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March 27, 2009
[[User:Patelurology2|Patelurology2]] ([[User talk:Patelurology2#top|talk]]) 12:42, 30 July 2009 (UTC)
==Welcome==

'''Welcome!'''

Hello, {{BASEPAGENAME}}, and [[Wikipedia:Introduction|welcome]] to Wikipedia! Thank you for [[Special:Contributions/{{BASEPAGENAME}}|your contributions]]{{#if:|, especially what you did for [[:{{{art}}}]]}}. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are some pages that you might find helpful:
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== [[Wikipedia:Introduction ]] ==

==Ext link==
Hi! Yeah, after seeing more of the site I decided to post it. English external links are ''preferred'', but in some cases non-English external links work as well. [[User:WhisperToMe|WhisperToMe]] ([[User talk:WhisperToMe|talk]]) 16:58, 10 June 2009 (UTC)

== [[User:Patelurology2/Maritime history Kathiawar  ]]==
*[[User:Patelurology2/Maritime history Kathiawar]]
** [http://archive.org/stream/pts_historyofkathiaw_3721-1226/pts_historyofkathiaw_3721-1226_djvu.txt YALE UNIVERSITY "The history of Kathiawad from the earliest times [microform]"]

== Pronunciation == 

<!---  
wikipedia english pronounciation of names - Search (bing.com)

ALLIMAGESVIDEOSMAPSNEWSSHOPPINGMORE16,500,000 ResultsAny timeShow filtersIncluding results for wikipedia english pronunciation of names.Do you want results only for wikipedia english pronunciation of names?Specific places CountryPlacePronunciationPronunciationRespellingIPACanadaAgassizAG-ə-see/ ˈæɡəsi /IrelandAghabulloguea-HAB-ul-ug/æˈhæbʌlʌɡ/AustraliaAlbanyAL-bə-nee/ ˈælbəni /
36 more rows ...Feb 24 2022List of irregularly spelled English names - Wikipediaen.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_irregularly_spelled_English_namesWas this helpful?People also askWhat is pronunciation?How do you transcribe wikipedia pronunciations?How important is pronunciation of Your Name?Is it possible to find different pronunciation of the same name?FeedbackWikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation - Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/PronunciationNormally, pronunciation is given only for the subject of the article in its lead section. For foreign words and names, use the pronunciation key for the appropriate language. If a common English rendering of the foreign name exists (Venice, Nikita Khrushchev), its pronunciation, if necessary, should be indicated before the foreign …IPA StyleOther Transcription SystemsPlacementIPA Templates on WikipediaEntering IPA CharactersRelated TemplatesSee AlsoWhenever the IPA appears in an article, it should be contained within the {{IPA}} template. This allows registered users to assign a different font to display the IPA symbols. The [brackets] should be inside the {{IPA}} template for uniformity of the font. When using the IPA, provide an e…See more on en.wikipedia.orgList of irregularly spelled English names - Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_irregularly_spelled_English_names103 rows · This is a set of lists of English personal and place names having spellings that are ...Estimated Reading Time: 4 minsCOUNTRYPLACEPRONUNCIATION(RESPELLING)PRONUNCIATION(IPA)CanadaAgassizAG-ə-see/ ˈæɡəsi /IrelandAghabulloguea-HAB-ul-ug/æˈhæbʌlʌɡ/AustraliaAlbanyAL-bə-nee/ ˈælbəni /IrelandAthyath-EYE/æˈθaɪ/See all 103 rows on en.wikipedia.orgHow to pronounce Wikipedia in Englishhttps://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/pronunciation/english/wikipediaHow to pronounce Wikipedia. How to say Wikipedia. Listen to the audio pronunciation in the Cambridge English Dictionary. Learn more.English phonology - Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_phonologyOverviewLinguistic terminologySee alsoExternal linksPronunciation (Latin: prōnūntiātiō) is the way in which a word or a language is spoken. This may refer to generally agreed-upon sequences of sounds used in speaking a given word or language in a specific dialect ("correct pronunciation") or simply the way a particular individual speaks a word or language.
Contested or widely mispronounced words are typically verified by the sources from which they …Wikipedia · Text under CC-BY-SA licensePronunciation - Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PronunciationRelated searches for wikipedia english pronunciation of namespronunciation of proper names dictionaryaudio pronunciation of proper namesaudio name pronunciation dictionaryfrench name pronunciation dictionaryname pronunciation toolhear pronunciation of wordspronunciation audiopronounce words audioIncluding results for wikipedia english pronunciation of names.Do you want results only for wikipedia english pronounciation of names?12345

 -->

== MH370 ==
<!--- * Special circumstances and situations may give a clue to certain parameters along the way but no assumptions be needed to use those as a given or basis to base other calculations. e.g. [https://370location.org/2018/10/examining-the-tangent-path-of-mh370/ Examining the Tangent Path of MH370 : Brian Anderson's spherical geometric derivation of Airspeed shortly after arc2 - 370Location.org ] & [http://www.duncansteel.com/archives/1330 & https://www.duncansteel.com/archives/1874 BOTH DUNCANSTEEL] Deducing the Mid-Flight Speed of MH370 by Brian Anderson 2015 March 20 (Document prepared 26 December 2014) see in edit mode 

 The wind speed and direction for a potential southern track over this segment is about 21 knots from 65 degrees True [2]. Using this wind information, and the above ground speed of 494 knots on a track azimuth of 186 degrees, one can calculate the KTAS (True Air Speed, Knots) for the aircraft as being approximately 484 knots. ->]
* Satellite BTO processing output by ground station computer with errors of <1 km-8.85 km (<0.6 mi-5.5 mi) each ping return cycle reading. 
* FLIGHT LEVEL 34000 ARC2-ARC6 DIST 2067 KNOT MILES SPEED 450 KNOTS - no need to assume Airspeed or final Path; it is to be considered autopilot set & ground speed varies with wind component which depends to the final Path set in the Autopilot-- Dear Henry, Dear Henry....- 
* FLIGHT LEVEL 40000 ARC2-ARC6 DIST 2146 KNOTMILES SPEED 485 KNOTS
-http://www.mh370-caption.net/wp-content/uploads/How_Many_Straight_line_trajectories_for_MH370-v1c.pdf How many straight-line trajectories for MH370 ? CAPTIO V1.0c, 20-Apr-2021 Executive Summary
This study provides positive answers to the question: from Arc2 crossing locations within the range of 
latitudes [15°N; 3.4°S], is it possible to determine linear trajectories taking advantage of the 3D 
characteristics of the so-called Inmarsat arcs modulo some small adjustments of the flight parameters?
Millions of numerical estimations of such trajectories have been computed based on Arc2 latitude, 
track direction and speed limits using discrete sets of crossing locations at each arc. 
Numerous such trajectories were found within latitudes within [5.8°N; 3.4°S] fitting all of the Inmarsat
constraints i.e. timing, BTOs and BFOs, as well as operational and meteorological constraints and fuel 
autonomy. They are statistically equivalent to each other and equally
*[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=43&q=23+sin+87&cvid=72f8e65ae9cc485192e60006317d630b&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQBhhAMgYIAhAAGEDSAQkxMzM2NmowajGoAgCwAgA&FORM=ANNTA1&PC=U531 SIN CALC LINK]
*[https://mh370.org/bto-bfo-calculator/ BTO/BFO CALCULATOR]
*[https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/satellite-locates-malaysian-flight-370-still-flying-seven-hours-after-takeoff/2014/03/15/96627a24-ac86-11e3-a06a-e3230a43d6cb_graphic.htmlObjects sighted may be linked to Flight MH370 - The Washington Post]
* FIND THE BEST SATELLITE TO PLANE PING ARC UP IN THE AIR AT FLIGHT LEVEL- no assumption of FL NEEDED
*FIND THE BEST ESTIMATE OF RELIABLE WIND SPEED AND DIRECTION AND CALCULATE THE HEAD WIND OR TAIL WIND COMPONENT TO BE ADDED OR SUBTRACTED FROM AUTPILOT SET CONSTANT AIRSPEED THROU THE STRAIGHT SOUTHERN TRACK WITH INTERAC DISTANCES COVERED IN AN HOUR OR WHATEVER THE VALUE NEEDS TO ISED TO AGAINST THE WIND EFFECT FOR THE SAME TIME PERIOD USUALLY OR MOSTLY HOURLY. THE STRAIGHT TRACT BETWEEN THE ARCS 2 TO 6 NEEDS TO BE FRACTIONATED FOR EACH OF THE FIVE PERIOS INTO MORE OR LESS THAN 20% DISTANCE COVERED. A TRANSPERENT RULER WITH THESE FRACTIONS MARKED FROM NORTH TO SOUTH PLACED OVER THE SAME SCALED MEASURED DISTANCED IMAGE OF PROPORTIONAL ARCS.... THE MARKING ON THE RULER WITH FIT THE ARCS UNDERNEATH ONLY IN ONE DIRECTION WHICH OTHER HAVE CALCULATED AT 197 DEGREES SHOWN IN THE TABLE-- OK TO USE A87 DECREE TO GET THE WIND COMPONENT CALC USING TRIG, BUT DON'T NEED TO ASSUME 187 AT ALL AND THAT CAN BE DERIVED INTO THE WHOLE DERIVATION OF CONSTANT AIRSPEED AS WELL.   
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Time (MYT)!! Time (UTC)!! Satellite at then wobble point to plane distance at flight level BTO MICROSEC!! Radial dist to next wobbled arc.. LIKLEY TO BE SHORTER OR LONGER THAN THE NOMINAL GEOSTATIONARY RADIAL INTERARC DIST WIND DIR/SPEEDKNOTS: BTO HERE IS DIRECT TO PLANE AND INTER RADIAL IS A LONG DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS ON ARC FOR THE PLANE [https://www.calculateme.com/speed/kilometers-per-hour/to-knots/37856.35336 km to knots miles conversion] 1 Kilometer ≈0.53995680 Knots ||Interarc RADIAL DIST TO NEXT HOURLY ARC
-IN CASE MORE REFINEMENT/ADDITION HELP IS NEEDED GEOMETRICALLY AROUND THE ARC|| WIND knots || WIND DIR  ||AD HOC CONSENSUS 
variously calculated by various researchers.
NO SUCH ASSUMPTION NEEDED 
AND CAN BE SOLVED BY QUADRATIC SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS.
 ONE SUCH DERIVED PATH=187 DEGREES
SO, THE DIFF BET PATH AND WIND DIR 
 || Wind  KNOTS -
 WIND sin DIFF FROM PATH - Search (bing.com)
e.g. 23 sin 87 - Search (bing.com)  
 || wind dir  || wind angle diff from path || wind component knots   || fraction out of 5 segment lengths ||   ||    ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  
 !! Initiated by!! Name (if any)!! Details
|-
| 02:25:27 || 18:25:27 ||-||- || - || -||-|| -|| -|| !! !! !! Aircraft || 1st handshake || A 'log-on request' message. Flight 370 now registered as an active terminal on Inmarsat network.
|-
| 02:39:52 || 18:39:52 ||-||- || - || -||-|| -|| -|| !! !! Ground station || – || Ground to aircraft telephone call, acknowledged by SDU, unanswered
|-
| 03:41:00 || 19:41:00 ||arc2 BTO 11500 1BTO=1.7253061KNOTSMILE ||= 36745.5693 km= 19841.020 knots ||= 19841.0201 KNOTSMILES 1BTO=1.7253061KNOTSMILE NEXTarc n to arcn+1    240 BTO=720KM=447MLS= 414.073464 KNOTSMILE 073/17 4.4 || 23 ||100  || 87 || 22.9685 || 0.9409585988  ||   ||   || 
 || !! !! !!Ground station || 2nd handshake || Normal handshake
|-
| 04:41:02 || 20:41:02 ||arc3 BTO 11738 ||= 36785.70272 km= 19,862.690 Knots || arc3toarc4 1040 BTO = 1794.318344 KNOTSMILE 088/11 1  || 8 || 90 || 97 || 7.9404 ||0.96964634146 ||   || || || !! !! !!Ground station || 3rd handshake || Normal handshake
|-
| 05:41:24 || 21:41:24 ||arc4 BTO 12776||= 36954.05541 km= 19,953.594 Knots || arc4toarc5 1760 BTO = 3036.538736 KNOTSMILE 250/5 -1.5 ||10 || 66 || 121 ||8.5717 ||0.96846528623 ||   ||  || !! !! !!Ground station || 4th handshake || Normal handshake
|-
| 06:41:19 || 22:41:19 ||arc5 BTO 14533||= 37237.54897 km= 20,106.668 Knots ||arc5toarc6 3500 BTO = 6038.57135  KNOTSMILE 268/38 0TO1 ||30 || 260 || -73 || -28.6891 ||1.04773680627 ||   ||  || || !! !! !!Ground station || 5th handshake || Normal handshake
|-
| 07:13:58 || 23:13:58 ||-||- || || || || || || ||   !! !! !!Ground station || – || Ground to aircraft telephone call, acknowledged by SDU, unanswered
|-
| 08:10:58 || 00:10:58 ||arc6 BTO 18033||= 37802.61946 km= 20,411.782 Knots ||arc6toarc7    360 BTO =  621.110196 KNOTSMILE 248/25 -9.2 || 49|| 259 || -72 || -46.6018 ||1.0881979927  ||  ||  || !! !! !!Ground station || 6th handshake || Normal handshake
|-
| 08:19:29 || 00:19:29 ||arc7 BTO 18362||= 37856.35336 km= 20,440.796 Knots || || || || || || !! !! !! Aircraft || 7th handshake{{efn|name=7th handshake|One of two transmissions from the aircraft which, together with six transmissions from the ground station, comprises the "7th handshake", also reported as a "partial handshake."}}|| A 'log-on request' from the aircraft, followed by an acknowledgement and four other transmissions from the ground station.
|-
| 08:19:37 || 00:19:37 ||arc7 BTO 18362||= 37856.35336 km= 20,440.796 Knots || || || || || || !! !! !!Aircraft || 7th handshake{{efn|name=7th handshake}} || 'Log-on acknowledge' message transmitted by aircraft. This is the final transmission received from Flight&nbsp;370.
|-
| 09:15 || 01:15 ||arc? 18410|||| || || || || ||  Ground station || Unsuccessful ping/handshake || Three handshake requests from the ground station, without a response from the aircraft.
|}
<!---
-->

