunther|1968|p=114-6}} 

[[John Freind (physician)|John Freind]] (d. 1728) had also made similar provisions in his will, and when his unmarried son died in 1750 Christ Church became the beneficiary. NB How much did Freind leave? Lee died in 1755. The impetus for building a new Anatomy School was taken up(?) by the new Dean from 1756, [[David Gregory (historian)|David Gregory]]. 

The new building also housed the curious collection of human and animal anatomical specimens which had steadily grown since the original Anatomy Lecture was founded in 1623.(See Gunter for list.) 

In 1858 the Anatomy lectures and collection were transferred to the [[Oxford University Museum]], principally through the efforts of Sir [[Henry Acland]]. 

The trustees of Dr. Lee's bequest then [[WHEN?]] funded a Readership and a Professorship of Chemistry, and a Professorship of Physics. By 1863 the building had been converted into a laboratory for the newly created Dr. Lee's Readership in Chemistry. As the various branches of chemistry expanded during the 19th century the building became a specialised [[inorganic chemistry]] laboratory. 

Much of the research in the building during the 1920s was on radioactive [[isotope]]s such as [[radium]] and [[uranium]]. In 1941 most of the staff and researchers removed to the new [[Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory]] in South Park Road. When the last of Lee's Readers to use the building retired in 1955, the radiation levels were found to be somewhat higher than background. It was slowly 'cleansed' and after 1968 it was converted into an annex of the College's [[Senior Common Room]], which function it still fulfils.

Lee's Building, active as a place of scientific research for 190 years, was the first Oxford college laboratory to be built, and the last to be in regular use.{{sfn|Laidler|1988|p=218}} 

See [[User:MinorProphet/Draft subpages/Matthew Lee (physician)]]

==Description of the building==
{{sfn|Williams|Chapman|Rowlinson|2009|p=70}} {{sfn|Gunther|1968|p=114}}

==History==
===The old Anatomy School===
Oxford's first Anatomy Lecture was endowed by [[Richard Tomlins (merchant)|Richard Tomlins]] (or Tomlyns) in a proposal to the University in November 1623 with a yearly stipend of £25.{{sfn|Wood|1796|p=883}}

The Anatomy School was in the [[Bodleian Library#Schools Quadrangle and Tower of the Five Orders|Schools Quadrangle]] with the other Schools, in the same building as the Bodleian Library.<ref>Good photos at {{cite web |title=The Schools Quadrangle, 1613-24 |url=https://www.cabinet.ox.ac.uk/schools-quadrangle-1613-24-0#/media=4533 |website=Cabinet |accessdate=5 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=How Oxford University's buildings evolved, and how its 'chiefest wonder' came into being |first=Geoffrey |last=Tyack |date=10 April 2017 |url=https://www.countrylife.co.uk/architecture/oxford-universitys-buildings-154006 |website=[[Country Life (magazine)|Country Life ]] |accessdate=1 December 2019}}</ref>

Before the trustees of Matthew Lee and [[John Freind (physician)|John Freind]] endowed the Lee's Readership in 1756, there were some fifteen readers of the original Anatomy Lecture. {{sfn|Wood|1796|p=883-6}} The original lectures were at first given by the [[Regius Professor of Medicine (Oxford)|Regius Professor of Physic]], which chair was endowed in 1546 by [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]]. The first Anatomy Reader was Tomlins' "worthy friend Thomas Clayton" the elder (1575–1647), Doctor of Physic, and Regius Professor of Physic from xxxx to xxxx.<ref>{{cite web |website=Oxford Medical Men |title=Thomas Clayton senior (1575–1647) |url=http://www.oxfordhistory.org.uk/doctors/regius_professors/clayton_thomas_1.html |accessdate=26 November 2019}}</ref> He made his first lecture in the Anatomy School on March 12 1624.{{sfn|Wood|1796|p=883}}

The old Anatomy School also housed a growing collection of anatomical specimens, both human and animal.{{sfn|Gunther|1968|pp=256-263, 266-277}}

[[John Smith (anatomist and chemist)|John Smith]] was the last reader in Anatomy (succeeded to the readership in c1757) before Matthew Lee's will established the new readership. In 1766 he was elected [[Savilian Professor of Geometry]].


===Dr. Lee's Anatomy School and Lecture===

"It is thought that the creation of the laboratory had originally been suggested by [[John Freind (physician)|John Freind]], physician to [[Caroline of Ansbach|Queen Caroline]], who gave a course in Chemistry in 1704."{{sfn|Wayne|Kent|2004}} Freind died in 1728, and in his will stipulated that if his son should die childless, that £1,000 should be directed to establishing an Anatomy Readership and a new building for the School at Christ Church. His son died unmarried in 1750, and the money, along with Lee's benefaction of £10,000, was given to Christ Church.{{sfn|Robb-Smith|1972|p=22}}<ref name=Benefactions >{{cite web |title=The Lee Benefactions and the origins of the Christ Church Science Laboratory |last1=Grossel |first1=M.C. |year=1996 |url=http://rpw.chem.ox.ac.uk/lee.html |accessdate=1 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Grossel |first1=M.C. |year=1996 |first2=P.W. |last2=Kent |title=The Christ Church Science Laboratory: The Teaching of Science at Christ Church |url=http://rpw.chem.ox.ac.uk/chchlab.html |accessdate=5 December 2019}}</ref>

