View source for User:Oceanflynn/sandbox/Selected bibliography related to voter fraud

'''Voter fraud in United States elections''' a selected bibliography

===Voting fraud===

==Gregg Phillips== 

 [[Mississippi Department of Human Services]]. He is the author of a tweet, cited by president [[Donald Trump]] and retweeted by the conspiracy website [[Alex Jones (radio host)|InfoWars]], purporting that between three and five million non-citizens voted in the [[United States elections, 2016|U.S. 2016 elections]].<ref>{{YouTube|id=j4ogfo19kaM|title=CNN anchor confronts man behind voter fraud claim}}</ref><ref name="Lussenhop"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/01/27/politics/gregg-phillips-voter-fraud-donald-trump-cnntv/index.html|title=Trump-cited study author (still) refuses to show proof of voter fraud|work=CNN|first=Josiah |last=Ryan|access-date=2017-01-28}}</ref><ref name="Swaine">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jan/27/trump-voter-fraud-gregg-phillips-unpaid-taxes|title=Trump's voter fraud expert owes US more than $100,000 in unpaid taxes|last=Swaine|first=Jon|date=January 27, 2017|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2017-01-28}}</ref> no evidence for his claims.<ref name="The Guardian">{{cite news|last1=Smith|first1=David|last2=Belam|first2=Martin|title=How a dubious tweet about illegal votes found its way to Trump's megaphone|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/dec/01/how-a-dubious-tweet-about-illegal-votes-found-its-way-to-trumps-megaphone|work=The Guardian|date=December 1, 2016}}</ref> "under fire from the Legislature for his management of the state welfare programs."<ref name="Ratcliffe">{{cite web|url=http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Privatization-role-reveals-ethics-gap-in-state-law-1940898.php|title=Privatization role reveals ethics gap in state law|last=Ratcliffe|first=R.G.|date=January 2, 2005|work=Houston Chronicle}}</ref> A week after leaving Department of Human Services, Phillips was hired by Synesis Corporation, a division of Centec Learning, which had an $878,000 contract to lease mobile learning labs to the [[University of Mississippi]] as part of LEAP, a literacy program Phillips backed as head of the Department of Human Services.<ref name="Mitchell">{{cite news|last1=Mitchell|first1=Jerry|title=Voter fraud probe traced back to ex-MS welfare head|url=http://www.clarionledger.com/story/news/2017/01/26/voter-fraud-probe-traced-back-to-ex-mississippi-welfare-head/97094430/|work=The Clarion-Ledger|date=January 26, 2017|language=en}}</ref>

[[Texas Health and Human Services Commission]] from March 2003 to August 2004.<ref name="TT">{{cite news|last1=Svitek|first1=Patrick|title=Trump's unsupported claim of voter fraud appears to have Texas roots|url=https://www.texastribune.org/2016/11/28/trumps-unsupported-claim-voter-fraud-has-texas-roo/|work=The Texas Tribune|date=November 28, 2016}}</ref> ''[[Houston Chronicle]]'' found that a company started by Phillips and a company of Britton's received a $670,000 state contract from the [[Texas Workforce Commission]] in January 2004.<ref name="Mitchell" /> Phillips then ran the health care analytics firm AutoGov.<ref name="TT" /> Phillips is described as a "vocal conservative who founded a health-care-data company."<ref name="Murrray" />$100,000 in unpaid taxes.<ref name="Swaine" /><ref name="Ratcliffe" />

== Unsubstantiated voter fraud claims ==
In 2013, Phillips' firm partnered with the organization [[True the Vote]] to, according to Phillips, update and analyze voter registration data in the U.S. to supposedly identify indicators of each person voting such as: citizenship or non-citizenship, identity, and felony status.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Phillips|first1=Gregg|title=The Cause|url=http://thecause.voterstrust.com/issues/2#start|publisher=VotersTrust|accessdate=28 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="Murrray">{{cite web|last1=Murray|first1=Mark|title=Who is Gregg Phillips, the Man Trump Name-Checked to Prove Voter Fraud?|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/who-gregg-phillips-man-trump-name-checked-prove-voter-fraud-n713186|work=NBC News|accessdate=28 January 2017}}</ref> He has asserted that his organization has evidence that between three and five million votes were illegal in the 2016 presidential election. He has, however, not provided the purported evidence for this claim.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/7667b3dc411042558b35adf162b5b8a5|title=AP FACT CHECK: Trump cites man's dubious voter fraud claims|newspaper=The Big Story|language=en-US|access-date=2017-01-31}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2016/11/27/trumps-bogus-claim-that-millions-of-people-voted-illegally-for-hillary-clinton/|title=Donald Trump's bogus claim that millions of people voted illegally for Hillary Clinton|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=2017-01-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.politifact.com/punditfact/statements/2016/nov/18/blog-posting/no-3-million-undocumented-immigrants-did-not-vote-/|title=Did 3 million undocumented immigrants vote in 2016?|newspaper=@politifact|language=en|access-date=2017-01-31}}</ref> Philipps made these voter fraud claims even before "data on voter history was available in most jurisdictions", which meant that "it had not even been determined which provisional ballots were valid and would be counted".<ref name=":0" />

Having warned that "duplicate records" and "inactive voters" would contribute to voter fraud, it was later revealed that Philipps was registered to vote in three states.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Garance|last=Burke|url=https://apnews.com/80497cfb5f054c9b8c9e0f8f5ca30a62|title=AP: Trump's voter fraud expert registered in 3 states|newspaper=AP News|language=en-US|date=January 30, 2017|access-date=2017-01-31}}</ref>

