View source for User:Trashpanda/sandbox

==Thessaloniki Metro==
{{Routemap
|navbar=Thessaloniki Metro Development Plan
|navbar pos=1
|navbar mini=
|title=Thessaloniki Metro
|title color=white
|title bg= inherit; background-image: linear-gradient(to right, #{{rcr|Thessaloniki Metro|1}}, #{{rcr|Thessaloniki Metro|2}}, #{{rcr|Athens Metro|1}});
|bg=
|inline={{{inline|}}}
|collapsible=
|collapse=
|legend=
|legend alt=
|float=
|style=
|top=
|footnote={{center|Valid as of May 2024<ref name="dev-plan-main">{{cite web|title=Thessaloniki Metro: 44 stations by 2040|url=https://www.gazzetta.gr/gmotion/2335743/metro-thessalonikis-44-stathmoi-eos-2040|website=Gazzetta|publisher=Liquid Media|access-date=22 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522012558/https://www.gazzetta.gr/gmotion/2335743/metro-thessalonikis-44-stathmoi-eos-2040|archive-date=22 May 2024|location=Athens|language=el|date=20 May 2024}}</ref>}}
|map=
|map2-title =  Development Plan
|map2 = 
'''Ano Evosmos'''! !\fKBHFa\
Perifereiaki! !\fBHF\
[[Evosmos]]! !\fBHF\
[[Menemeni]]! !\fBHF\KBHFa red~~'''{{BSsplit|Papageorgiou|Hospital}}'''
'''[[Eleftherio-Kordelio|Kordelio]]'''! !fKBHFa\fSTR\BHF red~~[[Efkarpia]]
Eptanisou! !fBHF\fSTR\BHF red~~[[Polichni]]
{{rint|bus}} [[Thessaloniki Bus Station|KTEL Makedonia]]! !fBHF!~fSTRc2\fSTR3\BHF red~~[[Stavroupoli]]
[[Ampelokipoi, Thessaloniki|Ampelokipoi]]! !flBHF!~fABZg+1\fSTRc4\BHF red~~Terpsithea
{{rint|rail|1}} '''{{metro|New Railway Station}}'''! !fINT-L\umKINTa ~red!~STRc2 red!~lINT-R\STR3 red!~lBHF3 red~~[[Neapoli, Thessaloniki|Neapoli]]
{{metro|Dimokratias}}! !fINT-L\STR+1 red!~umBHF ~red!~lINT-R\STRc4 red~~
[[Aristotelous Square|Aristotelous]]! !fBHF\umBHF ~red\~~{{metro|Venizelou}}
[[HANTH]]! !fBHF\umBHF ~red\~~{{metro|Agias Sofias}}
fSTR2\umBHF ~red!~fSTRc3\~~{{metro|Sintrivani}}
{{metro|Panepistimio|Thessaloniki}}! !fSTRc1\fSTR2+4!~umBHF ~red!~lINT\fSTRc3~~
{{metro|Papafi}}! !\umBHF ~red!~fSTRc1\fSTR+4!~flBHF3~~Agiou Dimitriou
{{metro|Efkleidis}}! !\umBHF ~red\fBHF~~[[Toumba (Thessaloniki)|Toumba]]
{{metro|Fleming}}! !\umBHF ~red\fBHF~~[[Charilaou]]
{{metro|Analipsi}}! !\umBHF ~red\fKBHFe~~'''Agia Kyriaki'''
{{metro|25 Martiou}}! !\umBHF ~red\
\uBS2+l\SHI2+r red\
{{metro|Nomarchia}}! !\uBHF\BHF red\~~{{metro|Voulgari}}
{{metro|Kalamaria}}! !\uBHF\KBHFe red\~~'''{{metro|Nea Elvetia}}'''
{{metro|Aretsou}}! !\uBHF\\
{{metro|Nea Krini}}! !\uBHF\\
{{metro|Mikra}}! !\uBHF\\
{{BSsplit|Anotera Scholi|Polemou}}! !\uBHF\\
Patriarchiko! !\ulBHF!~uABZg2\uSTRc3\
[[Interbalkan Medical Center|Diavalkaniko]]! !\uBHF!~uSTRc1\uKBHF4\~~'''[[Thermi]]'''
[[American Farm School|Georgiki Scholi]]! !\uBHF\\
{{rint|air}} [[Thessaloniki Airport]]! !\uBHF\\
'''ThessINTEC'''! !\uKBHFe\\
}}
{{clear}}

==Thessaloniki Metro==
{{Routemap
|navbar=Thessaloniki Metro Development Plan
|navbar pos=1
|navbar mini=
|title=Thessaloniki Metro
|title color=white
|title bg= inherit; background-image: linear-gradient(to right, #{{rcr|Thessaloniki Metro|1}}, #{{rcr|Thessaloniki Metro|2}}, #{{rcr|Athens Metro|1}});
|bg=
|inline={{{inline|}}}
|collapsible=
|collapse=
|legend=
|legend alt=
|float=
|style=
|top=
|footnote={{center|Valid as of May 2024<ref name="dev-plan-main">{{cite web|title=Thessaloniki Metro: 44 stations by 2040|url=https://www.gazzetta.gr/gmotion/2335743/metro-thessalonikis-44-stathmoi-eos-2040|website=Gazzetta|publisher=Liquid Media|access-date=22 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522012558/https://www.gazzetta.gr/gmotion/2335743/metro-thessalonikis-44-stathmoi-eos-2040|archive-date=22 May 2024|location=Athens|language=el|date=20 May 2024}}</ref>}}
|map=
|map2-title =  Development Plan
|map2 = 
'''Ano Evosmos'''! !\fexKBHFa\
Perifereiaki! !\fexBHF\
[[Evosmos]]! !\fexBHF\exKBHFa red~~'''{{BSsplit|Papageorgiou|Hospital}}'''
[[Menemeni]]! !\fexBHF\exBHF red~~[[Efkarpia]]
'''[[Eleftherio-Kordelio|Kordelio]]'''! !fexKBHFa\fexSTR\exBHF red~~[[Polichni]]
Eptanisou! !fexBHF\fexSTR\exBHF red~~[[Stavroupoli]]
{{rint|bus}} [[Thessaloniki Bus Station|KTEL Makedonia]]! !fexBHF!~fexSTRc2\fexSTR3\exBHF red~~Terpsithea
[[Ampelokipoi, Thessaloniki|Ampelokipoi]]! !fexlBHF!~fexABZg+1\fexSTRc4\exBHF red~~[[Neapoli, Thessaloniki|Neapoli]]
fexINT-L\umKINTa ~red!~exSTRc2 red!~exlINT-R!~lINT\exSTR3 red~~'''{{metro|New Railway Station}}''' {{rint|rail|1}}
fexINT-L\exSTR+1 red!~umBHF ~red!~exlINT-R!~lINT\exSTRc4 red~~{{metro|Dimokratias}}
[[Aristotelous Square|Aristotelous]]! !fexBHF\umBHF ~red\~~{{metro|Venizelou}}
[[HANTH]]! !fexBHF\umBHF ~red\~~{{metro|Agias Sofias}}
fexSTR2\umBHF ~red!~fSTRc3\~~{{metro|Sintrivani}}
fexSTRc1\fSTR2+4!~umBHF ~red!~lINT\fSTRc3~~{{metro|Panepistimio|Thessaloniki}}
{{metro|Papafi}}! !\umBHF ~red!~fSTRc1\fSTR+4!~flBHF3~~Agiou Dimitriou
{{metro|Efkleidis}}! !\umBHF ~red\fBHF~~[[Toumba (Thessaloniki)|Toumba]]
{{metro|Fleming}}! !\umBHF ~red\fBHF~~[[Charilaou]]
{{metro|Analipsi}}! !\umBHF ~red\fKBHFe~~'''Agia Kyriaki'''
{{metro|25 Martiou}}! !\umBHF ~red\
\uBS2+l\SHI2+r red\
{{metro|Nomarchia}}! !\uBHF\BHF red\~~{{metro|Voulgari}}
{{metro|Kalamaria}}! !\uBHF\KBHFe red\~~'''{{metro|Nea Elvetia}}'''
{{metro|Aretsou}}! !\uBHF\\
{{metro|Nea Krini}}! !\uBHF\\
{{metro|Mikra}}! !\uBHF\\
{{BSsplit|Anotera Scholi|Polemou}}! !\uexBHF\\
Patriarchiko! !\uexlBHF!~uexABZg2\uexSTRc3\
[[Interbalkan Medical Center|Diavalkaniko]]! !\uexBHF!~uexSTRc1\uexKBHF4\~~'''[[Thermi]]'''
[[American Farm School|Georgiki Scholi]]! !\uexBHF\\
{{rint|air}} [[Thessaloniki Airport]]! !\uexBHF\\
'''ThessINTEC'''! !\uexKBHFe\\
}}
{{clear}}