<!---   
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Time (MYT)!! Time (UTC)!! Satellite at then wobble point to plane distance at flight level BTO MICROSEC!! Radial dist to next wobbled arc.. LIKLEY TO BE SHORTER OR LONGER THAN THE NOMINAL GEOSTATIONARY RADIAL INTERARC DIST  !! Initiated by!! Name (if any)!! Details
|-
| 02:25:27 || 18:25:27 |||||| !! !! !! Aircraft || 1st handshake || A 'log-on request' message. Flight 370 now registered as an active terminal on Inmarsat network.
|-
| 02:39:52 || 18:39:52 |||||| !! !! !! Ground station || – || Ground to aircraft telephone call, acknowledged by SDU, unanswered
|-
| 03:41:00 || 19:41:00 ||arc2 11500|| arc2toarc3 || !! !! !!Ground station || 2nd handshake || Normal handshake
|-
| 04:41:02 || 20:41:02 ||arc3 11740|| arc3toarc4 || !! !! !!Ground station || 3rd handshake || Normal handshake
|-
| 05:41:24 || 21:41:24 ||arc4 12780|| arc4toarc5 || !! !! !!Ground station || 4th handshake || Normal handshake
|-
| 06:41:19 || 22:41:19 ||arc5 14540||arc5toarc6|| !! !! !!Ground station || 5th handshake || Normal handshake
|-
| 07:13:58 || 23:13:58 ||-||- || !! !! !!Ground station || – || Ground to aircraft telephone call, acknowledged by SDU, unanswered
|-
| 08:10:58 || 00:10:58 ||arc6 18040||arc6toarc7 || !! !! !!Ground station || 6th handshake || Normal handshake
|-
| 08:19:29 || 00:19:29 ||-||arc7toarc-|| -|| -|| || || -||!! !! !!  || Aircraft||7th handshake{{efn|name=7th handshake|One of two transmissions from the aircraft which, together with six transmissions from the ground station, comprises the "7th handshake", also reported as a "partial handshake."}}|| A 'log-on request' from the aircraft, followed by an acknowledgement and four other transmissions from the ground station.
|-
| 08:19:37 || 00:19:37 ||arc7 18400|| Aircraft || 7th handshake{{efn|name=7th handshake}} || 'Log-on acknowledge' message transmitted by aircraft. This is the final transmission received from Flight&nbsp;370.
|-
| 09:15 || 01:15 ||arc? 18410|| Ground station || Unsuccessful ping/handshake || Three handshake requests from the ground station, without a response from the aircraft.
|}
-->
<!---
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Time (MYT) !! Time (UTC)!! WDIR !!  WSPD !! WDIR !!  WSPD !! Initiated by !! Name (if any) !! Details
|-
| 02:25:27 || 18:25:27 {| class="wikitable"
|-
! Time (MYT) !! Time (UTC) !! Initiated by !! Name (if any) !! Details
|-
| 02:25:27 || 18:25:27 ||!! !! !! !!Aircraft || 1st handshake || A 'log-on request' message. Flight 370 now registered as an active terminal on Inmarsat network.
|-
| 02:39:52 || 18:39:52 || !! !! !! !! Ground station || – || Ground to aircraft telephone call, acknowledged by SDU, unanswered
|-
| 03:41:00 || 19:41:00 || !! !! !! !! Ground station || 2nd handshake || Normal handshake
|-
| 04:41:02 || 20:41:02 || !! !! !! !! Ground station || 3rd handshake || Normal handshake
|-
| 05:41:24 || 21:41:24 || !! !! !! !! Ground station || 4th handshake || Normal handshake
|-
| 06:41:19 || 22:41:19 || !! !! !! !! Ground station || 5th handshake || Normal handshake
|-
| 07:13:58 || 23:13:58 || !! !! !! !! Ground station || – || Ground to aircraft telephone call, acknowledged by SDU, unanswered
|-
| 08:10:58 || 00:10:58 || !! !! !! !! Ground station || 6th handshake || Normal handshake
|-
| 08:19:29 || 00:19:29 || !! !! !! !!Aircraft || 7th handshake{{efn|name=7th handshake|One of two transmissions from the aircraft which, together with six transmissions from the ground station, comprises the "7th handshake", also reported as a "partial handshake."}}|| A 'log-on request' from the aircraft, followed by an acknowledgement and four other transmissions from the ground station.
|-
| 08:19:37 || 00:19:37 || !! !! !! !!Aircraft || 7th handshake{{efn|name=7th handshake}} || 'Log-on acknowledge' message transmitted by aircraft. This is the final transmission received from Flight&nbsp;370.
|-
| 09:15 || 01:15 || !! !! !! !!Ground station || Unsuccessful ping/handshake || Three handshake requests from the ground station, without a response from the aircraft.
|}
 Aircraft || 1st handshake || A 'log-on request' message. Flight 370 now registered as an active terminal on Inmarsat network.
|-
| 02:39:52 || 18:39:52 || Ground station || – || Ground to aircraft telephone call, acknowledged by SDU, unanswered
|-
| 03:41:00 || 19:41:00 || Ground station || 2nd handshake || Normal handshake
|-
| 04:41:02 || 20:41:02 || Ground station || 3rd handshake || Normal handshake
|-
| 05:41:24 || 21:41:24 || Ground station || 4th handshake || Normal handshake
|-
| 06:41:19 || 22:41:19 || Ground station || 5th handshake || Normal handshake
|-
| 07:13:58 || 23:13:58 || Ground station || – || Ground to aircraft telephone call, acknowledged by SDU, unanswered
|-
| 08:10:58 || 00:10:58 || Ground station || 6th handshake || Normal handshake
|-
| 08:19:29 || 00:19:29 || Aircraft || 7th handshake{{efn|name=7th handshake|One of two transmissions from the aircraft which, together with six transmissions from the ground station, comprises the "7th handshake", also reported as a "partial handshake."}}|| A 'log-on request' from the aircraft, followed by an acknowledgement and four other transmissions from the ground station.
|-
| 08:19:37 || 00:19:37 || Aircraft || 7th handshake{{efn|name=7th handshake}} || 'Log-on acknowledge' message transmitted by aircraft. This is the final transmission received from Flight&nbsp;370.
|-
| 09:15 || 01:15 || Ground station || Unsuccessful ping/handshake || Three handshake requests from the ground station, without a response from the aircraft.
|}

==[[AF447]] ==

Thank you for posting to my talk page concerning the current discussions on the AF447 talk page. Firstly, thank you for pointing out the remark about nationalities, which indeed has no place here on Wikipedia. An apology has been presented and accepted.

Secondly concerning [[WP:OR|original research]] and speculation we should indeed limit ourselves to what comes from [[WP:RS|reliable sources]]. If I understand you correctly, we are agree that information from the BEA is our most reliable source. Thank you by the way for posting the full document in English - if you have the French version available I would be very keen to read it as it is the reference document.

