View source for User:Sria-72/Southeastern Pacific tropical cyclone

{{Expand Spanish|Ciclones tropicales y subtropicales en el Pacífico sureste
|date=January 2023}}
[[File:Trayectorias de ciclones tropicales y subtropicales del Pacífico sureste 1983-2023.png|thumb|Tracks of the tropical and subtropical cyclones of the Southeast Pacific from May 1983 to January 2022, excluding Hinano|400x400px]][[Tropical cyclogenesis]] is extremely rare in the far southeastern [[Pacific Ocean]], due to the cold [[Sea surface temperature|sea-surface temperatures]] generated by the [[Humboldt Current]], lack of [[Tropical cyclone scales|tropical disturbance]] formation, and also due to unfavorable [[wind shear]]; as such, there are no records of a [[Tropical cyclone|tropical cyclone]] impacting western [[South America]], though at least six storms have formed since 1983 in the area. Tropical cyclones do however often form in the areas closer to the vicinity of [[Melanesia]] and western [[Polynesia]].
{{clear}}
==Reasons for infrequency of tropical development in the Southeastern Pacific==
[[File:El Niño 1982-83.png|thumb|This is a map of the Pacific Ocean during the 1982-1983 winter, showing the significant warm [[sea surface temperature]] anomaly present during the [[1982–83 El Niño event|El Niño of 1982-83]].]]Tropical cyclones generally need multiple ingredients for their formation, such as abundant moisture, low vertical wind shear, and a large difference between sea surface temperature and high-altitude temperatures. In general, tropical cyclones tend to form over warm waters, usually closer to the tropical regions. Although it has been observed that, on some occasions, tropical cyclones can exist in lower temperatures. An example of this is [[Hurricane Alex (2016)|Hurricane Alex]] of the [[2016 Atlantic hurricane season]].

El Niño events often contribute to the formation of these storms, and have also allowed fairly active cyclone seasons to be recorded in the western South Pacific, such as the [[1982–83 South Pacific cyclone season|1982-83]] and [[1997–98 South Pacific cyclone season|1997-98]] seasons. This phenomenon has allowed the ideal sea surface temperature and humidity conditions to be recorded for the generation of two cyclones, a tropical cyclone in 1983, and a subtropical cyclone in 2015. The cyclone in 1983 occurred at the end of one of the most intense El Niño phenomena recorded, that of 1982-83, which coincided with a very active tropical cyclone season in the South Pacific. 

==Storms==
<center><div style="overflow: auto;"><timeline>
ImageSize = width:800 height:200
PlotArea  = top:10 bottom:80 right:20 left:20
Legend    = columns:3 left:30 top:58 columnwidth:270
AlignBars = early

DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy
Period     = from:01/01/2020 till:31/05/2020
TimeAxis   = orientation:horizontal
ScaleMinor = grid:black unit:month increment:1 start:01/01/2020

Colors     =
  id:canvas value:gray(0.88)
  id:GP     value:red
  id:TDi    value:rgb(0,0.52,0.84)     legend:Tropical_Disturbance
  id:TD     value:rgb(0.43,0.76,0.92)  legend:Tropical_Depression
  id:C1     value:rgb(0.30,1,1)  legend:Category_1_=_63-87_km/h_(39-54_mph)
  id:C2     value:rgb(0.75,1,0.75)     legend:Category_2_=_88-142_km/h_(55-74_mph)
  id:C3     value:rgb(1,0.85,0.55)     legend:Category_3_=_143-158-km/h_(75-98_mph)
  id:C4     value:rgb(1,0.45,0.54)  legend:Category_4_=_159–204_km/h_(99–127_mph)
  id:C5     value:rgb(0.55,0.46,0.9)  legend:Category_5_=_≥205_km/h_(≥128_mph)

Backgroundcolors = canvas:canvas

BarData =
  barset:Hurricane
  bar:Month

PlotData=

  barset:Hurricane width:10 align:left fontsize:S shift:(4,-4) anchor:till
  barset:break
  from:12/01/2020 till:14/01/2020 color:C1 text:"Humberto (SS)"
  from:07/03/2020 till:20/03/2020 color:TDi text:"[[Cyclone Yaku|Yaku (TDi)]]"
  from:29/04/2020 till:04/05/2020 color:C1 text:"[[Subtropical Cyclone Katie|Katie (SS)]]"
  from:04/05/2020 till:09/05/2020 color:C1 text:"Lexi (SS)"
  from:10/05/2020 till:14/05/2020 color:C2 text:"Unnamed (C2)"
  bar:Month width:5 align:center fontsize:S shift:(0,-20) anchor:middle color:canvas
  from:01/01/2020 till:31/01/2020 text:January
  from:01/02/2020 till:29/02/2020 text:February
  from:01/03/2020 till:31/03/2020 text:March
  from:01/04/2020 till:30/04/2020 text:April
  from:01/05/2020 till:31/05/2020 text:May