The Lee building is ituated south of [[Tom Quad]], SW of the kitchens (built by [[Cardinal Wolsey]] in 1506).<ref>{{cite web |title=Stones of Christ Church blog, pt. 2 |date=18 July 2019 |last=Curthoys |first= Judith |url=https://www.chch.ox.ac.uk/blog/stones-christ-church-part-two |accessdate=5 December 2019}} Illustrations from Judith Curthoys' book ''The Stones of Christ Church'' (2017).</ref>
<ref>Sketch map at {{harvnb|Laidler|1988|p=199}}</ref>

The new Anatomy School was designed and built on the site of the organist's house at a cost of £1,200 in 1765 by [[Henry Keene]] under the direction of [[John Parsons (physician)|John Parsons]],[[FIX THIS PAGE]] the first Lee's Reader in Anatomy.<ref name=Benefactions />{{sfn|Gunther|1968|p=116}} [[John Parsons (physician)|John Parsons]] had arrived at Christ Church as an undergraduate at the same time as the indefatigable botanist [[Joseph Banks]].{{sfn|Wayne|Kent|2004}}

The old Anatomy School in the Schools Quad was finally emptied of its contents, and the "heterogeneous and gruesome" collection was re-housed in the lecture room of the new Anatomy Building.(Gunter p. 116) It seems at least possible that the copy by [[Edward Bernard]] of the [[Selden Map]] was transferred to the new building and hung on the walls. ''see [[#Copy of the Selden Map]]''

A marble bust c1755 of Dr Matthew Lee by [[Louis Francois Roubiliac]] stands at the foot of the stairs in Dr. Lee's Building.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bust of Dr Matthew Lee by Roubiliac |website=Bath, Art and Architecture |date=13 July 2018 |last=Bridgwater |first=David |url=http://bathartandarchitecture.blogspot.com/2018_07_13_archive.html |accessdate=4 December 2019}}</ref>

The old School in the Bodleian was finally fitted up for housing the Bodleian's collection of Greek and Biblical MSS in 1789, and by 1794 it was referred to as the 'Auctarium' (''Auctarium'', Latin, an addition or augmentation).(Gunter p. 116)

The titles of either 'Lee's Reader' or 'Dr. Lee's Reader' were used throughout the 19th century - modern practice prefers the latter.

It seems likely that some chemistry lectures were given in the building as well from the early 1770s, probably prepared by Parsons, although the majority of chemistry courses took place in the 'old' Ashmolean.{{sfn|Laidler|1988|pp=219-220}}

The laboratory had its own library of scientific and medical books, much of which has survived. The library included [[Joseph Priestley]]'s ''[[Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air|Experiments on Air]]''; the ''[[Annales de chimie et de physique|Annales de Chimie]]'' (from its first publication) in which [[Louis Pasteur]]'s classic researches on [[optical isomerism]] were published; "as well as other journals, and an impressive array of monographs maintained and updated almost to the time of the laboratory's final closure."{{sfn|Wayne|Kent|2004}}

The collection of [[Old Master]]s and drawings bequeathed to Christ Church by General [[John Guise (British Army officer)|John Guise]] after 1765 (since 1968 housed in the [[Christ Church Picture Gallery]]) was hung in the College's new library.(Thalman p. 14)<ref>{{cite journal |title=Commemorating the 250th Anniversary of the Bequest of Sir John Guise |last=Thalmann |first=Jacqueline |journal=Christ Church Matters (CCM) |issue=35 |year=2015 |pages=12–14  |url=https://www.chch.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/Christ%20Church%20Matters%20~%20Issue%2035.pdf |accessdate=5 December 2019}}</ref>
[[File:Giorgione - Sleeping Venus - Google Art Project 2.jpg|thumb|left| ''Sleeping Venus'' by [[Giorgione]], a copy of which hung in the Anatomy school.]]
[[File:Leda and the Swan, After Michelangelo.jpg|thumb|right|''Leda and the Swan'', after [[Michelangelo]], a copy of which hung on the Anatomy school]]
Some pictures (depicting the naked female form) were considered not to be suitable for polite viewing, however, and were hung in the lecture room of the Anatomy Museum. These were copies of ''[[Leda and the Swan (Michelangelo)|Leda and the Swan]]'' (after Michelangelo),<ref>{{cite web |title=Leda and the Swan, mid 16th century |website=RA |url=https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/art-artists/work-of-art/leda-and-the-swan |accessdate=5 December 2019}}</ref> ''[[Sleeping Venus (Giorgione)|A Sleeping Venus]]'' (after Titian), and ''Ariadne'' (unattributed). "Unfortunately these fell into disrepair and are no longer in Oxford, but can be found in Cambridge used as a teaching resource for fine-art conservation."{{sfn|Wayne|Kent|2004}}