I haven't had time to do much more than a cursory read of the article and the talk page, but as of 15:00 UTC the article seems to be sufficiently NPOV and factual to me. I suspect that some of the contested information has been resolved. However, if there are any points which you think may be missing, please do not hesitate to contact me on my talk page. Regards [[User:AlexandrDmitri|AlexandrDmitri]] ([[User talk:AlexandrDmitri|talk]]) 15:41, 4 July 2009 (UTC)
*Different language Wikipedia pages for AF447 and respective talk pages need further study by active contributors of their respective language pages as an example of divergence and similarities in evolution of study of any subject at hand. e.g., a link for French page is noted here....[[fr:Vol 447 Air France|French wikipedia page for AF447]] ...[[Language barrier| Language is no barrier]].  [[User:Patelurology2|Patelurology2]] ([[User talk:Patelurology2#top|talk]]) 00:53, 7 July 2009 (UTC)
[[file:NESDIS Atlantic Ocean 1 June 0000Z.jpg|right|thumb| Satellite image of the Eastern Atlantic [[Intertropical Convergence Zone]]  of  June 1 2009, 00: 00 pm. Areas with high rainfall are red, blue shows low rainfall]]
[[File:Rota AirFrance 447 pt.svg| thumb | 230px | Flight path and location of search (red circles find debris found).]][[User:Patelurology2|Patelurology2]] ([[User talk:Patelurology2#top|talk]]) 18:54, 20 July 2009 (UTC)
[[File:Area de buscas.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Shows the search area where wreckage and bodies found.]][[User:Patelurology2|Patelurology2]] ([[User talk:Patelurology2#top|talk]]) 19:02, 20 July 2009 (UTC)
[[File: NESDIS Atlantic Ocean 1 June 0000-0600.png | thumb | 250px | satellite images from 10 am and harnessed to 06h [[UTC]] [[1] from [June] [2009]], showing a high concentration of dust clouds close to the [[pt:archipelago of Saint Peter and Paul| Archipelago of Saint Peter and Paul]] [[Intertropical Convergence Zone]]. "A" represents the last known position and "b" where the rubble was found.]][[User:Patelurology2|Patelurology2]] ([[User talk:Patelurology2#top|talk]]) 19:15, 20 July 2009 (UTC)
[[Image:Air_france.jpg|thumb|360px| Grafik lokasi Air France terhempas]]
[http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fail:Air_france.jpg  ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fail:Air_france.jpg route diagram][[User:Patelurology2|Patelurology2]] ([[User talk:Patelurology2#top|talk]]) 00:33, 21 July 2009 (UTC)
[[File:Airspeed indication system - fly by wire.png|250px|thumb|02:10-kor [[Pitot-cső|mindhárom Pitot-cső]] meghibásodik]][[User:Patelurology2|Patelurology2]] ([[User talk:Patelurology2#top|talk]]) 00:55, 21 July 2009 (UTC)
*





*


|}

== In-depth information regarding latest report ==

<!----The BEA, as expected, released another report today. However, I find the information in the "[[Air France Flight 447#Findings from the flight data recorder|Findings from the flight data recorder]]" section superfluous. Does someone agree with me? Maybe we should instead mention just the most important parts of the new findings? [[User:Heymid|<span style="color:green;">Hey</span>]][[User talk:Heymid|<span style="color:red;">'''''Mid'''''</span>]] ([[Special:Contributions/Heymid|contribs]]) 14:10, 27 May 2011 (UTC)

Links to 2011 interim report:
* English: http://www.bea.aero/fr/enquetes/vol.af.447/point.enquete.af447.27mai2011.en.pdf
* French (original): http://www.bea.aero/fr/enquetes/vol.af.447/point.enquete.af447.27mai2011.fr.pdf
* German: http://www.bea.aero/fr/enquetes/vol.af.447/point.enquete.af447.27mai2011.de.pdf
* Portuguese: http://www.bea.aero/fr/enquetes/vol.af.447/point.enquete.af447.27mai2011.br.pdf
[[User:WhisperToMe|WhisperToMe]] ([[User talk:WhisperToMe|talk]]) 17:21, 27 May 2011 (UTC)--->

<!---

* With the advent of finding the data recorder, it is important to develop this section further as opposed to being superfluous as indicated before; objectively, as described above in a way by floating the links to official bulletin, as a start. Further scope includes, besides other things, the collation of all avaialble time line information with the flight data recorder information. Second by second collation with estimation of events that are predictable by approximation, where approriate, to occur after a event recorded in any form, whether ACARS, voice, external navigation tracking systems etc. This collation may involve table with time in one column and corresponding events and comments in the third and other parameters in other columns as deemed fit.
{{Dynamic list}} : further development needed...
The table seems to go to the bottom of the entire discussion page and hence will temporarily be outed.
AF447 Integration of Time-line information from multiple sources
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" width=60% style="background: #fffaef; border: 1px dotted gray;"
|-
!style="background:#ffdead;" colspan = 5 | AF447 Collation & Integration of Time-line information from multiple sources. 
|- align=center 
|
{|class="wikitable "
!width=25|Time : Use E for estimated time
!width=200|Events : Initially can keep one column, but logically separate columns for separate data source would be desirable.
!width=200|Comments

|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|-
|}


This from a novice: Desirability of such collation of events to be commented on. If appropriate, go ahead with the development of the list modifying to the the best format. Recognising contributions of all who have toiled for this topic and is another call to work further.

-->
==[[VIT E]]==


*<!---<ref name="Bhalla2015">{{cite book|author=A. S. Bhalla|title=Monuments, Power and Poverty in India: From Ashoka to the Raj|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=emATBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA151|date=30 March 2015|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-78453-087-7|page=151}}</ref> 

-->

*  <!---<ref https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0308814611003207 </ref> --> Interactions between tocopherols, tocotrienols and carotenoids during autoxidation of mixed palm olein and fish oil.... nutritionally interesting mixtures of palm oil and fish oils can be stabilized satisfactorily, thereby allowing simple distribution of fish oils. The more refined yellow palm olein stabilized fish oil better than did red palm. Fish oil may interfere with absorption of vit E.

==[[REF CONSTRUCTION]]==

  <!---<ref name="Bhalla2015">{{cite book|author=A. S. Bhalla|title=Monuments, Power and Poverty in India: From Ashoka to the Raj|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=emATBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA151|date=30 March 2015|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-78453-087-7|page=151}}</ref> 

-->

== Different language Wikipedia pages for the same topic- Translation: Machine Vs Human of  All Pages in All Languages  ==

:With respect to above in AF447 section of my talk page, the following may help understand the extent of problems and opportunities to learn from Wikipedias in other languages; [[Language barrier]] can be overcome.Topic title listed in [[Language barrier ]]:                              
'''Same Topic in Different Language Wikipedia- Divergence & Similarities in Study of any Subject''' ..include also opportunities to learn and cross feed.  

*Different language Wikipedia pages for the same topic for e.g. the English page [[AF447]] and the French page [http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vol_447_Air_France] and respective talk pages are likely to have divergence and similarities in evolution of study of any subject at hand; ability to cross contribute the content save Language barrier needs further study by active contributors of their respective language pages.  ...'''Language is no barrier'''. Auto-translation programs can be used e.g. [[Bing Translator]] as possibly preferred for a such study for Side by Side feature of ability to view two languages, the original and machine translation to understand the gist; auto-translation is no substitute for a professional human translator.
*Any page in any Wikipedia should have a machine auto-translation feature to help understand   atleast the gist of the article; existing links on all pages in languages are for the the original pages in those respective languages. Importance of translation of all the articles that Wikipedia has in different languages is emphasised; machine auto-translation feature on any page and talk pages in any langnguage Wikipedia would suffice and for intensive study human translators available in Wikipedias would help. [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Translation_requests Meta.Wikipedia Translation Requests]. Machine auto-translation is no substitute for human translation; meaning and context are often inaccurate or lost in the former.[[User:Patelurology2|Patelurology2]] ([[User talk:Patelurology2#top|talk]]) 18:27, 8 July 2009 (UTC)


*


*





*
== TRANSLATION TEMPLATE PROGRAM FOR ANY PAGE ANY LANGUAGE--possibilties ==

[[ar:الخطوط الجوية الفرنسية رحلة 447]]
[[ca:Vol 447 d'Air France]]
[[cs:Let Air France 447]]
[[da:Air France Flight 447]][http://www.microsofttranslator.com/BV.aspx?ref=Internal&a=http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_France_Flight_447]
[[de:Air-France-Flug 447]][http://www.microsofttranslator.com/BV.aspx?ref=Internal#http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-France-Flug_447]
[[et:Air France'i lend 447]]
[[el:Πτήση Air France 447]]
[[es:Vuelo 447 de Air France]][http://www.microsofttranslator.com/BV.aspx?ref=Internal#http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuelo_447_de_Air_France]
[[eo:Flugo Air France 447]]
[[eu:Air Francen 447 hegaldiaren istripua]]
[[fa:پرواز شماره ۴۴۷ هواپیمایی فرانسه]]
[[fr:Vol 447 Air France]]
[[gl:Voo 447 de Air France]]
[[ko:에어프랑스 447편]][http://www.microsofttranslator.com/BV.aspx?ref=Internal&a=http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%2597%2590%25EC%2596%25B4%25ED%2594%2584%25EB%259E%2591%25EC%258A%25A4_447%25ED%258E%25B8]
[[id:Air France Penerbangan 447]]
[[it:Volo Air France 447]][http://www.microsofttranslator.com/BV.aspx?ref=Internal&a=http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volo_Air_France_447]
[[he:טיסה 447 של אייר פראנס]]
[[hu:Az Air France 447-es járatának katasztrófája]]
[[ms:Penerbangan 447 Air France]]
[[nl:Air France-vlucht 447]]
[[ja:エールフランス447便墜落事故]]
[[no:Air France Flight 447]]
[[pl:Katastrofa lotu Air France 447]]
[[pt:Voo Air France 447]][http://www.microsofttranslator.com/BV.aspx?ref=Internal&a=http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voo_Air_France_447]
[[ro:Zborul 447 al Air France]]
[[ru:Авиакатастрофа над Атлантическим океаном 1 июня 2009]]
[[sr:Пад авиона Ер Франса на линији 447 (2009. године)]]
[[sh:Air France let 447]]
[[fi:Air Francen lento 447]]
[[sv:Air France Flight 447]]
[[th:แอร์ฟรานซ์ เที่ยวบินที่ 447]]
[[tr:Air France Uçuş 447]]
[[vi:Chuyến bay 447 của Air France]]
[[wuu:法国航空447号班机]]
[[zh:法國航空447號班機空難]]
[[User:Patelurology2|Patelurology2]] ([[User talk:Patelurology2#top|talk]]) 03:53, 31 July 2009 (UTC)
[[User:Patelurology2|Patelurology2]] ([[User talk:Patelurology2#top|talk]]) 18:37, 31 July 2009 (UTC)