==Thessaloniki Metro 1988==
{{Routemap
|navbar=Thessaloniki Metro route diagram
|navbar pos=1
|navbar mini=
|title=Thessaloniki Metro
|title color=white
|title bg= #{{rcr|Thessaloniki Metro|1}};
|bg=
|inline={{{inline|}}}
|collapsible=
|collapse=
|legend=
|legend alt=
|float=
|style=
|top=
|footnote=
|map=
|map2-title =  1988 Proposal
|map2 = 
\
\
\
\
*<span style="{{Rotate|-45}}transform-origin: left;">[[New Railway Station metro station|N. Sid. Stathmos]]</span>\*<span style="{{Rotate|-45}}transform-origin: top left;">[[Dimokratias metro station|Vardari]]</span>\*<span style="{{Rotate|-45}}transform-origin: top left;">[[Venizelou metro station|Alkazar]]</span>\*<span style="{{Rotate|-45}}transform-origin: left;">{{metro|Agias Sofias}}</span>\*<span style="{{Rotate|-45}}transform-origin: top left;">{{metro|Sintrivani}}</span>\*<span style="{{Rotate|-45}}transform-origin: left;">{{metro|Panepistimio|Thessaloniki}}</span>\*<span style="{{Rotate|-45}}transform-origin: top left;">{{metro|Papafi}}</span>\*<span style="{{Rotate|-45}}transform-origin: left;">[[Efkleidis metro station|Arch. Museum]]</span>\*<span style="{{Rotate|-45}}transform-origin: top left;">{{metro|Fleming}}</span>\*<span style="{{Rotate|-45}}transform-origin: left;">{{metro|Analipsi}}</span>\*<span style="{{Rotate|-45}}transform-origin: left;">Patrikiou</span>\*<span style="{{Rotate|-45}}transform-origin: left;">{{metro|25 Martiou}}</span>\*<span style="{{Rotate|-45}}transform-origin: left;">{{metro|Voulgari}}</span>\*<span style="{{Rotate|-45}}transform-origin: left;">{{metro|Nea Elvetia}}</span>\
KBHFaq red\BHFq red\BHFq red\BHFq red\BHFq red\BHFq red\BHFq red\BHFq red\BHFq red\BHFq red\BHFq red\BHFq red\BHFq red\KBHFeq red\
}}
{{clear}}
==Thessaloniki Metro 1988 2==
{{Routemap
|navbar=Thessaloniki Metro route diagram
|navbar pos=1
|navbar mini=
|title=Thessaloniki Metro
|title color=white
|title bg= #{{rcr|Thessaloniki Metro|1}};
|bg=
|inline={{{inline|}}}
|collapsible=
|collapse=
|legend=
|legend alt=
|float=
|style=
|top=
|footnote=
|map=
|map2-title =  1988 Proposal
|map2 = 
unKHSTa\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
unHST\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
unHST\\\\\\\\\\\\\\*<span style="{{Rotate|-45}}transform-origin: left;">{{metro|Nea Elvetia}}</span>\
unSTR2\unSTRc3!~*<span style="{{Rotate|-45}}transform-origin: left;">[[New Railway Station metro station|N. Sid. Stathmos]]</span>\\*<span style="{{Rotate|-45}}transform-origin: top left;">[[Dimokratias metro station|Vardari]]</span>\*<span style="{{Rotate|-45}}transform-origin: top left;">[[Venizelou metro station|Alkazar]]</span>\*<span style="{{Rotate|-45}}transform-origin: left;">{{metro|Agias Sofias}}</span>\*<span style="{{Rotate|-45}}transform-origin: top left;">{{metro|Sintrivani}}</span>\*<span style="{{Rotate|-45}}transform-origin: left;">{{metro|Panepistimio|Thessaloniki}}</span>\unSTRc2\unSTR3+l\unHSTq\unHSTq\unHSTq\unHSTq\unSTRq!~KBHFaq red\STR+r red
unSTRc1\unSTR2+4!~KBHFaq red\STRq red!~unSTRc3\unKSTRa!~BHFq red\BHFq red\BHFq red\BHFq red\BHFq red\unSTRr+1!~BHFq red\unSTRc4!~BHFq red\BHFq red\BHFq red\BHFq red\BHFq red\BHFq red\STRr red
\unSTRc1\unSTRl+4!~ulHST~L\unSTRr!~ulHST~R\\\\\\\\\\\*<span style="{{Rotate|-45}}transform-origin: bottom right;">{{metro|Voulgari}}</span>\
}}
{{clear}}

==Funding==
{{Pie chart
| caption= Thessaloniki Metro {{endash}} source of funds for lines [[Line 1 (Thessaloniki Metro)|1]] and [[Line 2 (Thessaloniki Metro)|2]] (combined)
| label1 = Public {{endash}} [[European Regional Development Fund|ERDF funds]]
| value1 = 45
| color1 = #4e80bb
| label2 = Public {{endash}} [[European Investment Bank|EIB loans]]
| value2 = 43
| color2 = #bd4e4c
| label3 = Public {{endash}} Greek state
| value3 = 12
| color3 = #99b958
}}
{{clear}}
{{Pie chart
| caption= 1997 contract {{endash}} source of funds<ref name="simitis 5"><!-- THE ARCHIVE LINK DOES NOT DISPLAY PROPERLY, HOWEVER YOU CAN HIT THE DOWNLOAD BUTTON AND THE CORRECT PDF WILL BE DOWNLOADED -->{{Cite report |url=http://repository.costas-simitis.gr/sf-repository/pdf.js/web/viewer.html?file=/sf-repository/retrieve/16705/A1S5_PASOKKenEpi_F1T12.pdf |title=Δελτίο Περιγραφής του Σταδίου Υλοποίησης του Έργου {{endash}} Τίτλος Έργου: Μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης |trans-title=Description Report of the Project Implementation Stage {{endash}} Project Name: Thessaloniki Metro |date=1996 |language=Greek |pages=39{{endash}}40 |access-date=23 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241223024653/http://repository.costas-simitis.gr/sf-repository/pdf.js/web/viewer.html?file=/sf-repository/retrieve/16705/A1S5_PASOKKenEpi_F1T12.pdf |archive-date=23 December 2024 |via=[[Costas Simitis]] Foundation Archive |url-status=live |work=Description Reports of Major Projects |publisher=[[Ministry of Finance (Greece)|Ministry of the National Economy]]}}</ref>
| label1 = Greece {{endash}} direct funding
| value1 = 19
| color1 = #4e80bb
| label2 = Greece {{endash}} [[European Regional Development Fund|ERDF funds]]
| value2 = 19
| color2 = #bd4e4c
| label3 = Private {{endash}} self-financing
| value3 = 14
| color3 = #99b958
| label4 = Private {{endash}} bank loans
| value4 = 48
| color4 = #F0E68C
}}
{{clear}}

==Automatic update to currency conversions==
{{#ifexist: Template:To USD/data/{{#expr: {{YEAR}}-1}} | ${{To USD|3|EUR|year={{#expr: {{YEAR}}-1}}}} | ${{To USD|3|EUR|year={{#expr: {{YEAR}}-2}}}} }}

{{{1}}} ({{nowrap|${{Inflation|US|{{To USD|{{#if: {{{m|}}} | {{#expr: {{{1}}} * {{{m}}} | {{{1}}} }} }} |Greece|year={{{2}}}|round=yes}}|{{{2}}}|r=2}} million}} in {{Inflation/year|US}})

<noinclude>{{t|Thessaloniki metro cost convention|67|2000|m=1000}}</noinclude>
{{clear}}

==Navbox==
{{Navbox
|name = Thessaloniki Metro navbox
|border = {{{border|{{{1|}}}}}}
|title = {{rint|thessaloniki|m}} [[Thessaloniki Metro]]
|bodyclass = hlist

|group1= [[List of Thessaloniki Metro stations|Stations]]
|list1 =
{{Navbox|child
  |evenodd = swap
  |group1 = Operational
  |list1 = 
* {{metro|25 Martiou}}
* {{metro|Agias Sofias}}
* {{metro|Analipsi}}
* {{metro|Dimokratias}}
* {{metro|Efklidis}}
* {{metro|Fleming}}
* {{metro|New Railway Station}}
* {{metro|Nea Elvetia}}
* {{metro|Panepistimio|Thessaloniki}}
* {{metro|Papafi}}
* {{metro|Sintrivani}}
* {{metro|Venizelou}}
* {{metro|Voulgari}}
  |group2 = Under construction
  |list2 =
* {{metro|Aretsou}}
* {{metro|Kalamaria}}
* {{metro|Mikra}}
* {{metro|Nea Krini}}
* {{metro|Nomarchia}}
 }}
|group2= Lines
|list2 =
* {{rint|Thessaloniki|1}} [[Line 1 (Thessaloniki Metro)|Line 1]]
* {{rint|Thessaloniki|2}} [[Line 2 (Thessaloniki Metro)|Line 2]]

|group3= Depots
|list3 =
* {{stl|Thessaloniki Metro|Pylaia}}

|group4=Cultural
|list4=
{{Navbox|child
  |evenodd = swap
  |group1 = Archaeological sites
  |list1 = 
* [[Archaeological sites of the Thessaloniki Metro#Agias Sofias|Agias Sofias]]
* [[Archaeological sites of the Thessaloniki Metro#Venizelou|Venizelou]]
  |group2 = Museums
  |list2 = 
* [[Sintrivani Crossover Museum]]
* [[Thessaloniki Metro Antiquities Museum]]
 }}
}}
{{clear}}