</timeline></div></center>This timeline represents the dates in which the five known systems have formed. This does not take into account the year, they are clearly represented by the month of formation and dissipation.
===Pre-2015===
==== Unnumbered Tropical Cyclone ====
{{Infobox Hurricane Small
|Basin=SPac
|Image=Ciclón tropica 2 1983-05-13-15-UTC.jpg
|Formed=May 10, 1983
|Dissipated=May 14, 1983
|1-min winds=65
|10-min winds=57
|Track=Ciclón tropical 2 - Mayo 1983.png
}}On May 10, 1983, the easternmost tropical cyclone developed in the South Pacific, being the closest to [[South America]] in the satellite era at the time.<ref>https://josevicenciov.wordpress.com/2022/02/15/the-closest-to-south-america-tropical-cyclone-ever-recorded/</ref> Initially, it was named Tropical Depression Two by researchers at the [[University of Hawaiʻi|University of Hawaii]], because it was the second tropical depression to develop during the [[1982–83 South Pacific cyclone season|1982-83 South Pacific cyclone season]].<ref>http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/MET/Enso/peu/update.dir/Update-1stQtr98.html</ref> According to estimates made using the Dvorak technique, the highest [[Maximum sustained wind|sustained wind]] intensity was close to 65 knots (120 km/h), recorded during the night of May 13, with an estimated minimum pressure between 981 hPa and a [[Dvorak technique|Dvorak]] classification of T4.0, being classified as a category 2 severe tropical cyclone on the [[Tropical cyclone scales#Australia and Fiji|Australian and South Pacific cyclone scale]]. During the early hours of May 14, it began to weaken until it disintegrated on the same day around <small>[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?params=12_54_0_N_115_47_59_E 12.9°S 115.8°W]</small>.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KlAMs7b3xrA></ref>

The closest places to this cyclone were [[Isla de Pascua]] in [[Chile]], and the island of [[Fatu-Hiva]] in [[French Polynesia]].
{{clear}}
===2015-present===
==== Subtropical Cyclone Katie ====
{{Infobox Hurricane Small
|Basin=SPac
|Type=SS
|Image=Katie 2015-05-02 2125Z.jpg
|Formed=April 29, 2015
|Dissipated=May 4, 2015
|1-min winds=40
|Pressure=993
|Track=Katie 2015 track.png
}}{{Main|Subtropical Cyclone Katie}}

On April 29, 2015, close to the end of the [[2014–15 South Pacific cyclone season]], an extratropical cyclone developed in the far Southeastern Pacific, before transitioning into a [[Subtropical cyclone|subtropical depression]] relatively soon afterward.<ref name="Katie track">{{cite web|url=http://www.australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2015/trak1504.htm|title=Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Tracks April 2015|author=Steve Young|publisher=Australia Severe Weather|date=27 July 2015|access-date=16 October 2017}}</ref> The storm transitioned into a subtropical depression at 102.9°W, out of the South Pacific basin's eastern boundary of 120°W.<ref name="Katie track" /><ref name="SPAC TCOP" /> Around this time, the Chilean Navy Weather Service included the storm in their High Seas Warnings, which kept it there until May 4.<ref name="2015 climate report" /> During the next couple days, the system moved southwestwards, before turning to the southeast. On May 1, the storm intensified into to subtropical storm intensity, and executed a small westward loop.<ref name="Katie track" /> During this time, the system had encountered [[Sea surface temperature|sea surface temperatures]] about {{convert|1|C-change}} above average and low [[wind shear]], due to an [[2014–16 El Niño event|extremely strong El Niño event]], allowing the storm to further intensify and organize.<ref name="Katie" /> On May 2, the storm reached its likely peak intensity, with maximum sustained winds of {{convert|45|mph|km/h mph kn|abbr=on|order=out}},<ref name="Katie track" /><ref group="nb">All wind speeds in the article are [[maximum sustained wind]]s sustained for one minute, unless otherwise noted.</ref> and a minimum low pressure of {{convert|993|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}}.<ref name="2015 climate report">{{cite journal|author1=Blunden, J.|author2=D. S. Arndt|title=State of the Climate in 2015|journal=State of the Climate|publisher=American Meteorological Society|date=October 2016|volume=97|issue=8|pages=149–150|doi=10.1175/2016BAMSStateoftheClimate.1|bibcode=2016BAMS...97.....B|hdl=1874/353366|url=https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00662/77399/|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Around this time, the storm was unofficially named ''Katie''.<ref name="Katie" /> Katie then tracked westwards, slowly weakening. On May 4, Katie weakened into a subtropical depression and began moving quicker to the northwest, passing to the east of [[Easter Island]], before degenerating into a [[remnant low]].<ref name="Katie track" /><ref name="2015 climate report" /> On May 6, Katie's remnant low dissipated.<ref name="2015 climate report" /> During Katie's entire existence, the storm remained east of 120°W, which is not within the official recognized boundary of the basin.<ref name="Katie track" /><ref name="2015 climate report" />