** List of languages from [[Language]] page
[[af:Taal]]
[[als:Sprache]]
[[ar:لغة]]
[[an:Luengache]]
[[frp:Lengua]]
[[ast:Idioma]]
[[gn:Ñe'ẽ]]
[[ay:Aru]]
[[az:Dil]]
[[bm:Kan]]
[[bn:ভাষা]]
[[zh-min-nan:Gí-giân]]
[[map-bms:Basa]]
[[ba:Тел (фән)]]
[[be:Мова]]
[[be-x-old:Мова]]
[[bar:Sprache]]
[[bs:Jezik]]
[[br:Yezh]]
[[bg:Език (лингвистика)]]
[[ca:Llenguatge]]
[[cv:Чĕлхе]]
[[ceb:Pinulongan]]
[[cs:Jazyk (lingvistika)]]
[[cy:Iaith]]
[[da:Sprog]]
[[pdc:Schprooch]]
[[de:Sprache]]
[[dv:ބަސް]]
[[nv:Saad]]
[[et:Keel (keeleteadus)]]
[[el:Γλώσσα]]
[[eml:Langua]]
[[es:Lenguaje]]
[[eo:Lingvo]]
[[eu:Hizkuntza]]
[[fa:زبان]]
[[hif:Bhasa]]
[[fo:Mál]]
[[fr:Langage]]
[[fy:Taal]]
[[fur:Lengaç]]
[[ga:Teanga (cumarsáid)]]
[[gv:Çhengey (çhaghteraght)]]
[[gd:Cànan]]
[[gl:Linguaxe]]
[[gan:語言]]
[[gu:ભાષા]]
[[ko:언어]]
[[hy:Լեզու]]
[[hi:भाषा]]
[[hr:Jezik]]
[[io:Linguo]]
[[ilo:Pagsasao]]
[[id:Bahasa]]
[[ia:Linguage]]
[[os:Æвзаг]]
[[xh:Ulwimi]]
[[is:Tungumál]]
[[it:Linguaggio]]
[[he:שפה]]
[[jv:Basa]]
[[kl:Oqaatsit]]
[[kn:ಭಾಷೆ]]
[[ka:ენა (მეტყველება)]]
[[kw:Yeth]]
[[ky:Тил]]
[[sw:Lugha]]
[[kv:Кыв]]
[[kg:Ndinga]]
[[ht:Lang]]
[[ku:Ziman]]
[[lad:Linguaje]]
[[lo:ພາສາ]]
[[la:Lingua]]
[[lv:Valoda]]
[[lb:Sprooch]]
[[lt:Kalba]]
[[li:Taol]]
[[ln:Lokótá]]
[[jbo:bangu]]
[[hu:Nyelv]]
[[mk:Јазик]]
[[mg:Fiteny]]
[[ml:ഭാഷ]]
[[mr:भाषा]]
[[arz:لغة]]
[[mzn:Zivan]]
[[ms:Bahasa]]
[[cdo:Ngṳ̄-ngiòng]]
[[nl:Taal]]
[[nds-nl:Taol]]
[[ja:言語]]
[[nap:Lengua]]
[[ce:Мотт]]
[[pih:Laenghwij]]
[[no:Språk]]
[[nn:Språk]]
[[nrm:Laungue]]
[[oc:Lenga]]
[[pnb:بولی]]
[[pap:Idioma]]
[[ps:ژبه]]
[[pl:Język (mowa)]]
[[pt:Linguagem]]
[[ksh:Sprooch]]
[[ro:Limbă (comunicare)]]
[[rmy:Chhib]]
[[rm:Lingua]]
[[qu:Rimay]]
[[ru:Язык]]
[[sah:Тыл]]
[[se:Giella]]
[[sc:Limbas]]
[[sco:Leid]]
[[stq:Sproake]]
[[scn:Lingua (parràta)]]
[[simple:Language]]
[[sk:Jazyk (lingvistika)]]
[[cu:Ѩꙁꙑ́къ]]
[[sl:Jezik (sredstvo sporazumevanja)]]
[[sr:Језик]]
[[fi:Kieli]]
[[sv:Språk]]
[[tl:Wika]]
[[ta:மொழி]]
[[tt:Tel]]
[[te:భాష]]
[[th:ภาษา]]
[[tg:Забон (суxан)]]
[[chr:ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]]
[[tr:Dil (lisan)]]
[[tk:Dil]]
[[uk:Мова]]
[[ur:لسان]]
[[vi:Ngôn ngữ]]
[[vo:Pük]]
[[fiu-vro:Keeleq]]
[[wa:Lingaedje]]
[[war:Yinaknan]]
[[wuu:言话]]
[[yi:שפראך]]
[[yo:Èdè]]
[[zh-yue:語言]]
[[diq:Zıwan (lisan)]]
[[zea:Taele]]
[[bat-smg:Kalba]]
[[zh:语言]]

  
[[User:Patelurology2|Patelurology2]] ([[User talk:Patelurology2#top|talk]]) 17:18, 9 October 2009 (UTC)


*** Select languages for RKC page
**** List of languages from  [[Language]] page
*[[fr:Langage French]]
*[[gu:ભાષા Gujarati]]
*[[hi:भाषा Hindi]]
*[[mr:भाषा Marathi]]
*[[ar:لغة Arabic]]

[[User:Patelurology2|Patelurology2]] ([[User talk:Patelurology2#top|talk]]) 17:38, 9 October 2009 (UTC)

== Gujarat State ==

{{Gujarat}}
[[User:Patelurology2|Patelurology2]] ([[User talk:Patelurology2#top|talk]]) 19:14, 4 August 2009 (UTC)
*[[ List of people from Gujarat ]]

== NRI-PIO : Indians Abroad  ==
{{NRI-PIO}}
[[User:Patelurology2|Patelurology2]] ([[User talk:Patelurology2#top|talk]]) 23:17, 5 August 2009 (UTC)

== An exciting opportunity to get involved!==
[[File:Trophy.png|right|75px]]
As a member of the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aviation|Aviation WikiProject]] or one of its subprojects, you may be interested in testing your skills in the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aviation/Contest|Aviation Contest]]! I created this contest, not to pit editor against editor, but to promote article improvement and project participation and camraderie. Hopefully you will agree with its usefulness. Sign up [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aviation/Contest/Signups|here]], read up on the rules [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Aviation/Contest#Contest_rules|here]], and discuss the contest [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Aviation/Contest|here]]. The first round of the contest may not start until September 1st-unless a large number of editors signup and are ready to compete immediately! Since this contest is just beginning, please give feedback [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Aviation/Contest|here]], or let me know what you think on my talkpage. - '''[[User:Trevor MacInnis|<span style="font-family:Century Gothic;color:SteelBlue">Trevor</span>]] [[User talk:Trevor MacInnis|<span style="font-family:Century Gothic;color:IndianRed">MacInnis</span>]] [[Special:Contributions/Trevor MacInnis|<span style="font-family:Century Gothic;color:DarkOliveGreen"><sup>contribs</sup></span>]]''' 03:41, 23 August 2009 (UTC)

== Rajkot  Schools and Colleges ==

**'''University/Colleges''' 

*AV Parekh Technical Institute
*BK Mody Government Pharmacy College
*Government Medical College
*Government Polytechnic
*H and HB Kotak Institute of Science
*Kundaliya College
*[[Lukhdhirji Engineering College]]
*M and N Virani Science College
*Matushree Virbaima Mahila College
*[[PDM College of Commerce]]
*Saurastra University
*VVP Engineering College
  

**'''High Schools''' 

*AS Chowdry High School
*Akshar Pursotam Swaminarayan High School
*Central School
*GT High School
*Kadvibai Virani Kanya Vidyalaya
*Kendriya Vidyalaya
*Matru Mandir
*Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi High School
*[[Rajkumar College ]]
*Saurastra High School
*SN Kansagara School
*Saint Mary's High School
*Samji Velji Virani High School
*Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri Vidyalaya
*Sun Shine School
*Swaminarayan Gurukul

== Major CBSE Schools in India and abroad ==
[http://www.cbse.nic.in/announcement-hq-2007.doc Major CBSE Schools in India and abroad]
== RKC ==
* see in edit mode
{| style="margin: 1em auto; text-align: center"
|-
| style="width: 4em" | [[Red]]
| style="width: 4em" | [[Orange (colour)|Orange]]
| style="width: 4em" | [[Yellow]]
| style="width: 4em" | [[Green]]
| style="width: 4em" | [[Blue]]
| style="width: 4em" | [[Indigo]]
| style="width: 4em" | [[Violet (colour)|Violet]]
|-
| {{color box|#ff0000}}
| {{color box|#ff8000}}
| {{color box|#ffff00}}
| {{color box|#008000}}
| {{color box|#0000ff}}
| {{color box|#4B0082}}
| {{color box|#9400D3}}
|-
| colspan="7" | ''The seven main colours''
|}
 
 
 <!--- ==House system==  Ballarat school Australia 

The [[house system]] is very important to the structure of the school, and there is substantial rivalry between houses in swimming, athletics, choral competitions, and more. The house system also provides pastoral care and a degree of mentoring to students.  The rivalry is particularly seen between the two boys' boarding houses, Dart and Wigan, which often used to engage in pranks against each other. This practice was abandoned in 2007 after new administration deemed the activities of the boarding houses to be inappropriate. Dart and Wigan still compete against each other in [[soccer]] and [[Australian rules football]] matches. These houses used to be one, and their subsequent division may be the cause of the competition. The Dart-Wigan rivalry is often overlooked when competing against the "day" (non-boarding) houses.

There are also three girls' boarding houses, Hayhoe, Woodbridge and Larritt. Larritt was created to accommodate the ever-increasing number of boarders, housing exclusively female boarders in years 7, 8 and 9. Larritt girls 'graduate' to Hayhoe and Woodbridge when they reach year 10.

There are also eight-day houses, four for girls and four for boys. The girls' day houses are Manifold, Krome, Cuthbert and Macpherson. The boys' houses are Smith, Butler, Robin and Nevett.

All houses are named after people who were important to the school such as former Headmasters/Headmistresses or substantial donors, and are paired in brother-sister groups. While the houses are generally independent, they compete together in a number of competitions.

The pairs are:

* Macpherson {{color box|white}}{{color box|red}} – Nevett {{color box|lightblue}}{{color box|maroon}}{{color box|white}}
* Manifold {{color box|navy}}{{color box|gold}} – Smith {{color box|cream}}{{color box|navy}}
* Woodbridge {{color box|lightblue}}{{color box|maroon}}{{color box|white}} – Dart {{color box|red}}{{color box|navy}}
* Hayhoe {{color box|green}}{{color box|blue}} – Wigan {{color box|navy}}{{color box|gold}}
* Cuthbert {{color box|purple}}{{color box|crimson}} – Robin  {{color box|gold}}{{color box|red}}
* Krome {{color box|green}}{{color box|gold}} – Butler {{color box|green}}{{color box|gold}}
* Larritt {{colour box|Blue||}}{{colour box|white||}}
   -->

 
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_SxkQ-eXyVkQ/R-EnnizzePI/AAAAAAAAAFg/DmR6xxTS2TE/s1600-h/P05.jpg  current colours ? only four?
 
Current divisions: Halar, Gohilwad, Sorath, Zalawad colours in link above might be approximate and any revision thoughts encouraged. 

Current colors at Girls' school also to be described if different. Likewise Prefectorial colours and stripe system if changed needs to described; past blue Prefectorial badge system for the Principal's house ceased circa 1963-64; prefectorial badges were bright red with golden stripes.