==Steve Miller==

[[Stephen Miller (political operative)|Stephen Miller]], Trump's [[Senior Advisor to the President of the United States|Senior Advisor]], was Jeff Sessions' communications director when he served as Senator for  [[Alabama]].<ref name="topsessionsaide">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/01/25/top-sessions-aide-joins-trump-campaign/ |title=Top Sessions aide joins Trump campaign |last=Costa |first=Robert |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=January 25, 2016 |accessdate=January 30, 2017}}</ref><ref name="WSJ_T100_Miller">{{cite news|last1=Hackman|first1=Michelle|title=The Speechwriter Behind Donald Trump's Republican Convention Address|url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/the-speechwriter-behind-donald-trumps-republican-convention-address-1469093401|accessdate=August 6, 2016|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=July 21, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://www.newsobserver.com/news/local/education/article130428894.html |title=Stephen Miller's brash path from Duke campus to Trump White House |work=[[The News & Observer]] |date=February 3, 2017 }}</ref> Thirty-one-year old Miller, Bannon, and [[Andrew Bremberg]] sent over 200 executive orders to federal agencies for review before January 20.<ref name="NYT_T100_Miller" /> Miller has been an architect behind the inaugural address and the most "contentious executive orders"<ref name="NYT_T100_Miller">{{citation |url=https://nyti.ms/2l1uLqV |title=Stephen Miller Is a 'True Believer' Behind Core Trump Policies |authors=Glenn Thrush and Jennifer Steinhauer |date=February 11, 2017 |accessdate=February 11, 2017}}</ref> including [[Executive Order 13769]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-pol-trump-immigration-20170129-story.html|title=Travel ban is the clearest sign yet of Trump advisors' intent to reshape the country|first=Brian|last=Bennett|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=January 29, 2017|accessdate=January 30, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/316816-scarborough-singles-out-stephen-miller-for-power-trip-with-handling|title=Scarborough singles out Trump aide Stephen Miller for 'power trip'|first=Rebecca|last=Savransky|date=January 30, 2017|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|accessdate=January 30, 2017}}</ref>

In a February 12 interview with [[ABC News]] anchor [[George Stephanopolous]], when asked to provide evidence "for Trump's "unfounded allegations"<ref name="CNN_T100_voter_fraud" /> where former Senator [[Kelly Ayotte]] lost his bid for election, and Trump narrowly lost to Clinton in 2016,<ref name="businessinsider_T100_Miller_Voter_fraud" /><ref name="FEC_T100_Weintraub_2017" /> Miller suggested Stephanopolous interview Kansas Senator, [[Kris Kobach]] who relied upon a 2012 [[Pew Research Center]] study<ref name="PEW_T100_votersystem_2012" /> in his voter fraud claims.<ref name="CNN_T100_voter_fraud" /><ref name="politifact_T100_Spicer_PEW_voter_fraud" /> The day before the interview a Federal Election Commission Commissioner called on Trump to provide evidence of what would "constitute thousands of felony criminal offenses under New Hampshire law."<ref name="FEC_T100_Weintraub_2017" />