==Fares==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; float:right;"
! !!{{vertical header|Basic}} !! {{vertical header|Reduced}}
|+ Thessaloniki Metro fares<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tickets |url=https://www.thessmetro.gr/en/tickets/ |website=www.thessmetro.gr |access-date=2 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202213836/https://www.thessmetro.gr/en/tickets/ |publisher=Thessaloniki Metro |archive-date=2 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
! 70 mins
| €0.60
| €0.30
|-
! 24 hours
| €2.50
|{{n/a|n/a}}
|-
! 30 days
| €16.00
| €8.00
|-
! 90 days
| €45.00
| €22.50
|-
! 180 days
| €85.00
| €42.50
|-
|colspan="3"|
|-
! {{abbr|10+1|11 single-use 70-minute tickets}}
| €5.80
| €2.90
|}
{{clear}}

==Pylaia==
{{routemap
|inline=y
|top='''Track layout'''
|legend=no
|map=
\\\\\\STR3+l\hSTRaq\hSTRq\hSTRq\hSTRq\hSTR2+r\hSTRc3
\\\\\\\\\\\hSTRc1\hSTR+4
\\\\\STRc2\SPLl+3\vSTRq\vSTRq\vSTRq\vENDEeq\\hSTR
\\\\STRc2\STR3+1!~SPLl+3\vSTRq!~STRc4\vSTRq\vSTRq\vSTRq\vENDEeq\\hSTR
vCONTfgaq\vSTRq\vSTRq!~vSPL2+r~r~r\vÜSTq\vSTRq!~-STR2+r!~STRr+1-\vSTRq!~STRc4!~STRc3\vSTRq\vSTRq\vSTRq\vSTRq\vENDEeq\\hSTR
\-ENDEaq\vSTR2+r~r!~vSTR2+4~l\vSTRc3\STRc1\STR2+4!~SPLl+4\vSTRq!~STRc3\vSTRq\vSTRq\vSTRq\vENDEeq\\hSTR
\\vSTRc1\vSTR2+4\vSTRc3\STRc1\SPLl+4\vSTRq\vSTRq\vSTRq\vENDEeq\\hSTR
\\\vSTRc1\vSTR2+4\vSTRc3\\\\\\STRc2\lhSTR3(r)!~lhSTR(l)!~STR3
\\\\\vSTRc1\vSTRl+4\hvSTRq\hvSTRq\vÜSTq!~lhvSTR-Rq!~lhvSTR-Lq\hvSTRq\hvSTRq\STRr+1-!~-STRq!~lhvSTR-Rq\-ENDEeq!~lhvSTR-Rq!~MASKrr!~lhSTR(l)!~STRc4\
\\\\\\lhvSTR-Lq\lhvSTR-Lq\lhvSTR-Lq\lhvSTR-Lq\lhvSTR-Lq\lhvSTR-Lq\lhvSTR-Lq!~MASKrr
|footnote={{center|Schematic only {{endash}} not to scale.<ref name="track layout">{{Cite web |title=Θεσσαλονίκη: Αυτό είναι το Κέντρο Ελέγχου Λειτουργίας του Μετρό |url=https://www.politic.gr/thessaloniki/thessaloniki-afto-einai-to-kentro-elegchou-leitourgias-tou-metro-vinteo-foto/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518122115/https://www.politic.gr/thessaloniki/thessaloniki-afto-einai-to-kentro-elegchou-leitourgias-tou-metro-vinteo-foto/#.ZGYYPXbP1qY |archive-date=18 May 2023 |access-date=27 November 2024 |lang=Greek |trans-title=Thessaloniki: This is the Operational Control Centre of the Metro}}</ref>}}
}}
{{clear}}

{{notelist}}
{{reflist}}
{{clear}}

=Second Hellenic Republic=
==Culture==
===Architecture and urban planning===
[[file:Primary school near Vathis Square, Athens, Greece.jpg|thumb|A 1931 public school in the modernist style in Athens.]]
{{Main|Modern Greek architecture|Modern architecture in Athens}}

Since the establishment of Greece as an independent state in the 1830s a 'new Greek architectural style' never materialised, since most monumental buildings in the country were designed by foreign architects, while Greek architects failed to establish a new national style that was distinctly Greek.{{sfn|Great Greek Encyclopedia|page=901}} Under the Second Republic, and like the rest of Europe during the same time period, Greek architecture was dominated by traditional styles such as [[neoclassical architecture|neoclassicism]] and the [[Art Deco]] movement, while [[modern architecture|modernist architecture]] began to enter the mainstream through movements such as the [[Bauhaus]], [[Functionalism (architecture)|functionalism]], and the [[International Style (architecture)|International Style]]. Bauhaus was especially influential in the design of the thousands of Greek schools built under the Second Republic.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9DVBAnEd7X0C&q=bauhaus%2520greece&pg=PA82 |title=Introduction to Environmental Design |last=Antoniades |first=Anthony C. |date=1976 |publisher=The University of Texas at Arlington |isbn=9780842205436 |pages=82 |language=en}}</ref> In the same period, the question of the "Greekness" of the new modernist styles emerged out of the [[dichotomy]] of "Greek Architectural Tradition vs International Modern Architecture".<ref name="giannitsaris">{{Cite journal |last=Giannitsaris |first=Georgios K. |date=2011 |title=H ελληνική μεταπολεμική αρχιτεκτονική |url=https://www.archaiologia.gr/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/106-9.pdf |journal=Τέχνες και Λογοτεχνία |volume=106 |pages=81{{endash}}87 |language=el |trans-title=Greek post-war architecture}}</ref> 

Early works by [[Dimitris Pikionis]], such as his 1931 [[Experimental School of Thessaloniki]], sought to bridge the divide between modernism and [[vernacular architecture]], part of a movement known as [[critical regionalism]]. This debate continued, sometimes aggressively, even after the eventual dominance of modernist architecture in Greece in the 50s and 60s.<ref name="giannitsaris" /> The interwar period also saw [[reinforced concrete]] become a mainstream construction method, known by its [[French language|French]] name of {{em|béton armé}} ({{langx|el|Μπετόν Αρμέ}}) on account of its promotion by the French architect [[Ernest Hébrard]], even in works of a traditional style such as the building of the [[Bank of Greece]]/[[National Bank of Greece]] in Thessaloniki.

The fourth annual conference of the [[Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne|International Congress of Modern Architecture]] (CIAM) was held in Athens in 1933 on the topic of {{em|The Functional City}}, and [[Le Corbusier]] published the [[Athens Charter]] as a result. This was hugely influential on post-war [[urban planning]]. Early Greek proponents of modernism active in the Second Republic included [[Ioannis Despotopoulos]], the only Greek to have studied at the [[Bauhaus]] school under [[Walter Gropius]], [[Dimitris Pikionis]], and [[Patroklos Karantinos]]. Nevertheless, modernist architecture would not become a dominant force in the Greek architectural scene until after the second world war.

The gallery bellow illustrates the architectural variety of works produced under the Second Republic.

<gallery>
<!-- File:Σαρόγλειο Μέγαρο 6698.jpg|'''[[Critical regionalism]]'''<br>Experimental School, Thessaloniki (1933) -->
File:Σαρόγλειο Μέγαρο 6698.jpg|'''[[Baroque Revival architecture|Neo-Baroque]]'''<br>The Officers' Club, Athens (1928)
File:Building of the Bank of Greece and National Bank of Greece in Thessaloniki, 15 September 2018.png|'''[[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]]'''<br>Bank building, Thessaloniki (1933)
File:Rex theatre on Panepistimiou Street, Athens, Greece.jpg|'''[[Art Deco]]'''<br>Rex Cinema, Athens (1935{{endash}}1936)
File:Old refugees' apartment buildings on Alexandras Avenue, Athens, Greece.jpg|'''[[Bauhaus]]'''<br>Refugee housing, Athens (1933)
File:Sotiria Hospital, Athens, Greece.jpg|'''[[Modernist architecture|Modernism]]'''<br>[[Sotiria Hospital]], Athens (1931, 1937).
</gallery>
{{clearall}}

===Theatre and cinema===
[[file:Snapshot from the making of the film Daphnis and Chloe.png|thumb|200px|Snapshort from the [[silent film]] ''[[Daphnis and Chloe (film)|Daphnis and Chloe]]'' (1930), notable for being the first European film to depict nudity.]]

