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=='''<big>Heschl's Gyrus</big>'''==
[[File:Cerebral Gyri - Insula.png|thumbnail|right|Heschl's Gyrus]]
'''Heschl's Gyrus''' is a convolution or fold of the [[temporal lobe]] of the brain and is the [[cortical center]] for hearing. It runs obliquely outward and forward from the posterior, or back part of the [[lateral sulcus]].  <ref>"Heschl's gyrus". 2013. In Merriam-Webster.com.
Retrieved February 28th, 2013, from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/heschl'sgyrus</ref> This brain area is also known as the [[Transverse temporal gyrus]]. This gyrus was first described by an Austrian named [[Richard Heschl]] during the 1850's. The main functions of the structure have been found to be related to audition or hearing since it serves as a piece of the [[primary auditory cortex]].  Tumors to this brain area have been found to cause problems related to verbal processing and may contribute to the development of certain [[psychological disorders]]. Future research advocates for the use of more advanced technology to develop a more complete understanding of the function of the gyrus, as well as the consequences of abnormalities of the structure.

=='''History'''==
[[File:Richard L. Heschl.jpg|thumbnail|left|Richard L. Heschl]]

[[Richard L. Heschl]] (1824-81) is the man credited for first describing the [[transverse temporal gyrus]] <ref name = "Aterman 1976"> Aternman, K. (1976). A PRETTY A VISTA REACTION FOR TISSUES WITH AMYLOID DEGENERATION," 1875: AN IMPORTANT YEAR FOR PATHOLOGY. Journal Of The History Of Medicine & Allied Sciences, 31(4), 431-447 </ref>. Heschl was born in Austria in 1824 and attended the [[University of Vienna]] where he later became a professor of pathological anatomy <ref name = "Aterman 1976"/>.   While at the [[University of Vienna]], he wrote many pieces that impacted the scientific community at the time, including a compendium of pathological anatomy. He also described a new method of biological tissue staining called [[metachromasia]] that is still used today in detecting the pathology of [[amyloidosis]] <ref name = "Aterman 1976"/>.

There are many folds in the [[cerebral cortex]] or surface layer of the [[Brain | brain]]. The depressions are known as [[sulci]] and the ridges are known as [[gyri]]. It is hypothesized that these folds allow the brain more capacity for storage, retrieval, and other brain activity <ref> White, T., & Hilgetag, C. C. (2008). Gyrification and development of the human brain. Cambridge, MA, US: MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. Retrieved from https://www.lib.uwo.ca/cgi-bin/ezpauthn.cgi/docview/622167193?accountid=15115. </ref>. These convolutions were first described by various scientists including Adolph Pansch, [[Pozzi]], [[Ecker]], [[Giacomini]], and Heschl.   
<ref name = "G.M. Turner, 1879"> Humphrey, G. M., Turner, W. M., McKendrick, J. G., & Creighton, C. (1879). Journal of anatomy and physiology. (Vol. XIII, p. 270). London and Cambridge: Macmillan and Co. Retrieved from http://books.google.ca/books?id=_dsDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA277&lpg=PA277&dq=pansch convolutions brain&source=bl&ots=LJnKJuY3Nc&sig=XFntpyu3ceOuMvAGuAbBND2XF8c&hl=en&sa=X&ei=OENLUdiaCtHbqwHCyYG4Dg&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA </ref>
Heschl described the transverse temporal gyrus as “a convolution springing from the first temporal convolution about the middle of the lower border of the [[Sylvian fissure]] and ending either singly or by joining the second temporal gyrus” <ref name = "G.M. Turner, 1879"/>.

=='''Structure and Function'''==
[[File:Lateral surface of cerebral cortex - gyri.png|thumbnail|Lobes of the Brain]]

Heschl's gyrus is located bilaterally on the temporal plane. It serves as a general marker for the location of the primary auditory cortex, which still cannot be localized exactly. The [[primary auditory cortex]] was identified over 100 years ago, but due to human genetic variation and technology limitations it has not been routinely identifiable in the living human brain <ref> Rauschecker JP, Tian B,Pons T,Mishkin M(1997) Serial and parallel processing in rhesus monkey auditory cortex. J Comp Neurol 382:89–103</ref>.