In 1789, a skylight was inserted to improve lighting, and a gas pipe was laid to the building in 1821.<ref name=CCM29 >{{cite journal |last=Curthoys |first=Judith |title=Cardinal Sins – Notes from the Archives |journal=Christ Church Matters (CCM) |issue=29 |year=2012 |page=5 |url=
https://www.chch.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/CCM-29_0.pdf |accessdate=5 December 2019}} Plus good selection of pictures of the laboratory.</ref>

==Lee Readers of the Anatomy Lecture==

Continuing the existing tradition, the Lee Readership in Anatomy was in the gift of the Regius Professor of Physic, who at the time was one John Kelly.{{who?|date=April 2020}}

[[John Parsons (physician)|John Parsons]]'s interest in chemistry, altho he was Anatomy Reader, makes it "very likely" that practical chemistry was routinely carried out there as well. Richard Walker, apothecary at the Radcliffe Infirmary made an experiment in January 1789 to freeze mercury. The Dean of Christ Church, Dr Jackson, was present.{{sfn|Williams|Chapman|Rowlinson|2009|p=70}}<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Phil. Trans. R. Soc. |title=Experiment XXV. Experiments on the production of artificial cold. By Mr. Richard Walker, Apothecary to the Radcliffe Infirmary at Oxford. In a letter to Henry Cavendish, Esq. F. R. S. and A. S |last=Walker |first=Richard |volume=78 |doi=10.1098/rstl.1788.0027 |s2cid=186208544 |url=http://doi.org/10.1098/rstl.1788.0027 |accessdate=26 November 2019}}</ref> This phenomenon had been recorded thirty years earlier in Russia by [[Mikhail Lomonosov#Chemist and geologist|Mikhail Lomonosov]] in 1759.

[[William Thomson (mineralogist)|William Thomson]] (BA1780, BM 1785, DM 1786, FRS), was elected to the Readership in 1786.(Wood ed Gutch p. 866) In July 1790 Thomson performed a public lecture on the bodies of two felons, executed for the murder of an elderly Scottish pedlar, one David Charteris.{{sfn|Curthoys|2017|pp=152-3}} {{efn|Their accomplice, Giles Covington, was later apprehended and hanged in Oxford Castle on 7 March 1791. His body was also dissected in the Anatomy School, perhaps by Thomson's successor, Christopher Pegge.  His skeleton, after residing in the University Museum for about a century from 1860, is now in the [[Museum of Oxford]].{{sfn|Sullivan|2012|pp=113-9}}§}}<ref>{{cite web |title=The Abingdon Waterturnpike Murder |last=Davies |first=Mark Johnstone |year=2014 |url=https://www.abingdon.gov.uk/feature-articles/abingdon-waterturnpike-murder |accessdate=21 April 2020}}</ref> Thomson seceded and resigned in September 1790, on the allegations of performing improper experiments.{{sfn|Wayne|Kent|2004}}(Wood ed Gutch p. 866) 

[[File:Christopher Pegge Agar.jpg|thumb|[[Christopher Pegge]]. 1813 engraving by [[John Samuel Agar|John Agar]] after [[Thomas Uwins]] ]]
[[Christopher Pegge]] Reader 7 December 1790 (Wood ed Gutch p. 866) Although he was one of the lights of the medical school, he was later described as a 'desultory' lecturer, so much 
so that 'the protection of the Dean and tutors of Christ Church could never make his anatomical school famous beyond the walls of the University, or popular with the 
young men within them'.{{sfn|Gunther|1968|pp=117}} 

"The Anatomy School, in 'Skeleton Corner', as it was called, was the centre of anatomical and zoological studies in Oxford for nearly two-thirds of a century. A fair idea of the way in which it was managed is obtainable from the Accounts and from the Minutes of the annual visitations by the Dean and other members of the Governing Body of the House. From these 
Minutes, which cover the period 1796-1860, the following items have been abstracted:"{{sfn|Gunther|1968|p=191}} A Platina Retort, gift of [[Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville|Rt. Hon. Lord Granville]] (who went to Christ Church). The Lee's Reader was permitted to lend it, when wanted, to public Reader in Chemistry, taking always an acknowledgment for it and requiring it to be returned when no longer wanted. 1817: Microscope by [[William Cary (instrument maker)|William Cary]] - £91 18s. 1820: Air pump (Cary)- £55 13s. Platina cups and thermometer - £18 19s 9d.{{sfn|Gunther|1968|p=191-3}}  

[[John Kidd (chemist)|John Kidd]] (ex Westminster) Lee's Reader in Anatomy 1816. Chem was not part of the undergraduate study. Lived at 37 [[St Giles, Oxford|St Giles]] and left the house to Dr Lee's Trust, for use by the Anatomy Reader, later used by the Chem Reader until Richard Wayne retired in 2006.{{sfn|Williams|Chapman|Rowlinson|2009|p=86}} One of Kidd's pupils was [[Charles Daubeny]], Chemistry Professor in November 1822, but not Reader.