With the establishment of the Republic, the old Royal Theatre of Greece entered a period of decline. It was re-established as the [[National Theatre of Greece]] in 1930, by a decree issued by [[Georgios Papandreou]], along with a new [[National Theatre of Greece Drama School|national school of drama]]. The theatre opened on 19 March 1932 with a production of ''[[Oresteia#Agamemnon|Agamemnon]]'' by [[Aeschylus]] and a modern play by [[Gregorios Xenopoulos]] titled ''Divine Dream''. A northern division of the national theatre was established in [[Thessaloniki]] in 1940, after the fall of the republic, still referred to as the [[Royal Theatre (Thessaloniki)|Royal Theatre]].
{{clearall}}

===Folk culture===
[[file:KaraghiozisChania.JPG|thumb|An advertisement of the ''Friends of the [[Shadow play|Shadow Theatre]]'' in [[Chania]].]]
{{clearall}}
===Music===
{{see also|Music of Greece#Popular music|Rebetiko}}
[[file:Rembetes Karaiskaki 1933.jpg|thumb|[[Rebetiko]] musicians in Athens.]]
{{clearall}}
====''Mangas'' subculture====
{{main|Mangas}}
{{clearall}}

==Infrastructure==
===Transport===
====Airways====
[[file:Railway map of Greece (1934).svg|thumb|Greek railway companies in 1934:<br>{{colorbull|#dd55ff|round}} [[French-Hellenic Railway Company|Franco-Hellenic Railway Co.]]<br>{{colorbull|blue|round}} [[Hellenic State Railways]]<br>{{colorbull|#a0892c|round}} [[North Western Greece Railways]]<br>{{colorbull|#008000|round}} [[Piraeus, Athens and Peloponnese Railways|Piraeus, Athens & Peloponnese]]<br>{{colorbull|#333333|round}} [[Pyrgos-Katakolo Railway]]<br>{{colorbull|#d40000|round}} [[Thessaly Railways]]]]
[[file:SEK-Kg-880.jpg|thumb|A [[Hellenic State Railways]] Kg-880 steam locomotive, introduced in 1929.]]
[[file:Affiche Simplon-Orient-Express Ἀθῆναι.jpg|thumb|An [[Orient Express]] poster featuring the [[Acropolis of Athens]].]]

Because of its geostrategic advantage on the crossroads of [[Europe]], [[Asia]], and [[Africa]], Greece was an important stopover on numerous airline routes between those continents as well as [[Australia]].{{sfn|Great Greek Encyclopedia|page=180}} It was connected via aeroplane to all major [[Europe]]an urban centres on a frequent basis.{{sfn|Great Greek Encyclopedia|page=180}} There were 8 airports in the country in 1935, and some 19,553 passengers, {{convert|414501|kg|lb|abbr=on}} of [[airmail]], and {{convert|370036|kg|lb|abbr=on}} of [[air cargo]] travelled through Greece by air in the same year.{{sfn|Statistical Yearbook of Greece{{endash}}1936|page=280}} The twice-weekly {{nowrap|[[London]]{{endash}}[[Athens]]{{endash}}[[British Raj]]}} route was the most popular with 4,695 passengers, followed by the {{nowrap|Athens{{endash}}[[Thessaloniki]]}} route (3,138 passengers), and {{nowrap|Athens{{endash}}[[Ioannina]]}} (3,092).{{sfn|Statistical Yearbook of Greece{{endash}}1936|page=280}} The {{nowrap|London{{endash}}Athens{{endash}}British Raj}} route also accounted for 71.5% of all airmail and 27.0% of all air cargo.{{sfn|Statistical Yearbook of Greece{{endash}}1936|page=280}} Athens had connections to Thessaloniki, Ioannina, [[Brindisi]], [[Istanbul]], [[Rhodes]], [[Marseille]], [[French Indochina]], London, the British Raj, [[Amsterdam]], and the [[Dutch East Indies]], while Thessaloniki had connections to Athens, [[Drama (Greece)|Drama]], [[Rome]], [[Sofia]], [[Belgrade]], and [[Gdańsk]].{{sfn|Statistical Yearbook of Greece{{endash}}1936|page=280}} Overall, 2 domestic and 16 foreign regular air routes were flown out of Athens and Thessaloniki in 1931, operated by the following airlines:{{sfn|Great Greek Encyclopedia|page=180}}

{{colbegin|colwidth=25em}}
* {{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} [[Aero Espresso Italiana]]
* {{flagicon|Kingdom of Yugoslavia}} [[Aeroput]]
* {{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[Air Orient]] ([[Air France]])
* {{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[CIDNA]] ([[Air France]])
* {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Deutsche Luft Hansa]]
* {{flagicon|Second Hellenic Republic}} [[Hellenic Aerial Communications Company|Hellenic Aerial Communications Co.]]
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Imperial Airways]]
* {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[KLM|KLM Royal Dutch Airlines]]
* {{flagicon|Second Polish Republic}} [[LOT Polish Airlines]]
* {{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} [[Società Aerea Mediterranea]]
{{colend}}

====Railways====
A far more common means of transport in Greece at the time of the Second Republic were the railways, and though there was a system of railways connecting the major urban centres of the country, the Greek railway network was not as developed as that of other European states and was one of the smallest on the continent even when compared to those of other [[Balkans|Balkan]] states such as [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] or [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]].{{sfn|Great Greek Encyclopedia|page=164}} This is partly explained because of the difficult and mountainous terrain of Greece, which also facilitated the growth of a large and vibrant shipping sector in the place of an extensive railway network,{{sfn|Great Greek Encyclopedia|page=164}} and partly by the lack of funds and resources in post-independence Greece.{{sfn|Great Greek Encyclopedia|page=170}} By 1932 the country had a railway network spanning {{convert|2672|km|mi|abbr=on}} of tracks with an annual [[ridership]] of 7.7 million.{{sfn|Great Greek Encyclopedia|page=170{{endash}}176}} Seven railway companies were active in the country that year, with only one making a profit.{{sfn|Great Greek Encyclopedia|page=176}} Large parts of the railway network were inherited when [[Macedonia (Greece)|Macedonia]] and [[Western Thrace]] became part of Greece after the [[Balkan Wars]] and the [[First World War]], having been constructed by the [[Chemins de fer Orientaux|Oriental Railway]] and the [[Thessaloniki–Alexandroupoli railway|Salonica-Constantinople Junction Railway]] in the 1890s.{{sfn|Great Greek Encyclopedia|page=171}} The Greek railway network was connected to Central Europe through Yugoslavia, and also had connections with Bulgaria and Turkey.{{sfn|Great Greek Encyclopedia|page=170}} Beginning in 1920 the famous [[Orient Express|Simplon Orient Express]] ran between [[Paris]] and Athens, with numerous stops in between.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t2A2hMxd58QC&q=athens%2520orient%2520express%25201930&pg=PA136 |title=Yet There Isn't a Train I Wouldn't Take: Railway Journeys |last=Middleton |first=William D. |date=2000 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=9780253336996 |pages=136 |language=en}}</ref>

{| class=wikitable style="text-align:right width:900px"
|+Railway companies in the Second Republic (1932){{sfn|Great Greek Encyclopedia|page=170{{endash}}176}}
!colspan="2"|Company
!Est.
!System length
!Track<br>type
!Primary<br>[[Track gauge|Gauge]]
!Passengers
![[Units of transportation measurement#Passenger-distance|Passenger<br>kilometres]]
!Tonnes of<br>Freight
!Stations
|- align=right
|align="right"| 1 ||align="left"|[[Hellenic State Railways]] ||1920 ||{{convert|1,367|km|mi|abbr=on}}<sup>a</sup> ||[[Single-track railway|Single]] ||[[Standard gauge|Standard]]<sup>a</sup> ||2,689,819 ||199,410,674 ||1,107,144 ||189
|- align=right
|align="right"| 2 ||align="left"|[[Piraeus, Athens and Peloponnese Railways]] ||1882 ||{{convert|798|km|mi|abbr=on}}<sup>b</sup> ||Single ||[[Metre-gauge railway|Metre]]<sup>b</sup> ||2,286,178 ||99,146,193  ||349,608 ||170
|- align=right
|align="right"| 3 ||align="left"|[[Lavrion Square-Strofyli railway|Attica Railways (Electric Transport Co.)]] ||1885 ||{{convert|14|km|mi|abbr=on}} ||[[Double-track railway|Double]] |||Metre ||1,696,193 ||14,988,000 ||537 ||7
|- align=right
|align="right"| 4 ||align="left"|[[Thessaly Railways]] ||1884 ||{{convert|230|km|mi|abbr=on}} ||Single ||Metre ||621,989 ||16,980,300 ||146,274 ||41
|- align=right
|align="right"| 5 ||align="left"|[[North Western Greece Railways]] ||1890 ||{{convert|74|km|mi|abbr=on}} ||Single ||Metre ||216,834 ||4,105,433 ||31,035 ||23
|- align=right
|align="right"| 6 ||align="left"|[[French-Hellenic Railway Company|Franco-Hellenic Railway Co.]] ||1929 ||{{convert|176|km|mi|abbr=on}} ||Single ||Standard ||113,442 ||7,485,363 ||81,224 ||16
|- align=right
|align="right"| 7 ||align="left"|[[Pyrgos-Olympia railway|Pyrgos-Katakolo Railway]] ||1882 ||{{convert|13|km|mi|abbr=on}} ||Single ||Metre ||113,095 ||1,257,058 ||53,892 ||6
|-
|colspan="10"|
|- align=right
|align="left" colspan="3"|Nationwide total || {{convert|2672|km|mi|abbr=on}} ||colspan="2"| ||7,737,550 ||343,373,021 ||1,769,714 ||452
|- align="center"
|colspan="10"|<sup>a</sup> Includes {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=on}} of [[2 ft and 600 mm gauge railways|600mm narrow gauge railway]] operated by [[Macedonian Local Railways]].<br><sup>b</sup> Includes {{convert|22 |km|mi|abbr=on}} of [[750 mm gauge railways|750mm narrow gauge railway]] (of which {{convert|3.75|km|mi|abbr=on}} are a [[rack railway]]).
|}