Studies have been done in attempt to relate variations in the structure of human brain anatomy to variations in the functioning of Heschl's Gyrus. <ref name = "Warrier"> Warrier, C., Wong, P., Penhune, V., Zatorre, R., Parrish, T., Abrams, D., & Kraus, N. (2009). Relating structure to function: Heschl’s gyrus and acoustic processing. The Journal of Neuroscience, 29(1), 61-69. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3489-08.2009 </ref>. One such study addressed this by relating physical measurements of Heschl's Gyrus to how the region processes acoustic information <ref name = "Warrier"/>. Volume measurements were taken from subjects and as predicted a large amount of structural variation was found. Auditory responses were then recorded using an MRI and the results found structure to be related to function. The larger the volume of Heschl's Gyrus in the right side of the brain, the more cortex response was associated with temporal, or time processing. The larger the volume on the right, the more spatially related cortex was activated <ref name = "Warrier"/>. This study helps support one of the overarching theories of science that form dictates function.

Brain areas of the temporal plane respond differently to various sounds in the environment according to spatial arrangement. This is known as [[tonotopy]]. Studies have been able to identify tonotopy in the temporal lobes of monkeys. <ref> Rauschecker JP, Tian B,Pons T,Mishkin M(1997) Serial and parallel processing in rhesus monkey auditory cortex. J Comp Neurol 382:89–103</ref>  The studies used [[fMRI]] readings to map out which brain areas respond to which types of sound frequencies. The relation between the structure and function of a monkey's brain is identifiable through these maps, but technology has not allowed for this research in humans as of yet. This is due to the small size of this brain region in humans in relation to the current instruments available for inspection. <ref>Da Costa, S., van, d. Z., Marques, J. P., Frackowiak, R. S. J., Clarke, S., & Saenz, M. (2011). Human primary auditory cortex follows the shape of heschl's gyrus. The Journal of Neuroscience, 31(40), 14067-14075. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2000-11.2011 </ref>

=='''Research'''==

Heschl's gyrus has been the focus of various areas of research. Such areas include: research in mental illness (for example [[schizophrenia]] and [[bipolar disorder]]), as well as research on [[pitch]] perception and acoustic processing.

==Mental Illness==

[[Mental Illness]] is any condition characterized by abnormalities in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning. Mental Illness can be caused by social, psychological, [[biochemical]], [[genetic]], or other factors, such as infection or [[head trauma]] <ref> mental illness. (n.d.) The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. (2003). Retrieved March 21 2013 from http://www.thefreedictionary.com/mental+illness</ref>. Examples of [[mental illness]] include [[bipolar disorder]], [[anxiety disorder]], [[schizophrenia]], and [[personality disorders]] among others. In relation to Heschl's Gyrus there has been more research pertaining to schizophrenic symptoms than there has been to other mental illnesses. 

The relationship between schizophrenic [[auditory hallucinations]] and Heschl's Gyrus has been an expanding area of study. Early studies on this topic found little to no relationship between schizophrenia and Heschl's Gyrus. <ref>Cotter, David, Daniel Mackay, Sophia Frangou, Lance Hudson, and Sabine Landau. 2004. Cell density and cortical thickness in Heschl's Gyrus in schizophrenia, major depression and bipolar disorder. The British Journal of Psychiatry 185, (3): 258-259, https://www.lib.uwo.ca/cgi-bin/ezpauthn.cgi/docview/620507511?accountid=15115 (accessed March 21, 2013).</ref> A 2004 study by David Cotter and company investigated cell density and cortical thickness of Heschl's Gyrus in order to determine any cellular differences between post-mortem patients with diagnoses of either [[major depressive disorder]], [[schizophrenia]] and/or [[bipolar disorder]]. These were compared to normal [[experimental controls]]. No difference was found between the patient group and the control group so it was concluded that there was no support for the presence of cellular pathology within Heschl's Gyrus in schizophrenia. Looking at the size of brain matter, however, is only one way to compare differences between groups. Another method includes comparing the various connections of cells and this technique has been used in more recent studies.

[[File:Cloth embroidered by a schizophrenia sufferer.jpg|thumbnail|Cloth Embroidered by Schizophrenia Sufferer Shows Peak Inside The Mind]]

This evolution in thinking beyond size comparisons mirrors the thinking of [[cognitive science]] as a whole. In the past it was thought that the larger a species' brain size the more intelligence the species possessed <ref name = "Workman, 2008"> Workman, L., & Reader, W. (2008). Evolutionary psychology: An introduction. (2nd ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press </ref>. This was eventually refuted as it was shown that body size plays a role in brain size. Whales for example have larger brains than humans. Later, relative size of cortex was thought to equate with [[intelligence]], but this view was also difficult to uphold <ref name = "Workman, 2008"/>. More currently, the amount of brain cell connections are being researched to determine intelligence and proper functioning <ref name = "Workman, 2008"/>.

