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{{automatic taxobox
| taxon = Erebinae
| image = File:Catocala nupta topside view HBP 2011-08-19.jpg
| image_caption = Red Underwing (''[[Catocala nupta]]'')
| authority = Leach, 1815
}}
The '''Erebinae''' are a [[subfamily]] of [[moths]] in the [[Erebidae]] family. Erebine moths are found on all continents except Antarctica, but reach their greatest diversity in the tropics.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Zahiri|first=Reza|last2=Holloway|first2=Jeremy D.|last3=Kitching|first3=Ian J.|last4=Lafontaine|first4=J. Donald|last5=Mutanen|first5=Marko|last6=Wahlberg|first6=Niklas|date=2012-01-01|title=Molecular phylogenetics of Erebidae (Lepidoptera, Noctuoidea)|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2011.00607.x/abstract|journal=Systematic Entomology|language=en|volume=37|issue=1|pages=102–124|doi=10.1111/j.1365-3113.2011.00607.x|issn=1365-3113}}</ref> While the exact number of species belonging to the Erebinae is not known, the subfamily is estimated to include around 10,000 species.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Moths of Thailand Vol. 3, Part 2. Noctuoidea. An illustrated Catalogue of Erebidae, Nolidae, Euteliidae, and Noctuidae (Insecta: Lepidoptera) in Thailand|last=Kononenko, V.S. & Pinratana, A.|first=|publisher=Brothers of St. Gabriel in Thailand|year=2013|isbn=|location=Bangkok|pages=}}</ref> Some well-known Erebinae include Underwing moths (''[[Catocala]]''), and Witch moths ([[Thermesiini]]). The White Witch moth (''[[Thysania agrippina]]'') has the widest wingspan of any moth, with some specimens measuring nearly 30 centimeters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://entnemdept.ifas.ufl.edu/walker/ufbir/chapters/chapter_32.shtml#moucha_1966|title=Chapter 32: Largest Lepidopteran Wing Span {{!}} The University of Florida Book of Insect Records {{!}} Department of Entomology & Nematology {{!}} UF/IFAS|website=entnemdept.ifas.ufl.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-02-24}}</ref>  Erebine caterpillars feed on a broad range of plants; many species feed on [[Poaceae|grasses]] and [[legume]]s, and a few are pests of [[Ricinus|castor bean]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Naik|first=M. I.|last2=Ajith Kumar|first2=M. A.|last3=Manjunatha|first3=M.|last4=Shivanna|first4=B. K.|year=2010|title=Survey for the pests of castor and natural enemies of castor semilooper|url=|journal=Environment and Ecology (Kalyani)|volume=28|pages=558–563|via=}}</ref> [[sugarcane]], [[rice]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zilli|first=A.|year=2000|title=African-Arabian and Asian-Pacific "Mocis frugalis": two distinct species (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)|url=|journal=European Journal of Entomology|volume=97|pages=419–426|via=}}</ref> as well as [[pistachio]]s <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Berlinger|first=M. J.|last2=Yathom|first2=S.|last3=Halperin|first3=J.|year=2001|title=Ophiusa tirhaca Cramer (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) infesting pistachio trees in Israel|url=|journal=Zoology in the Middle East|volume=22|pages=83–86|via=}}</ref> and [[Blackberry|blackberries]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vázquez|first=Yadira-Maibeth|last2=Martínez|first2=Ana-Mabel|last3=Valdez|first3=Jorge-Manuel|last4=Figueroa|first4=José-Isaac|last5=Rebollar|first5=Ángel|last6=Chavarrieta|first6=Juan Manuel|last7=Sánchez|first7=José-Antonio|last8=Viñuela|first8=Elisa|last9=Pineda|first9=Samuel|date=2014-01-01|title=Life History, Diagnosis, and Parasitoids of ''Zale phaeograpta'' (Lepidoptera: Erebidae)|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/AN13093|journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America|language=en|volume=107|issue=1|pages=170–177|doi=10.1603/an13093|issn=0013-8746}}</ref> Erebine moths also possess a number of adaptations for predator defense. Most Erebinae, such as ''[[Zale (moth)|Zale]]'', have mottled, drably colored wings to better blend in with grass and tree trunks. However, some Erebinae, such as ''Catocala'', possess brightly colored hindwings which are suddenly revealed when the moth is disturbed from rest.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Legion of Night: The Underwing Moths|last=Sargent|first=T. D.|publisher=University of Massachusetts Press|year=1976|isbn=|location=Amherst|pages=xii + 222pp}}</ref> The sudden exposure of these bright colors is thought to startle vertebrate predators, giving the moths extra time to escape.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schlenoff|first=Debra H.|date=1985-11-01|title=The startle responses of blue jays to Catocala (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) prey models|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347285801640|journal=Animal Behaviour|volume=33|issue=4|pages=1057–1067|doi=10.1016/S0003-3472(85)80164-0}}</ref> Like other [[Noctuoidea]], erebine moths possess hearing organs ([[Tympanal organ|tympana]]), which can detect the calls of [[Echolocation|echolocating]] bats or other approaching predators.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fullard|first=James H.|last2=Napoleone|first2=Nadia|date=2001-08-01|title=Diel flight periodicity and the evolution of auditory defences in the Macrolepidoptera|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347201917531|journal=Animal Behaviour|volume=62|issue=2|pages=349–368|doi=10.1006/anbe.2001.1753}}</ref> The tympana of Erebinae are among the most sensitive in the superfamily.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fullard|first=James H.|date=1984-11-01|title=Acoustic relationships between tympanate moths and the Hawaiian hoary bat (Lasiurus cinereus semotus)|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00611596|journal=Journal of Comparative Physiology A|language=en|volume=155|issue=6|pages=795–801|doi=10.1007/BF00611596|issn=0340-7594}}</ref>