====Roads====
====Maritime transport====

===Communications===

==Thess Airport==
{{Graph:Chart|width=400|height=200|xAxisTitle=Year|yAxisTitle=Millions of Passengers|legend=Key|type=stackedrect
|x=1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018 
|xAxisAngle=-45
|y1=0.720,0.795,0.922,1.109,1.039,1.328,1.533,1.343,1.219,1.447,1.496,1.462,1.486,1.644,1.612,1.714,1.682,1.488,1.449,1.410,1.892,2.315,2.423,2.353,2.334
|y2=1.508,1.541,1.578,1.688,1.628,1.858,2.015,2.087,2.038,2.054,2.124,2.208,2.316,2.523,2.558,2.390,2.229,2.471,2.557,2.630,3.059,3.027,3.312,3.894,4.356
|y1Title=Domestic|y2Title=International|colors=seagreen, orchid}}

==Thess Metro==
{{Rapid transit OSM map
| system_qid   = Q1326567
| frame-lat    = 40.61
| frame-long   = 22.95
| frame-width  = 200
| frame-height = 240
| zoom         = 11
| length       = yes
}}

==2015 election results==
===Apportionment===
{{main|Apportionment in the Hellenic Parliament}}

===Results by votes cast===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right; font-size:80%"
|+ Results of the Greek legislative election of 20 September 2015<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ekloges.ypes.gr/current/v/public/index.html?lang=en#%7B%2522cls%2522:%2522level%2522,%2522params%2522:%7B%2522level%2522:%2522epik%2522,%2522id%2522:1%7D%7D |title=Parliamentary Elections September 2015 |date=17 December 2015 |publisher=Ministry of Interior |location=Athens |access-date=2019-03-16}}</ref>
|- 
! rowspan="4" scope="col" style="text-align:left;" | [[List of parliamentary constituencies of Greece|Constituency]]
! rowspan="4" scope="col" | Electorate
! rowspan="4" scope="col" | Turnout
! rowspan="4" scope="col" | Winner
! rowspan="4" scope="col" | Lead
! colspan="10" scope="col" | Total votes cast
! colspan="9" scope="col" | Total seats awarded
|-
! width="30px"| [[Syriza|SYRIZA]]
! width="30px" scope="col" | [[New Democracy (Greece)|ND]]
! width="30px" scope="col" | [[Golden Dawn (political party)|XA]]
! width="30px" scope="col" | [[Democratic Coalition (Greece, 2015)|DISI]]
! width="30px" scope="col" | [[Communist Party of Greece|KKE]]
! width="30px" scope="col" | [[The River (Greece)|POTAMI]]
! width="30px" scope="col" | [[Independent Greeks|ANEL]]
! width="30px" scope="col" | [[Union of Centrists|EK]]
! width="30px" scope="col" | Others
! width="30px" scope="col" | Total
! width="30px"| [[Syriza|SYRIZA]]
! width="30px" scope="col" | [[New Democracy (Greece)|ND]]
! width="30px" scope="col" | [[Golden Dawn (political party)|XA]]
! width="30px" scope="col" | [[Democratic Coalition (Greece, 2015)|DISI]]
! width="30px" scope="col" | [[Communist Party of Greece|KKE]]
! width="30px" scope="col" | [[The River (Greece)|POTAMI]]
! width="30px" scope="col" | [[Independent Greeks|ANEL]]
! width="30px" scope="col" | [[Union of Centrists|EK]]
! width="30px" scope="col" | Total
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Coalition of the Radical Left}};" |
! scope="col" style="background:{{party color|New Democracy (Greece)}};" |
! scope="col" style="background:{{party color|Golden Dawn}};" |
! scope="col" style="background:{{party color|PASOK}};" |
! scope="col" style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of Greece}};" |
! scope="col" style="background:{{party color|To Potami}};" |
! scope="col" style="background:{{party color|Independent Greeks}};" |
! scope="col" style="background:{{party color|Union of Centrists}};" |
!
!
! style="background:{{party color|Coalition of the Radical Left}};" |
! scope="col" style="background:{{party color|New Democracy (Greece)}};" |
! scope="col" style="background:{{party color|Golden Dawn}};" |
! scope="col" style="background:{{party color|PASOK}};" |
! scope="col" style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of Greece}};" |
! scope="col" style="background:{{party color|To Potami}};" |
! scope="col" style="background:{{party color|Independent Greeks}};" |
! scope="col" style="background:{{party color|Union of Centrists}};" |
!
|- 
!{{space}} !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !!
|- 
|align="left"|[[Achaea (constituency)|Achaea]] ||277,808 ||59.20% ||align="center"|Syriza ||19.10% ||66,501 ||35,881 ||8,908 ||12,241 ||9,332 ||5,405 ||7,093 ||4,235 ||10,772 ||164,476 ||3 ||1 || ||1 ||1 ||1 ||1 || ||8
|- 
|align="left"|[[Aetolia-Acarnania]] ||240,005 ||52.56% ||align="center"|Syriza ||4.41% ||43,263 || 37,820 ||8,620 ||10,454 ||7,448 ||3,102 ||3,240 ||2,406 ||6,819 ||126,140 ||2 ||2 ||1 ||1 ||1 || || || ||7
|- 
|align="left"|[[Arcadia]] ||131,489 ||44.77% ||align="center"|ND ||3.14% ||19,367 ||17,569 ||3,867 ||5,678 ||2,809 ||1,789 ||1,579 ||1,419 ||3,200 ||58,869 ||1 ||1 || ||1 || || || || ||3
|- 
|align="left"|[[Argolis]] ||95,214 ||56.84% ||align="center"|ND ||4.21% ||17,747 ||15,534 ||4,498 ||5,050 ||2,230 ||1,773 ||1,319 ||1,261 ||4,487 ||54,118 ||1 ||1 || ||1 || || || || ||3
|- 
|align="left"|[[Arta (regional unit)|Arta]] ||81,069 ||58.05% ||align="center"|Syriza ||14.10% ||18,723 ||14,135 ||1,933 ||3,252 ||2,628 ||1,009 ||1,060 ||867 ||2,332 ||45,939 ||2 ||1 || || || || || || ||3
|- 
|align="left"|[[Athens A]] ||486,405 ||52.16% ||align="center"|Syriza ||3.54% ||78,431 ||77,360 ||17,192 ||11,633 ||14,483 ||14,251 ||8,381 ||8,417 ||18,494 ||284,622 ||4 ||4 ||1 ||1 ||1 ||1 ||1 ||1 ||14
|- 
|align="left"|[[Athens B]] ||1,499,007 ||62.90% ||align="center"|Syriza ||7.83% ||314,376 ||244,480 ||50,370 ||41,446 ||60,692 ||49,874 ||34,540 ||32,227 ||64,890 ||911,408 ||17 ||12 ||3 ||2 ||3 ||3 ||2 ||2 ||44
|- 
|align="left"|[[Boeotia]] ||108,030 ||60.05% ||align="center"|Syriza ||14.39% ||23,827 ||14,728 ||4,869 ||4,210 ||4,424 ||2,192 || 2,376 ||1,486 ||5,108 ||64,877 ||1 ||1 ||1 || || || || || ||3
|- 
|align="left"|[[Chalkidiki]] ||104,213 ||60.24% ||align="center"|ND ||0.39% ||20,419 ||20,179 ||4,429 ||4,330 ||2,016 ||1,875 ||2,205 ||2,548 ||3,327 ||62,738 ||1 ||1 ||1 || || || || || ||3
|- 
|align="left"|[[Chania (regional unit)|Chania]] ||142,831 ||56.54% ||align="center"|Syriza ||17,565 ||32,864 ||15,299 ||4,829 ||5,180 ||4,302 ||4,942 ||2,891 ||1,930 ||6,632 ||80,752 ||4 || || || || || || || ||4
|- 
|align="left"|[[Chios]] ||64,614 ||44.89% ||align="center"|ND ||1,315 ||7,863 ||9,178 ||1,641 ||3,694 ||1,418 ||1,030 ||876 ||904 ||1569 ||29,006 ||1 ||1 || || || || || || ||2
|- 
|align="left"|[[Corfu]] ||111,368 ||49.31% ||align="center"|Syriza ||9,877 ||21,815 ||11,928 ||4,059 ||3,056 ||3,792 ||1,609 ||1,706 ||1,480 ||4,304 ||54,918 ||2 || ||1 || || || || || ||3
|- 
|align="left"|[[Corinthia]] ||140,590 ||57.40% ||align="center"|Syriza ||3,247 ||27,595 ||23,348 ||6,820 ||5,480 ||2,437 ||2,583 ||2,638 ||2,512 ||5,340 ||80,695 ||3 ||1 || || || || || || ||4
|}