In a more recent 2012 study by Shinn and company some support was found for Heschl’s Gyrus playing a role in [[auditory hallucinations]], which are a symptom of [[schizophrenia]]. <ref name = "Shinn"> Shinn, A. K., Baker, J. T., Cohen, B. M., & Öngür, D. (2012). Functional connectivity of left heschl's gyrus in vulnerability to auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2012.11.037 </ref> This study used a resting-state [[fMRI]] to investigate the connectivity of the [[primary auditory cortex]], located on Heschl's Gyrus, in patients with [[schizophrenia]] induced auditory hallucinations <ref name = "Shinn"/>. The results showed that increased left hemisphere Heschl's Gyrus connectivity was positively related to hallucination severity in other brain areas. It was then concluded that abnormal interactions between the left Heschl's gyrus and the brain regions involved in [[speech]]/[[language]], [[memory]], and the monitoring of self-generated events may contribute to propensity for hallucinations <ref name = "Shinn"/>. Similar studies have been conducted that support the role of primary auditory cortex abnormalities in auditory hallucinations <ref> McCarley, R.W., Wible, C.G., Frumin, M., Hirayasu, Y., Levitt, J.J., Fischer, I.A., Shenton, M.E., 1999. MRI anatomy of schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry 45, 1099–1119</ref> <ref> Allen, P., Laroi, F., McGuire, P.K., Aleman, A., 2008. The hallucinating brain: a review of
structural and functional neuroimaging studies of hallucinations. Neurosci. Biobehav.Rev. 32 (1), 175–191</ref> <ref>Modinos, G., Costafreda, S.G., van Tol, M.J., McGuire, P.K., Aleman, A., Allen, P., 2012. Neuroanatomy of auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia: a quantitative meta-analysis of voxel-based morphometry studies. Cortex (Electronic publica-tion ahead of print February 1, 2012)</ref> <ref>Sweet, R.A., Bergen, S.E., Sun, Z., Sampson, A.R., Pierri, J.N., Lewis, D.A., 2004. Pyramidal cell size reduction in schizophrenia: evidence for involvement of auditory feedforward circuits. Biol. Psychiatry 55 (12), 1128–1137 </ref>.

Another school of thought advocates that auditory hallucinations cause the abnormalities witnessed in Heschl's Gyrus, and are not an underlying symptom of schizophrenia. A study by Daniela Hubl and company compared the volume of Heschl's Gyrus in patients with schizophrenia induced auditory hallucinations with those without auditory hallucinations. The study found a higher volume of Heschl's Gyrus in the right hemisphere of patients with hallucinations than those without <ref> Hubl, D., Dougoud-Chauvin, V., Zeller, M., Federspiel, A., Boesch, C., Strik, W., . . . Koenig, T. (2009). Structural analysis of heschl's gyrus in schizophrenia patients with auditory hallucinations. Neuropsychobiology, 61(1), 1-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000258637</ref>. The scientists conducting this study suggested that the volume increases of Heschl's Gyrus were caused by the hallucinations and not by the underlying disorder of schizophrenia.

There are a variety of techniques and methods involved in the study of the brain, as well as a variety of schools of thought related to the topic. Each process and mode adds more information to the scientific community in its own way and aids in better understanding of the role of Heschl's Gyrus in mental illness. [[Cognitive Science]] as a subject increases knowledge in a similar interdisciplinary fashion, combining information learned from a variety of faculties, from [[cognitive psychology]], to [[neuroscience]], to [[computer science]]. <ref> Friedenberg, J., & Silverman, G. (2012). Cognitive science: An introduction to the study of mind. Los Angeles: Sage Publications Inc.</ref>.

==Acoustic Processing==

Heschl's Gyrus is one of the primary centers for hearing in the brain. Studies have been performed to better understand how pitch perception and acoustic processing occur in the brain. 

A much cited study by Peter Schneider and company demonstrated that pitch perception [[localization]] varies based on the type of listener. There are two different types of pitches, f(0) or f(sp) and depending on the subjects dominant perceptual mode, localization will occur in either the right or left hemisphere. It was found that F(0) listeners had more right hemisphere localization and f(sp) listeners had more left hemisphere localization <ref> Schneider, Peter, Vanessa Sluming, Neil Roberts, Michael Scherg, Rainer Goebel, Hans J. Specht, H. Gü Dosch, Stefan Bleeck, Christoph Stippich, and André Rupp. 2005. Structural and functional asymmetry of lateral heschl's gyrus reflects pitch perception preference. Nature neuroscience 8, (9): 1241-1247, https://www.lib.uwo.ca/cgi-bin/ezpauthn.cgi/docview/620876285?accountid=15115 (accessed March 22, 2013). </ref>. Localization in this sense refers to the area where brain activity is highest upon exposure to a certain stimulus.