Since November 2016, Trump has repeated voter fraud allegations that thousands of voters were illegally bused from Massachusetts into New Hampshire where former Senator [[Kelly Ayotte]] lost his bid for election, and Trump narrowly lost to Clinton in 2016.<ref name="businessinsider_T100_Miller_Voter_fraud">{{citation |quote=| title='You have provided absolutely no evidence': Stephanopoulos grills Trump adviser in a testy interview about voter fraud|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/stephen-miller-voter-fraud-allegations-abc-2017-2|location=|work=Business Insider|author=Maxwell Tani|date= February 12, 2017 |accessdate=February 12, 2017 }}</ref> Trump had announced on January 25 that he was conducting an investigation into voter fraud. He repeated unsubstantiated claims about the number of fraudulent voters and referred to VoteStand founder [[Gregg Phillips]], who could not produce any evidence of voter fraud.<ref name=cnn.fraud>{{cite news |last=Ryan |first=Josiah |date=January 27, 2017 |title=Trump-cited study author (still) refuses to show proof of voter fraud |url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/01/27/politics/gregg-phillips-voter-fraud-donald-trump-cnntv/ |newspaper=CNN |access-date=January 27, 2017 }}</ref><ref name=vox.fraud>{{cite news |author=German Lopez |date=January 25, 2017 |title=It's official: Trump is taking his voter fraud myth to the White House — with real consequences |url=http://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2017/1/25/14382632/trump-voter-fraud-myth-investigation |newspaper=Vox |access-date=January 25, 2017 }}</ref> In January ''[[US News and World Report|US News]]'' reported that members of Trump's cabinet and family were registered to vote in multiple states.<ref name=registration>{{cite web | url=http://www.usnews.com/news/national-news/articles/2017-01-25/tiffany-trump-steve-bannon-steve-mnuchin-registered-to-vote-in-multiple-states | title=Tiffany Trump, Steve Bannon, Steven Mnuchin Registered to Vote in Multiple States | author=Gabrielle Levy |publisher=[[US News and World Report]] | date=January 19, 2017}}</ref> On February 10, [[Federal Election Commission]] (FEC) Commissioner, [[Ellen L. Weintraub]], issued a statement calling on Trump, to provide the evidence of what would "constitute thousands of felony criminal offenses under New Hampshire law."<ref name="FEC_T100_Weintraub_2017">{{citation |quote= The scheme the President of the United States alleges would constitute thousands of felony criminal offenses under New Hampshire law. The President has issued an extraordinarily serious and specific charge. Allegations of this magnitude cannot be ignored. I therefore call upon President Trump to immediately share his evidence with the public and with the appropriate law-enforcement authorities so that his allegations may be investigated promptly and thoroughly.|title=Statement of Commissioner Ellen L. Weintraub Regarding Allegations by the President of the United States of Widespread Voter Fraud in New Hampshire|url=https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/5381420/ELW-POTUS-voter-fraud-statement.pdf|location=Washington|publisher=''[[Federal Election Commission]]'' (FEC)|author=[[Ellen L. Weintraub]]|date= February 10, 2017 |accessdate=February 12, 2017}}</ref> By February 12, Steve Miller was still unable to provide concrete evidence to support claims of voter fraud in an interview with Stephanopolous,<ref name="CNN_T100_voter_fraud">{{citation|quote=thousands of people being bused from Massachusetts to vote illegally in New Hampshire, a state he narrowly lost to Hillary Clinton|title=FEC commissioner asks Trump for voter fraud evidence| url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/02/10/politics/fec-ellen-weintraub-new-hampshire/
| location=Washington|work=CNN|author=Eli Watkins|date= February 10, 2017 |accessdate=February 12, 2017}}</ref><ref name="businessinsider_T100_Miller_Voter_fraud" /> but he seemed to direct Stephanopolous to the often-cited 2012 [[Pew Research Center]] study.<ref name="PEW_T100_votersystem_2012">{{citation 
|quote=Eligible citizens who remain unregistered: "The data indicate that at least 51 million citizens appear to be unregistered in the United States, or more than 24 percent of the eligible population. Conversely, Canada, which uses innovative technology and data-matching methods, has 93 percent of its eligible voters on the rolls."p.8  |title=Inaccurate, Costly, and Inefficient Evidence That America's Voter Registration System Needs an Upgrade|url=http://www.pewtrusts.org/~/media/legacy/uploadedfiles/pcs_assets/2012/pewupgradingvoterregistrationpdf.pdf|location=Washington|work=[[Pew Research Center]]
|author=Kate Kelly|date= February 2012|accessdate=February 12, 2017
|pages=12}}</ref><ref name="CNN_T100_voter_fraud" /> In fact, the 2012 PEW report entitled "Inaccurate, Costly, and Inefficient Evidence That America’s Voter Registration System Needs an Upgrade," that was based on 2008 data, was about "outdated voter rolls, not fraudulent votes" and "makes no mention of noncitizens voting or registering to vote".<ref name="politifact_T100_Spicer_PEW_voter_fraud">{{citation 
|quote= Sean Spicer, January 24, daily press briefing: "There's one (study) that came out of Pew in 2008 that showed 14 percent of people who voted were noncitizens."
|title=Sean Spicer wrongly uses Pew study to bolster claim that non-citizens vote in large numbers
|url=http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2017/jan/25/sean-spicer/sean-spicer-wrongly-uses-pew-study-bolster-claim-n/|location=|work=[[PolitiFact.com]]
|author=Lauren Carroll|date= January 25, 2017 |accessdate=February 12, 2017 
}}</ref> The report showed that because of inefficiencies in the voter system, 24 percent of eligible citizens were not able to be registered, representing "51 million citizens."<ref name="PEW_T100_votersystem_2012" />{{rp|8}} Problems related to voter registration often affected "military personnel— especially those deployed overseas and their families—who were almost twice as likely to report registration problems as was the general public in 2008."<ref name="PEW_T100_votersystem_2012" />{{rp|7}} In November, the "the former director of Pew’s election program" explained that, "We found millions of out of date registration records due to people moving or dying, but found no evidence that voter fraud resulted."<ref name="politifact_T100_Spicer_PEW_voter_fraud" /> On January 25, Spicer confirmed in a press briefing that Trump continued to believe that "millions voted illegally in the election" based on "studies and evidence that people have presented him."<ref name="theguardian_T100_voterfraud">{{citation |quote=President says he will seek inquiry into voters ‘who are illegal’ and dead people after White House says he still believes millions voted illegally 
|title=Trump plans 'major investigation into voter fraud' amid groundless claims|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jan/25/donald-trump-voter-fraud-investigation-illegal-voting|location=|work=The Guardian|author=|date= January 25, 2017 |accessdate=February 12, 2017 
}}</ref> This included an often-cited and contested<ref name="WP_T100_voterfraud">{{citation |quote=
Trump camp’s repeated use of dubious sources on voter fraud  |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2016/11/29/trump-camps-repeated-use-of-dubious-sources-on-voter-fraud/|title=Trump camp's repeated use of dubious sources on voter fraud|location=Washington|newspaper=The Washington Post|author=Michelle Ye Hee Lee
|date= November 29, 2016  |accessdate=February 12, 2017 }}</ref><ref name="theguardian_T100_voterfraud" /> 2014 [[Old Dominion University]] study entitled, "Do non-citizens vote in U.S. elections?".<ref name="sciencedirect_T100_voterfraud_14%">{{cite journal
|quote=This analysis provides some of the first available nationwide estimates of the portion of non-citizen immigrants who vote in U.S. elections. These estimates speak to an ongoing debate concerning non-citizen voting rights within the United States (DeSipio, 2011, Earnest, 2008, FAIR, 2004, Fund and von Spakovsky, 2012, Hayduk, 2006, Immigration Policy Center, 2012 and Munro, 2008; Song, 2009 and Von Spakovsky, 2012) and they also speak to broader global questions concerning the normative political place of non-citizens in democratic politics.  |title=Do non-citizens vote in U.S. elections?|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261379414000973
|journal=[[Electoral Studies]]|volume =36|publisher=[[Elvisier]]
|pages=149–157|authors=Jesse T. Richmana, Gulshan A. Chatthab, and David C. Earnest|date= December 2014
|doi=10.1016/j.electstud.2014.09.001 |accessdate=February 12, 2017 }}</ref> Using Cooperative Congressional Election Study data from 2008 and 2010, the researchers had argued that more than 14% of non-citizens "indicated that they were registered to vote".<ref name="theguardian_T100_voterfraud" />