:Important administrative changes occurred during Kidd’s tenure of the Readership. The history of the Lee Trust is somewhat intricate, but it may be summarized as follows. The Lee estate realized a capital sum of about £30,000. This was expended in the purchase of two estates, one in Buck[ingham]s[hire], the other, [[Butlers Marston]], in Warwickshire.<ref>{{cite book |chapter='Parishes: Butlers Marston' |title=A History of the County of Warwick: Volume 5, Kington Hundred" |editor-last=Salzman |editor-first= L. F. |place=London |year=1949 |pages=28–31 |publisher=British History Online |url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/warks/vol5/pp28-31 |accessdate=4 December 2019 |quote=...by 1789 the advowson had been acquired by the Dean and Chapter of Christ Church, Oxford, the present holders.}}</ref> From the date of purchase in 1775 the income increased, and in 1825 the Dean and Chapter asked for an improved scheme which was granted by the Court of Chancery in 1827. Dr. Lee’s Reader in Anatomy was to have £200 instead of £100 per annum. There was added a charge for the increase of the living of [[Butlers Marston]] (the parish in which the estate lay), and the living was limited to Westminster Students. In 1832 the Dean and Chapter again went to the Court of Chancery owing to difficulties that had arisen through the passing of an Act of Parliament restricting the use of bodies for dissection. Dr. Kidd obtained leave to lecture on models and preparations instead of on actual bodies : but the Act was repealed, or became inoperative before the Court of Chancery had adopted any conclusion. (Report of 1852 Commission , Part ii, p. 282.){{sfn|Gunther|1968|pp=90-91}}

"With regard to the large expenditure incurred in 1829 (very nearly £800), it may be noted that during the previous year Dr. Buckland discovered that a considerable sum had accumulated which might be claimed for the benefit of the Museum. In July 1828 he wrote to Sir [[Roderick Murchison]]{{efn|Gunther has "Sir Robert Murchison", which is a not uncommon error.}} in great delight at his discovery. "I am going to town in a day or two to attend the opening of Brooke's sale,[???] for I have found out £1200 that we can lay out for our anatomical school at Christ Church, which will quite set us up, unless we find powerful rival bidders in the two new London Colleges." "{{sfn|Gunther|1968|p=195}}

[[File:Henry W Dyke Acland.jpg|thumb|[[Henry Acland]] c1874.]]
Kidd was succeeded as Lee's Anatomy Reader by the highly capable [[Henry Acland]], later Sir Henry Acland, 1st Baronet.{{sfn|Williams|Chapman|Rowlinson|2009|p=89}} It was mostly thanks to his efforts that the [[Oxford University Museum]] was built, where the teaching of the Natural Sciences became more centralised, and to which place a number? of college-based laboratories removed.

"After 1850 the University took increased interest in Science. Dr. Acland, who was made Lee's Reader in 1845 and Regius Professor in 1857, was strongly of opinion that it was the business of the University to establish a vigorous school of Natural Science, but not to attempt the special training required by Medical men. It would appear that in consequence of this view of 
Dr. Acland's (as the income of the Lee trust was still improving), the Lee's Readership in Chemistry was founded in 1857."{{sfn|Gunther|1968|p=120}}

"The Ordinance of 1858 legislated for two Lee's Readerships in Anatomy and Chemistry. In 1860 the Dean and Chapter went to Court for a further scheme, and a serious departure was made from Dr. Lee's original scheme. The Court sanctioned the application of a part of the revenue for Lectures in Law and Modern History, and for exhibitions to persons studying Law, Modern History, Physiology, and Mathematics ; and Mr. Sidney Owen became Lee's Reader in Law and Modern History. In 1866 the Court increased the payment of the Lee's Reader in Modern History, abolished the Exhibitioners, and substituted Lecturers with permission to teach any Sciences or subjects recognized in the University Examinations. This arrangement terminated about 1869. Acland's view was that the Lee Trust was available for the general purposes of Natural Science in Oxford : and this also appears to have been the view of Rolleston. This principle governed the loaning of the Collections, which were originally kept in Christ Church, and are now in the Museum on loan from the Governing Body. When Acland became Reader there were no Collections or preparations of any kind."{{sfn|Gunther|1968|pp=120-121}}

"Lee's Reader in Anatomy was originally to reside for six months in each year: later he seems to have combined his functions in Oxford with work in London. His stipend was £200 a year. After 1858 Lee's Readers were required to reside and teach, and their income was raised from time to time till it reached the limit which the present Statute prescribes. This increase, with a decrease in proceeds from the Lee estate,<ref>See perhaps [[Tithe Commutation Act 1836]] </ref> has made it necessary to supplement Lee income from the corporate revenues."{{sfn|Gunther|1968|pp=120-121}}

A Royal Commission reporting in 1852 proposed plans for a Science Museum, (now [[Museum of the History of Science, Oxford |Museum of the History of Science]]? with Gunter 1st curator), a Professorship of Physiology, and the creation of a Lee's Readership in Chemistry. (The Lee's Readership in Physics was not to appear until 1869).