===Results by percentage of the vote===
===References===
{{reflist}}

===See also===
*[[Elections in Greece]]

==Elections in Greece rewrite==
===Electoral system===

{{Update|section|date=January 2018}}

The Greek electoral system was [[Codification (law)|codified]] for the first time by Presidential Decree in 2012;<ref name="codification">{{Citation |url=http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wEbA_BZxkczbHdtvSoClrL8KoqaERu8wDDtIl9LGdkF53UIxsx942CdyqxSQYNuqAGCF0IfB9HI6qSYtMQEkEHLwnFqmgJSA5WIsluV-nRwO1oKqSe4BlOTSpEWYhszF8P8UqWb_zFijLJ-Z1LfWwIfmrp6wL4fCDFLsfxB5Yc731M_KmiHqgmV |title=Εφημερίδα της Κυβερνήσεως τη Ελληνικής Δημοκρατίας |volume=A |issue=57 |date=15 March 2012 |publisher=National Publishing House |location=Athens |language=Greek |trans-title=[[Government Gazette (Greece)|Government Gazette of the Hellenic Republic]] |access-date=11 March 2019}}</ref> prior to that date it was made up of various pieces of legislation passed at different times. The current system is called "reinforced proportionality" in Greece (ενισχυμένη αναλογική), and is a form of [[semi-proportional representation]] with a 50-seat [[majority bonus system|majority bonus]] for the party that wins a [[plurality (voting)|plurality of the vote]]. There is also an [[election threshold|electoral threshold]] of 3% which all parties and individuals need to pass on a national level before being awarded any seats. These provisions are aimed at helping the largest party secure an absolute majority of parliamentary seats (151 out of 300), enhancing governmental stability. The majority bonus of 50 seats was abolished in 2016,<ref name="2018 electoral law">{{Citation |url=http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wG3UHk-ZeQumndtvSoClrL8jXotFUXFV2R5MXD0LzQTLWPU9yLzB8V68knBzLCmTXKaO6fpVZ6Lx9hLslJUqeiQuUS6Vuk09v_OOAt2zS2E9tta82Q6QrmQs4_9JRJQmA4. |title=Εφημερίδα της Κυβερνήσεως τη Ελληνικής Δημοκρατίας |volume=A |issue=225 |date=31 December 2018 |publisher=National Publishing House |location=Athens |language=Greek |trans-title=[[Government Gazette (Greece)|Government Gazette of the Hellenic Republic]] |access-date=12 February 2019}}</ref> but will still be applied at the [[2019 Greek legislative election]] because the new electoral law did not receive a [[supermajority]] in Parliament, and can thus not be enforced in the next election.

The 50-seat majority bonus system was used for the first time in the [[May 2012 Greek legislative election|May 2012 election]]; it reserves 50 parliamentary seats for the party emerges as the largest by total votes cast on a national level. The remaining 250 seats are divided proportionally [[List of parliamentary constituencies of Greece|in parliamentary constituencies]] according to each party's total ''valid'' vote percentage; this is slightly higher than the raw percentage reported, as there is always a small number of invalidated or "blank" votes (usually less than 1%), as well as the percentage of smaller parties that fail to surpass the 3% threshold, all of which are disregarded for the purpose of seat allotment. The previous law (used in the 2009 legislative elections) was less favorable for the plurality party, as only 40 additional seats were reserved for them.

Articles 99 and 100 of the codified electoral law lay out the way in which parties are allocated seats in accordance with the percentage of votes they received in a legislative election.<ref name="codification" /> The introduction of the majority bonus makes seat allocation especially complex, but the steps followed for the allocation of seats are as follows:

*The number of seats a party is entitled to is first determined by dividing the total number of valid votes cast for parties which have surpassed the 3% national threshold and dividing it by 250 (99§2); this is later used to 'correct' the proportional results in the constituencies, ensuring that 50 seats always remain empty for the majority bonus.
*The 12 seats elected through national-wide party-list are awarded by first determining a quota by taking the total number of valid votes for parties which have surpassed the 3% electoral threshold on a national level and dividing it by 12 (100§1). The total number of valid votes cast for each party is then divided by the quota, and the sum is rounded down, disregarding decimals, to produce the number of seats the party is awarded (100§2), so that a sum of 5.6 for example awards 5 seats to that party. If any of the 12 seats left empty in this step, a seat is awarded to each party in descending order of leftover decimals until all seats have been allocated in this manner (100§3).
*The 7 seats elected through [[First-past-the-post voting|first-past-the-post]] in single-seat constituencies are awarded to the party which has the most number of votes in each of the constituencies in question, provided that that party has surpassed the 3% electoral threshold on a national level (100§5).
*The 231 seats elected proportionally in constituencies are awarded by first determining a quota by taking the total number of valid votes cast for all parties in the constituency, regardless of if they have surpassed the 3% electoral threshold on a national level, and dividing it by the total number of seats in the constituency (100§4). The total number of valid votes cast for each party is then divided by the quota, and the rounded down sum corresponds to the number of seats each party is awarded in that constituency (100§4), so that again a sum of 5.6 would be awarded 5 seats. Any party which is entitled to more seats than it had candidates on the ballot paper can only be awarded a number of seats equal to the number of candidates it fielded (100§5). Any leftover seats are then awarded by calculating the difference between the total number of seats a party has received on a national level so far and the seats a party is entitled to according to the first step (100§6). The same procedure is then followed on all constituencies except single-member ones (100§6), to determine which constituencies each party is over- or under-represented in. This sum is used to award one seat, in descending order of sums, to that party which has the highest leftover sum in each of the two-member and three-member constituencies until all seats have been awarded (100§7). If any party has been awarded more seats on a national level than it is entitled to, the extra seats are removed from three-member (or, if necessary, two-member) constituencies in which that party has the lowest leftover sums (100§7). If there are still empty seats, those constituencies are ranked in descending order by leftover sums of parties which have surpassed the 3% electoral threshold on a national level, and one seat is awarded in each constituency to the smallest party by total number of valid votes above the 3% threshold, until that party has been awarded the total number of seats it is entitled to according to the first step (100§8). If there are still seats available, the last step is followed again and seats awarded to each party in ascending order of valid votes received, until all seats have been awarded.
*The 50 seats of the majority bonus elected in constituencies are awarded after the above steps have been completed, ensuring that 50 seats remain available for the largest party (99§3a). A coalition can also be awarded the 50 seats provided that the average percentage of votes for each party in the coalition is larger than the percentage of votes received by the largest party on a national level, and in that case it is the [[Supreme Civil and Criminal Court of Greece]] that decides on whether a coalition qualifies for the allocation of the 50 seats (99§3b).

A rather complicated set of rules deals with rounding decimal results up or down, and ensures that the smaller a constituency is, the more strictly proportional its parliamentary representation will be. Another set of rules apportions the 50 seat premium for the largest-tallying party among constituencies.  Individual seats are apportioned by "cross of preference".  Voters mark a cross next to the name of the candidate or candidates they prefer, the number of crosses varying from one to five depending on constituency size.  Ballots with no crosses or more crosses than allowed, count for only the party but not the individual candidates.

Tallying is done manually in the presence of representatives of all contesting parties.  Party tallying, which is easier, is done first so that returns may be announced quickly.  Individual candidate tallying is done next and can take several days.  Once the number of seats per party and constituency is determined, the seats are filled on a top-down basis from the individual cross-of-preference tallies.  Party heads and acting or past Prime Ministers are exempt from cross-of-preference voting: they are automatically placed at the top of their party list and are elected, provided their party achieves at least one seat in the particular constituency.