==Notable United States legislation==

===Help America Vote Act===
{{Main article|Help America Vote Act}}
The '''Help America Vote Act''' ({{USPL|107|252}}), or '''HAVA''', is a [[United States federal law]] enacted on October 29, 2002.<ref name="doj">[[United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division]]Voting Section Home Page,[http://www.usdoj.gov/crt/voting/hava/hava.htmlThe Help America Vote Act of 2002]</ref> It was drafted (at least in part) in reaction to the controversy surrounding the [[United States presidential election, 2000|2000 U.S. presidential election]], the goals of HAVA are:<ref name="HAVA">{{cite web
 | author = 107th U.S. Congress
 | date = October 29, 2002
 | url = http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=107_cong_public_laws&docid=f:publ252.107
 | title = Help America Vote Act of 2002 (Pub.L. 107-252)
 | publisher = [[United States Government Printing Office|U.S. Government Printing Office]]
 | accessdate = 2008-10-10
 | authorlink = 107th United States Congress
}}</ref> to replace punchcard and lever-based [[voting machines|voting systems]]; create the [[Election Assistance Commission]] to assist in the administration of Federal elections; and establish minimum [[election administration]] standards.

===Voting Rights Act of 1965===
{{main article|Voting Rights Act of 1965}}
This was the most important federal legislation of the 20th century to protect voting rights, especially of ethnic and language minorities who had been [[Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era|disenfranchised]] for decades by states' constitutions and practices. Initially it was particularly important for enforcing the constitutional right of African Americans in the South to vote, where millions of people had been mostly disenfranchised since the turn of the 20th century and excluded from politics. The law has also protected other ethnicities, such as Hispanics, Asians, Native Americans, and language minorities in other states, who have been discriminated against at various times, especially in the process of voter registration and electoral practices.

===Civil Rights Act of 1964===
{{Main article|Civil Rights Act of 1964}}
The '''Civil Rights Act of 1964''' ({{USStatute|88|352|78|241|1964|07|02}}) was a landmark piece of legislation in the [[United States]]<ref>Wright, Susan (2005), ''The Civil Rights Act of 1964: Landmark Antidiscrimination Legislation'', The Rosen Publishing Group, {{ISBN|1-4042-0455-5}}</ref> that outlawed major forms of discrimination against African Americans and other minorities.