By 1854, a reading room had been incorporated and the gallery redesigned for the better exhibition of all the anatomical and zoological specimens collected over the years.<ref name=CCM29 />

[[File:George Rolleston3.jpg|thumb|left|150px| [[George Rolleston]] ]]
"In November 1857 [[George Rolleston]] was elected Lee's Reader in the place of Dr. Acland, who resigned on being appointed Regius Professor of Medicine, and at the annual visitation the Dean was requested to convey to Dr. Acland the high sense entertained by the Lee's Trustees of the excellent services rendered by him. The present author [R. T. Gunther] would however here note that the efficiency of a scientific department in which material objects for study are a sine qua non, depends in no small measure upon the annual grant paid to it. During the half century preceding 1847, the year of Dr. Acland's appointment, the annual grant to the Anatomy School was on the average under £70 a year, indeed it had been as low as £20 three years previously. During Acland's tenure of the office, twelve years, he received no less than £3,280 13s. 10d. for his department— or about £273 a year! and he had a stipend of £600 a year."{{sfn|Gunther|1968|pp=195}} 

[[File:Monocular microscope by R&J Beck.jpg|thumb|150px|Microscope by [[R & J Beck]] ]]

Charles Robertson was appointed as assistant to Rolleston at a salary of £60 a year, and it was arranged that Woodward's wages should be paid by the Lee's Reader. 

In 1858 in addition to the establishment charges, Rolleston expended £5 4s. on a Smith and Beck microscope, and in 1859 he asked that £10 be paid to the porter to keep the building clean. In this year he gave two courses in Anatomy and Physiology, attempting to realize the objects of Matthew Lee. He arranged practical classes in which students received instruction by actual demonstration and dissection. He noted that of forty-eight persons attending, fifteen were Christ Church men.{{sfn|Gunther|1968|pp=195}}<ref>Arresting photograph c1860 by one [[C. L. Dodgson]]: 'The Anatomy Lesson':  [[George Rolleston]] examining a skull; Charles Robertson, Demonstrator in Anatomy; a young [[Augustus George Vernon Harcourt|A. G. Vernon Harcourt]] and fellow student Heywood Smith (b. 1838) examining the skeleton of a [[stonefish]].<!--Hmm, I once got stung by one of them. Don't. --> From {{cite web |title=Ancient Greek skulls in the Oxford University Museum, Part I: George Rolleston, Oxford and the formation of the human skulls collection |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/George-Rolleston-seated-left-examining-a-skull-Charles-Robertson-standing-centre_fig2_275151004 |accessdate=5 December 2019}}</ref> 

In 1859, the Lee's Reader in Anatomy, [[George Rolleston]], moved the laboratory to the [[Oxford University Museum]] when the anatomical series (specimens) from the Anatomy School were placed under the charge of the Professor of Medicine.{{sfn|Wayne|Kent|2004}}

Rolleston was appointed the first [[Linacre Professor of Zoology|Linacre Professor of Anatomy and Physiology]] in 1860. Robertson was appointed Demonstrator of Anatomy, and his skilful work became widely known beyond the University through his ''Zoological Series with Dissections in Illustration''.{{sfn|Gunther|1968|pp=196}}<ref>https://jcs.biologists.org/content/joces/s2-6/24/201.full.pdf </ref> 

===Chemistry laboratory===

[[File:Harcourt A G Vernon.jpg|thumb|[[Augustus George Vernon Harcourt|A. G. Vernon Harcourt]]]]
[[Augustus George Vernon Harcourt|A. G. Vernon Harcourt]], the first Dr. Lee's Reader in Chemistry, began his lectures in the Uni Museum. By around 1863 the building had been converted into a Chemistry Laboratory, and Harcourt took over the building.  

[[File:McLeod gauge 01.jpg|thumb|left|150px|A glass [[McLeod gauge]] or [[manometer]], drained of mercury ]]
Harcourt constructed at Christ Church apparatus for analysing gases which entailed accurate measurements often at low pressures - using a [[McLeod gauge|simple but effective apparatus]] invented by [[Herbert McLeod]]. Used for analysing [[town gas]] inc. Oxford Gas Works.{{sfn|Wayne|Kent|2004}}<ref name=Gasworks >{{cite web |website=South Oxford Community Centre |title=St Ebbe's gasworks |url=http://www.southoxford.org/local-history-in-south-oxford/interesting-aspects-of-grandpont-and-south-oxford-s-history/st-ebbe-s-gasworks |access-date=5 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |website=Old Oxford |title=St Ebbe's: The gasworks |url=http://www.oxfordhistory.org.uk/old_oxford/st_ebbes/stebbes_gasworks.html |access-date=5 December 2019}}</ref> He started [[Reaction kinetics]] re [[absolute zero]]. Although [[Charles L. Dodgson]] was a contemporary, Harcourt collaborated with the mathematician [[William Esson]]. The College laboratory provided experimental teaching courses in inorganic chemistry for undergraduates from all Oxford colleges.{{sfn|Wayne|Kent|2004}}{{sfn|Williams|Chapman|Rowlinson|2009|p=104}} Holroyd organised lectures for women students only - chaperones were required until 1893. Harcourt's and Esson's wives were on the first committee which set up [[Somerville College]]. Harcourt's assistant from 1897-9 was G.W.F. Holroyd.