By constitutional provision, the electoral law can be changed by simple parliamentary majority, but a law so changed comes into effect in the next-but-one election, unless a two-thirds parliamentary supermajority (200 or more votes) is achieved. Only in the latter case is the new electoral law effective at the next election.  A case in point is the current electoral law, which was passed in 2007.  Because this law was passed by a simple majority, it was not used for the subsequent 2009 election, but was then used in the 2012 election.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Greek electoral laws since 1974
|+
!Law's "trademark"
!Passed in
!Passed by
!Applied in (election year)
!Approximate nationwide vote percentage needed for an absolute majority of seats in [[Hellenic Parliament|Parliament]] for the largest party
!Threshold
|-
|''Reinforced proportionality''
|1974
|[[New Democracy (Greece)|New Democracy]]
|[[Greek legislative election, 1974|'74]], [[Greek legislative election, 1977|'77]], [[Greek legislative election, 1981|'81]], [[Greek legislative election, 1985|'85]] (the premium of seats was reduced)
|in almost any case (40% and a clear advantage were necessary in '74 elections)
|align="center" |none for the first seat allocation (in prefectures), but 17% for the second one in peripheries (this threshold was not in force during '85 elections)
|-
|''Simple proportionality''
|1989
|[[Panhellenic Socialist Movement]]
|[[Greek legislative election, 1989 (June)|'89 (Jun)]], [[Greek legislative election, 1989 (November)|'89 (Nov)]], [[Greek legislative election, 1990|'90]]
|47%+
|align="center" |none
|-
|''Reinforced proportionality''
|1990
|[[New Democracy (Greece)|New Democracy]]
|[[Greek legislative election, 1993|'93]], [[Greek legislative election, 1996|'96]], [[Greek legislative election, 2000|'00]], [[Greek legislative election, 2004|'04]]
|in almost any case
|align="center" | 3%
|-
|''Reinforced proportionality'' <br> 
|2004
|[[Panhellenic Socialist Movement]]
|[[Greek legislative election, 2007|'07]], [[Greek legislative election, 2009|'09]]
|41.5%+
|align="center" | 3%
|-
|''Reinforced proportionality'' <br> ''('''up to [[2019 Greek legislative election|2019]]''')''
|2007
|[[New Democracy (Greece)|New Democracy]]
|[[Greek legislative election, May 2012|'12 (May)]], [[Greek legislative election, June 2012|'12 (Jun)]], [[Greek legislative election, January 2015|'15 (Jan)]], [[Greek legislative election, September 2015|'15 (Sep)]], [[2019 Greek legislative election|'19]]
|39%+
|align="center" | 3%
|-
|''Simple proportionality''<br> ''('''after [[2019 Greek legislative election|2019]]''')''
|2016
|[[Syriza]]
|Elections after [[2019 Greek legislative election|2019]]
|47%+
|align="center" |3%
|}

==Definition of New Classical architecture==
The definition of New Classicism is broad. The Oxford Dictionary of Architecture defines it as "the study of [[classical architecture]], to recover a coherent {{em|language}} of architecture, something jettisoned by the [[Modern architecture|Modern Movement]]".<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Lu6BwAAQBAJ&q=new%2520classicism |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Architecture |last1=Curl |first1=James Stevens |last2=Wilson |first2=Susan |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315262796 |isbn=9781315262796 |access-date=2019-02-16}}</ref> It is a [[modernity|modern]] or contemporary movement in the sense that it is being practised in the modern world. The rise of New Classicism from the [[1970s]] onward, an era marked by growing dissatisfaction with modern architecture, also makes it an expression of [[postmodernity|post-modern]] ideals; however, New Classicism is not part of the [[Postmodern architecture|postmodern movement in architecture]], which uses classical elements in an ironic way as a commentary on the perceived sterility of modernism. New Classicism as a design discipline can be manifested in both a highly conservative and highly innovative way, as indicated by the works of [[Quinlan Terry]] and [[Craig Hamilton (architect)|Craig Hamilton]] respectively.

==Vote tallies==
{{Bar chart
| title       = Nationality
| label_type  = Option
| data_type   = A or B
| bar_width   = 35
| width_units = em
| label1   = B (Macedonian)
| data1    = 25
| label2   = A (North Macedonian)
| data2    = 24
| label3   = Neither
| data3    = 1
| label4   = C (people of North Macedonia)
| data4   = 1
}}
{{Bar chart
| title       = State-associated and other public entities
| label_type  = Option
| data_type   = A, B, or C
| bar_width   = 35
| width_units = em
| label3   = A ("of North Macedonia" only)
| data3    = 5
| label1   = B (North Macedonian or "of North Macedonia")
| data1    = 29
| label2   = C (Macedonian only)
| data2    = 18
| label4   = A or B, so long as "North" mentioned
| data4    = 1
}}
{{Bar chart
| title       = Adjective
| label_type  = Option
| data_type   = A, B, or C
| bar_width   = 35
| width_units = em
| label2   = A (Macedonian only)
| data2    = 18
| label1   = B (North Macedonian only)
| data1    = 25
| label3   = C (Macedonian and North Macedonian depending on context)
| data3    = 6
}}

==Cityscape==
===Architecture===
[[file:Thessaloniki map 1882.jpg|thumb|Plan of Thessaloniki in 1882, with the ancient Grid plan vaguely visible.<ref name="vickers"/>]]
The architectural landscape of Thessaloniki has been influenced by the variety of powers that have ruled it. In the historic city centre, the part of the city that was contained within the [[Walls of Thessaloniki]] until those were told down in the late 19th century, this is most evident. The city was first planned in the [[Hellenistic period]] using a [[grid plan|Hippodamian grid plan]] in the 3rd century BC and this layout survived for 2,200 years; it was evident in the city plan of [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Thessaloniki until the [[Great Thessaloniki Fire of 1917]],<ref name="vickers">{{Cite journal |last=Vickers |first=Michael |date=1972 |title=Hellenistic Thessaloniki |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/629980 |journal=The Journal of Hellenic Studies |volume=92 |pages=156–170 |doi=10.2307/629980|jstor=629980 }}</ref> having survived the [[Roman Empire|Roman]], [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] and Ottoman periods. Roman Thessaloniki's rise to prominence saw a number of important buildings being built, including a new [[Roman Forum (Thessaloniki)|Roman forum]], an [[odeon]], a [[Roman baths|bath complex]], a [[Arch of Galerius and Rotunda|triumphal arch]], a [[hippodrome]], a new set of [[defensive wall]]s, a [[Arch of Galerius and Rotunda|rotunda and mausoleum]], and the largest [[Palace of Galerius|Imperial palace]] built in the Roman Empire in a century.<ref name="A Companion 1"/><ref name="Roman Empire 2"/><ref name="Roman Art"/><ref name="Canepa"/> The Thessaloniki of the time is described as a city "of Imperial splendour".<ref name="icomos">{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/456/documents/ |title=Advisory Body Evaluation (ICOMOS) |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |website=www.whc.unesco.org |language=en |orig-year=1988-01-15 |access-date=2018-09-17}}</ref>

It is during the [[Byzantine Empire]] that Thessaloniki began to be influential in terms of architecture rather than simply following trends developed elsewhere. Its various early Christian and medieval churches are described by [[UNESCO]] as having "a considerable impact first in the Byzantine and later the [[Serbia]]n world" and as "a typological point of reference".<ref name="icomos" /> With the rise of Christianity many churches began to be constructed both as new buildings, like [[Hagios Demetrios|St. Demetrius]] on the site of the Roman Baths (in the 3rd century), and as conversions, such as the Rotunda of Galerius, which was made into the Church of St. George.<ref name="ferguson">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oUFFAQAAQBAJ&q=thessalonica&pg=PA125 |title=Encyclopedia of Early Christianity |last=Ferguson |first=Everett |date=2013-10-08 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136611582 |language=en}}</ref> The city, still confied to its Walls at this time, had a population of up to 150,000 in the 14th century.<ref name="google2"/><ref name="Cambridge"/><ref name="The Balkans"/>

The fall of the city to the [[Ottoman Empire]] saw its gradual transition into a typical Ottoman town.

Architects that were active in this period include [[Vitaliano Poselli]], [[Xenophon Paionidis]], and [[Ernst Ziller]], all of whom built mainly in the styles of [[Eclecticism|eclectic neoclassicism]] and [[Art Nouveau]]. Immediately after being incorporated into [[Greece]] in 1913, the government appointed a commission to alter the urban fabric of the city and emphasise its Greek character,<ref name="gerolympou ld">{{Cite book |last=Karadimou-Gerolympou |first=Alexandra |title=Πρακτικά |journal=ΛΓ΄ Πανελλήνιο Ιστορικό Συνέδριο |chapter=Θεσσαλονίκη: Μορφή, λειτουργία και μνήμη της πόλης. Ένας αιώνας συνεχών μεταμορφώσεων |url=http://histsociety.web.auth.gr/%CE%9B%CE%93-praktika.pdf |language=el |publisher=[[Aristotle University of Thessaloniki]] |pages=16–24 |date=2013}}</ref> in effect sanctioned [[architectural propaganda]]. This never went through due to the start of the [[World War I|First World War]], but aspects of this began to be implemented following the Fire.<ref name="gerolympou ld" />

The city layout changed after 1870, when the seaside fortifications gave way to extensive piers, and many of the oldest walls of the city were demolished, including those surrounding the [[White Tower of Thessaloniki|White Tower]], which today stands as the main landmark of the city. As parts of the early Byzantine walls were demolished, this allowed the city to expand east and west along the coast.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thessaloniki.gr/portal/page/portal/DioikitikesYpiresies/PolitistikesYpiresies/DnsiBibliothikwn/TmimaKentrIstorias/PeripatoiKlironomiassthThessaloniki/Thessaloniki.pdf|title=thessaloniki.gr|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113204658/http://www.thessaloniki.gr/portal/page/portal/DioikitikesYpiresies/PolitistikesYpiresies/DnsiBibliothikwn/TmimaKentrIstorias/PeripatoiKlironomiassthThessaloniki/Thessaloniki.pdf|archivedate=13 January 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

[[File:ThessaloniqueHébrard.PNG|thumb|New plan for central Thessaloniki by [[Ernest Hébrard]]. Much of the plan can be seen in today's city center.]]