Past Divisions Mac and Mayne: the badge colours were different in different houses with

* MAC:   Senior bright red,  Junior darker red,  Prep dark blue  
* Mayne: Senior yellow     , Junior green,       Prep light blue

* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colors:_A-M
 
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colors:_N-Z 
 
 
The pairs are:

* Macpherson {{color box|white}}{{color box|red}} – Nevett {{color box|lightblue}}{{color box|maroon}}{{color box|white}}
* Manifold {{color box|navy}}{{color box|gold}} – Smith {{color box|cream}}{{color box|navy}}
* Woodbridge {{color box|lightblue}}{{color box|maroon}}{{color box|white}} – Dart {{color box|red}}{{color box|navy}}
* Hayhoe {{color box|green}}{{color box|blue}} – Wigan {{color box|navy}}{{color box|gold}}
* Cuthbert {{color box|purple}}{{color box|crimson}} – Robin  {{color box|gold}}{{color box|red}}
* Krome {{color box|green}}{{color box|gold}} – Butler {{color box|green}}{{color box|gold}}
* Larritt {{colour box|Blue||}}{{colour box|white||}}


For house table with badge colours[http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_SxkQ-eXyVkQ/R-EnnizzePI/AAAAAAAAAFg/DmR6xxTS2TE/s1600-h/P05.jpg ]
e.g Bom Sco
| houses            = {{Color box|blue|border=darkgray}} Blue, {{Color box|green|border=darkgray}} Green, {{Color box|red|border=darkgray}} Red, {{Color box|yellow|border=darkgray}} Yellow

another e.g. a school  
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!style="width: 0.5em"|
! Boys
! Girls
|-
|style="background-color:blue"|
| MacGregor
| Elizabeth
|-
|style="background-color:green"|
| style="background-color:#edf3fe"|Kennedy
| style="background-color:#edf3fe"|Victoria
|-
|style="background-color:red"|
| MacPherson
| Catherine
|-
|style="background-color:yellow"|
| style="background-color:#edf3fe"|Haddow
| style="background-color:#edf3fe"|Anne
|} 

Current and Former House and Badge System:

*For house table with badge colours
<!---{| class="wikitable"
|-
!style="width: 0.5em"|
! Seniors 
! Juniors
! Prep 
|-
|style="background-color:red"|
|Mac
|-
|style="background-color:yellow"|
|Mayne
|-
|style="background-color:G color"|
|Gohilwar
|-
|style="background-color:J color"|
|Jhalawar
|-
|style="background-color:H color"|
|Halar
|-
|style="background-color:S color"|
|Sorath
|-
!style="width: 0.5em"|
! Seniors 
|-
|style="background-color:darker red"|
|Mac
|-
|style="background-color:yellow"|
|Mayne
|-
|style="background-color:G color"|
|Gohilwar
|-
|style="background-color:J color"|
|Jhalawar
|-
|style="background-color:H color"|
|Halar
|-
|style="background-color:S color"|
|Sorath
|-
!style="width: 0.5em"|
! Juniors
|-
|style="background-color:brighter red"|
|Mac
|-
|style="background-color:green"|
|Mayne
|-
|style="background-color:G color"|
|Gohilwar
|-
|style="background-color:J color"|
|Jhalawar
|-
|style="background-color:H color"|
|Halar
|-
|style="background-color:S color"|
|Sorath
|-
!style="width: 0.5em"|
!Prep 
|-
|style="background-color:red"|
|Mac
|-
|style="background-color:yellow"|
|Mayne
|-
|style="background-color:G color"|
|Gohilwar
|-
|style="background-color:J color"|
|Jhalawar
|-
|style="background-color:H color"|
|Halar
|-
|style="background-color:S color"|
|Sorath

--->







<!---
|-
|style="background-color:yellow"|
|-
|style="background-color:S&J G color"|
|-
|style="background-color:S&J J color"|
|-
|style="background-color:S&J H color"|
|-
|style="background-color:S&J S color"|
|-
|style="background-color:Dark Blue"|
|-
|style="background-color:Light Blue"|
|-
|style="background-color:Prep G color"|
|-
|style="background-color:Prep J color"|
|-
|style="background-color:Prep H color"|
|-
|style="background-color:Prep S color"|


! Seniors & Juniors Mac
! Seniors & Juniors Mayne
! Seniors & Juniors Gohilwar
! Seniors & Juniors Jhalawar
! Seniors & Juniors Halar
! Seniors & Juniors Sorath
! Prep Mac
! Prep Mayne
! Prep Gohilwar
! Prep Jhalawr
! Prep Halar
! Prep Sorath
|-
|style="background-color:red"|
|-
|style="background-color:yellow"|
|-
|style="background-color:S&J G color"|
|-
|style="background-color:S&J J color"|
|-
|style="background-color:S&J H color"|
|-
|style="background-color:S&J S color"|
|-
|style="background-color:Dark Blue"|
|-
|style="background-color:Light Blue"|
|-
|style="background-color:Prep G color"|
|-
|style="background-color:Prep J color"|
|-
|style="background-color:Prep H color"|
|-
|style="background-color:Prep S color"|
 Mac
Mayne
Gohilwar
Jhalawr
Halar
Sorath --->


<!---* [http://rkcalumni.com/blog/category/news-announcements/ RKC News & Announcements]

History: [http://louisville.edu/asiandemocracy/faculty-bios/faculty-bios/dr-john-mcleod-history-department.html Honorary Rajvanshi Genealogist of the Rajvara Heritage Institution of the Rajkumar College on Rajkot, India (2001)
Document Actions] --->
<!--- [http://www.saucricket.com/AboutUs.aspx RKC & SAU cricket]--->
<!---NEWS:
  
M. P. Green Productivity Association 
Results of 7th National Painting Competition 2009  
The Rajkumar College, Rajkot 
Devangi Kansagra VIII-A certificate of Appreciation 
  --->

<!--- 
1941

Charles R. Giles
Christopher A. Windle
Philipdela Farge Magande Farge
Pravinsinhji Keshrisinhji (K. S. Of Miyagam)
Sultan Ahmed Cassimally Manji
 1942


Alimohamed Hussein Kasim Dada
Asif
Chandrajitsinhji Vijaysinhji (K. S. Of Bhavnagar)
Hemantkumar Manilal Shah
Kazimali Husseinuddin
Mohamedali S. Abdul
Prakramsinhji Narsinhsinhji Jhala
Razali Husseinuddin Ramzanali
Surendrasinhji Indrabhanusinhji Jhala (K. S. Of Dhrangadhra)
Surendrasinhji Naharsinhji Rathore (K. S. Of Auwa)
Vanrajsinhji Narsinhsinhji Jhala (K. S. Of Dhrangadhra)
 1943


Bharatkumar Ghanshyamsinhji Gohel (K. S. Of Bhavnagar)
Christopher B. Taylor
Gaisford Julian Lt. Col. P.
Harikrishna Chhotalal Dudhia
Hasan Alibhai Zaved
Hemantkumar Motibhai Patel
Hussain Alibhai Zaveri
Ibrahim Umar Sonawala
Mohamed Khanji Saheb Khanji (K. S. Of Vajnia)
Mohamedhussain Abubakar Sonawala
Perviz Palanji Wadia
Prithviraisinhji Ajitsinhji Gohel (K. S. Of Agiari)
Robbin Charles Clarke
Sajjansinhji Takhatsinhji (K. S. Of Katosan)
Surendrasinhji Gajendrasinhji Chaunan (K. S. Of Chhota Udepur)
Virendrasinhji Joravarsinhji Jhala (K. S. Of Wadhwan)
Yusufali Alibhal Zaveri
1944


Ashifalikhan Mir Intezamalikhan (M. Of Dharana)
Babi Gulam Mohmuddinkhanji Sherkhanji
Dineshkumar Jaswantlal
Gaisford Godfrey Lt. Co. P.
Hemant Chimanlal Broker
Jagdevsinhji Shivsinhji Jethwa (K. S. Of Shrinagar)
James John James
Laxmansinhji Bhavanisinhji Jadeja (T. S. Of Gavridad)
Mahavirsinhji Keshrisinhji Jadeja (K. S. Of Jamnagar)
Mazhruddin Nuruddin N.
Narendrasinhji Vijaysinhji (K. S. Of Vakhatpur)
Nimbekar Bon Bihari V.
Paghuvirsinhji Ajitsinhji Gohel (K. S. Of Bhavnagar)
Rajendrasinh Gajendrasinh Chauhan
Rameshchandra Roshanlal Bajaj
Rustom Nariman Green
Shivralsinhji Bhojrajji Jadeja (K. S. Of Gondal)
Sinclair Ian Major M. C.
Surendrasinhji Naharsinhji Rathore (K. S. Of Auwa)
Syed Gulammohinudit Syed Mohmed Pirzada
Vakhatsinhji Ajitsinhji Gohel
Vijaysinhji Ramchandrarao Chavan

 1945


Adam Usman Allu
Balbahadursinh Bhawanisinh Rana (K. S. Of Barwaha)
Balwantsinhji Arjumsinhji Jadeja (K. S. Of Mengani)
Derek James D"Eath
Donald J. Spence
Dushyantrao Jagdeorao Pandhare (K. S. Of Baroda)
Harshadrai P. Dave
Jaywatsinhji Rajsinhji Jadeja (K. S. Of Jamnagar)
Mohabatsinhji Kishoresinhji Jadeja
Mulrajsinhji Prakramsinhji Jadeja (K. S. Of Khirasara)
Sukhdevsinhji Rajendrasinhji Jadeja
Vasantkumar Dahyabhai Chudasama
1946

 


Bhagwansinhji Balsinhji Jadeja (K. S. Of Gondal)
Girjashanker Narottamdas Ojha
Harishctiandrasinhji 121haratsinhji Jadeja (K. S. Of Pal)
Kiritsinhji Prithvirajsinhji Solanki (T. S. Of Mehlol)
Nanawalla Ebhalwalla Wala (K. S. Of Dangavadar)
Pragraisinhji Gambhirsinhji Gohei (K. S. Of Varal)
Punjawala Najawala Wala (K. S. Of Manpur)
Sahdevsinhji Narhardevji (M. S. Of Dharampur)
Sarvani Mahommed Aminkhan Bahadurkhan (K. S. Of Junagadh)
Shivrajkumar Ala Khachar (T. S. Of Jasdan)
Shushikumar Prataprao Harpale
Soon Siew Tan
Soon Hock Tan
Soon Lock Tan
Suryaveerbhupati Pratapsinghji (K. S. Of Banswara)
Vjkrannsinhji Jorawarsinhji Jhala (K. S. Of Wadhwan)
 1947


Babi Maqbool Ahmedkhan Faizmahomedkhan
Babi Mohamed Aminullahkhan Karimkhanji
Babi Mohamed Bashirkhan Zabardastkhanji (K. S. Of Sultanabad)
Babi Mohamed Hussainkhanji Nizam Ahmedkhanji
Babi Munir Ahmedkhan Faizmahomedkhan
Balwantsinhji Sahebsinhji Vaghela (T. S. Of Gangad)
Barnard Daniel A. W. S.
Bhartendrasinhji Chandrabhanusinhji Jhala (K. S. Of Wankaner)
Dilipkumar Himatlal Chalishazar
Dilipsinhji Godji Jadeja (K. S. Of Kutch)
Fatehddinkhan Amiruddinkhan Malek (K. S. Of Vanod)
Gambhirsinhji Takhatsinhji (K. S. Of Katosan)
Harianawala Fakhruddin Abdul Husain
Himmatsinhji Vijayrajji Jadeja (K. S. Of Kutch)
Jorawarsinhji Jagatsinhji Jadeja (K. S. Of Sajjanpur)
Kali M. Bokdawalla
Kiratsinhji Prakramsinhji Jadeja (K. S. Of Khirasara)
Lagdhirsinh Gumensinhji Jadeja
Laxmansinhji Ratansinhji Solanki (T. S. Of Sathamba)
lndravijaysinhji Shivsinhji Jadeja (K. S. Of Kotharia)
Mahipatsinhji Jalamsinhji Vadher (K. S. Of Aramba)
Minoo Temasp Patel
Mohamed Gulamhussain Dossa
Mulsinhji Ratansinhji (K. S. Of Sathamba)
Narendrasingh Vishwanathsingh (K. S. Of Semlia)
Parekh Mohammed Safi Ahmed
Pesi M. Bokdawalla
Phiroze E. Bapooji
Ranjitsinh Gumensinhji Jadeja
Sajjad Hussain M. Taherally
Sami Framroze Wadia
Sarvani Mohamed Yusuf khan Bahadurkhan
Shaikh Mohamed Saeedsaheb Abdulkhaliq (K. & Of Mangrol)
Shameem S. Qureshi
Vijaysinhji Mansinhji Rana
 