Subtropical Cyclone Katie is unofficially the second-easternmost tropical or subtropical cyclone ever observed to form in the South Pacific Ocean, transitioning into a subtropical system near 102.9°W.<ref name="Katie" /><ref name="Katie track" /> This broke the previous record of around [[110th meridian west|110°W]], set by a [[1982–83 South Pacific cyclone season#Seasonal summary|tropical depression]] in May 1983.<ref name="PEU" /> "Katie" was also the first tropical or subtropical system to form east of the South Pacific basin's official eastern boundary of 120°W<ref name="SPAC TCOP" /> since another tropical depression in May 1983.<ref name="PEU">{{cite report|title=Pacific ENSO Update&nbsp;— Quarter 1, 1998 |url=http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/MET/Enso/peu/update.dir/Update-1stQtr98.html |url-status=live |volume=4 |issue=1 |website=Pacific ENSO Update |publisher=The Pacific ENSO Applications Climate Centre |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061151/http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/MET/Enso/peu/update.dir/Update-1stQtr98.html |archive-date=March 4, 2016 }}</ref> However, in May 2018, Katie's record was broken by [[Subtropical Cyclone Lexi]], which formed just a few hundred miles off the coast of [[Chile]], near [[80th meridian west|80°W]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Subtropical Cyclone |author=Levi Cowan|publisher=[[Twitter]]|date=May 7, 2018 |url=https://twitter.com/tropicaltidbits/status/993568187068362752|access-date=May 10, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/content/rare-subtropical-storm-coast-chile|title=Rare Subtropical Storm off the Coast of Chile |author=John Leslie|publisher=NOAA|date=May 9, 2018|access-date=May 10, 2018}}</ref> Tropical cyclogenesis is extremely rare in the far southeastern [[Pacific Ocean]], due to the cold sea-surface temperatures generated by the [[Humboldt Current]], lack of tropical disturbance formation, and also due to unfavorable [[wind shear]]; as such, there are no records of a tropical cyclone impacting western [[South America]].<ref name="rare">{{cite web|url=https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/content/rare-subtropical-storm-coast-chile|title=Rare Subtropical Storm off the Coast of Chile |author=John Leslie|publisher=NOAA|date=May 9, 2018|access-date=May 10, 2018}}</ref><ref name="extremely rare">{{cite web|url=https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/2018-05-08-subtropical-cyclone-chile|title=Extremely Rare Southeast Pacific Subtropical Cyclone Forms Off the Chilean Coast|author=Jonathan Belles|website=weather.com|publisher=[[The Weather Company]]|date=May 9, 2018|access-date=June 25, 2019}}</ref><ref name="don't normally">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/marshallshepherd/2018/05/10/subtropical-cyclones-dont-form-near-chile-one-just-did-and-why-thats-weird/?sh=1b0e4f1614c2|title=Subtropical Cyclones Don't Normally Form Near Chile - But One Just Did|author=Marshall Shepherd|work=Forbes|date=May 10, 2018|access-date=February 22, 2021}}</ref> [[Tropical cyclogenesis|Tropical cyclone formation]] in this extreme part of the Southeast Pacific is so rare that no warning agencies have yet been assigned to the region east of 120°W.<ref name="Katie" /> Subtropical Cyclone Katie formed during an [[2014–16 El Niño event|extremely strong El Niño event]]; the abnormally-warm waters {{convert|1|C-change}} above average and low [[wind shear]] across the region may have contributed to the system's rare formation.<ref name="Katie" /> Although Katie's observed characteristics were consistent with that of a subtropical cyclone, detailed analysis revealed that the storm may have briefly transitioned into a tropical cyclone, around the time of its peak intensity.<ref name="2015 climate report" />
{{clear}}
==== Subtropical Cyclone Lexi ====
{{Infobox Hurricane Small
|Basin=SPac
|Type=SS
|Image=Lexi 2018-05-07 1900Z.jpg
|Formed=May 4 2018
|Dissipated=May 9, 2018
|1-min winds=45
|Pressure=992
|Track=Lexi 2018 track.png