This study was supplemented by a second study from the same colleagues, which supported that pitch preferences in Heschl's Gyrus occur regardless of musical ability <ref>Schneider, Peter, Vanessa Sluming, Neil Roberts, Stefan Bleeck, and André Rupp. 2005. Structural, functional, and perceptual differences in Heschl's gyrus and musical instrument preference. In , 387-394. New York, NY, US: New York Academy of Sciences, New York, NY, https://www.lib.uwo.ca/cgi-bin/ezpauthn.cgi/docview/621200375?accountid=15115 (accessed March 22, 2013).</ref>. This study also demonstrated that relative size of Heschl's Gyrus may be related to musical ability. The study used MRI scanning to examine and compare activity in Heschl's Gyrus of 334 professional musicians, 75 amateur musicians, and 54 non-musicians. Researchers such as Sebastian Puschmann were still not convinced that localization of pitch was due to perception and not stimulation. 

Puschmann and his colleagues conducted a study using [[dichotic pitch]] stimuli in order to ensure that it was indeed pitch that was being perceived in Heschl's Gyrus and not just any sound stimulus. The study found that the lateral end of Heschl's gyrus was equally activated for sequences of fixed pitch or random pitch which
supports prior research that the brain area is critical to the perception and evaluation of pitch information. The research concluded that Heschl's Gyrus might represent a general pitch processing centre in humans <ref>Puschmann, Sebastian, Stefan Uppenkamp, Birger Kollmeier, and Christiane M. Thiel. 2010. Dichotic pitch activates pitch processing centre in heschl's gyrus. NeuroImage 49, (2): 1641-1649, https://www.lib.uwo.ca/cgi-bin/ezpauthn.cgi/docview/622185609?accountid=15115 (accessed March 22, 2013). </ref>.

A study by John Brugge was conducted to compare the progression that Heschl's Gyrus undergoes for auditory processing in humans compared to monkeys. There is a deeper understanding of the structure and function of the primary auditory cortex in monkeys than there is in humans due to the ability to perform more invasive tests and the flatter structure of the monkey brain area. One technique used in science to understand more about humans is to compare human anatomy to their closest relatives; primates. In the study by Brugge it was found that auditory processing in monkeys was similar to humans. The study used electrodes implanted into the Heschl's Gyrus area of 15 patients to record results of brain activity. Researches exposed subjects to click sounds of varying rates. It was found that two auditory fields seemed to exist. A core field of the Gyrus could detect slower click rates, up until 200Hz, and a separate field responded to the highest click rates of the study. <ref>Brugge, John F., Kirill V. Nourski, Hiroyuki Oya, Richard A. Reale, Hiroto Kawasaki, Mitchell Steinschneider, and Matthew A. Howard. 2009. Coding of repetitive transients by auditory cortex on heschl's gyrus. Journal of neurophysiology 102, (4): 2358-2374, https://www.lib.uwo.ca/cgi-bin/ezpauthn.cgi/docview/621977774?accountid=15115 (accessed March 22, 2013). </ref>. The study concluded that auditory processing may occur in a similar fashion across humans and primates.

==Directions for Future Research==

The future understanding of Heschl's Gyrus will depend on new technological innovations. As microscopes and scanning systems are able to view brain areas at the neuronal level, a deeper understanding of the structure and function of Heschl's Gyrus will come about. Developing a tonotopic map of this structure should be researched in the future in order to more accurately identify the primary auditory cortex in humans. Understanding more about the transverse temporal gyrus could help in finding a cure, or prevention method, for schizophrenia and other mental illnesses. Once more, basic research has been conducted on this topic. Scientists and psychologists should apply this knowledge in order to benefit society.

=='''See Also'''==

Below are links to other articles on areas of the brain related to Heshcl's Gyrus, for those interested in understanding the connections of the brain in more detail. 

