View source for User:OldManRivers/Maori

:''For the language, see [[Māori language]]. For other meanings see [[Māori (disambiguation)]].''
{{Infobox Ethnic group
|group      = Māori
|image      = <div style="white-space:nowrap;">
[[File:HoneHeke1845.jpg|x131px]][[File:Hinepare.jpg|x131px]][[File:TukukinoLindauer.jpg|x131px]]<br/>[[File:RangiHiroa1904.jpg|x130px]][[File:MeriMangakahia1890s.jpg|x130px]][[File:ApiranaNgata1905.jpg|x130px]]<br/>[[File:Keisha Castle-Hughes at TIFF 2009 cropped.jpg|x100px]][[File:WinstonPetersEuropa.jpg|x100px]][[File:Stephen Kearney 2.jpg|x100px]]</div>
|caption    = [[Hone Heke]] and wife {{·}} Hinepare of [[Ngāti Kahungunu]] {{·}} Tukukino {{·}} [[Te Rangi Hīroa]] {{·}} [[Meri Te Tai Mangakahia]] {{·}} [[Apirana Ngata]] {{·}} [[Keisha Castle-Hughes]] {{·}} [[Winston Peters]] {{·}} [[Stephen Kearney]]
|population = approx. 725,000
|region1    = {{flagcountry|New Zealand}}
|pop1       = 632,900 (ethnicity)
|ref1       = <ref>Statistics New Zealand (2007). [http://www.stats.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/31591600-3789-4E45-BD18-62C78B8A4E0B/0/MaoriPopEstAt30Jun.xls Māori population estimates tables] as of 2007-06-30. Retrieved 2007-12-18.</ref>
|region2    = {{flagcountry|Australia}}
|pop2       = [[Maori Australian|72,956]] (descent)
|ref2       = <ref>Table 2.1, p 12, in Australian Bureau of Statistics (2004). ''{{cite web|url= http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/free.nsf/Lookup/3382D783B76B605BCA256E91007AB88E/$File/20540_2001.pdf |title=Australians' Ancestries: 2001 }}&nbsp;{{small|(2.01&nbsp;MB)}}''. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Catalogue Number 2054.0.</ref>
|region3    = {{flagcountry|UK}}
|pop3       = [[Māori in the United Kingdom|approx. 8,000]]
|ref3       = <ref name="Walrond">Walrond, Carl (2005). ''[http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/NewZealanders/MaoriNewZealanders/MaoriOverseas/5/en Māori overseas - England, the United States and elsewhere]'', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand.</ref>
|region4    = {{flagcountry|United States}}
|pop4       = approx. 3,500
|ref4       = <ref>New Zealand-born figures from the 2000 U.S. Census; sum of "Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander" and people of mixed race. United States Census Bureau (2003). ''{{cite web|url= http://www.census.gov/population/cen2000/stp-159/stp159-new_zealand.pdf |title=Census 2000 Foreign-Born Profiles (STP-159): Country of Birth: New Zealand }}&nbsp;{{small|(103&nbsp;KB)}}''. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Census Bureau.</ref>
|region5    = {{flagcountry|Canada}}
|pop5       = 1,305
|ref5       = <ref>Statistics Canada (2003). ''[http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/standard/themes/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?Temporal=2001&PID=62911&APATH=3&GID=431515&METH=1&PTYPE=55440&THEME=44&FOCUS=0&AID=0&PLACENAME=0&PROVINCE=0&SEARCH=0&GC=0&GK=0&VID=0&FL=0&RL=0&FREE=0 Ethnic Origin (232), Sex (3) and Single and Multiple Responses (3) for Population, for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2001 Census - 20% Sample Data]''. Ottawa: Statistics Canada, Cat. No. 97F0010XCB2001001.</ref>
|region6    = Other regions
|pop6       = approx. 8,000
|ref6       = <ref name="Walrond"/>
|languages  = [[Māori language|Māori]], [[English language|English]]
|religions  = [[Christianity]], [[Māori religion]] 
|related-c  = other [[Polynesia]]n peoples,<br/>[[Austronesian people]]s
}}

The '''Māori''' (commonly {{respell|ˈmaʊri}} or {{IPA-en|ˈmɑː.ɔri|}}) are the [[indigenous people|indigenous]] [[Polynesians|Polynesian]] people of [[New Zealand]] ([[Aotearoa]]). They arrived from [[Polynesia|East Polynesia ]] in several waves at some time before the year 1300,<ref>
[http://www.newscientist.com/channel/being-human/mg19826595.200-rat-remains-help-date-new-zealands-colonisation.html New Scientist Webpage: Rat remains help date New Zealand's colonisation]. Retrieved 2008-06-23.</ref> settled and developed a distinct culture. Their [[Māori language|language]] is very closely related to [[Cook Islands Māori]] and [[Tahitian language|Tahitian]].<ref name="Irwin">[http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/pacific-migrations/7 'Pacific migrations - Māori ancestors'], Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 4-Mar-09.</ref><ref name="taurawhiri">[http://www.tetaurawhiri.govt.nz/english/issues_e/reo/index.shtml Te Taura Whiri i Te Reo Māori/Māori Language Commission].</ref>

Māori society was destabilised from the late [[18th century]] by the weapons and diseases introduced by Europeans, and after 1840 they  lost an increasing amount of their land, and went into a cultural and numerical decline. However their population began to increase again from the late [[19th century]], and a marked Māori cultural revival began in the 1960s and continues.

