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'''Viridian''' is a blue-green [[pigment]], a hydrated [[chromium(III) oxide]], of medium saturation and relatively dark in value. It is composed of a majority of [[green]], followed by [[blue]]. The first recorded use of ''viridian'' as a color name in English was in the 1860s (exact year uncertain).<ref>Maerz and Paul ''A Dictionary of Color'' New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 206; Color Sample of Viridian: Page 93 Plate 79 Color Sample K11</ref> Viridian takes its name from the [[Latin]] ''viridis'', meaning "green".<ref>Maerz and Paul ''A Dictionary of Color'' New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 18 See: "Table--Polyglot Table of Principle Color Names" Pages 18-19</ref> Viridian was first discovered in the mid 19th century in Paris, and has since been used in fine art painting and later in pop cultural references to green. The pigment is currently available from several US manufacturers as prepared artists' colors in all media.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=277}}   {{-}}

== History ==
Viridian pigment was discovered in 1838 in Paris by Parisian color chemist and painter Pannetier alongside his assistant Binet<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Nicholas. |first=Eastaugh, |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/56444720 |title=The pigment compendium : a dictionary of historical pigments |date=2004 |publisher=Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann |isbn=0-7506-5749-9 |page=391 |oclc=56444720}}</ref> as a hydrated form of [[chromium oxide]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cardeira |first=A.M. |last2=Longelin |first2=S. |last3=Costa |first3=S. |last4=Candeias |first4=A. |last5=Carvalho |first5=M.L. |last6=Manso |first6=M. |date=2016-01 |title=Analytical characterization of academic nude paintings by José Veloso Salgado |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2015.08.043 |journal=Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy |volume=153 |pages=379–385 |doi=10.1016/j.saa.2015.08.043 |issn=1386-1425}}</ref> The preparation process was excessive, expensive, and secretive.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last= |first=Feller, Robert L. Roy, Ashok. FitzHugh, Elisabeth West. Berrie, Barbara Hepburn. Roy, Ashok, |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1224906722 |title=Artists' pigments : a handbook of their history and characteristics |date=c1986- |publisher=National Gallery of Art |isbn=0-89468-086-2 |volume=3 |pages= |oclc=1224906722}}</ref>{{Rp|page=275}} Later, another French chemist Guignet developed and patented a cheaper manufacturing method in 1859 that enabled larger distribution and use of the pigment.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=274}} This method involved calcining a combination of boric acid and potassium bichromate and thoroughly washing the material formed.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=|pages=280-281}} 

The first recorded uses of viridian include [[Winsor & Newton|Winsor and Newton]]'s 1938 catalogue among listings of green oxide of chromium watercolor and oil paint. Additionally, viridian is used in paintings as early as 1840<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=275}} by [[J. M. W. Turner|J.M.W. Turner]]. Viridian was in prominent use by the mid-nineteenth century,<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=277}} but was less popular than three to four times more affordable alternatives including emerald and chrome greens.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=276}}    

== Visual Characteristics ==
Specifically, viridian is a bright shade of [[spring green]], which places the color between green and [[teal]] on the [[color wheel]], or, in paint, a [[Tertiary color|tertiary]] blue–green color. Viridian is dark in value, has medium saturation, and is transparent .<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=275}} Under artificial light, viridian remarkably preserves brightness and purity.<ref name=":1" />   

== Variations ==

=== Paolo Veronese green ===
{{infobox color|title=Paolo Veronese Green|hex=009B7D|source=Gallego and Sanz<ref name="Gallego, Rosa 2005">Gallego, Rosa; Sanz, Juan Carlos (2005). ''Guía de coloraciones'' (Gallego, Rosa; Sanz, Juan Carlos (2005). ''Guide to Colorations'') Madrid: H. Blume. {{ISBN |84-89840-31-8}}</ref>|isccname=Strong green}}
'''Paolo Veronese green''' is the color that is called ''Verde Verones'' in the ''Guía de coloraciones'' (''Guide to colorations'') by Rosa Gallego and Juan Carlos Sanz, a color dictionary published in 2005 that is widely popular in the [[Hispanophone]] realm.

''Paolo Veronese green'' was a color formulated and used by the noted 16th-century [[Venice|Venetian]] artist [[Paolo Veronese]].