  --->

<!--- 
{{Dynamic list}}

==Alumni==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Name
!Graduation Year
!Occupation
|-
|Donald J. Almquist
|1955
|Chairman, President, CEO, [[Delco Electronics]]
|-
|Henio Arcangeli
|1986
|President, Motorsports Group Company, [[Yamaha Motor Company | Yamaha Motor Corporation USA]]
|-
|[http://www.streetinsider.com/Press+Releases/Mary+Barra+to+Lead+Global+Manufacturing+Engineering/3258106.html Mary Barra]
|1985
|Vice President, Global Manufacturing Engineering, [[General Motors]] Corporation
|-
|Milford Barron
|1937
|President, Precision Instruments, [[Grand Blanc, Michigan]]
|-
|[http://www.dowjones.com/Pressroom/PressReleases/Other/US/2007/1220_US_DowJones_4732.htm Paul Bascobert]
|1987
|Chief Marketing Officer, Consumer Media Group, [[Dow Jones & Company]]
|-
|[http://www.bradenton.com/business/story/73754.html Ted Boerger]
|1975
|CEO, West Coast Castings, Bradenton, FL
|-
|[http://www.nascar.com/drivers/ccps/mborland00/index.html Matt Borland]
|1993
|[[NASCAR]] [[Nextel Cup]] [[pit stop|Crew Chief]]
|-
|[http://www.gm.com/corporate/about/bios/borst.jsp Walter G. Borst]
|1985
|Treasurer, [[General Motors]] Corporation
|-
|[http://www.brookskushman.com/OurPeople/index.php?id=85 Ernie Brooks]
|1966
|Founder, Brooks Kushman P.C.; [[Intellectual property]] [[lawyer]]
|-
|[http://www.gm.com/company/investor_information/corp_gov/bios/burns_larry.htm Larry Burns]
|1975
|Vice President, [[General Motors]] Corporation
|-
|[http://www.dana.com/webcast/common/bios/michaelB_Bio.htm Michael Burns]
|1975
|CEO, [[Dana Corporation]]
|-
|Dwight Carlson
|1967
|CEO, Coherix, Ann Arbor, MI
|-
|Don Chaffin 
|1962
|Professor of Industrial & Biomedical Engineering, [[University of Michigan]]
|-
|[[Ed Cole|Edward Nicholas Cole]]
|1933
|Former President, [[General Motors]] Corporation, and Former Chairman, [[Checker Motors Corporation]]
|-
|Bruce D. Coventry
|1975
|President, [[Dresser Industries|Dresser]] Waukesha
|-
|Gary Cowger
|1970
|Global Group Vice President, [[General Motors]] Corporation
|-
|[http://dana.mediaroom.com/index.php/press_releases/2153 Jacqueline A. Dedo] 
|1984
|Vice President of Strategy & Business Development, [[Dana Corp. | Dana Holding Corporation]]
|-
|[http://www.kennametal.com/en/corporate/biography.jhtml?id=/repositories/biography/en_US/demand_bio.xml&expand=management Paul DeMand]
|1988
|Vice President, [[Kennametal]]
|-
|Neil De Koker
|1967
|President & CEO, Original Equipment Suppliers Association
|-
|Greg Deveson
|1984
|President-Americas, Magna Powertrain USA Incorporated
|-
|[http://www.icmi.com.au/speaker.phtml?id=71&name=Ivan%20Deveson Ivan Deveson]
|1959
|Retired Lord Mayor of [[Melbourne]] [[Australia]]
|-
|Scott Dorn
|1991
|General Manager, Market Development, [[U.S. Steel]]
|-
|Phillip Dutcher
|1974
|COO, Downtown Naples Campus, [[NCH Healthcare System]]
|-
|[http://www.kettering.edu/visitors/storydetail.jsp?storynum=2712 Russell J. Ebeid]
|1962
|President, Guardian Glass Group, Guardian Industries
|-
|Elliott M. (Pete) Estes
|1938
|President, [[General Motors]]
|-
|[http://money.cnn.com/news/newsfeeds/articles/prnewswire/200808190908PR_NEWS_USPR_____CLTU044.htm Jason Forcier]
|1995
|Vice President and General Manager, Global Electronics, [[Lear_(company)|Lear Corporation]]
|-
|Allen Green
|1971
|Vice President and Director of Personnel (retired), [[General Motors Canada]]
|-
|[[David Hermance]]
|1970
|Executive Engineer, Advanced Technology Vehicles, [[Toyota]]
|-
|[http://www.nirvanix.com/management.aspx#horton Major Horton]
|1984
|Senior Vice President & CFO, Nirvanix
|-
|David S. Hoyte
|1971
|Executive Vice President, [[Castle Harlan Partners]]
|-
|[http://onstar.internetpressroom.com/prr_executives_detail.cfm?ContactID=11 Chet Huber]
|1977
|President, [[OnStar]] Corp
|-
|Kurt H. Joerger
|1986
|CEO, Newton Tool & Mfg. Co. Inc.
|-
|[http://www.gibson.com/AboutUs/ Henry Juszkiewicz]
|1974
|CEO, [[Gibson Guitar Corporation]]
|-
|[http://www.benchmark.com/sv/general_partners/kagle.shtml Bob Kagle]
|1978
|General Partner, [[Benchmark Capital]]
|-
|[http://www.digitasinc.com/Bios/Bios/dkenny.html David Kenny]
|1984
|CEO, Digitas
|-
|[[Harry W. Lange]]
|1975
|Vice President, [[Fidelity Investments]]; Portfolio Manager, [[Magellan Fund]]
|-
|Grace Lieblein
|1983
|President and Managing Director, GM de Mexico, [[General Motors]]
|-
|[http://www.millenniumcell.com/fw/main/Rex_E_Luzader-64.html Rex Luzader]
|1971
|Vice President of Government Relations, Millennium Cell
|-
|Alexander C. Mair 
|1943
|Retired Vice President, [[General Motors]]
|-
|[http://www.ryanmathews.net Ryan Mathews]
|2001
|[[NASCAR]] Driver
|-
|[http://www.kettering.edu/news/archivedDetail.asp?storynum=69 James McCaslin]
|1974
|COO, [[Harley-Davidson]] Motor Co.
|-
|[http://www.kettering.edu/library/mcdonald.asp F. James McDonald]
|1944
|Former President, [[General Motors]] Corporation
|-
|Warren J. McEleney 
|1944
|President, McEleney Motors
|-
|Stephen N. McEwen 
|1954
|President and CEO, Henry Filters
|-
|[http://www.gm.com/corporate/investor_information/corp_gov/bios/middlebrook.jsp John Middlebrook]
|1964
|Vice President, Global Sales, Service, and Marketing Operations, [[General Motors]] Corporation
|-
|[http://www.forbes.com/2001/05/08/miller.html Dane Miller]
|1969
|Chairman, President, & CEO, [[Biomet]]
|-
|Omer E. Miller
|1939
|Retired Owner and President, Porta-Soft
|-
|[http://www.law.com/jsp/ihc/PubArticleIHC.jsp?id=1202431185996 Kristine Berry Morain]
|1988
|[[General Counsel]], [[Boys & Girls Clubs of America]]
|-
|E. Michael Mutchler
|1957
|Vice-President (Retired), [[General Motors Corporation]]
|-
|[http://media.ford.com/newsroom/release_display.cfm?release=21494 Raj Nair]
|1987
|Vice President of Operations, Asia Pacific and Africa, [[Ford Motor Company]]
|-
|Chris Nielsen
|1987
|Vice President, Purchasing, [[Toyota]] Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America
|-
|[[Stan O'Neal]]
|1974
|Former CEO, [[Merrill Lynch]]
|-
|[[William H. Osborne]]
|
|President and CEO, [[Federal Signal Corporation]]
|-
|[http://www.bendix.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/BCVS%20Leadership%20Team_Oswald.pdf Robert S. Oswald]
|1964
|Chairman, Bendix Commercial Vehicle Systems, [[Knorr-Bremse]]
|-
|Gautam Pathak
|2000
|Vice President, Product & Business Development, CORSA Performance Enthusiasts
|-
|Frank Perna Jr.
|1960
|Chairman Emeritus, [[MSC Software]]
|-
|[http://www.sun.com/aboutsun/media/ceo/mgt_peterson.html Marissa Peterson]
|1983
|Executive Vice President, [[Sun Microsystems]]
|-
|[http://innovation.stanford.edu/jsp/global/template1.jsp?id=445 Dr. Robert Reiss]
|1960
|America's first [[biomedical engineer]]
|-
|[http://www.lilly.com/about/management/rice_derica_bio.html Derica Rice]
|1988
|Senior Vice President, CFO, [[Eli Lilly and Company]]
|-
|J. Donald Rice Jr.
|1981
|CEO, [http://www.ricefinancialproducts.com Rice Financial Products Company]
|
|-
|[http://www.steris.com/CCBNpress/RosebroughBio.cfm Walter M. Rosebrough Jr.]
|
|CEO, STERIS Corporation
|-
|John M. Samuels
|1966
|Senior Vice President, [[Norfolk Southern Corporation]]
|-
|Charles L. Sargent
|1959
|President, Quality Boat Lifts.  (Co-founder and Former CEO, Thetford Corporation)
|-
|[http://www.cardinal.com/aboutus/leaders/officers/bios/schlotterbeck/default.htm Dave Schlotterbeck]
|1970
|CEO, Pharmaceutical and Medical Products Division, [[Cardinal Health]]
|-
|[http://www.buffalonews.com/cityregion/story/141368.html Dennis R. Schraeder]
|1976
|Deputy Administrator for National Preparedness, [[Federal Emergency Management Agency]]
|-
|Kyle Schwulst
|2002
|CEO and Founder, [http://www.electrojet.org ElectroJet]
|-
|[http://www.ivytech.edu/new-pres/snyder/bio.html Thomas Snyder]
|1967
|President, [[Ivy Tech Community College of Indiana]]
|-
|Albert James Sobey
|1945
|President, Albert Sobey and Associates
|-
|Joseph Spielman
|1968
|VP of North American Operations (retired), [[General Motors]] Corporation
|-
|[http://www.gm.com/corporate/investor_information/corp_gov/bios/tremblay.jsp Diana Tremblay]
|1982
|Vice President, Labor Relations, [[General Motors]] Corporation
|-
|[http://www.smh.com.au/news/Business/Holden-names-new-engineering-chief/2007/10/04/1191091235201.html Greg Tyus]
|1984
|Executive Director of Engineering, [[Holden | GM Holden Limited]]
|-
|Frederick G. Wacker
|1942
|Chairman of the Board, Liquid Controls Corporation, [[Lake Bluff, Illinois]]
|-
|Martin D. Walker
|1954
|Chairman and CEO, [[M. A. Hanna Company]], [[Cleveland, Ohio]]
|-
|[http://www.indystar.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080311/BUSINESS/803110336/1305/BUSINESS Joseph M. Zachman]
|1993
|Senior Vice President, Chief Operating Officer, [[Wabash National]]
|-
|}