== Naming and self-naming ==

In the [[Māori language]] the word ''māori'' means "normal", "natural" or "ordinary". In legends and other oral traditions, the word distinguished ordinary mortal human beings from [[Māori religion|deities]] and spirits (''wairua'').<ref>
Atkinson, A. S. (1892). [http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_1_1892/Volume_1%2C_No._3%2C_1892/What_is_a_Tangata_Maori%3F_by_A._S._Atkinson%2C_p133-136?action=null "What is a Tangata Maori?"] ''Journal of the Polynesian Society'', 1 (3), 133-136. Retrieved 2007-12-18.</ref><ref>
''Māori'' has cognates in other [[Polynesian languages]] such as [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]] 'Maoli,' [[Tahitian language|Tahitian]] 'Mā’ohi,' and [[Cook Islands Maori]] 'Māori' which all share similar meanings.
</ref>

Early visitors from Europe to New Zealand generally referred to the inhabitants as ''"New Zealanders"'' or as ''"natives"'', but ''Māori'' became the term used by Māori to describe themselves in a pan-tribal sense.<ref>
The orthographic conventions developed by the [[Māori Language Commission]] (''Te Taura Whiri i te Reo Māori'') recommend the use of the [[macron]] (ā ē ī ō ū) to denote long vowels. Contemporary English-language usage in New Zealand tends to avoid the [[anglicise]]d plural form of the word ''Māori'' with an "s": Māori generally marks plurals by changing the [[Article (grammar)|article]] rather than the noun, for example: ''te waka'' (the canoe); ''ngā waka'' (the canoes).
</ref>

Māori people often use the term ''[[tangata whenua]]'' (literally, ''"people of the land"'') to describe themselves in a way that emphasises their relationship with a particular area of land — a tribe may be the ''tangata whenua'' in one area, but not in another. The term can also refer to Māori as a whole in relation to New Zealand (Aotearoa) as a whole.

The [[Maori Purposes Act]] of 1947 required the use of the term 'Maori' rather than 'Native' in official usage, and the Department of Native Affairs became the Department of Māori Affairs.  It is now [[Te Puni Kōkiri]], or the Ministry for Māori Development.

Prior to 1974 ancestry determined the legal definition of ''"a Māori person"''. For example, bloodlines determined whether a person should enrol on the [[Māori seats|Māori]] or general (European) electoral roll; in 1947 the authorities determined that one man, five-eighths Māori, had improperly voted in the general (European) parliamentary electorate of [[Raglan (New Zealand electorate)|Raglan]].<ref>
Atkinson, Neill, (2003), ''Adventures in Democracy: A History of the Vote in New Zealand'', [[Otago University Press]]
</ref>
The [[Māori Affairs Amendment Act 1974]] changed the definition to one of cultural self-identification. In matters involving money (for example scholarships or [[Waitangi Tribunal]] settlements), the authorities generally require some demonstration of ancestry or cultural connection, but no minimum “blood” requirement exists.<ref>
McIntosh, Tracey (2005), 'Maori Identities: Fixed, Fluid, Forced', in James H. Liu, Tim McCreanor, Tracey McIntosh and Teresia Teaiwa, eds, ''New Zealand Identities: Departures and Destinations'', Wellington: [[Victoria University Press]], p. 45
</ref><ref>
In 2003, [[Christian Cullen]] became a member of the [[New Zealand Māori rugby union team|Māori rugby team]] despite having, according to his father, about 1/64 Māori ancestry. BBC Sport: 'Uncovering the Maori mystery', 5 June 2003. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/international/2965212.stm BBC.co.uk]</ref>

== History ==
=== Origins ===
[[Image:Polynesian Migration.svg|right|thumb|The Māori settlement of [[New Zealand]] represents an end-point of a long chain of [[island hopping]] voyages]]

The most current reliable evidence strongly indicates that initial settlement of New Zealand occurred around 1280 CE. Previous dating of some [[Kiore| Kiore (Polynesian rat)]] bones at 50–150 CE has now been shown to have been unreliable; new samples of bone (and now also of unequivocally rat-gnawed woody seed cases) match the 1280 CE date of the earliest archaeological sites and the beginning of sustained, anthropogenic deforestation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/bitstream/10289/2690/1/Lowe%202008%20Polynesian%20settlement%20guidebook.pdf|title=Polynesian settlement of New Zealand and the impacts of volcanism on early Maori society: an update|last=Lowe|first=David J.|year=2008|publisher=University of Waikato|accessdate=29 April 2010}}</ref>
Māori oral history describes the arrival of ancestors from [[Hawaiki]] (a mythical homeland in tropical Polynesia) in large [[ocean]]-going [[canoe]]s (''waka'': see [[Māori migration canoes]]). Migration accounts vary among tribes (''[[iwi]]''), whose members may identify with several waka in their genealogies or ''[[whakapapa]]''.

No credible evidence exists of human settlement in New Zealand prior to the Polynesian voyagers; compelling evidence from archaeology, linguistics, and physical anthropology indicates that the first settlers came from East Polynesia and became the Māori. Language evolution studies at the [[University of Auckland]] suggest that most Pacific populations originated from [[Taiwanese aborigines]] around 5,200 years ago (before Chinese colonisation),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/01/090122141146.htm|title=Pacific People Spread From Taiwan, Language Evolution Study Shows|date=January 27, 2009|work=ScienceDaily|accessdate=29 April 2010}}</ref> as does [[mitochondrial DNA]] evidence.<ref>(2005) [ Mitochondrial DNA Provides a Link between Polynesians and Indigenous Taiwanese]. PLoS Biology 3(8): e281. {{doi|10.1371/journal.pbio.0030281}}.</ref>

=== Archaeological history ===

{{unreferenced section|date=June 2010}}

Between c. 1280 AD and c. 1400 AD archeology has shown that Otago was the node of Māori cultural development. The majority of archaic settlements were on or within 10 km of the coast, though it was commmon to establish small temporary camps (whakaruruhau) far inland. The settlements ranged in size from 40 people (Palliser Bay, Wellington), the more common size, to 300 - 400, with 40 buildings at Shag River mouth. The main food was moa which were hunted to extinction in 180 years. Up to 9.2 moa per week were killed - each producing an average 45 kg of meat. Moahunters extensively modified the natural vegetation by burning. Old soils show the thin horizons of carbon associated with this activity. The middens of the people reveal that they enjoyed a rich, varied diet of birds, fish, seals and shellfish. The best known archaic or Moahunter site is at Waiau Bar which has been extensively studied. The oldest skeleton was 30 - 32 years old with the mean age of skeletons 12 - 14 years. The people still practiced Polynesian style burials. The teeth of all the older skeletons were worn to the gums. This is believed to be one reason for the low life expectancy. Artifacts found were bone necklaces, primitive worked stone tool adze heads and the remains of small shelters. All of the older skeletons showed signs of a hard life with many having broken bones that had healed suggesting a balanced diet and a supportive community that had the resources to support severely injured family members. In many instances the ultimate cause of death was a blow to the head. Due to tectonic forces some of this site is now under water.