The expansion of [[Eleftherias Square]] towards the sea completed the new commercial hub of the city and at the time was considered one of the most vibrant squares of the city. As the city grew, workers moved to the western districts, because of their proximity to factories and industrial activities; while the middle and [[Social class|upper classes]] gradually moved from the city-center to the eastern suburbs, leaving mainly businesses. In 1917, a devastating fire swept through the city and burned uncontrollably for 32 hours.<ref name=Gerolympos>Gerolympos, Alexandra Karadimou. ''The Redesign of Thessaloniki after the Fire of 1917''. University Studio Press, Thessaloniki, 1995</ref> It destroyed the city's historic center and a large part of its architectural heritage, but paved the way for modern development and allowed Thessaloniki the development of a proper European city center, featuring wider diagonal avenues and monumental squares; which the city initially lacked – much of what was considered to be 'essential' in [[Europe]]an architecture.<ref name=Gerolympos/><ref name=Gerolympos2>{{cite book|last=Karadimou-Gerolympou|first=Alexandra|title=Urban transformation in the Balkans (1820–1920): Aspects of Balkan town planning and the remaking of Thessaloniki|publisher=University Studio Press|year=1996|isbn=960-12-0553-5}}</ref>

{{wide image|Thessaloniki-Aristotelous360.png|900px|align-cap=center|Panoramic view of [[Aristotelous Square]], one of Thessaloniki's most recognisable areas, which was designed by [[Ernest Hébrard]].}}

===Neighbourhoods===

<center>
<gallery widths="220px">
File:Street in Ladidaka neighbourhood of Thessaloniki July 2006.jpg|The old port warehouse district of ''Ladadika'' (Oil District).
File:Thessaloniki-Ano-Poli.png|[[Ottoman architecture]] of the ''Ano Poli'' (Upper Town).
File:Θεσσαλονίκη 2014 - panoramio (2).jpg|Mix of [[Beaux-Arts architecture|Beaux-Arts]] and [[Modernist architecture|modernist buildings]] in the ''Kentro'' (Centre)
FIle:Casa Bianca.jpg|[[Villa Bianca (Thessaloniki)|Casa Bianca]], a typical late Ottoman [[summer house]] on ''Vasilissis Olgas'' avenue
</gallery>
</center>

===World Heritage sites===
{{Main article|Paleochristian and Byzantine monuments of Thessaloniki}}
{{See also|Byzantine architecture}}
[[File:Church of Saint Demetrios - panoramio.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|The [[Hagios Demetrios|church]] of [[Saint Demetrius]], patron saint of the city, built in the 4th century, is said to be the largest basilica in Greece and is one of the city's most prominent Paleochristian monuments.]]

Because of Thessaloniki's importance during the [[early Christianity|early Christian]] and [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] periods, the city is host to several paleochristian monuments that have significantly contributed to the development of [[Byzantine art]] and [[Byzantine architecture|architecture]] throughout the [[Byzantine Empire]] as well as [[Serbia]].<ref name="UNESCO"/> The evolution of Imperial [[Byzantine architecture]] and the prosperity of Thessaloniki go hand in hand, especially during the first years of the Empire,<ref name="UNESCO"/> when the city continued to flourish. It was at that time that the [[Arch of Galerius and Rotunda|Complex of]] [[Roman emperor]] [[Galerius]] was built, as well as the first church of [[Saint Demetrius|Hagios Demetrios]].<ref name="UNESCO"/>

By the 8th century, the city had become an important administrative center of the [[Byzantine Empire]], and handled much of the [[Byzantine Empire|Empire]]'s [[Balkans|Balkan]] affairs.<ref name="AUTH 2">[http://www.auth.gr/univ/city/city/index_el.html Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, "The City of Thessaloniki"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517174744/http://www.auth.gr/univ/city/city/index_el.html |date=17 May 2011 }} (in Greek)</ref> During that time, the city saw the creation of more notable Christian churches that are now UNESCO World Heritage Sites, such as [[Hagia Sophia (Thessaloniki)|Hagia Sophia of Thessaloniki]], the [[Church of the Acheiropoietos]], the [[Church of Panagia Chalkeon]].<ref name="UNESCO"/> When the [[Ottoman Empire]] took control of Thessaloniki in 1430, most of the city's churches were converted into [[mosques]],<ref name="UNESCO"/> but have survived to this day. Travelers such as [[Paul Lucas (traveller)|Paul Lucas]] and [[Abdulmejid I]]<ref name="UNESCO"/> document the city's wealth in Christian monuments during the years of the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] control of the city.

The church of [[Hagios Demetrios]] was burnt down during the [[Great Thessaloniki Fire of 1917]], as did many other of the city's monuments, but it was rebuilt. During [[World War II]], the city was extensively bombed and as such many of Thessaloniki's paleochristian and Byzantine monuments were heavily damaged.<ref name="AUTH 2"/> Some of the sites were not restored until the 1980s. Thessaloniki has more UNESCO World Heritage Sites listed than any other city in [[Greece]], a total of 15 monuments.<ref name="UNESCO"/> They have been listed since 1988.<ref name="UNESCO"/>

===Urban renewal===
[[File:Thessaloniki waterfront - Greece - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of the newest section of the promenade, opened to the public in January 2014.]]

With the 100th anniversary of the 1912 incorporation of Thessaloniki into [[Greece]], the government announced a large-scale redevelopment program for the city of Thessaloniki, which aims in addressing the current environmental and spatial problems<ref name="2012-1">[http://government.gov.gr/2010/09/22/1937/ Hellenic Government – Thessaloniki 2012 Program] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519153237/http://government.gov.gr/2010/09/22/1937/ |date=19 May 2011 }} (in Greek)</ref> that the city faces. More specifically, the program will drastically change the physiognomy of the city<ref name="2012-1"/> by relocating the Thessaloniki International Exhibition Center and grounds of the [[Thessaloniki International Trade Fair]] outside the city centre and turning the current location into a large metropolitan park,<ref name="2012-2">[http://www.ypeka.gr/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=ojoG1PRSCZg%3d&tabid=367 Ministry of the Environment, of Energy and of Climate Change – Complete presentation] (in Greek)</ref> redeveloping the coastal front of the city,<ref name="2012-2"/> relocating the city's numerous military camps and using the grounds and facilities to create large parklands and cultural centers;<ref name="2012-2"/> and the complete redevelopment of the harbor and the ''Lachanokipoi'' and ''Dendropotamos'' districts (behind and near the [[Port of Thessaloniki]]) into a commercial business district,<ref name="2012-2"/> with possible [[skyscraper|highrise]] developments.<ref>{{cite news|title=Σε επιχειρηματικό πάρκο μεταμορφώνονται οι Λαχανόκηποι ("Laxanokipoi is transformed into business district")|url=http://boreia.gr/index.php?module=news&func=display&sid=11225|accessdate=8 August 2011|newspaper=VORIA.gr|date=26 February 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327155827/http://boreia.gr/index.php?module=news&func=display&sid=11225|archivedate=27 March 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The plan also envisions the creation of new wide avenues in the outskirts of the city<ref name="2012-2"/> and the creation of pedestrian-only zones in the city centre.<ref name="2012-2"/> Furthermore, the program includes plans to expand the jurisdiction of ''Seich Sou'' Forest National Park<ref name="2012-1"/> and the improvement of accessibility to and from the Old Town.<ref name="2012-1"/> The ministry has said that the project will take an estimated 15 years to be completed, in 2025.<ref name="2012-2"/>

Part of the plan has been implemented with extensive pedestrianization's within the city center by the municipality of Thessaloniki and the revitalization the eastern urban waterfront/promenade, ''Nea Paralia'' ({{langx|el|Νέα Παραλία}}, literally ''new beach''), with a modern and vibrant design. Its first section opened in 2008, having been awarded as the best public project in [[Greece]] of the last five years by the Hellenic Institute of Architecture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.makthes.gr/news/arts/36883/|title=ΝΕΑ ΠΑΡΑΛΙΑ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΗΣ Καινούργια και βραβευμένη! – Εφημερίδα Μακεδονία της Θεσσαλονίκης|publisher=Makthes.gr|date=|accessdate=19 January 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130616005026/http://www.makthes.gr/news/arts/36883/|archivedate=16 June 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The municipality of Thessaloniki's budget for the reconstruction of important areas of the city and the completion of the waterfront, opened in January 2014, was estimated at around {{currency|28.2|EUR}} million ({{currency|39.9|USD}} million) for the year 2011 alone.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.makthes.gr/news/reportage/71129/|script-title=el:Στα 28 εκατ. ευρώ το τεχνικό πρόγραμμα του δήμου|newspaper=Makedonia|location=Thessaloniki|date=23 March 2011|accessdate=25 March 2011|language=Greek|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120906162343/http://www.makthes.gr/news/reportage/71129/|archivedate=6 September 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>