}}On May 4, 2018, a system identified as a [[Subtropical cyclone|subtropical cyclone]] formed east of 120°W, near [[80th meridian west|80°W]], just a few hundred miles off the coast of [[Chile]], with researchers unofficially naming the storm ''Lexi''.<ref name="Lexi track">{{cite web|url=http://www.australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2018/trak1805.htm|title=Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Tracks - May 2018|author=Steve Young|publisher=Australia Severe Weather|date=5 July 2018|access-date=3 September 2018}}</ref> The cyclone formed in an area without a [[Regional Specialized Meteorological Center]], so it was not officially classified.<ref>{{cite tweet|user=TropicalTidbits|author=Levi Cowan|date=May 7, 2018|access-date=February 22, 2021|url=https://twitter.com/TropicalTidbits/status/993568187068362752|title=A subtropical cyclone just west of Chile would definitely be among the weirder things I've seen. Water is usually cold there. Colder than 20C in this case, but the thermodynamic profile does support convection.|number=993568187068362752}}</ref> On May 9, the satellite services division of the NOAA classified the system as a weak subtropical storm, despite occurring in cooler (below 20&nbsp;°C) sea surface temperatures.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/content/rare-subtropical-storm-coast-chile|title=Rare Subtropical Storm off the Coast of Chile |author=John Leslie|publisher=NOAA|date=May 9, 2018|access-date=February 22, 2021}}</ref>
{{clear}}
==== Subtropical Cyclone Humberto ====
{{Infobox Hurricane Small
|Basin=SPac
|Type=SS
|Image=SS 2022-01-12 1925Z.jpg
|Formed=January 12, 2022
|Dissipated=January 14, 2022
|1-min winds=55
|Pressure=1000
|Track=Humberto 2022 track.png
}}On January 13, 2022, the [[Weather Prediction Center]] (WPC) noted a [[Subtropical cyclone|subtropical storm]] approximately {{cvt|440|nmi}} to the west-southwest of the [[Juan Fernández Islands]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/discussions/hpcdiscussions.php?disc=fxsa21&version=2&fmt=reg|title=South American Forecast Discussion|date=2022-01-13|access-date=2022-01-15|website=[[Weather Prediction Center]]|archive-url=http://archive.today/2022.01.15-193506/https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/discussions/hpcdiscussions.php?disc=fxsa21&version=2&fmt=reg|archive-date=2022-01-15}}</ref> The small storm dissipated the next day.<ref>{{Cite web|title=South American Forecast Discussion|url=https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/discussions/hpcdiscussions.php?disc=fxsa21|date=2022-01-14|access-date=2022-01-15|website=[[Weather Prediction Center]]|archive-url=http://archive.today/2022.01.15-193252/https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/discussions/hpcdiscussions.php?disc=fxsa21|archive-date=2022-01-15}}</ref> Similar to previous storms that formed in this region, it was unofficially named ''Humberto'' by researchers, in honor of [[Humberto Fuenzalida]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Steve Young|title=Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Tracks, January 2022|year=2022|access-date=2023-02-26|url=https://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2022/trak2201.htm}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==== Cyclone Yaku ====
{{main|Cyclone Yaku}}
[[File:Yaku 2023-03-13 2130Z.jpg|thumb|alt=Yaku on March 13, 2023.|Yaku on March 13, 2023.]]
On 7 March, SENAMHI reported an "unorganized tropical cyclone", though no other agencies took note of the storm as a tropical cyclone.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ciclón Yaku se presenta frente al mar peruano |url=https://www.gob.pe/institucion/senamhi/noticias/721545-ciclon-yaku-se-presenta-frente-al-mar-peruano |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=www.gob.pe |language=es-pe |archive-date=2023-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312040209/https://www.gob.pe/institucion/senamhi/noticias/721545-ciclon-yaku-se-presenta-frente-al-mar-peruano |url-status=live }}</ref> SENAMHI researchers were able to identify the formation of the cyclone at the end of February, and also stated that the unusual phenomenon would remain in the Peruvian sea but would not affect any cities on the Peruvian and Ecuadorian coasts. They also reported that moderate to heavy rainfall would develop on the northern coast and highlands of Peru from 9 to 11 March<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sourtech |title=Yaku: ¿En qué regiones del Perú se está presentando este inusual ciclón? - Exitosa Noticias |url=https://www.exitosanoticias.pe/actualidad/yaku-en-regiones-peru-esta-presentando-inusual-ciclon-n94396 |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=www.exitosanoticias.pe |language=es-PE |archive-date=2023-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312040204/https://www.exitosanoticias.pe/actualidad/yaku-en-regiones-peru-esta-presentando-inusual-ciclon-n94396 |url-status=live }}</ref> and that the cyclone would not become a hurricane.