As from the 15th century Māori culture underwent a radical change due to a variety of factors - the cooling of the climate, a series of massive earthquakes in the South Island of 7 - 8 on the Richter scale, tsunamis that destroyed many coastal settlements and the extinction of 48 food species.

=== Early European contact ===

[[Image:HekeKawiti1846.jpg|thumb|right|1846: [[Hone Heke]], holding a rifle, with his wife Hariata and his uncle Kawiti, holding a ''[[taiaha]]''.]]

European settlement of New Zealand occurred in relatively {{As of|2007|alt= recent}} historical times. New Zealand historian [[Michael King]] in ''The Penguin History Of New Zealand'' describes the Māori as "the last major human community on earth untouched and unaffected by the wider world."

Early European explorers, including [[Abel Tasman]] (who arrived in 1642) and Captain [[James Cook]] (who first visited in 1769), recorded their impressions of Māori. From the 1780s, Māori encountered European and American [[Seal hunting|sealers]] and [[whaling|whalers]]; some Māori crewed on the foreign ships. A trickle of escaped [[Convictism in Australia|convict]]s from [[Australia]] and deserters from visiting ships, as well as early [[Mission (Christian)|Christian missionaries]], also exposed the indigenous population to outside influences.  In the [[Boyd Massacre]] in 1809, Māori took hostage and killed 66 members of the crew and passengers in apparent revenge for the whipping of the son of a Māori chief by the captain.  Several of the accounts of the survivors recounted the practice of cannibalism.  This episode caused shipping companies and missionaries to be wary and significantly reduced contact between Europeans and Māori for several years.  

By 1830, estimates placed the number of Europeans living among the Māori as high as 2,000. The newcomers had varying status-levels within Māori society, ranging from [[slaves]] to high-ranking advisors. Some remained little more than prisoners, while others abandoned European culture and identified as Māori. These Europeans ''"gone native"'' became known as [[Pākehā Māori]]. Many Māori valued them as a means to the acquisition of European technology, particularly firearms. When [[Pomare]] led a war-party against Titore in 1838, he had 132 Pākehā Māori mercenaries among his warriors. [[Frederick Edward Maning]], an early settler, wrote two lively accounts of life in these times, which have become classics of New Zealand literature: ''Old New Zealand'' and ''History of the War in the North of New Zealand against the Chief Heke''.

During the period from 1805 to 1840 the acquisition of [[musket]]s by tribes in close contact with European visitors upset the balance of power among Māori tribes, leading to a period of bloody [[endemic warfare|inter-tribal warfare]], known as the [[Musket Wars]], which resulted in the decimation of several tribes and the driving of others from their traditional territory.<ref>[http://www.teara.govt.nz/1966/M/MaoriHealthAndWelfare/MaoriHealthAndWelfare/en 1966 Encyclopaedia of New Zealand]</ref>
European [[disease]]s such as [[influenza]] and [[measles]] killed an unknown number of Māori: estimates vary between ten and fifty percent.<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www.portdanielpress.com/maori_pop.htm|title=Estimating a population devastated by epidemics|last=Entwisle|first=Peter|work=[[Otago Daily Times]]|date=20 October 2006}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite journal|title=Estimates of New Zealand Maori Vital Rates from the Mid-Nineteenth Century to World War I|journal=Population Studies|volume=27|issue=1|date=March 1973 | year=1973|pages=117–125|first=D. I.|last=Pool|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/2173457|doi=10.2307/2173457|pmid=11630533|publisher=Population Investigation Committee|jstor=2173457 }}
</ref>
Economic changes also took a toll; migration into unhealthy swamplands to produce and export [[Phormium|flax]] led to further mortality.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Thompson |first=Christina A. |year=1997 |date=June 1997 |title=A dangerous people whose only occupation is war: Maori and Pakeha in 19th century New Zealand |journal=Journal of Pacific History |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=109–119 |url=http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a793805885~db=all |accessdate= 2008-06-15 |quote=Whole tribes sometimes relocated to swamps where flax grew in abundance but where it was unhealthy to live. |doi=10.1080/00223349708572831}}</ref>

=== New Zealand colonization ===

[[Image:MeriMangakahia1890s.jpg|thumb|[[Meri Te Tai Mangakāhia]], a member of the [[Te Kotahitanga|Kotahitanga]] movement in the 1890s, who argued that women should have equal voting rights in the Māori Parliament]] 

With increasing Christian [[missionary]] activity, growing European settlement in the 1830s and the perceived lawlessness of Europeans in New Zealand, the [[The Crown|British Crown]], as a [[Great Power|world power]], came under pressure<ref>
{{cite book
|last= Orange
|first= Claudia
|authorlink= Claudia Orange
|title= The Story of a Treaty
|edition=
|series=
|volume=
|year= 1989
|publisher= Allen & Unwin
|location= Wellington
|isbn= 0046410538
|page= 13
|quote=
}}
</ref> to intervene. Ultimately,  [[Whitehall]] sent [[William Hobson]] with instructions to take possession of New Zealand. Before he arrived, [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]] annexed New Zealand by royal proclamation in January 1840. On arrival in February 1840, Hobson negotiated the [[Treaty of Waitangi]] with northern chiefs. Other Māori chiefs subsequently signed this treaty. In the end, only 500 chiefs out of the 1500 sub-tribes of New Zealand signed the Treaty, and some influential chiefs — such as [[Pōtatau Te Wherowhero|Te Wherowhero]] in Waikato, and Te Kani-a-Takirau from the east coast of the North Island — refused to sign. The Treaty made the Māori [[British nationality law|British subjects]] in return for a guarantee of Māori property rights and tribal autonomy.

Dispute continues over whether the Treaty of Waitangi ceded Māori sovereignty. Māori chiefs signed a Māori-language version of the Treaty that did not accurately reflect the English-language version.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/politics/treaty/read-the-Treaty/differences-between-the-texts|title=Differences between the texts|publisher=[[Ministry for Culture and Heritage (New Zealand)|Ministry for Culture and Heritage]]|date=18 April 2007|accessdate=4 August 2009}}</ref> It appears unlikely that the Māori version of the treaty ceded sovereignty; and the Crown and the missionaries probably did not fully explain the meaning of the English version.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.postcolonialweb.org/nz/maorijlg7.html|title=Treaty of Waitangi and the Maori Ethnic Movement|first=Jennifer|last=Lee|accessdate=4 August 2009}}</ref>

Māori set up substantial [[business]]es, supplying food and other products for domestic and overseas markets.