impersonation<ref name=booker>{{cite web | url=http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2015/aug/18/cory-booker/lightning-strikes-more-common-person-voter-fraud-s/ | title=Lightning strikes more common in Texas than in-person voter fraud, says Cory Booker | work=Politifact | date=18 August 2015 | accessdate=2 March 2016 | author=Booker, Cory| quote=Voter fraud is 'the intentional corruption of the electoral process by voters. This covers knowingly and willingly giving false information to establish voter eligibility, and knowingly and willingly voting illegally or participating in a conspiracy to encourage illegal voting by others,' according to [[Lorraine Minnite]], a professor at Rutgers and author of the book The Myth of Voter Fraud.}}</ref> [[Voter ID laws in the United States|voter ID laws]] have been enacted in a number of states since 2010 with the aim of preventing voter impersonation.<ref name=abc>{{cite web | url=http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/OTUS/voter-fraud-real-rare/story?id=17213376 | title=Voter Fraud: Non-Existent Problem or Election-Threatening Epidemic? | work=ABC News | date=12 September 2012 | accessdate=9 December 2015 | author=Bingham, Amy}}</ref> . In 2013, 270 of the 6,000 dead people previously registered to vote in [[Nassau County, NY]] in 2013, supposedly cast ballots. County officials blamed many of the invalid votes on clerical errors.<ref>{{cite news|title=More Than 200 Dead People Shown to Have Voted in NY County Elections: Report |author= Greg Cergol |url=http://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/Dead-Voter-List-Long-Island-Nassau-County-Newsday-230030371.html |work=NBC New York |date= October 31, 2013 |accessdate=January 18, 2016}}</ref> In 2013, state election officials found at least 81 dead voters in North Carolina<ref>{{cite news|title=At least 81 dead people have been voting in North Carolina |author= Alex Pappas |url=http://dailycaller.com/2014/04/02/at-least-81-dead-people-have-been-voting-in-north-carolina/ |work=The Daily Caller |date= April 2, 2014 |accessdate=January 18, 2016}}</ref> and 92 dead voters in Oregon.<ref>{{cite news|title=Too nice for voter fraud? Some say OR election system vulnerable despite few cases |author= Shelby Sebens |url=http://watchdog.org/85032/too-nice-for-voter-fraud-some-say-or-election-system-vulnerable-despite-few-cases/ |work=watchdog.org |date= May 16, 2013 |accessdate=January 18, 2016}}</ref> Other examples include the 1997 Miami ballot fraud, which tainted the city's mayoral election and produced 36 arrests – 18 of these people were charged with [[absentee ballot]] fraud (not voter impersonation).<ref>{{cite news|title=18 are arrested in 1997 Miami Ballot Fraud |url=http://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/29/us/18-are-arrested-in-1997-miami-ballot-fraud.html |work=The New York Times |date= October 29, 1998 |accessdate=January 18, 2016}}</ref> A 2012 report by the Pew Center showed that over 1.8 million dead people are registered to vote nationwide and over 3 million voters were registered in multiple states.<ref>{{cite news|title=Study: 1.8 Million Dead People Still Registered to Vote |author= Pam Fessler |url=http://www.npr.org/2012/02/14/146827471/study-1-8-million-dead-people-still-registered-to-vote |work=NPR |date= February 14, 2012 |accessdate=January 18, 2016}}</ref> Registration irregularities do not intrinsically constitute fraud: in most cases the states are simply slow to eliminate ineligible voters. These irregularities have left some concerned that the electoral system is vulnerable to the impersonation of dead voters. However, most states have since worked to address the concerns raised by this report.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/ap-ap-fact-check-voter-roll-problems-do-not-equate-to-fraud-2016-10 |title=AP FACT CHECK: Voter registration problems do not make system vulnerable to widespread fraud |last=Cassidy |first=Christina |website=Business Insider |publication-date=2016-10-25}}</ref> Conservative lawyer [[Hans von Spakovsky]] has claimed that significant in-person voter fraud occurred in Brooklyn from 1968 to 1982, but [[Richard Hasen]] has argued that this fraud, because it involved election officials colluding with one another, could not have been prevented by a voter ID law.<ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/10/29/the-voter-fraud-myth | title=The Voter-Fraud Myth | magazine=The New Yorker | date=29 October 2012 | accessdate=11 March 2016 | author=Mayer, Jane}}</ref> to steal an election, because if they paid people to vote for their preferred candidate, they could not confirm whether the people they paid voted at all, much less the way they were paid to.<ref>{{cite journal | url=http://columbialawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Gilbert-M..pdf | title=The Problem of Voter Fraud | author=Gilbert, Michael | journal=Columbia Law Review | date=April 2015 | volume=115 | issue=3 | pages=739–75}}</ref> For instance, ABC News reported in 2012 that only four cases of voter impersonation had led to convictions in Texas over the previous decade.<ref name=abc/> A study released the same year by [[News21]], an [[Arizona State University]] reporting project, identified a total of 10 cases of alleged voter impersonation in the United States since 2000.<ref name=upi>{{cite web | url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2012/08/12/Report-Voter-impersonation-a-rarity/UPI-57831344823032/?st_rec=4061414978930 | title=Report: Voter impersonation a rarity | work=UPI | date=12 August 2012 | accessdate=9 December 2015}}</ref> This analysis has, in turn, been criticized by the executive director of the [[Republican National Lawyers Association]], who has said that the study was "highly flawed in its very approach to the issue."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.politifact.com/georgia/statements/2012/sep/19/naacp/-person-voter-fraud-very-rare-phenomenon/ | title=In-person voter fraud 'a very rare phenomenon' | work=Politifact | date=19 September 2012 | accessdate=9 December 2015 | author=Davis, Janel}}</ref> Also a 2012 study found no evidence that voter impersonation (in the form of people voting under the auspices of a dead voter) occurred in the 2006 Georgia general elections.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hood|first1=M. V.|last2=Gillespie|first2=William|title=They Just Do Not Vote Like They Used To: A Methodology to Empirically Assess Election Fraud|journal=Social Science Quarterly|date=March 2012|volume=93|issue=1|pages=76–94|doi=10.1111/j.1540-6237.2011.00837.x}}</ref> In April 2014, Federal District Court Judge [[Lynn Adelman]] ruled in ''[[Frank v. Walker]]'' that Wisconsin's voter ID law was unconstitutional because "virtually no voter impersonation occurs in Wisconsin...".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/04/29/voter-fraud-wisconsin_n_5235466.html | title=In-Person Voter Fraud Is Virtually Nonexistent, Federal Judge Rules | work=Huffington Post | date=29 April 2014 | accessdate=1 March 2016 | author=Reilly, Ryan|quote=The defendants could not point to a single instance of known voter impersonation in the recent past.}}</ref> In August 2014, [[Justin Levitt]], a professor at [[Loyola Law School]], reported in the Washington Post's [[Wonkblog]] that he had identified only 31 credible cases of voter impersonation since 2000.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2014/08/06/a-comprehensive-investigation-of-voter-impersonation-finds-31-credible-incidents-out-of-one-billion-ballots-cast/ | title=A comprehensive investigation of voter impersonation finds 31 credible incidents out of one billion ballots cast | newspaper=Washington Post | date=6 August 2014 | accessdate=9 December 2015 | author=Levitt, Justin}}</ref> Levitt has also claimed that of these 31 cases, three of them occurred in Texas, while [[Lorraine Minnite]] of [[Rutgers University–Camden]] estimates there were actually four during the 2000–2014 period.<ref name=booker/> The most serious incident identified involved as many as 24 people trying to vote under assumed names in [[Brooklyn]], but even this would not have made a significant difference in almost any American election.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2014/10/13/the-disconnect-between-voter-id-laws-and-voter-fraud/ | title=The disconnect between voter ID laws and voter fraud | newspaper=Washington Post | date=13 October 2014 | accessdate=7 February 2016 | author=Bump, Philip}}</ref> Also that year, a study in the ''[[Election Law Journal]]'' found that about the same percentage of the U.S. population (about 2.5%) admitted to having been abducted by aliens as admitted to committing voter impersonation. This study also concluded that "strict voter ID requirements address a problem that was certainly not common in the 2012 U.S. election."<ref>[http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/elj.2013.0231 Alien Abduction and Voter Impersonation in the 2012 U.S. General Election: Evidence from a Survey List Experiment]</ref> In 2016, News21 reviewed cases of possible voter impersonation in five states where politicians had expressed concerns about it. They found 38 successful fraud cases in these states from 2012 to 2016, none of which were for voter impersonation.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.publicintegrity.org/2016/08/21/20078/review-key-states-voter-id-laws-found-no-voter-impersonation-fraud |title=A review of key states with Voter ID laws found no voter impersonation fraud |last=Edge |first=Sami |website=Center for Public Integrity |publication-date=2016-08-21}}</ref> The vast majority of voter ID laws in the United States aim only at [[voter impersonation]], of which there are only 31 documented cases in the United States from the 2000-2014 period.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2014/10/13/the-disconnect-between-voter-id-laws-and-voter-fraud/ | title=The disconnect between voter ID laws and voter fraud | publisher=The Washington Post | work=The Fix | date=October 13, 2014 | accessdate=July 26, 2016 | author=Bump, Philip}}</ref> According to ''[[PolitiFact.com|PolitiFact]]'', "in-person voter fraud—the kind targeted by the ID law—remains extremely rare".<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=http://www.politifact.com/texas/statements/2016/mar/17/greg-abbott/light-match-greg-abbotts-claim-about-rampant-voter/|title=None|access-date=August 3, 2016}}</ref> PolitiFact finds the suggestion that "voter fraud is rampant" false, giving it its "Pants on Fire" rating.<ref name=":9" />