* [[Lobes of the brain]]
* [[Broca's area]]
* [[Wernicke's area]]
* [[Superior temporal area 22]]
* [[Brodmann area]]

=='''References'''==


{{reflist}}


{{Navbox
| name       = Cerebral cortex
| title      = [[Human brain]]: [[forebrain]] ([[cerebrum]], [[cerebral cortex]], [[cerebral hemisphere]]s, [[grey matter]]) ([[Terminologia Anatomica|TA A14.1.09.002–240, 301–320]], [[List of subjects in Gray's Anatomy: IX. Neurology#Telencephalon 2|GA 9.818–826]])
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  | group1     = Superolateral
  | list1      =
    {{Navbox|subgroup
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    | group1 = [[Prefrontal cortex|Prefrontal]]
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** [[Brodmann area 4|4l]]
** [[Brodmann area 6|6l]]
** [[Brodmann area 8|8l]]
* [[Middle frontal gyrus]]
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** [[Brodmann area 10|10l]]
** [[Brodmann area 46|46]]

* [[Inferior frontal gyrus]]: [[Brodmann area 11|11l]]
* [[Brodmann area 47|47]]-[[Orbital part of inferior frontal gyrus|Pars orbitalis]]
* [[Broca's area]]
** [[Brodmann area 44|44]]-[[Opercular part of inferior frontal gyrus|Pars opercularis]]
** [[Brodmann area 45|45]]-[[Triangular part of inferior frontal gyrus|Pars triangularis]]

* [[Superior frontal sulcus]]
* [[Inferior frontal sulcus]]

    | group2 = [[Precentral gyrus|Precentral]]
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  | group1 = [[Prefrontal cortex|Prefrontal]]
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** [[Brodmann area 6|6m]]
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** [[Brodmann area 8|8m]]
** [[Brodmann area 9|9m]]

* [[Paraterminal gyrus]]/[[Paraolfactory area]]
** [[Brodmann area 12|12]]
* [[Straight gyrus]]
** [[Brodmann area 11|11m]]
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** [[Brodmann area 10|10m]]
** [[Brodmann area 11|11m]]
** [[Brodmann area 12|12]]
* [[Ventromedial prefrontal cortex]]
** [[Brodmann area 10|10m]]
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** [[Brodmann area 25|25]]

* [[Olfactory sulcus]]
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| group3 = Both
| list3  = 
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** [[Brodmann area 6|6]]
* [[Frontal eye fields]]
** [[Brodmann area 8|8]]

}}

| group2     = [[Parietal lobe]]
| list2      =
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  | group1 = Superolateral
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* [[Superior parietal lobule]]
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** [[Brodmann area 40|40]]-[[Supramarginal gyrus]]
** [[Brodmann area 39|39]]-[[Angular gyrus]]
* [[Parietal operculum]]
** [[Brodmann area 43|43]]

* [[Intraparietal sulcus]]

  | group2 = Medial/inferior
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* [[Paracentral lobule]]
** 1m
** 2m
** 3m
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    [[Marginal sulcus]]

  | group3 = Both
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** 2
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| list3      =
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  | group1 = Superolateral
  | list1  = 
* [[Occipital pole of cerebrum]]
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** [[Brodmann area 18|18]]
** [[Brodmann area 19|19]]
* [[Lunate sulcus]]
* [[Transverse occipital sulcus]]

  | group2 = Medial/inferior
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* [[Calcarine fissure]]
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| group4     = [[Temporal lobe]]
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** [[Brodmann area 22|22]]/[[Wernicke's area]]
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** [[Brodmann area 20|20]]

* [[Superior temporal sulcus]]
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** [[Brodmann area 28|28]]
** [[Brodmann area 34|34]]
** [[Brodmann area 35|35]]
** [[Brodmann area 36|36]]

* [[Inferior temporal sulcus]]
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| group5     = [[sulcus (neuroanatomy)|Interlobar<br>sulci/fissures]]
| list5      =
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  | group1 = Superolateral
  | list1  = 
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| group14    = [[Limbic lobe]]
| list14     =
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  | group2 = [[Cingulate cortex]]/[[Cingulate gyrus|gyrus]]
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** [[Brodmann area 33|33]]
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** [[Brodmann area 31|31]]

* [[Isthmus of cingulate gyrus]]: [[Retrosplenial region| Retrosplenial cortex]]
** [[Brodmann area 26|26]]
** [[Brodmann area 29|29]]
** [[Brodmann area 30|30]]

  | group3 = [[Hippocampal formation]]
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* [[Fimbria of hippocampus]]
* [[Dentate gyrus]]
* [[Rhinal sulcus]]

  | group4 = Other
  | list4  = 
* [[Supracallosal gyrus]]
* [[Uncus]]
  }}

| group18 = [[Insular cortex|Insular lobe]]
| list18  = 
* [[Long gyrus of insula]]
* [[Short gyri of insula]]
* [[Circular sulcus of insula]]

| group19 = General
| list19  = 
* [[Operculum (brain)|Operculum]]
* [[Poles of cerebral hemispheres]]

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