Among the early European settlers who learnt [[Māori language|Māori]] and recorded [[Māori mythology]], [[George Edward Grey|George Grey]], Governor of New Zealand 1845-1855 and 1861–1868, stands out.

In the 1860s, disputes over questionable land purchases and the attempts of Māori in the [[Waikato]] to establish what some saw as a rival to the British system of royalty led to the [[New Zealand land wars|New Zealand wars]]. Although these resulted in relatively few deaths, the colonial government confiscated large tracts of tribal land as punishment for what they called rebellion (although the Crown had initiated the military action against its own citizens), in some cases taking land from tribes that had taken no part in the [[war]]. Some tribes fought against the Crown, while others (known as ''kupapa'') fought in support of the Crown. After most of the fighting had ceased, a [[passive resistance]] movement developed at the settlement of [[Parihaka]] in [[Taranaki Province|Taranaki]], but Crown troops dispersed its participants in 1881.

The Native Land Acts of 1862 and 1865 set up the Native Land Court, which had the purpose of breaking down communal ownership and facilitating the alienation of land. As a result, between 1840 and 1890 Māori lost 95 percent  of their land (63,000,000 of 66,000,000 acres in 1890). 

With the loss of much of their land, Māori went into a period of numerical and cultural decline, and by the late 19th century a widespread belief existed amongst both Pakeha and Māori that the Māori population would cease to exist as a separate race or culture and become assimilated into the European population.<ref>King 2003, p 224</ref>

In 1840, New Zealand had a Māori population of about 100,000 and only about 2,000 Europeans. The Māori population had declined to 42,113 in the 1896 census and Europeans numbered more than 700,000.<ref>[http://www.teara.govt.nz/1966/P/Population/PopulationFactorsAndTrends/en "Population - Factors and Trends"], from ''An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand'', edited by A. H. McLintock, published in 1966. ''Te Ara - The Encyclopedia of New Zealand'', updated 2007-09-18. Retrieved 2007-12-18.</ref>

=== Modern period ===

[[Image:KupeWheke.jpg|left|thumb|108px|Late twentieth-century house-post depicting the navigator [[Kupe]] fighting two sea creatures.  Māori carvings often contain spiral patterns and sea shells, as can be seen in this image.]]

[[Image:ApiranaNgata1905.jpg|thumb|right|Sir [[Apirana Ngata]] became instrumental in the revival of traditional arts such as ''[[kapa haka]]'' and carving. He also promoted farming as a means of land-retention.]]

The decline of the Māori population did not continue, and levels recovered. Despite a substantial level of [[Interracial marriage|intermarriage]] between the Māori and European populations, many Māori retained their cultural identity. A number of discourses developed as to the meaning of "Māori" and to who counted as Māori or not. (Māori do not form a monolithic bloc, and no one political or tribal authority can speak on behalf of all Māori.) There is no racial test to determine who is Māori or not, merely an affinity with one's Māori ancestry (regardless of how remote).  Thus a significant percentage of those identifying as Māori may well appear to be of European ancestry.  The dominant discourse in New Zealand mitigates against concepts of mixed race or multiple heritage being recognised.

From the late 19th century, successful Māori politicians such as [[James Carroll (New Zealand politician)|James Carroll]], [[Apirana Ngata]], [[Te Rangi Hīroa]] and [[Maui Pomare]] emerged. They showed skill in the arts of Pākehā politics; at one point Carroll became Acting Prime Minister. The group, known as the [[Young Māori Party]], cut across voting-blocs in Parliament and aimed to revitalise the Māori people after the devastation of the previous century. For them this involved [[Cultural assimilation|assimilation]] — Māori adopting European ways of life such as [[History of medicine#Modern medicine|Western medicine]] and education. However Ngata in particular also wished to preserve traditional Māori culture, especially the arts. Ngata acted as a major force behind the revival of arts such as [[kapa haka]] and carving. He also enacted a programme of land-development which helped many ''[[iwi]]'' retain and develop their land. 

The government decided to exempt Māori from the [[conscription]] that applied to other citizens in [[World War II]], but Māori volunteered in large numbers, forming the 28th or [[Māori Battalion]], which performed creditably, notably in [[Crete]], [[North Africa]] and [[Italy]]. Altogether 17,000 Māori took part in the war.

Since the 1960s, Māoridom has undergone a cultural revival<ref>
{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealandInBrief/Maori/5/en
|title=Māori - Urbanisation and renaissance|encyclopedia=[[Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand]]
| quote =The Māori renaissance since 1970 has been a remarkable phenomenon.
}}
</ref>
strongly connected{{Verify source|date=July 2008}} with a [[Māori protest movement|protest movement]].<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://schools.look4.net.nz/history/new_zealand/time_line4/
|title=Time Line of events 1950 - 2000|publisher=Schools @ Look4}}
</ref>
Government recognition{{Citation needed|date=July 2008}} of the growing political power of Māori and political activism have led to limited [[Treaty of Waitangi claims and settlements|redress]] for unjust confiscation of land and for the violation of other [[Property|property rights]]. The Crown set up the [[Waitangi Tribunal]], a body with the powers of a [[Commission of Enquiry]], to investigate and make recommendations on such issues, but it cannot make binding rulings. As a result of the redress paid to many ''iwi'' (tribes), Māori now have significant interests in the fishing and forestry industries.  Tensions remain, with complaints from Māori that the settlements occur at a level of between 1 and 2.5 cents on the dollar of the value of the confiscated lands. The Government need not accept the findings of the Waitangi Tribunal, and has rejected some of them, with a {{As of|2007|alt=most recent}} and widely-debated example in the [[New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy]].  

The urbanisation of Māori proceeded apace in the second half of the 20th century. A majority of Māori people {{As of|2007|alt=now}} live in cities and towns, and many have become estranged from [[tribalism|tribal]] roots and customs.