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ciclón Yaku no se convertirá en huracán: Expertos lo descartan, pero se mantienen alerta |url=https://www.infobae.com/peru/2023/03/10/ciclon-yaku-se-convertira-en-un-huracan-esto-es-lo-que-dicen-los-expertos/ |access-date=12 March 2023 |website=infobae |language=es-ES |archive-date=11 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311221751/https://www.infobae.com/peru/2023/03/10/ciclon-yaku-se-convertira-en-un-huracan-esto-es-lo-que-dicen-los-expertos/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The system was named "Cyclone Yaku", with the word "Yaku" coming from the [[Quechuan languages|Quechuan]] translation of "water".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Vega |first=Renzo Gómez |date=2023-03-11 |title=Siete fallecidos y miles de damnificados por Yaku, el ciclón que azota la costa y la sierra peruana |url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2023-03-11/siete-fallecidos-y-miles-de-damnificados-por-yaku-el-ciclon-que-azota-la-costa-y-la-sierra-peruana.html |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=[[El País]] |language=es |archive-date=2023-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314192353/https://elpais.com/internacional/2023-03-11/siete-fallecidos-y-miles-de-damnificados-por-yaku-el-ciclon-que-azota-la-costa-y-la-sierra-peruana.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Cyclone Yaku brought extreme rainfall conditions to the [[Regions of Peru|departments]] of [[Department of Tumbes|Tumbes]], [[Department of Piura|Piura]], and [[Department of Lambayeque|Lambayeque]]. On 8 March, rainfall was reported in the departments of Tumbes, Piura, Lambayeque, [[Department of La Libertad|La Libertad]], [[Department of Ancash|Ancash]], and [[Department of Lima|Lima]]. On 10 March,  [[La Leche River]] overflows in the [[Lambayeque Province]], affecting the district of [[Illimo District|Illimo]], leaving 3,000 homeless and leaving over 1,000 homes uninhabitable..<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" /> In the department of La Libertad, there was flooding in the provinces of [[Chepén]] and [[Pacasmayo]] after torrential rains.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=10 March 2023 |title=Lluvias en Perú {{!}} Ciclón Yaku {{!}} Lambayeque y La Libertad superaron récord histórico de lluvias desde El Niño de 1998 y El Niño costero del 2017 {{!}} Senamhi {{!}} PERU |url=https://gestion.pe/peru/lluvias-en-peru-ciclon-yaku-lambayeque-y-la-libertad-superaron-record-historico-de-lluvias-desde-el-nino-de-1998-y-el-nino-costero-del-2017-senamhi-noticia/ |access-date=12 March 2023 |website=Gestión |language=es |archive-date=11 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311145713/https://gestion.pe/peru/lluvias-en-peru-ciclon-yaku-lambayeque-y-la-libertad-superaron-record-historico-de-lluvias-desde-el-nino-de-1998-y-el-nino-costero-del-2017-senamhi-noticia/ |url-status=live }}</ref> SENAMHI reports indicated that the departments of Lambayeque and La Libertad exceeded the historical record of rainfall accumulation in 24 hours, reporting values not recorded since the [[1997–98 El Niño event|1997–98]] and 2017 El Niño events.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lambayeque en alerta: lluvias torrenciales, desbordes de ríos e inundaciones por el ciclón Yacu |url=https://www.infobae.com/peru/2023/03/10/lambayeque-en-alerta-lluvias-torrenciales-desbordes-de-rios-e-inundaciones-por-el-ciclon-yacu/ |access-date=12 March 2023 |website=infobae |language=es-ES |archive-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312003047/https://www.infobae.com/peru/2023/03/10/lambayeque-en-alerta-lluvias-torrenciales-desbordes-de-rios-e-inundaciones-por-el-ciclon-yacu/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{clear}}

==See also==
*[[Tropical cyclone formation#Unusual areas of formation|Unusual areas of tropical cyclone formation]]
*[[South Atlantic tropical cyclone]]s
*[[Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone]]s (medicanes)
*[[2006 Central Pacific cyclone]]
*[[Tropical Storm Vamei]]


==References==
{{reflist|2}}