Proponents of voter ID laws cite the registration of dead and out-of-state voters as a vulnerability in the electoral system. A 2012 report by the [[Pew Center]] showed that more than 1.8 million deceased people remain registered to vote nationwide. The same report found 3 million voters registered in multiple states, presumably due to changes of residency.<ref>{{cite news|title=Study: 1.8 Million Dead People Still Registered to Vote|author=Pam Fessler|url=http://www.npr.org/2012/02/14/146827471/study-1-8-million-dead-people-still-registered-to-vote |work=NPR|date=February 14, 2012|accessdate=January 18, 2016}}</ref> David Becker, the director of Election Initiatives for Pew, said this study's results pointed to the need to improve voter registration, rather than to evidence of voter fraud or suppression.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.politico.com/story/2012/02/report-18m-dead-registered-to-vote-072830 |title=Report: 1.8M dead registered to vote|work=Politico|date=February 14, 2012|accessdate=March 28, 2016|author=Weinger, Mackenzie}}</ref>


==Voter ID==
At the federal level, the [[Help America Vote Act#Voter identification|Help America Vote Act of 2002]] requires voter ID for all new voters in federal elections who registered by mail and who did not provide a [[driver's license]] number or the last four digits of a [[Social Security number]] that was matched against government records.<ref name=tokaji>{{cite web|last=Tokaji|first=Daniel P.|title=The Help America Vote Act: An Overview|url=http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/electionlaw/ebook/part5/hava.html |work=The E-Book on Election Law: An Online Reference Guide|publisher=Moritz College of Law|accessdate=March 13, 2013}}</ref> As of September 2016, 33 states have enacted some form of voter ID requirement.<ref name=propublica/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncsl.org/research/elections-and-campaigns/voter-id.aspx |title=Voter Identification Requirements – Voter ID Laws|work=ncsl.org|accessdate=November 5, 2014}}</ref> Lawsuits have been filed against many of the voter ID requirements on the basis that they are discriminatory with an intent to reduce voting by traditionally Democratic constituencies. Parts of voter ID laws in several states have been overturned by courts.<ref name="supreme.watch">[http://www.cnn.com/2016/07/19/politics/voting-rights-supreme-court/ Ariane de Vogue, "Voting challenges head toward the Supreme Court: 4 cases to watch"], CNN, July 19, 2016; accessed July 30, 2016</ref><ref name="id">"[http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/30/us/federal-appeals-court-strikes-down-north-carolina-voter-id-provision.html?_r=0 Voter ID Laws Take a Beating in U.S. Courts]", ''New York Times,'' July 30, 2016, p. 1</ref><ref name="id" /><ref name="wapost" />

==Old Dominion==
{{main|Voter ID laws in the United States}}


Proponents of voter ID laws have pointed to a 2014 study by [[Old Dominion University]] professors Jesse Richman and David Earnest as justification. The study, which used data developed by the Cooperative Congressional Election Study, concluded that more than 14 percent of self-identified [[non-citizens]] in 2008 and 2010 indicated that they were registered to vote, approximately 6.4% of surveyed non-citizens voted in 2008, and 2.2% of surveyed non-citizens voted in 2010.<ref>{{cite news|last=Richman|first=Jesse|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2014/10/24/could-non-citizens-decide-the-november-election/ |title=Washington Post: Could non-citizens decide the November election?|newspaper=Washington Post|date=October 24, 2014|accessdate=June 18, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Do non-citizens vote in U.S. elections?|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261379414000973 |journal=[[Electoral Studies]] |date=December 1, 2014|pages=149–157|volume= 36|doi= 10.1016/j.electstud.2014.09.001|first1=Jesse T.|last1=Richman|first2=Gulshan A.|last2=Chattha|first3=David C.|last3=Earnest}}</ref> However, the study also concluded that voter ID requirements would be ineffective at reducing non-citizen voting.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/business/hiltzik/la-fi-mh-steal-your-election-20141031-column.html|title=Today's voting freakout: noncitizens are coming to steal your election|date=October 31, 2014|work=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=March 28, 2016|author=Hiltzik, Michael}}</ref> This study has been criticized by numerous academics.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2014/10/27/methodological-challenges-affect-study-of-non-citizens-voting/|title=Methodological challenges affect study of non-citizens' voting|date=October 27, 2014|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=February 7, 2016|author=Bump, Philip}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{cite journal|last2=Luks|first2=Samantha|last3=Schaffner|first3=Brian F.|date=December 2015|title=The perils of cherry picking low frequency events in large sample surveys|journal=Electoral Studies|volume=40|pages=409–10|doi=10.1016/j.electstud.2015.07.002|last1=Ansolabehere|first1=Stephen}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite news|url=http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/11/donald-trump-illegal-votes-evidence-debunked-214487|title=Trump's Claims About Illegal Votes Are Nonsense. I Debunked the Study He Cites as 'Evidence.'|newspaper=POLITICO Magazine|access-date=2017-01-27}}</ref> A 2015 study by the managers of the Cooperative Congressional Election Study found that Richman and Earnest's study was "almost certainly flawed" and that, in fact, it was most likely that 0% of non-citizens had voted in recent American elections.<ref name=":12" /> Richman and Earnest's findings were the result of measurement error; some individuals who answered the survey checked the wrong boxes in surveys. Richman and Earnest therefore extrapolated from a handful of wrongfully classified cases to achieve an exaggerated number of individuals who appeared to be non-citizen voters.<ref name=":12" /> Richman later conceded that "the response error issues... may have biased our numbers".<ref name=":13">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/26/upshot/illegal-voting-claims-and-why-they-dont-hold-up.html|title=Illegal Voting Claims, and Why They Don't Hold Up|last=Cohn|first=Nate|date=2017-01-26|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2017-01-26}}</ref> Richman has also rebuked President Trump for claiming that millions voted illegally in 2016.<ref name=":13" /> Brian Schaffner, Professor of Political Science at University of Massachesetts, Amherst, who was part of the team that debunked Richman and Earnest's study has said that the study "is not only wrong, it is irresponsible social science and should never have been published in the first place. There is no evidence that non-citizens have voted in recent U.S. elections... It is bad research, because it fails to understand basic facts about the data it uses. Indeed, it took me and my colleagues only a few hours to figure out why the authors’ findings were wrong and to produce the evidence needed to prove as much. The authors were essentially basing their claims on two pieces of data associated with the large survey—a question that asks people whether they are citizens and official vote records to which each respondent has been matched to determine whether he or she had voted. Both these pieces of information include some small amounts of measurement error, as is true of all survey questions. What the authors failed to consider is that measurement error was entirely responsible for their results. In fact, once my colleagues and I accounted for that error, we found that there were essentially zero non-citizens who voted in recent elections.."<ref name=":14" />