Harcourt was Lee's Reader in Chemistry until 1902. [[Chemical kinetics]], the study of rate processes, has been a recurring theme of physical chemistry in Oxford since these auspicious beginnings. Hinshelwood and [[F. A. Lindemann]] (Prof of experimental philosophy (physics) at Oxford and director of the [[Clarendon Laboratory]]), made a major contribution to the study of [[unimolecular]] reactions. 

[[Herbert Brereton Baker|H. B. ('Dry') Baker]], Lee's reader from 1902 until 1912, at once started to improve the haphazard nature of chemistry teaching in the colleges. Baker demonstrated that the rate of a chemical reaction depended on the amount of moisture (water vapour). [NB Is this right?]

The Christ Church lab was to be used for instruction of inorganic chemistry, while J. J. Manley taught [[quantitative analysis (chemistry)|quantitative analysis]] at [[Magdalene College, Oxford|Magdalene College]].{{sfn|Williams|Chapman|Rowlinson|2009|p=???}}{{sfn|Fox|Gooday|2005|p=124}}{{efn|John Job Manley had beem appointed 'Daubeny Curator' in in 1888 - effectively the Magdalene lab technician. [[Frederick Soddy]] considered Manley to be "probably the greatest living authority of the [[chemical balance]], and by 1928 Manley's standard balance was "easily capable of detecting a 128th-millionth part of a gram."{{sfn|Fox|Gooday|2005|p=124-5}} }} Baker left to be Professor of Chemistry at [[Imperial College]] London.

In 1903 a third storey was added to the building to provide extra laboratory space, but this unsightly upwards extension was removed by 1929-1930.{{sfn|Laidler|1988|pp=219}} <!-- And CCM somewhere? -->

"It was found in 1912 that only a small fraction of the annual income devoted to Lee Professors and Readers came from the Lee estate. The Governing Body was anxious to associate the name of Lee with its contributions to Natural Science, but in view of the small proportion which the proceeds of the Lee estate bore to the complete charges upon the House, Christ Church thought themselves justified in making any arrangements which the needs of the University might require.{{sfn|Gunther|1968|pp=121-2}} 

And O The War... 

[[File:Frederick Soddy.jpg|thumb|150px|The radioactive gaze of [[Frederick Soddy]] ]]

In 1919 [[Frederick Soddy]] was elected as the first Dr. Lee's Professor of Chemistry.{{sfn|Williams|Chapman|Rowlinson|2009|pp=135-6}} Earlier that year [[Ernest Rutherford]] and Soddy had conducted an experiment at the [[University of Manchester]] in which they bombarded nitrogen nuclei with helium ions (alpha particles from the natural decay of eg uranium), with the result that the nitrogen nucleus was transformed into an unusual isotope of oxygen. Although they didn't realise it at the time, this was the first ever transmutation of one element into another. This method of would continue until the invention of the [[cyclotron]] in the 1930s. <ref> {cite book

 Title	The Periodic Table: Its Story and Its Significance
 Author	Eric R. Scerri
 Edition	2
 Publisher	Oxford University Press, 2019, pp. 350-351
 ISBN	9780190914363
 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9x2yDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA336} </ref>

In the period up till 1936 Soddy reorganized the laboratories and the syllabus in chemistry, although he was frustrated by the lack of University funds, occasioned by the building of the new [[Dyson Perrins Laboratory]] for organic chemistry.{{sfn|Williams|Chapman|Rowlinson|2009|pp=135-6}}

At the time, instruction for undergrads studying Physical Sciences came from three different bodies: the colleges were responsible for one-to-one weekly tutorials; the Board of the Physical Sciences Faculty organised the lecture programme; and the University and college laboratories provided lab work under the umbrella of the Board. The lecturers split their time between college and laboratory, whereas Arts lecturers were only based in college and thus more able to contribute to college life.{{sfn|Williams|Chapman|Rowlinson|2009|p=142}}

Alexander Russell (Reader from 1920–1955) succeeded H. B. Baker. "In 1920, Alexander S. Russell, MC, a Glasgow graduate who had worked with [[Walther Nernst|Nernst]], [[Ernest Rutherford|Rutherford]] and Soddy, was appointed to the Lee's Readership in Chemistry. Russell had already made fundamental discoveries in the field of radioactivity, and it is arguable that the term and concept of an "[[isotope]]" was originated by him." {{sfn|Wayne|Kent|2004}} His ''An Introduction to the Chemistry of Radioactive Substances'' was published in 1922. He also contributed to a collection of essays on science and faith.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=The Journal of Theological Studies |title=Reviews: ''Adventure: The Faith of Science and the Science of Faith'' by Burnett H. Streeter, Catherine M. Chilcott, John Macmurray & Alexander S. Russell |volume=29 |issue=115 |date=April 1928 |page=290 |jstor=23950951 }}</ref>