''Paolo Veronese green'' began to be used as a color name in English sometime in the 1800s (exact year uncertain).<ref>Maerz and Paul ''A Dictionary of Color'' New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 201 (It is listed under ''Paul Veronese green'')</ref>

Another name for this color is ''transparent oxide of chromium''.<ref>Maerz and Paul ''A Dictionary of Color'' New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 142</ref>{{-}}

=== Viridian green ===
{{infobox color|title=Viridian Green|hex=009698|source=[http://www.pantone.com/pages/pantone/colorfinder.aspx Pantone TPX]<ref>Type the words "Viridian Green" into the indicated window on the Pantone Color Finder and the color will appear.</ref>|isccname=Moderate bluish green}}
At right is displayed the color '''viridian green'''.

The source of this color is the "[[Pantone]] Textile Paper eXtended (TPX)" color list, color #17-5126 TPX—Viridian Green.<ref>[http://www.pantone.com/pages/pantone/colorfinder.aspx Pantone TPX Pantone Color Finder--Type the words "Viridian Green" into the indicated window on the Pantone Color Finder and the color will appear:]</ref>{{-}}

=== Generic viridian ===
{{infobox color|title=Generic Viridian|hex=007F66|source=Gallego and Sanz<ref name="Gallego, Rosa 2005"/>|isccname=Moderate green}}
'''Generic viridian''' is the color that is called ''Viridian inspecifico'' in the ''Guía de coloraciones'' (''Guide to colorations'') by Rosa Gallego and Juan Carlos Sanz, a color dictionary published in 2005 that is widely popular in the [[Hispanophone]] realm.{{-}}

=== Spanish viridian ===
{{infobox color|title=Spanish Viridian|hex=007F5C|source=Gallego and Sanz<ref name="Gallego, Rosa 2005"/>|isccname=Strong green}}
'''Spanish viridian''' is the color that is called ''Viridian specifico'' in the ''Guía de coloraciones'' (''Guide to colorations'') by Rosa Gallego and Juan Carlos Sanz, a color dictionary published in 2005 that is widely popular in the Hispanophone realm.{{-}}

== Permanence ==
Viridian is considered durable and permanent as an artist's pigment.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=278}} Viridian is unaffected by temperatures up to 260°C (500°F), however, which is unsuitable for use in ceramic glazes.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=278}} Viridian is compatible with all pigments in all media, and has high oil absorption.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=278}} Pure pigment formulations of viridian are hard and may separate in tubes, but adding barium sulfate in small quantities enables easy grinding and dispersion.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=278}} 

== Notable Occurrences ==
{| align="right"
|Viridian as a quaternary color on the RYB color wheel:
|-
|{{legend|#66B032|green}}
|-
|{{legend|#40826D|'''viridian'''}}
|-
|{{legend|#008080|teal}}
|}
{{In popular culture|section|date=February 2020}}
Although viridian is a less-used color name in English, it is used in a number of cultural references, probably because it is derived from ''viridis'', the [[Latin]] word for green, so using the word ''viridian'' sounds more elegant than simply referring to the [[Old English]] word ''green''.


'''Fine Art Painting'''
[[File:Fritz Bamberger - Ansicht der Sierra Nevada - 11627 - Bavarian State Painting Collections.jpg|thumb|'''Fritz Bamberger - Ansicht der Sierra Nevada, 1863. Bavarian State Painting Collections.''']]

* Fritz Bamberger, ''Afterglow in the Sierra Nevada,'' 1863.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=288}} 

[[File:Claude Monet - Arrival of the Normandy Train, Gare Saint-Lazare - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|'''Claude Monet - Arrival of the Normandy Train, Gare Saint-Lazare, 1877, oil on canvas. Art Institute of Chicago.''']]

* Claude Monet, ''Arrival of the Normandy Train, Gare Saint-Lazare'', 1877, oil on canvas<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=287}} includes traces of viridian in the grassy area. 

[[File:Renoir - Flowers, 1915-1919, DMA 1957.64.jpg|thumb|'''Renoir - Flowers, 1919.''']]

* Pierre-Auguste Renoir, ''Flowers,'' 1919.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=288}} 
;
; Automobiles

* "Viridian Joule" was the winning color name in [[Chevrolet]]'s [[Chevrolet Volt|Volt]] Paint-Color Naming Contest.<ref>"Viridian Joule" was the winning color name in Paint-Color Naming Contest [http://www.chevroletvoltage.com/index.php/volt-blog/18-volt/1585-viridian-joule-voted-winner-in-volt-paint-color-naming-contest.html]</ref>

; Broadcasting

* Viridian was the signature color of [[BBC Two]]'s [[Station identification|identity]] from [[BBC Two '1991–2001' idents|1991–2001]].