==2016 United States presidential election recounts==
{{main|2016 United States presidential election recounts}}

 November 9,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Zapotosky|first1=Matt|title=Clinton campaign will participate in Wisconsin recount, with an eye on 'outside interference,' lawyer says|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2016/11/26/clinton-campaign-will-participate-in-wisconsin-recount-with-an-eye-on-outside-interference-lawyer-says/|accessdate=November 28, 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|date=November 26, 2016}}</ref> to petition for a [[Election recount|recount]] in three key states: Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/nov/23/hillary-clinton-election-vote-recount-michigan-pennsylvania-wisconsin|title=Hillary Clinton urged to call for election vote recount in battleground states|first=Jon|last=Swaine|date=November 23, 2016|publisher=|accessdate=November 28, 2016|via=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> fair to all sides."<ref name=splits>{{cite news|title=Clinton campaign splits from White House in backing Jill Stein recount push|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/nov/26/hillary-clinton-attorney-jill-stein-wisconsin-recount|work=The Guardian|date=November 26, 2016|accessdate=November 26, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=[[Marc Elias]]|title=Listening and Responding To Calls for an Audit and Recount|url=https://medium.com/@marceelias/listening-and-responding-to-calls-for-an-audit-and-recount-2a904717ea39|date=November 26, 2016|accessdate=November 26, 2016|work=[[Medium (website)|Medium]]}}</ref><ref name="switch">{{cite news|title=Stein switches tactics in Pennsylvania recount drive|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/us-green-party-drops-election-recount-bid-pennsylvania-020036851.html|work=Yahoo News|date=December 4, 2016}}</ref> President-elect Trump and his supporters filed legal motions in all three states to prevent the recounts.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Eggert|first1=David|last2=Bauer|first2=Scott|title=Trump, Backers Ask Courts to Halt or Block 3 State Recounts|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory/michigan-board-hear-trumps-challenge-recount-effort-43921298|accessdate=3 December 2016|agency=Associated Press|publisher=ABC News|date=December 2, 2016}}</ref> on November 30,<ref name="Nevada">{{cite news|title=The Latest: 5 Nevada counties to recount presidential race|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/the-latest-stein-to-seek-presidential-recount-in-michigan/2016/11/30/c760d82c-b724-11e6-939c-91749443c5e5_story.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=November 30, 2016}}</ref> and three [[Florida]] citizens filed for a complete hand recount in their state on December 6.<ref name="Florida">{{Cite news|url=http://www.tallahassee.com/story/news/2016/12/05/plaintiffs-want-presidential-recount-florida/95007210/|title=Plaintiffs want presidential recount in Florida|newspaper=Tallahassee Democrat|access-date=2016-12-06}}</ref>

Trump also used [[Twitter]] to allege that "serious voter fraud" had occurred in [[California]], [[New Hampshire]], and [[Virginia]],<ref name="wptr">{{Cite news |url=http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2016/11/29/wisconsin-prepares-recount-over-25-million-votes |title=Wisconsin prepares to recount over 25 million votes |agency=Reuters |accessdate=November 29, 2016 |date=November 29, 2016 |publisher=SBS }}</ref> and claimed, without evidence, that "millions of people" voted illegally.<ref>{{cite news|title=Donald Trump's new explanation for losing the popular vote? A Twitter-born conspiracy theory.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/11/27/donald-trumps-new-explanation-for-losing-the-popular-vote-a-twitter-born-conspiracy-theory/|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=November 27, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Trump Makes Unfounded Claim That 'Millions' Voted Illegally For Clinton|url=http://www.npr.org/2016/11/27/503506026/trump-makes-unfounded-claim-that-millions-voted-illegally-for-clinton|publisher=NPR|date=November 27, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Trump Claims, With No Evidence, That 'Millions of People' Voted Illegally|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/27/us/politics/trump-adviser-steps-up-searing-attack-on-romney.html|work=The New York Times|date=November 27, 2016}}</ref> On January 25, 2017, President Trump vowed to start a federal investigation into alleged voter fraud.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shear |first1=Michael D. |last2=Baker |first2=Peter |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/25/us/politics/trump-voting-fraud-false-claim-investigation.html?_r=0 |title=After His Claim of Voter Fraud, Trump Vows 'Major Investigation' |work=New York Times |date=January 25, 2017 |accessdate=January 26, 2017}}</ref>