==[http://www.kettering.edu/visitors/presidentsoffice/honorary_degrees.jsp Honorary degree recipients]==
{|class="wikitable"
!width=150|Name
!width=220|Degree
!width=100|Awarded
!Occupation
|-
|Marissa T. Peterson '83
|Honorary Doctor of Management
|July 2009
|Executive Vice President, [[Sun Microsystems]] (Retired)
|-
|[[Michael M. Wood]]
|Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters
|June 2009
|Former [[United States ambassador]] to [[Sweden]]; Chairman, Redwood Investments LLC
|-
|[http://www.kettering.edu/visitors/storydetail.jsp?storynum=2712 Russell J. Ebeid] '62
|Honorary Doctor of Management
|July 2008
|President, Guardian Glass Group, Guardian Industries
|-
|[[Curtis Carlson]]
|Honorary Doctor of Science
|June 2008
|President, CEO, [[SRI International]]
|-
|[[David Hermance]] '70
|Honorary Doctor of Engineering (posthumous)
|June 2008
|Executive Engineer, Advanced Technology Vehicles, [[Toyota]]
|-
|[[Dale E. Kildee]]
|Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters
|December 2007
|Member, [[United States House of Representatives]]
|-
|Gary Cowger '70
|Honorary Doctor of Engineering
|December 2007
|Global Group Vice President, [[General Motors]] Corporation
|-
|Joseph B. Anderson Jr.
|Honorary Doctor of Management
|June 2007
|CEO, TAG Holding Companies, [[Troy, Michigan]]
|-
|[[L. Brooks Patterson]]
|Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters
|December 2006
|[[County Executive]], [[Oakland County, Michigan]]
|-
|Chet Huber '77
|Honorary Doctor of Engineering
|June 2006
|President, [[OnStar]]
|-
|[[Steve Wozniak]]
|Honorary Doctor of Engineering
|December 2005
|Co-founder of [[Apple Computer]] [http://www.kettering.edu/news/archivedDetail.asp?storynum=372 (external link & photos)]
|-
|Paul J. Chiapparone
|Honorary Doctor of Management
|June 2005
|Vice-Chairman, [[Electronic Data Systems]]
|-
|Karl-Heinz Kammerlohr
|Honorary Doctor of Management
|June 2005
|Director General of International Affairs, [[Baden-Württemberg]], Ministry of Science, Research, and the Arts, [[Stuttgart]], [[Germany]]
|-
|E. Michael Mutchler '57
|Honorary Doctor of Engineering
|December 2004
|Vice-President, [[General Motors Corporation]]
|-
|Charles L. Sargent '59
|Honorary Doctor of Engineering
|December 2004
|President, Quality Boat Lifts.  (Co-founder and CEO, Thetford Corporation)
|-
|John M. Samuels '66
|Honorary Doctor of Engineering
|June 2004
|Senior Vice President, [[Norfolk Southern Corporation]]
|-
|Don Chaffin '62
|Honorary Doctor of Engineering
|December 2003
|Professor of Industrial & Biomedical Engineering, [[University of Michigan]]
|-
|[[Robert Lutz]]
|Honorary Doctor of Management
|June 2003
|Chairman, [[General Motors]] North America
|-
|[[Stan O'Neal]] '74
|Honorary Doctor of Management
|December 2002
|CEO, [[Merrill Lynch]]
|-
|Edward Neithercut
|Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters
|December 2002
|Partner, Neithercut and Neithercut Law Firm
|-
|Ivan A. Deveson '59
|Honorary Doctor of Management
|June 2002
|Lord Mayor, [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]]
|-
|Omer E. Miller '39
|Honorary Doctor of Engineering
|June 2002
|Owner and President, Porta-Soft
|-
|[[MaliVai Washington]]
|Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters
|June 2002
|Professional tennis player
|-
|[[Dean Kamen]]
|Honorary Doctor of Engineering
|December 2001
|President, [[DEKA]] Research & Development; Founder, [[FIRST]]; Inventor of [[Segway]] [http://www.kettering.edu/newsArchives/Wcb198966ce4d5.htm (external link & photos)]
|-
|Charles L. Schaffer
|Honorary Doctor of Management
|June 2001
|COO, [[United Parcel Service]]
|-
|Avery Aldridge
|Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters
|December 2000
|Pastor and Founder, Foss Avenue Baptist Church, [[Flint, Michigan]]
|-
|Albert J. Koegel
|Honorary Doctor of Management
|December 2000
|CEO, [[Koegel Meat Company]]
|-
|[[Dave Bing]]
|Honorary Doctor of Management
|June 2000
|[[National Basketball Association|NBA]] player
|-
|Stephen N. McEwen '54
|Honorary Doctor of Engineering
|June 2000
|President and CEO, Henry Filters
|-
|Donald J. Almquist '55
|Honorary Doctor of Engineering
|December 1999
|Chairman, President, and CEO, [[Delco Electronics]]
|-
|JoAnne Shaw
|Honorary Doctor of Management
|December 1999
|President, [[Coffee Beanery]]
|-
|Alexander C. Mair '43
|Honorary Doctor of Engineering
|June 1999
|Vice President, [[General Motors]]
|-
|Charles C. Weeks
|Honorary Doctor of Management
|June 1999
|Chairman and CEO, [[Citizens Republic Bancorp]]
|-
|Curtis E. Moll
|Honorary Doctor of Management
|December 1998
|Chairman and CEO, [[MTD Products]]
|-
|[[John H. McConnell]]
|Honorary Doctor of Management
|December 1998
|Founder, [[Worthington Industries]]
|-
|[[John F. Smith, Jr.]]
|Honorary Doctor of Engineering
|June 1998
|President, CEO, Chairman, [[General Motors]]
|-
|Klaus von Trotha
|Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters
|June 1998
|Minister of Science, Arts, and Research, [[Baden-Württemberg]], [[Stuttgart]], [[Germany]]
|-
|Albert James Sobey '45
|Honorary Doctor of Engineering
|December 1997
|President, Albert Sobey and Associates
|-
|[[Frank Stronach]]
|Honorary Doctor of Management
|December 1997
|Chairman, [[Magna International]]
|-
|[[Ben Carson]]
|Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters
|June 1997
|Neurosurgeon, [[Johns Hopkins Hospital]], [[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]]
|-
|[[Carol Bartz]]
|Honorary Doctor of Management
|June 1997
|Chairman, President, CEO, [[AutoDesk]]
|-
|William S. White
|Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters
|December 1996
|Chairman, President, CEO, [[Charles Stewart Mott Foundation]], [[Flint, Michigan]]
|-
|Frederick G. Wacker '42
|Honorary Doctor of Engineering
|June 1996
|Chairman of the Board, Liquid Controls Corporation, [[Lake Bluff, Illinois]]
|-
|Martin D. Walker '54
|Honorary Doctor of Management
|June 1996
|Chairman and CEO, [[M. A. Hanna Company]], [[Cleveland, Ohio]]
|-
|Donald E. Johnson Jr.
|Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters
|June 1996
|Chairman, [[Citizens Republic Bancorp]]
|-
|David C. Collier
|Honorary Doctor of Management
|December 1995
|Vice President, [[General Motors]]
|-
|Warren J. McEleney '44
|Honorary Doctor of Management
|June 1995
|President, McEleney Motors
|-
|Edward N. Harris
|Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters
|June 1995
|President, [[Gulf+Western]]
|-
|[[Arthur L. Tuuri]], M.D.
|Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters
|December 1994
|Pediatrician, Mott Children's Health Center, [[Flint, Michigan]]
|-
|Mylon Eugene Merchant
|Honorary Doctor of Engineering
|December 1994
|Research Scientist, Milacron, [[Cincinnati]], [[Ohio]]
|-
|Zelpha McKinnon
|Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters
|December 1994
|Philanthropist, [[Flint, Michigan]]
|-
|Virginia W. Kettering
|Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters
|September 1994
|Philanthropist, [[Dayton, Ohio]]
|-
|Robert E. Reiss '60
|Honorary Doctor of Engineering
|June 1994
|Chairman, CEO, InterVentional Technologies
|-
|[[Scott McNealy]]
|Honorary Doctor of Engineering
|June 1994
|President, Chairman, CEO, [[Sun Microsystems]]
|-
|Donald R. Beall
|Honorary Doctor of Engineering
|June 1994
|Chairman, CEO, [[Rockwell International]]
|-
|Kent Nelson
|Honorary Doctor of Management
|June 1993
|Chairman, CEO, [[United Parcel Service]]
|-
|E. Douglas Hougen
|Honorary Doctor of Engineering
|June 1993
|President, Hougen Manufacturing
|-
|Lester M. Alberthal, Jr.
|Honorary Doctor of Management
|June 1993
|Chairman, President, CEO, [[Electronic Data Systems]]
|-
|Clifton R. Wharton, Jr.
|Honorary Doctor of Management
|June 1992
|Chairman, CEO, [[TIAA-CREF]]
|-
|Ruth Mott
|Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters
|June 1992
|Philanthropist, [[Flint, Michigan]]
|-
|Joseph T. Gorman
|Honorary Doctor of Management
|June 1992
|Chairman, CEO, [[TRW]]
|-
|Milford Barron '37
|Honorary Doctor of Engineering
|June 1991
|President, Precision Instruments, [[Grand Blanc, Michigan]]
|-
|Frances Hesselbein
|Honorary Doctor of Management
|June 1990
|President, CEO, Peter F. Drucker Foundation for Nonprofit Management; CEO, [[Girl Scouts of the USA]]
|-
|Richard L. Terrell
|Honorary Doctor of Management
|June 1989
|Vice Chairman, [[General Motors]]
|-
|[[Jaime Escalante]]
|Honorary Doctor of Humanities
|June 1989
|Mathematics Teacher, [[Garfield High School (Los Angeles County, California)]]
|-
|Elliott M. (Pete) Estes '38
|Honorary Doctor of Engineering (posthumous)
|June 1988
|President, [[General Motors]]
|-
|Hermann Scholl
|Honorary Doctor of Engineering
|June 1988
|President, [[Robert Bosch GmbH]]
|-
|Martha R. Seger
|Honorary Doctor of Management
|June 1988
|Member, Board of Governors, [[Federal Reserve System]]
|-
|Donald F. Ephlin
|Honorary Doctor of Humanities
|June 1988
|International Vice President, [[United Auto Workers]]
|-
|F. James McDonald '44
|Honorary Doctor of Engineering
|June 1988
|President, [[General Motors]]
|-
|Paul F. Oreffice
|Honorary Doctor of Management
|June 1987
|Chairman, President, CEO, [[Dow Chemical Company]]
|-
|Hans A. Matthias
|Honorary Doctor of Engineering
|June 1987
|Vice President, [[Ford Motor Company]]
|-
|[[Roger Bonham Smith]]
|Honorary Doctor of Management
|June 1986
|Chairman, [[General Motors]]
|}