''[[Once Were Warriors (film)|Once Were Warriors]]'', a 1994 film adapted from a 1990 [[Once Were Warriors|novel of the same name]] by [[Alan Duff]], brought the plight of some urban Māori to a wide audience. It was the highest-grossing film in New Zealand until 2006,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10365042|title=Other NZ hits eat dust of 'Fastest Indian' |last=Baillie |first=Russell|date=24 January 2006|work=The New Zealand Herald|accessdate=2009-08-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/lifestyle/news/article.cfm?c_id=6&objectid=10415128|title=Aramoana film cracks $1 million|date=14 December 2006|work=The New Zealand Herald|accessdate=2009-08-22}}</ref> and received international acclaim, winning several international film prizes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0110729/awards|title=Awards for Once Were Warriors|publisher=IMDb|accessdate=2009-08-22}}</ref> While some Māori feared that viewers would consider the violent male characters an accurate portrayal of Māori men, most critics praised it as exposing the raw side of [[domestic violence]]{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}}. Some Māori opinion, particularly feminist, welcomed the debate on domestic violence that the film enabled{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}}.  

In many areas of New Zealand, Māori lost its role as a living community language used by significant numbers of people in the post-[[World War II|war]] years. In tandem with calls for sovereignty and for the righting of social injustices from the 1970s onwards, many New Zealand schools now teach [[Māori culture]] and language, and pre-school ''[[kohanga reo]]'' ("language-nests") have started, which teach ''[[tamariki]]'' (young children) exclusively in Māori. These {{As of|2007|alt=now}} extend right through secondary schools (''kura tuarua''). In 2004 [[Māori Television]], a government-funded channel committed to broadcasting primarily in [[Māori language|''te reo'']], began. Māori is an official language de jure, but [[English language|English]] is de facto the national language.  At the 2006 Census, Māori was the second most widely-spoken language after English, with four percent of New Zealanders able to speak Māori to at least a conversational level. No official data has been gathered on fluency levels.  

There are seven designated [[Māori seats]] in the [[Parliament of New Zealand]] (and Māori can and do stand in and win general roll seats), and consideration of and consultation with Māori have become routine requirements for councils and government organisations. Debate occurs frequently as to the relevance and legitimacy of the Māori electoral roll, and the National Party announced in 2008 it would abolish the seats when all historic Treaty settlements have been resolved, which it aims to complete by 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz-election-2008/news/article.cfm?c_id=1501799&objectid=10534713|title=National to dump Maori seats in 2014|last=Tahana|first=Yvonne |date=29 September 2008|work=The New Zealand Herald|accessdate=28 December 2009}}</ref>

==== Modern challenges ====
Māori on average have fewer assets than the rest of the population, and run greater risks of many negative economic and social outcomes. Over 50% of Māori live in areas in the three highest deprivation deciles, compared with 24% of the rest of the population.<ref>
[http://www.maorihealth.govt.nz/moh.nsf/UnidPrint/MA364?OpenDocument Maori Health Web Page: Socioeconomic Determinants of Health - Deprivation]. Retrieved 2007-06-12.</ref>
Although Māori make up only 14% of the population, they make up almost 50% of the prison population.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.corrections.govt.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/285286/Over-representation-of-Maori-in-the-criminal-justice-system.pdf|title=Over-representation of Maori in the criminal justice system |date=September 2007 |page=4 |publisher=Department of Corrections}}</ref>
Māori have higher unemployment-rates than other cultures resident in New Zealand <ref>
[http://www.dol.govt.nz/publications/lmr/lmr-maori-outcomes.asp Department of Labour, NZ], ''Māori Labour Market Outlook''
</ref>
Māori have higher numbers of suicides than non-Māori.<ref>
[http://www.otago.ac.nz/wsmhs/academic/dph/Publicationsreports/SuicContract.pdf University of Otago, NZ], ''Suicide Rates in New Zealand - Exploring Associations with Social and Economic Factors''
</ref>
"Only 47% of Māori school-leavers finish school with qualifications higher than [[National Certificate of Educational Achievement|NCEA]] Level One; compared to a massive 74% European; 87% Asian."<ref>
[http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PA0702/S00296.htm Scoop.co.nz], ''Flavell: Maori Education - not achieved''
</ref>
Māori suffer more health problems, including higher levels of alcohol and drug abuse, smoking and obesity.  Less frequent use of healthcare services mean that late diagnosis and treatment intervention lead to higher levels of morbidity and mortality in many manageable conditions, such as [[cervical cancer]],<ref>[http://www.cslbiotherapies.co.nz/Cervical_Cancer.asp Cslbiotherapies.co.nz], ''Who gets Cervical Cancer?''
</ref> [[diabetes]]<ref>[http://www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf/pagesmh/95?Open, ''Diabetes in New Zealand] - Models And Forecasts 1996 - 2011''
</ref> per head of population than [[Pākehā]] (non-Māori).<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9090803&dopt=Abstract PubMed ''Maori Health Issues'']</ref> Māori also have considerably lower life-expectancies compared to New Zealanders of European ancestry: Māori males 69.0 years vs. non-Māori males 77.2 years; Māori females 73.2 yrs vs. non-Māori females 81.9 years.<ref>[http://www.socialreport.msd.govt.nz/2004/health/life-expectancy.html Social Report 2004 | Health - Life Expectancy<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Also, a recent study by the [[New Zealand Family Violence Clearinghouse]] showed that Māori women and children are more likely to experience domestic violence than any other ethnic group.<ref>[http://www.areyouok.org.nz/files/test/resources/Toolkit_inserts.pdf "Mana Māori"]. Community Action Toolkit to Prevent Family Violence Information Sheet #30 (p. 40). Retrieved 16 July 2009.</ref>

==== Treaty of Waitangi settlements ====
{{Main|Treaty of Waitangi claims and settlements}}
[[Image:Papawai1897.jpg|thumb|right|The opening of the Māori Parliament at Pāpāwai, Greytown, 1897, with [[Richard John Seddon]] in attendance]]
During the 1990s and 2000s, the government negotiated with Māori to provide redress for breaches by the Crown of the guarantees set out in the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840. By 2006 the government had provided over NZ$900 million in settlements, much of it in the form of land deals. The largest settlement, signed on 25 June 2008 with seven Māori iwi, transferred nine large tracts of forested land to Māori control.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/1/story.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10518293|title=Iwi 'walks path' to biggest ever Treaty settlement|work=The New Zealand Herald
|date=25 June 2008|first=Yvonne|last=Tahana|accessdate=2008-06-26}}
</ref>

== Language == 
{{Main|Māori language}}
Māori or te reo Māori (pronounced [ˈmaːoɾi, te ˈɾeo ˈmaːoɾi]) commonly te reo ("the language"), is the language of the indigenous population of New Zealand, the Māori, where it has the status of an official language. Linguists classify it within the Eastern Polynesian languages as being closely related to Cook Islands Māori, Tuamotuan and Tahitian; somewhat less closely to Hawaiian and Marquesan; and more distantly to the languages of Western Polynesia, including Samoan, Tokelauan, Niuean and Tongan.