; Television

* ''Viridian'' was the name of an Orion starship in ''[[Star Trek: Discovery]]''

; Environmental Design

* The ''[[viridian design movement]]'' is a popular design movement based on a [[bright green environmentalism]] philosophy.<ref name="Sterling 2000">{{cite document |author=Sterling, Bruce |author-link=Bruce Sterling |year=2001 |title=Viridian: The Manifesto of January 3, 2000 |url=http://www.viridiandesign.org/manifesto.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070108042056/http://www.viridiandesign.org/manifesto.html |archive-date=January 8, 2007 |access-date=2007-01-28}}</ref><ref name="Hughes 2002">{{cite document |author=Hughes, James |author-link=James Hughes (sociologist) |year=2002 |title=Democratic Transhumanism 2.0 |url=http://www.changesurfer.com/Acad/DemocraticTranshumanism.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818073142/http://changesurfer.com/Acad/DemocraticTranshumanism.htm |archive-date=2016-08-18 |access-date=2007-01-26}}</ref>

; Film

* Viridian is mentioned by Otho when discussing remodeling, in the 1988 film ''[[Beetlejuice]]''.<ref name="Beetlejuice">{{cite web |title="Beetlejuice," shooting script, by Michael McDowell; and Warren Skaaren |url=http://www.dailyscript.com/scripts/beetlejuice_skaaren_final.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130103131544/http://www.dailyscript.com/scripts/beetlejuice_skaaren_final.html |archive-date=2013-01-03 |access-date=2012-11-23}}</ref>

; Music

* "Viridian" is the seventh song on [[Between the Buried and Me]]'s ''[[Colors (Between the Buried and Me album)|Colors]]''.
* "Viridian (Interlude)" is the sixteenth track on [[Bethel Music]]'s ''[[Without Words: Synesthesia]]''
* ''Viridian'' is the name of the ninth studio album by rock band [[Closterkeller]] whose releases are usually named after colors
* "Viridian" is the fourth song in [[Novo Amor]]'s 2022 instrumental album ''Antarctican Dream Machine''

; Literature

* In the [[Space opera]] series [[Dread Empire's Fall]], by American author [[Walter Jon Williams]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-05-26 |title=Aliens, spaceships, and fun: Walter Jon Williams's Dread Empire's Fall |url=http://www.tor.com/2009/05/26/aliens-spaceships-and-fun-walter-jon-williamss-dread-empires-fall/ |access-date=2016-06-13 |website=Tor.com}}</ref> the first mention of ''viridian'' is in the initial book of the series, ''The Praxis'' {{ISBN|0-7434-2897-8}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-06-30 |title=Review - Dread Empire's Fall: The Praxis, by Walter Jon Williams |url=http://www.sfsignal.com/archives/2005/06/review_-_dread_empires_fall_the_praxis_by_walter_jon_williams/ |access-date=2016-06-13 |website=SF Signal |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Praxis: Book One Of The Dread Empire's Fall by Walter Jon Williams |url=http://www.sfcrowsnest.com/articles/books/2002/The-Praxis-Book-One-Of-The-Dread-Empires-Fall-by-Walter-Jon-Williams-7165.php |access-date=2016-06-13 |website=SFcrowsnest}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The SF Site Featured Review: The Praxis |url=https://www.sfsite.com/10a/px161.htm |access-date=2016-06-13 |website=SF Site}}</ref>  for both the sky color of Shaa Empire capital world Zanshaa as well as color of the uniforms of their Fleet.

; Video games

* In the ''[[Pokémon]]'' franchise, in the Kanto region, Viridian City is the first town one encounters after leaving Pallet Town via Route 1 and also home to the final [[Gameplay of Pokémon#Pokémon Gyms|gym]].
* In ''[[VVVVVV]]'', the player character is Captain Viridian, who is a light blue-green color. All characters have names referencing their color and starting with the letter [[V]].
* In ''[[Knights of the Old Republic II]]'' the player character can find and use a viridian lightsaber crystal.
* In ''[[League of Legends]]'' the champion Kayle has a viridian costume that is green with black wings.
* In ''[[Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney − Trials and Tribulations]]'', there is a running joke about the color, started by the character [[Larry Butz]].
* In the Steam game ''Aviary Attorney'', the Viridian Killer is responsible for murders in France during the 1830s.<!-- EDIT BELOW THIS LINE -->