According to ''[[Politico]]'', many of Clinton's closest allies were "irritated with Jill Stein" and did not believe that the recount will change the election's results, though they did feel that they had an obligation to participate.<ref>{{cite web |last= Debenedetti |first=Gabriel |url= http://www.politico.com/story/2016/11/hillary-clinton-state-recounts-reaction-jill-stein-231897 |title= Clinton team shrugs off recount effort |work=Politico |date=November 28, 2016 |accessdate= November 30, 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Gregg Phillips]]
*[[Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now]]
*[[Electoral fraud]]
*[[Electoral reform in the United States]]

*[[Hacking Democracy]]
*[[Voter caging]]
*[[Deceptive Practices and Voter Intimidation Prevention Act]]
*[[2016 United States presidential election recounts]]
*[[2004 United States election voting controversies]]
*[[Voter suppression in the United States]]
*[[Voter impersonation]]
*[[Voter ID laws in the United States]]
*[[American Center for Voting Rights]]
*[[List of controversial elections]]
***[[United States of America]] [[New York gubernatorial election, 1792|New York gubernatorial election, 1793]] - [[John Jay]] received more votes than [[George Clinton (vice president)|George Clinton]], but on technicalities the votes of [[Otsego County, New York|Otsego]], [[Tioga County, New York|Tioga]] and [[Clinton County, New York|Clinton]] counties were disqualified and not canvassed, giving George Clinton a slight majority in the official result.
*[[Bleeding Kansas]] election, March 30, 1855 - An election to decide whether [[Kansas]] should be a [[Slave and free states|free state]] or a [[Slave and free states|slave state]] involving massive immigration to sway the vote and resulted in post-election violence, including a severe beating of a [[US Senator]] by a [[United States House of Representatives|Congressman]]. The events it encompasses directly presaged the [[American Civil War]].
*[[United States presidential election, 1876]] - One of the most disputed and controversial presidential elections in American history between [[Samuel J. Tilden]]  and [[Rutherford B. Hayes]], resolved by the [[Compromise of 1877]].
*[[Elliott Danforth|New York State Senate election 1891 in Dutchess County]]
*[[United States presidential election, 1960]]<ref name="greenberg slate">{{Cite journal|url=http://www.slate.com/id/91350/|last=Greenberg| first=David| authorlink=David Greenberg| title=Was Nixon Robbed?|journal=Slate|date=2000-10-16}}</ref> Some accounts claimed that mobster [[Sam Giancana]] and his [[Chicago Outfit|Chicago crime syndicate]] played a role in Kennedy's victory in Illinois.<ref name="greenberg slate"/>
*[[United States presidential election, 2000]]
*[[2002 New Hampshire Senate election phone jamming scandal]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theunionleader.com/articles_show.html?article=18024 |accessdate=November 18, 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927105626/http://www.theunionleader.com/articles_show.html?article=18024 |archivedate=September 27, 2011 }}</ref> 
*[[Armenian presidential election, 2003]]
*[[Washington gubernatorial election, 2004]]

==Further reading==
* Argersinger, Peter H. "New perspectives on election fraud in the Gilded Age." ''Political Science Quarterly'' (1985) 100#4 pp.&nbsp;669–87<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=2151546|title=New Perspectives on Election Fraud in the Gilded Age|author=Peter H. Argersinger|journal=Political Science Quarterly|volume=100|date=1986|issue=4 |pages=669–87|publisher=The Academy of Political Science|doi=10.2307/2151546 }}</ref>
* Campbell, Tracy. ''Deliver the Vote: A History of Election Fraud, An American Political Tradition, 1742 2004'' (Basic Books, 2005)
* Fackler, Tim, and Tse-min Lin. "Political corruption and presidential elections, 1929–1992." ''Journal of Politics'' 57 (1995): 971–93.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://repositories2.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/4115/jop1.pdf?sequence=2 |format=PDF |title=Political Corruption and Presidential Elections, 1929–1992 |publisher=Repositories2.lib.utexas.edu |accessdate=2015-05-29}}</ref>
* Mayfield, Loomis. "Voting Fraud in Early Twentieth-Century Pittsburgh," ''Journal of Interdisciplinary History'' (1993) 29#1 59–84<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=205101|title=Voting Fraud in Early Twentieth-Century Pittsburgh|author=Loomis Mayfield|journal=The Journal of Interdisciplinary History|volume=24|date=1993|issue=1 |pages=59–84|publisher=The MIT Press|doi=10.2307/205101 }}</ref>
* Morris Jr., Roy. ''Fraud of the Century: Rutherford B. Hayes, Samuel Tilden, and the Stolen Election of 1876'' (2007)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amazon.com/Fraud-Century-Rutherford-Samuel-Election-ebook/dp/B000SH1N6U/ |title=Fraud of the Century: Rutherford B. Hayes, Samuel Tilden, and the Stolen Election of 1876 eBook: Roy Morris Jr. |website=Amazon |date= |accessdate=2015-05-29}}</ref>
* Summers, Mark Wahlgren. ''Party Games: Getting, Keeping, and Using Power in Gilded Age Politics'' (2003)<ref>{{cite book|author=Mark Wahlgren Summers (Author) |title=Party Games: Getting, Keeping, and Using Power in Gilded Age Politics: Mark Wahlgren Summers: 9780807855379 |year=2004 |isbn=0807855375 }}</ref>
* Summers, Mark Wahlgren. ''The Era of Good Stealings'' (1993), covers corruption 1868–1877
* Sydnor, Charles. ''Gentlemen Freeholders: Political Practices in Washington's Virginia'' (1952), 18th century

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

categories
Electoral fraud