Apparently [[W.H. Auden]] had some lectures with Russell. "Of all the elements, beryllium is the most beautiful".{{sfn|Wayne|Kent|2004}} 
Auden would bring visitors to the Gasworks to show them what he considered to be the embodiment of 'The Waste Land' by TS Eliot.<ref name=Gasworks />  

"Elsewhere, organic chemistry was located at Queen's College, analytical chemistry at Magdalen, and physical chemistry at the Trinity-Balliol laboratory and at Jesus College."{{sfn|Wayne|Kent|2004}} 

[[File:Cyril Norman Hinshelwood Nobel.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[Cyril Hinshelwood]] ]]
Carl H. Collie entered [[New College, Oxford]] to read Chemistry, and worked with Russell on isotopes in the laboratory in 1924. In 1929 Collie was elected Lee's Reader in Physics. Collie was to lay the foundations of what became nuclear physics at Oxford, The radioactivity researches of the day were basic and horrifyingly simple in their techniques. "We just used to take 1 kg of uranium..." he would begin.{{sfn|Wayne|Kent|2004}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Carl Howard Collie |website=Physics Tree |last=jandh |date=2 November 2015 |url=https://academictree.org/physics/peopleinfo.php?pid=129164&expand=bio |accessdate=26 November 2019}}</ref>

Professor [[Cyril Hinshelwood]] (Dr. Lee's Professor in 1937 - 1964) was Head of the Department, which at that time included the Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory.

The new [[Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory]] opened in summer 1941.<ref>{{cite web |website=History of the PCTL |title=The Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory – The First Sixty Years: Introduction |last1=Barrow |first1=Richard |last2=Danby |first2=John |url=http://ptcl.chem.ox.ac.uk/history/ptcl2.html |others=Use navigation menu on l.h. side |accessdate=5 December 2019}}</ref> It was a only small party that moved in from the College laboratories in the summer of 1941: There was a grand total of eighteen staff and research students.<ref>{{cite web |website=History of the PCTL |title=The Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory – The First Sixty Years: Early days |last1=Barrow |first1=Richard |last2=Danby |first2=John |url=http://ptcl.chem.ox.ac.uk/history/ptcl2.html |others=Use navigation menu on l.h. side |accessdate=5 December 2019}}</ref> {{clear|left}}

===After 1941===
"Alexander Russell continued to work in the Lee Building, researching the ‘borderline’ between the new [[atomic physics]] and chemistry,  When he retired in 1955, however, the Lee Building was found to be radioactive, as a result of the radium, uranium and other substances with which Russell had been working. Paul Kent, Richard Wayne, and the subsequent Lee Readers would be based in new laboratories in the science area."<ref>{{cite journal |last=Chapman |first=Allan |title=250 Years of the Lee Building in Christ Church |journal=CCM (Christ Church Matters) |issue=40 |page=14 |year=2017 |url=https://www.chch.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/CCM%20and%20DM%2040%20final_0.pdf |accessdate=5 December 2015}} With photo of A. S. Russell.</ref> 

When the Picture Gallery in Canterbury Quad was completed in 1968, the Dr. Lee Building was transformed into a comfortable and attractive annex to the Senior Common Room through the "tasteful designs" of Oscar Wood<!-- Don't link to [[Oscar Wood]] -->, one of the Tutors in Philosophy.{{sfn|Wayne|Kent|2004}} As an undergraduate Wood delivered a paper at a meeting of the student-run Jowett Society (to which [[Gilbert Ryle]] also belonged in the early 1920s){{sfn|Wood|Pitcher|2016|p=2}} in May 1947. In the audience was [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]] on his only visit to Oxford from [[Cambridge University|'the other place']].{{sfn|Simpson|2011|p=67}}

The undercroft where dissections used to take place in the early days of the Anatomy School was transformed in c2018 from the “most dingy, dirty, scruffy bar in Oxford” into “now the most wonderful (bar) in Oxford”. The work, including preparation for a lift was carried out by [[Purcell (architects)|Purcell]] architects and won an Oxford Preservation Trust (OPT) Award. The Project Architect was Alain Torri.<ref>{{cite web |website=Ecclesiastical Heritage World |title=Two Purcell projects recognised at the Oxford Preservation Trust Awards |url=http://www.ecclesiasticalandheritageworld.co.uk/news/1005-two-purcell-projects-recognised-at-the-oxford-preservation-trust-awards |accessdate=5 December 2019}}</ref>

==Copy of the Selden Map of China==

[[File:Selden map.jpg|thumb|The [[Selden Map]] of China with trade routes, a copy of which (by [[Edward Bernard]]) hung in the Anatomy School]]
The Catalogue of the cabinet of curiosities of the old Anatomy School, included a copy of the [[Selden Map]] from Dr [[Edward Bernard]]'s MSS, "which is to be put in the Anatomy Schoole." Bernard was the compiler of the 'Old Catalogue' of MSS in Oxford colleges & libraries. See John Greaves for cite.