== Culture ==
=== Beginning ===
{{Main|Māori culture}}
{{See also|Māori mythology}}
[[Image:Gilsemans 1642.jpg|right|thumb|First European impression of Māori, at [[Golden Bay|Murderers' Bay]] in [[Abel Tasman]]'s [[travel journal]] (1642)]]

The Eastern Polynesian ancestors of the Māori arrived in a forested land with abundant [[Birds of New Zealand|birdlife]], including several now extinct [[moa]] species weighing from 20 to 250&nbsp;kg. Other species, also now extinct, included a swan, a goose and the giant [[Haast's Eagle]], which preyed upon the moa. Marine mammals, in particular seals, thronged the coasts, with coastal colonies much further north than {{As of|2008|alt= today}}.<ref>
Irwin, Geoffrey (2006). 'Pacific Migrations' in ''Māori Peoples of New Zealand: Ngā Iwi o Aotearoa''. Te Ara - The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Auckland: David Bateman, 2006:10-18.
</ref>

In the mid-[[19th century]], people discovered large numbers of moa-bones alongside human tools, with some of the bones showing evidence of butchery and cooking. Early researchers, such as [[Julius von Haast]], a geologist, incorrectly interpreted these remains as belonging to a prehistoric Paleolithic people; later researchers, notably [[Stephenson Percy Smith|Percy Smith]], magnified such theories into an elaborate scenario with a series of sharply-defined cultural stages which had Māori arriving in a [[Great Fleet]] in 1350 AD and replacing the so-called "moa-hunter" culture with a ''"classical Māori"'' culture based on [[horticulture]].<ref name="howe">
Howe, Kerry, (2006). 'Ideas of Māori Origins' in ''Māori Peoples of New Zealand: Ngā Iwi o Aotearoa''. Te Ara - The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Auckland: David Bateman, 2006 pp 25-40.
</ref> {{As of|2007|alt= Current}} anthropological theories recognise no evidence for a pre-Māori people; the archaeological record indicates a gradual evolution in culture that varied in pace and extent according to local resources and conditions.<ref>Howe, p 161</ref>

[[Image:MaoriChief1784.jpg|right|thumb|A Māori chief with tattoos ([[Tā moko|moko]]) seen by Cook and his crew.]]

In the course of a few centuries, growing population led to competition for resources and an increase in warfare. The archaeological record reveals an increased frequency of fortified [[pā]], although debate continues about the amount of conflict. Various systems arose which aimed to conserve resources; most of these, such as ''[[Tapu (Polynesian culture)|tapu]]'' and ''[[rahui|rāhui]]'', used religious or supernatural threats to discourage people from taking species at particular seasons or from specified areas. 

Warfare between tribes was common, generally over land conflicts or to restore ''mana''.  Fighting was carried out between units called ''hapu''.  Although not practised during times of peace, Māori would cannibalise their conquered enemies.<ref>[http://teaohou.natlib.govt.nz/journals/teaohou/issue/Mao36TeA/c29.html Schwimmer, E. G.  "Warfare of the Maori".  ''Te Ao Hou'', No. 36, September 1961.]</ref>

As Māori continued in geographic isolation, performing arts such as the [[haka]] developed from their Polynesian roots, as did carving and weaving. Regional dialects arose, with minor differences in vocabulary and in the pronunciation of some words. The language retains close similarities to other Eastern Polynesian tongues, to the point where a [[Tahitians|Tahitian]] chief on [[James Cook|Cook]]'s first voyage in the region acted as an interpreter between Māori and the crew of the ''[[HM Bark Endeavour|Endeavour]]''.

Around 1500 AD a group of Māori migrated east to ''Rekohu'' (the [[Chatham Islands]]), where, by adapting to the local climate and the availability of resources, they developed a culture known as [[Moriori]] — related to but distinct from Māori culture in mainland Aotearoa. A notable feature of the Moriori culture, an emphasis on [[pacifism]], proved disastrous when a party of invading Taranaki Māori arrived in 1835.  Few of the estimated Moriori population of 2000 survived.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/moriori/4|title=Moriori - The impact of new arrivals|last1=Davis|first1=Denise|last2=Solomon|first2=Māui|encyclopedia=Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand|accessdate=29 April 2010}}</ref>