==Taxonomy==
Erebine moths belong to the superfamily [[Noctuoidea]]. Prior to the recent [[Classification (biology)|reclassification]] of Noctuoidea, most erebine moths were assigned to the [[Noctuidae|noctuid]] subfamily Catocalinae, based on a classification proposed by Hampson at the turn of the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae of the British Museum|last=Hampson|first=G. F.|publisher=Trustees of the British Museum|year=1913|isbn=|volume=12|location=London|pages=626 pp.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae of the British Museum|last=Hampson|first=G. F.|publisher=Trustees of the British Museum|year=1913|isbn=|volume=13|location=London|pages=609 pp.}}</ref> A summary of the taxonomic history of this group of moths is provided by Holloway.,<ref name="H2005">{{cite web|url=http://www.mothsofborneo.com/part-15-16/introduction.php|title=The Moths of Borneo Parts 15&16: Family Noctuidae, Subfamily Catocalinae|website=The Moths of Borneo|publisher=Southdene Sdn. Bhd|last1=Holloway|first1=J. D.|accessdate=4 January 2015}}</ref> and a more detailed review of Erebinae taxonomy can be found in Homziak et al.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Homziak|first=Nicholas T.|last2=Breinholt|first2=Jesse W.|last3=Kawahara|first3=Akito Y.|date=2016-11-10|title=A historical review of the classification of Erebinae (Lepidoptera: Erebidae)|url=http://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.4189.3.4|journal=Zootaxa|language=en|volume=4189|issue=3|pages=516–542|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4189.3.4|issn=1175-5334}}</ref>  Based on mounting evidence from molecular phylogenetic studies, Fibiger and Lafontaine<ref name="FL2005">{{cite journal|last2=Lafontaine|first2=J. Donald|date=June 29, 2005|title=A review of the higher classification of the Noctuoidea (Lepidoptera) with special reference to the Holarctic fauna|journal=Esperiana|volume=11|pages=27–28|last1=Fibiger|first1=Michael}}</ref> transferred erebine moths and relatives from the Noctuidae to the Erebidae, and reinstated Erebinae as a subfamily. Later, Catocalinae was synonymized with Erebinae in the classifications proposed by Lafontaine and Schmidt,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lafontaine|first=Donald|last2=Schmidt|first2=Christian|date=2010-03-19|title=Annotated check list of the Noctuoidea (Insecta, Lepidoptera) of North America north of Mexico|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.40.414|journal=ZooKeys|language=en|volume=40|pages=1–239|doi=10.3897/zookeys.40.414|issn=1313-2970}}</ref> and Zahiri et al.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zahiri|first=Reza|last2=Kitching|first2=Ian J.|last3=Lafontaine|first3=J. Donald|last4=Mutanen|first4=Marko|last5=Kaila|first5=Lauri|last6=Holloway|first6=Jeremy D.|last7=Wahlberg|first7=Niklas|date=2011-03-01|title=A new molecular phylogeny offers hope for a stable family level classification of the Noctuoidea (Lepidoptera)|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1463-6409.2010.00459.x/abstract|journal=Zoologica Scripta|language=en|volume=40|issue=2|pages=158–173|doi=10.1111/j.1463-6409.2010.00459.x|issn=1463-6409}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> &nbsp;The most recent study by Zahriri et al. forms the basis for the current definition of the Erebinae. On the basis of consistent molecular support, Zahiri et al.<ref name=":1" /> identified several potential The current definition of the Erebinae is based on the results of the molecular phylogenetic study of  who recognized several morphological synapomorphies for the subfamily: [[proboscis]] with smooth [[apex]] and [[Sensillum|sensilla]] styloconica [[Anatomical terms of location|dorsally]], modified seventh [[Abdomen (insect anatomy)|abdominal]] [[Sternum (arthropod anatomy)|sternite]] in the female, divided in to two lobes surrounding the ostium bursae (female [[copulatory]] opening). In the [[larva]]e, dorsolateral [[tubercle]]s on segment A8, and [[pupa]]e often with waxy bloom. Within the Erebinae, Zahiri et al.<ref name="Z+2011">{{cite journal|date=2011|title=Molecular phylogenetics of Erebidae (Lepidoptera, Noctuoidea)|journal=Systematic Entomology|volume=37|pages=102–124|doi=10.1111/j.1365-3113.2011.00607.x|last1=Zahiri|first1=Reza|display-authors=etal}}</ref> recognized the following 19 tribes:

==Tribes==
<gallery>
File:Pl.6-15-Ugia transversa (Moore, 1882) (Iluza).JPG|[[Acantholipini]]: ''[[Ugia transversa]]''
File:Audea hypostigmata.JPG|[[Audeini]]: ''[[Audea hypostigmata]]''
File:Catephia alchymista.jpg|[[Catephiini]]: ''[[Catephia alchymista]]''
File:Catocala chelidonia uniforma.JPG|[[Catocalini]]: ''[[Catocala chelidonia]]''
File:Cocytia Durvillei.jpg|[[Cocytiini]]: ''[[Cocytia durvillei]]''
File:Ercheia multilinea.jpg|[[Ercheiini]]: ''[[Ercheia multilinea]]''
File:Erebus Macrops.jpg|[[Erebini]]: ''[[Erebus macrops]]''
File:Callistege.mi.2040.jpg|[[Euclidiini]]: ''[[Callistege mi]]''
File:Hulodes caranea (Noctuidae Catocalinae).jpg|[[Hulodini]]: ''[[Hulodes caranea]]''
File:Hypopyra capensis (13890401290).jpg|[[Hypopyrini]]: ''[[Hypopyra capensis]]''
File:- 8591 – Phoberia atomaris – Common Oak Moth (17082063132).jpg|[[Melipotini]]: ''[[Phoberia atomaris]]''
File:瞳夜蛾 Ommatophora luminosa (Cramer,1780) (10239537663).jpg|[[Ommatophorini]]: ''[[Ommatophora luminosa]]''
File:Zale lunata – Lunate Zale Moth (14659256598).jpg|[[Omopterini]]: ''[[Zale lunata]]''
File:Ophiusa discriminans female dorsal.jpg|[[Ophiusini]]: ''[[Ophiusa discriminans]]''
File:Pandesma submurina dorsal.jpg|[[Pandesmini]]: ''[[Pandesma submurina]]''
File:Dysgonia algira.jpg|[[Poaphilini]]: ''[[Dysgonia algira]]''
File:Pterocyclophora huntei - Leyte - Philippines - 06-2010 (8372567909).jpg|[[Sypnini]]: ''[[Pterocyclophora huntei]]''
File:Flickr - ggallice - Thysania zenobia d.jpg|[[Thermesiini]]: ''[[Thysania zenobia]]''
</gallery>{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*[[Acantholipini]]
*[[Audeini]]
*[[Catephiini]]
*[[Catocalini]]
*[[Cocytiini]]
*[[Ercheiini]]
*[[Erebini]]
*[[Euclidiini]]
*[[Hulodini]]
*[[Hypopyrini]]
*[[Melipotini]]
*[[Ommatophorini]]
*[[Omopterini]]
*[[Ophiusini]]
*[[Pandesmini]]
*[[Pericymini]]
*[[Poaphilini]]
*[[Sypnini]]
*[[Thermesiini]]
*''[[Incertae sedis]]''
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{commons category}}
{{Reflist}}
* {{aut|[[Fauna Europaea]] (FE)}} (2011): [http://www.faunaeur.org/full_results.php?id=446517 Erebinae]. Version 2.4, 2011-JAN-27. Retrieved 2011-DEC-27.
* {{aut|Savela, Markku}} (2011): [http://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/noctuoidea/noctuidae/catocalinae/index.html Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and some other life forms: Catocalinae]. Version of 2011-OCT-29. Retrieved 2011-DEC-27.

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'''References'''

Lafontaine, J.D. & Schmidt, B.C. (2010) Annotated checklist of the Noctuoidea (Insecta, Lepidoptera) of North America north of Mexico. Zookeys, 40, 1–239.

Sargent, T.D. (1976) Legion of Night: The Underwing Moths. University of Massachusetts Press, Amherst. xii + 222 pp. + 8 plates.

Zahiri, R., Kitching, I.J., Lafontaine, J.D., Mutanen, M., Kaila, L., Holloway, J.D. & Wahlberg, N. (2010) A new molecular phylogeny offers hope for a stable family level classification of the Noctuoidea (Lepidoptera). Zoologica Scripta, 40, 158–173. <nowiki>http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.2010.00459.x</nowiki>

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