8. See Thomas Hearne, ‘An Extract and particular Account of the rarities in the Anatomy School’, Bodleian MS Rawl. C 865, reprinted in R. T. Gunther, Early Science in Oxford, vol. 3 (Oxford, Hazell, Watson and Viney, 1925), 264–74; and 

Thomas Hearne, Hearne's Remarks and Collections, vol. 1, ed. C. E. Doble (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1885), p. 70. https://archive.org/details/remarksandcolle01saltgoog/page/n82

Early Science in Oxford Vol 3, R. T. Gunther, 
https://archive.org/details/earlyscienceinox03gunt/page/277

"The passage in Hearne implies that the Anatomy School actually received a copy of the map:" ‘Today Mr. Halley coming to ye Library, Dr Hudson shew'd him Mr. Selden's large MSt Map of China (whereof there is a Copy amongst [[Edward Bernard|Dr. Bernard]]'s MSS. that is to be put into the Anatomy Schoole) to wch Dr. Hyde added some Explicatory Notes. Mr. Hally having taken a view of it, concluded it to be full of faults, from some wch he knew to be so from his own observations’.

The Selden Map Rediscovered: A Chinese Map of East Asian Shipping Routes, c.1619
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03085694.2013.731203

[[Edmond Halley]] visited the Bodleian Library on 12 November 1705 (Hearne p. 70) and inspected the original Selden Map.

"This article assembles scattered pieces of evidence to demonstrate that the famous Chinese “Selden map”, acquired by the Bodleian Library in 1659, was duplicated in the later seventeenth century by the Oxford mathematician and orientalist Edward Bernard (1673–91), as part of his abortive attempt to edit a definitive corpus of classical and post-classical mathematical texts. It was Bernard’s copy, and not the original Selden map, that was publicly exhibited in Oxford in the eighteenth century."<ref>
{{cite journal
 |journal=The Seventeenth Century
 |last=Poole
 |first=William
 |date=3 June 2019
 |pages=1–26
 |title=Edward Bernard's Chinese map (abstract)
 |doi=10.1080/0268117X.2019.1600422
 |s2cid=195446313
 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0268117X.2019.1600422
 |accessdate=26 November 2019}}</ref> Well, that's pretty much what I had gathered.

==References==
;Notes
{{notelist}}
;Citations
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
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* {{cite book
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* {{cite book
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* {{cite book
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* {{cite journal 
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* {{cite journal
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* {{cite book
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* {{cite book
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 |title=The History of England, Vol. 2: From the Revolution to the death of George the Second 
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*{{cite book
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 |last=Sullivan
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* {{cite book
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* {{cite book
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*{{cite book
 |ref=<!-- {{sfn|Wood|1796|p }} -->
 |last=Wood
 |first=Anthony
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 |editor-last=Gutch
 |editor-first=John
 |editor-link=John Gutch
 |title=The History and Antiquities of the University of Oxford, in two books: Volume the Second, Second Part
 |series=(vol. 3 of 3)
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 |place=Oxford
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 |url=https://archive.org/details/b28770626_0003/page/n5}}&nbsp;[ NB contains Annals of the University, 1647-1648, including [[Parliamentary visitation of the University of Oxford|Visitation]] after the Civil Wars; History of the Ancient and Present Schools (p. 709); Theatre; Lectureships, inc. Shagglyng lectures (p. 901); Offices of Orator and Archives (p. 904); Public Libraries (p. 910); Bodleian Picture Gallery (p. 954); Addenda & Corrigenda (p. 985): Index (p. 1000, unpaginated)].

* {{cite book
 |ref=<!-- {{sfn|Wood|1820|loc=col. 291}} -->
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* {{cite book
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;Internet sources
* {{cite web |ref=<!-- {{sfn|Robb-Smith|1972|p=}} -->|title=The life and times of Richard Frewin (1681-1761): Medicine in Oxford in the eighteenth century |date= 19 April 1972 |last=Robb-Smith |first=A. H. T. |editor-last=Pelling |editor-first=Margaret |others=Edited version of the fifteenth Gideon de Laune lecture, given by Dr. Robb-Smith to the [[Worshipful Society of Apothecaries]] of London on 19 April 1972 |url= http://practitioners.exeter.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Frewin.pdf |page=6 |accessdate=4 December 2019}}
* {{cite web |ref=<!-- {{sfn|Wayne|Kent|2004}} --> |last1=Wayne |first1=R.P. |last2=Kent |first2=P.W. |date=31 May 2004 |title=Christ Church Oxford - The Lee's Readers |website=R. P. Wayne, University of Oxford |url= http://rpw.chem.ox.ac.uk/Lee_Readers/ |accessdate=25 November 2019 }}

==External links==
* [https://www.worthpoint.com/worthopedia/vintage-storage-trunk-blanket-box-312177199 Metal trunk with "Trustees of Matthew Lee deceased" on the front]. Worthopedia.

[[:Category:History of anatomy]]
[[:Category:Buildings and structures of the University of Oxford]]
[[:Category:Chemistry laboratories]]
[[:Category:History of the University of Oxford‎]]


[[:Category:Science laboratories]]
[[:Category:Science at Oxford University]]
[[:Category:Scientists of Oxford University]]