=== Contemporary era ===
According to Tania Kopytko, now the executive director of DANZ — Dance Aotearoa,, Māori youth have always had a difficult time maintaining ties with traditional culture, especially lacking "the commitment and effort necessary for a knowledge of [it]".<ref>{{cite journal | last = Kopytko | first = Tania | year = 1986 | title = Breakdance as an Identity Marker in New Zealand | journal = Yearbook for Traditional Music | volume = 18  | pages = 21–28 | publisher = International Council for Traditional Music  | url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/view/768516 | accessdate = 2008-07-13  | doi = 10.2307/768516| jstor = 768516 }} [Payment or subscription required for online version]</ref>
For this reason{{Citation needed|date=July 2008}}, Māori youth import [[mainstream]] and popular cultural icons, [[Identity (social science)|identities]], and [[lifestyles]] in considerable quantities. Most typically, these Māori youth will take after the [[African American|African-American]] [[hip hop]] culture, as its perceived mainstream status makes it readily accessible to them. Kopytko also says that the socio-political position of African Americans resisting a dominant white culture mirrors the situation of Māori, Polynesian, and  even [[white trash|poor-white]] youth resisting the oppressive white forces which occupy the higher economic strata of society in [[New Zealand]]. Finally, the mass consumption of British punk in 1982 marked the first real establishment of a [[youth culture]] and, more importantly, paved the way for such a warm reception of foreign forms with the influx of what Kopytko calls the "[[breakdance]] package".<ref>
{{cite journal  | last = Kopytko | first = Tania  | year = 1986 | title = Breakdance as an Identity Marker in New Zealand | journal = Yearbook for Traditional Music | volume = 18  | page = 22 | publisher = International Council for Traditional Music  | url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/view/768516 | accessdate = 2008-07-13  | doi = 10.2307/768516 | jstor = 768516 }} [Payment or subscription required for online version]</ref>
In this way, facilitation by a pre-existing youth culture and identification with the African-American cause have both made importing the associated hip hop culture quite easy. One feature of this youth import culture, breakdancing, arrived in New Zealand in 1983 from [[Western Samoa]], confirms Kopytko.<ref name=global/> Indeed, "breakdance provided a very strong and positive identity that did much to raise [Māori] [[self esteem]] and realize their capabilities."<ref name=global/> Māori youth utilize the social space that breakdancing provides them in a very dynamic fashion, she says, gaining recognition and notions of increased [[self-esteem|self-worth]] in the process. Kopytko suggests that this appropriation of breakdancing allowed the later arrival of [[Hip hop music|rap]] to become ''"a vehicle for vernacular expressions of Māori militancy"''.<ref name=global>
Mitchell, Tony. "Kia Kaha! (Be Strong!): Maori and Pacific Islander Hip-hop in Aotearoa-New Zealand." In Global Noise: Rap and Hip-Hop Outside the USA, ed. Tony Mitchell, 282-284. Middletown: [[Wesleyan University Press]], 2001.</ref>

In {{As of|2008|alt= recent}} years, indigenous peoples have made attempts to reconnect with their youth.{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}} A 1992 song by the group [[Moana and the Moahunters]] called out to young Māori to learn the language and to accept their heritage.<ref>
Mitchell, Tony. "Kia Kaha! (Be Strong!): Maori and Pacific Islander Hip-hop in Aotearoa-New Zealand." In Global Noise: Rap and Hip-Hop Outside the USA, ed. Tony Mitchell, 280-305. Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 2001.
</ref>
The music video for this song shows images of Māori in traditional dress doing traditional dances to a modern hip-hop beat. The video targets youth through its rhythms while it educates them about their heritage.{{Citation needed|date=July 2008}}

=== Performing arts  ===
[[File:Young Maori man dancing.jpg|thumb|A young man performs in a kapa haka group at a Rotorua tourist venue]] 
==== Kapa haka ====
[[Kapa haka]] (literally, haka team), a traditional Māori performance art form, is still popular today. It includes [[haka]] (posture dance), [[Poi (performance art)|poi]] (dance accompanied by song and rhythmic movements of the poi, a light ball on a string) waiata-ā-ringa (action songs) and waiata koroua (traditional chants). From the early 1900s [[kapa haka]] concert parties began touring overseas, including those led by guide Makareti (Maggie) Papakura. Since 1972 there has been a regular competition, the [[Te Matatini]] National Festival, organised by the Aotearoa Traditional Māori Performing Arts Society. Kapa haka is taught by experts such as Ngāpo (Bub) Wehi, [[Pita Sharples]], and Tihi Puanaki, and notable kapa haka groups include Waihirere of the Gisborne area, and Te Waka Huia from Auckland. There are also kapa haka groups in schools, tertiary institutions and workplaces. Kapa haka is performed at tourist venues such as Te Puia in [[Whakarewarewa]], Wairākei Terraces near Taupo, and Ko Tāne in [[Willowbank, Christchurch|Willowbank Wildlife Reserve]], [[Christchurch]]. <ref name="Diamond">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/te-tapoi-maori-maori-tourism/3 |title=Te tāpoi Māori—Māori tourism—Preserving culture |author=<Diamond, Paul|date=updated 5-Mar-10|year=2010|encyclopedia=Te Ara—the Encyclopedia of New Zealand<code> |publisher= |accessdate=2010-05-18}}</ref><ref name="Swarbrick">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/creative-life/8 |title=Creative life - Performing arts |author= Swarbrick, Nancy |date=updated 3-Mar-09|year=2009  |encyclopedia=Te Ara—the Encyclopedia of New Zealand|publisher= |accessdate= 2010-05-18}}</ref>

===Sport===
Māori participate fully in New Zealand's sporting culture. The national [[All Black]] rugby union team has featured many Māori players even though [[rugby league]] is more popular with Māori.<ref>{{cite news   | last = Hadfield  | first = Dave  | coauthors = | title = League breaks union's power  | work = The Independent  | place =UK  | publisher = Independent News and Media Limited  | date = 1992-07-14  | url = http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/rugby-league-league-breaks-unions-power-1533237.html  | accessdate = 2010-01-07}}</ref> There are also Māori [[New Zealand Māori rugby union team|rugby union]], [[New Zealand Māori rugby league team|rugby league]] and [[New Zealand Māori cricket team|cricket]] teams that play in international competitions. 
[[Ki-o-rahi]] and [[tapawai]] are two sports of Māori origin. Ki-o-rahi  got an unexpected boost when [[McDonalds]] chose it to represent New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web |author=Jones, Renee |date=October 8, 2005 |title=McDonald's adopts obscure Maori ball game |work=The New Zealand Herald |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/1/story.cfm?c_id=1&ObjectID=10349245|accessdate=2007-07-30 }}</ref> [[Outrigger canoeing|Waka ama]] (outrigger canoeing) is also popular with Māori.

=== Commerce ===

The [[New Zealand Law Commission]] has started a project to develop a legal framework for Māori who want to manage communal resources and responsibilities. The voluntary system proposes an alternative to existing companies, incorporations, and trusts in which tribes and ''[[hapu]]'' and other groupings can interact with the legal system. The foreshadowed legislation, under the proposed name of the "Waka Umanga (Māori Corporations) Act", would provide a model adaptable to suit the needs of individual [[iwi]].  It seems likely{{Or|date=January 2009}} that the {{As of|2007|alt=current}} Government coalition will not support the Bill in its un-amended form and if the final Act should pass into law, it will presumably{{Or|date=January 2009}} depart significantly less radically from the current legal personalities afforded by New Zealand law.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lawcom.govt.nz/ProjectReport.aspx?ProjectID=115|title=Waka Umanga : A Proposed Law for Maori Governance Entities - NZLC R|publisher=Law Commission|date=8 June 2006|accessdate=2007-06-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adls.org.nz/public/wb/wb2007/wb24may2007/wb31may2007e.asp|title=Waka Umanga (Maori Corporations) Bill - NZLC MP 15|publisher=Auckland District Law Society|date=31 May 2007|accessdate=2007-06-08}}</ref> Between 1998 and 2006, [[Ngāti Toa]] attempted to trademark the haka [[Ka Mate]] to prevent its use by commercial organisations without their permission. In 2001, Danish toymaker Lego faced legal action by several Māori tribal groups (fronted by lawyer Maui Solomon) and members of the on-line discussion forum (Aotearoa Cafe) for trademarking Māori words used in naming the Bionicle product range—see [[Bionicle#Māori language controversy|Bionicle Māori controversy]]. 

=== Belief and religion ===
{{Main|Māori religion}}
Māori "tend to be followers of Presbyterianism, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), or Māori Christian groups such as [[Ratana]] and [[Ringatu]]",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90148.htm|title=New Zealand - International Religious Freedom Report 2007|publisher=U.S. State Department|accessdate=29 April 2010}}</ref> but with Catholic, Anglican and Methodist groupings also prominent. [[Islam in New Zealand|Islam]] is the fastest growing religion amongst the Māori community.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpifinancial.net/v2/Magazine.aspx?v=1&aid=1118&cat=IBF&in=21|title=KIA ORA AOTEAROA|date=August 2007|work=CPI Financial|accessdate=29 April 2010}}</ref><ref>Hume, Tim. "Muslim faith draws converts from NZ prisons." Star Times</ref>

== See also ==

<div style="width:80%; -moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
* [[Euronesian]]
* [[Hei-tiki]]
* [[Māori King Movement|Kīngitanga]]{{nbsp|2}}{{smaller|(Māori King Movement)}}
* [[Māori cuisine]]
* [[Māori music]]
* [[Māori religion]]
* [[Māori traditional textiles]]
* [[Māori in the United Kingdom]]
* [[Maori voting rights in Australia]]
* [[New Zealand Māori cricket team]]
* [[New Zealand Māori rugby league team]]
* [[New Zealand Māori rugby union team]]
* [[Pā (Māori)]]
* [[Tā moko]]{{nbsp|2}}{{smaller|(Māori body- and face-marking)}}
</div>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==

* Biggs, Bruce (1994). "Does Māori have a closest relative?" In Sutton (Ed.)(1994), pp.&nbsp;96 – 105.
* [[Te Rangi Hīroa|Hiroa, Te Rangi]] (Sir Peter Buck) (1974). ''The Coming of the Māori''. Second edition. First published 1949. Wellington: Whitcombe and Tombs.
* [[Geoffrey Irwin|Irwin, Geoffrey]] (1992). ''The Prehistoric Exploration and Colonisation of the Pacific''. Cambridge: [[Cambridge University Press]].
* [[Michael King|King, Michael]] (2003). ''History of New Zealand'' {{ISBN|0-14-301867-1}} Penguin. 
* Simmons, D.R. (1997). ''Ta Moko, The Art of Māori Tattoo''. Revised edition. First published 1986. Auckland: Reed
* Sutton, Douglas G. (Ed.) (1994). ''The Origins of the First New Zealanders''. Auckland: Auckland University Press. {{ISBN|1869400984}}
* Mclean, Mervyn  (1996). "Maori Music". Auckland : Auckland University Press.

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Maori|Māori}}
* [http://www.culture.co.nz/ Culture.co.nz], directory of important Māori websites.
* [http://www.maori.info/ Maori.info]; provides summaries of major aspects of Māori culture.
* [http://www.korero.maori.nz/ Korero.maori.nz], an interactive Māori language resource site.
* [http://www.maori.org.nz/ Maori.org.nz], a large website covering a wide range of Māori topics.
* [http://www.maorinews.com/karere/ Māori-related news headlines], from the Te Karere Ipurangi news portal.
* [http://homepages.ihug.co.nz/~dominic/intro.html Māori theology], by Michael Shirres.
* [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/06/080603162919.htm New Zealand's Colonization 1000 Years Later Than Previously Thought?], Study of the date of Māori arrival in New Zealand.
* [http://www.teara.govt.nz Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand]; includes information on Māori New Zealanders.

{{Iwi}}
{{Indigenous peoples by continent}}
{{Culture of Oceania|state=autocollapse}}
{{Maoridiaspora}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maori}}
[[:Category:Ethnic groups in New Zealand]]
[[:Category:Indigenous peoples of Polynesia]]
[[:Category:Māori| ]]
[[:Category:Multiracial affairs]]
[[:Category:Tribal societies that have practiced cannibalism]]

[[ar:ماوري]]
[[ast:Maorí]]
[[bg:Маори]]
[[cs:Maorové]]
[[cy:Maorïaid]]
[[da:Maori]]
[[de:Māori]]
[[et:Maoorid]]
[[el:Μαορί]]
[[es:Maorí]]
[[eo:Maorioj]]
[[eu:Maori]]
[[fa:مائوری]]
[[fr:Maori (Nouvelle-Zélande)]]
[[ga:Māori]]
[[gl:Maorí]]
[[ko:마오리족]]
[[hr:Maori]]
[[id:Suku Māori]]
[[is:Maoríar]]
[[it:Māori]]
[[he:מאורים]]
[[ka:მაორი]]
[[lt:Maoriai]]
[[hu:Maorik]]
[[mi:Māori]]
[[mr:माओरी]]
[[ms:Māori]]
[[nl:Maori (volk)]]
[[ja:マオリ]]
[[no:Maorier]]
[[oc:Maòri (pòble)]]
[[pl:Maorysi]]
[[pt:Maori]]
[[ro:Māori]]
[[ru:Маори (народ)]]
[[simple:Māori]]
[[sk:Maoriovia]]
[[sl:Maori]]
[[sr:Маори]]
[[sh:Maori]]
[[fi:Maorit]]
[[sv:Maorier]]
[[th:ชาวเมารี]]
[[tr:Māori]]
[[uk:Маорі (народ)]]
[[wa:Maworis]]
[[zea:Māori]]
[[zh:毛利人]]