==Board of Trustees==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Name
!Occupation
|-
|Henio Arcangeli '86
|President, Motorsports Group Company, [[Yamaha Motor Company | Yamaha Motor Corporation USA]]
|-
|Lizabeth A. Ardisana
|CEO, ASG Renaissance
|-
|Bruce D. Coventry '75 (Chair)
|President, Global Engine Manufacturing Alliance LLC, [[Chrysler]]
|-
|Gary L. Cowger '70 (Vice-Chair)
|Group Vice President, Global Manufacturing & Labor, [[General Motors]]
|-
|Dennis Cuneo
|Counsel, Arent Fox PLLC
|-
|[http://dana.mediaroom.com/index.php/press_releases/2153 Jacqueline A. Dedo] '84 (Secretary)
|Vice President of Strategy & Business Development, [[Dana Corp. | Dana Holding Corporation]]
|-
|Neil De Koker '67
|President & CEO, Original Equipment Suppliers Association
|-
|Larry A. Denton 
|President & CEO, [[Dura Automotive Systems]]
|-
|Greg Deveson '84
|President-Americas, Magna Powertrain USA Incorporated
|-
|Phillip Dutcher '74
|COO, Downtown Naples Campus, [[NCH Healthcare System]]
|-
|William R. Hartman
|Chairman, President, CEO, [[Citizens Republic Bancorp | Citizens Banking Corporation]]
|-
|David S. Hoyte '71
|Executive Vice President, [[Castle Harlan Partners]]
|-
|Kurt H. Joerger '86
|CEO, Newton Tool & Mfg. Co. Inc.
|-
|Larry R. Johnson
|Director, Transportation Technology R&D Center, [[Argonne National Laboratory]]
|-
|Robert C. Kagle '78
|General Partner, [[Benchmark Capital]]
|-
|Charles F. Kettering III
|President, The Kettering Family Foundation
|-
|Stanley R. Liberty
|President, [[Kettering University]]
|-
|Kathleen Ligocki
|West Bloomfield, MI
|-
|Harry Lomason II
|Orchard Lake, MI
|-
|Jesse Lopez
|CEO, BAE Industries Inc.
|-
|Sam M. Mancuso
|Quantum Software LLC
|-
|James A. McCaslin '74
|President & COO, [[Harley-Davidson]] Motor Company
|-
|Dane A. Miller '69
|President & CEO, [[Biomet]], Inc.
|-
|Debbie Nemesi
|Vice President, Industrial Sector, Central Region, [[IBM]]
|-
|Cindy Niekamp
|
|-
|Chris Nielsen '87
|Vice President, Purchasing, [[Toyota]] Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America
|-
|Robert S. Oswald '64
|Chairman, Bendix Commercial Vehicle Systems, LLC
|-
|Frank Perna Jr. '60
|Chairman Emeritus, [[MSC Software]]
|-
|J. Donald Rice Jr. '81
|CEO, [http://www.ricefinancialproducts.com/ Rice Financial Products Company]
|-
|Steve Sanghi
|Chairman, President, CEO, [[Microchip Technology]]
|-
|Heinz Schulte
|Retired, [[Robert Bosch GmbH | Robert Bosch Corporation]]
|-
|Marjorie Sorge
|Principal, M3 Strategies
|-
|[[Lyn St. James]]
|LSJ Foundation
|-
|Randy Stashick
|Vice President of Engineering, [[United Parcel Service]]
|-
|Robert E. Swaney Jr.
|Retired, [[Charles Stewart Mott Foundation]]
|-
|John Urquhart
|Chief Scientist, AARDEX Ltd.
|-
|Jane L. Warner
|Group President, ITW Worldwide Finishing Systems
|}

==Presidents==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Name
!Years
|-
|Albert J. Sobey
|1919-1950
|-
|Guy R. Cowing
|1950-1960
|-
|Harold P. Rodes
|1960-1976
|-
|William B. Cottingham
|1976-1991
|-
|James E.A. John
|1991-2005
|-
|Stanley R. Liberty
|2005-present
|}



 --->

<!---
==Image file formats supporting indexed color==

These are some of the most representative image file formats that support indexed color modes. Some of these support other modes (e.g. truecolor), but only the indexed color modes are listed here.

:''NOTE: most of the formats will also support a color table with fewer colors than the maximum that a given bit depth can offer.--->

<!---
{| class="wikitable"
! Acronym !! Full name !! Creator !! DOS extension !! [[1-bit color|1-bit (2)]] !! [[2-bit color|2-bit (4)]] !! 3-bit (8) !! [[4-bit color|4-bit (16)]] !! 5-bit (32) !! 6-bit (64) !! 7-bit (128) !! [[8-bit color|8-bit (256)]] <!-- what about more than 256 colors palette?!! Compression-->
<!---|- align=center
| [[PCX]] || [[PC Paintbrush]] Image File || [[ZSoft Corporation]]
|| <code>.pcx</code> || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || [[Run-length encoding|RLE]]
|- align=center
| [[ILBM]] || InterLeaved BitMap || [[Electronic Arts]]
|| <code>.lbm</code>, <code>.iff</code> || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes|Yes* ([[Amiga Halfbrite mode|EHB]] mode, 64-color)}} || {{yes|Yes*}} || {{yes|Yes*}} || Uncompressed, [[Run-length encoding|RLE]]
|- align=center
| [[Graphics Interchange Format|GIF]] || Graphics Interchange Format || [[Compuserve]]
|| <code>.gif</code> || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || [[LZW]]
|- align=center
| [[Truevision TGA|TGA]] || TARGA File format || [[Truevision]]
|| <code>.tga</code>,&nbsp;<code>.vda</code>, <code>.icb</code>,&nbsp;<code>.vst</code> || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || [[Run-length encoding|RLE]]
|- align=center
| [[Tagged Image File Format|TIFF]] || Tagged Image File Format || [[Aldus]]
|| <code>.tif</code> || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || Uncompressed, [[DEFLATE]], [[LZW]], [[PackBits]], [[Fax#Digital|CCITT Group 3 fax]], [[Group 4 compression|CCITT Group 4 fax]], [[JPEG]], [[Tagged Image File Format#TIFF Compression Tag|others less common]] (**)
|- align=center
| [[BMP file format|BMP]] || Device-independent Bitmap || [[Microsoft]]
|| <code>.bmp</code>, <code>.dib</code>, <code>.rle</code> || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || Uncompressed, [[Run-length encoding|RLE]] (***)
|- align=center
| [[Adobe Photoshop#features|PSD]] || [[Adobe Photoshop|Photoshop]] Document || [[Adobe Systems]]
|| <code>.psd</code> || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || [[PackBits]]
|- align=center
| [[Portable Network Graphics|PNG]] || Portable Network Graphics || PNG Development Group
|| <code>.png</code> || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || [[DEFLATE]]
|}
--->
<!---
:''* 64- (true, not EHB), 128- and 256-color modes only available for the AGA Amiga chipset.''
:''** Native support for proprietary compression schemes.''
:''*** RLE with optional proprietary Delta-leaps.'' --->

== Alumni-search==
<!--Do not add unsourced names of alumni, for they will be deleted if not discussed on discussion page or alumni circuit-->
<!--- This I write, whereas a full page previously written somwhere and transported is welcome, but page written partially is promptly deleted, unless it is done under shield of user space feature and then transported. This feature likely to be used most by our Alumni. Some parts of above were already mentioned, to further this worthy cause, under show and hide feature ( green bar ) to decrease clutter on page. 

At the same time, Alumni are to use only Other Alumni category, where notability will be judged and recategorized to appropriate category after a page full of data are available to compile a page possibly under the user space feature which will be detailed in Alumni E -mail circuit; boldness in Wikipedia is espoused and direct entry and edits encouraged, but Alumni E-mail circuit is available where details of notable nominations and information is welcome and encouraged. Become a Wikipedian and promote Wikipdeia in schools starting with your Alma mater.--->

* <!--- Are there students of RKC who are found Successful in Public Life?
The list of students who having studied in RKC are successful in public life is long one. However such students’ names of the last five years are as under :
1) Shri Bhanuprasad Chavda – (President of WWF)
2) Sukhdevsinh Jadeja
3) Shivangi Patel (Pilot) 
4) Mrudula Jadeja (The daughter of first class Cricketer) 
5) Pratik Mehta – Ranji Trophy Player 

 --->
<!--- In 1870 A. D. a Rajkumar College was opened at Rajkot for the education of the Kumar's, out of funds collected from the Chiefs of Kathiawar, His Highness contributed the largest amount towards this fund. The opening ceremony was performed by His Excellency the Governor of Bombay, before a large and distinguished gathering on 16th December 1870 A. D. where the Nawab Sahib was also present. Immediately afterwards His Excellency visited Junagadh, where he was richly entertained by the Nawab Sahib. Then His Excellency went to the Gir Forest where he bagged five large lions.

Upon this, His Highness deputed the Vazir Sahib to congratulate His Excellency. In 1871 A. D. Shahzada BahadurKhan joined the Rajkumar College at Rajkot. In appreciation of his successful administration, Her Imperial Majesty the Empress was pleased to confer upon His Highness the exalted title of K. C. S. I. The ceremony of the investiture, was performed at Rajkot before a large Darbar, which was attended by the Ruling Chiefs and the British Officers. The people of Junagadh celebrated the occasion with befitting splendor. In 1873 A. D. the Heir-apparent was appointed Police Commissioner of the State. He organized the State Police on the model of the British Police.
  --->

== RKC2009extlinks ==

== Articles need to be completed or added to==  
see all in edit mode also

*[[User:Patelurology2/AIIAT2]]
*[[User:Patelurology2/Archives1]]
*[[User:Patelurology2/Bandstand culture (Mumbai)]]
*[[User:Patelurology2/Digvijaysinhji Jadeja's and India's Polish Refugee Initiative]]
*[[User:Patelurology2/DrugIP]]
*[[User:Patelurology2/Educational excellence]]
*[[User:Patelurology2/Excess nutrition]]
*[[User:Patelurology2/Exercise Activity Energetic Equivalency]]
*[[User:Patelurology2/Fatty acid composition of cooking oils]]
*[[User:Patelurology2/Flying By The Seat--of-the-pants]]
*[[User:Patelurology2/GLW&P]]
*[[User:Patelurology2/HDLComplex]]
*[[User:Patelurology2/Hormonal flux in pregnancy and post-partum]]
*[[User:Patelurology2/IFS Sujan Chinoy]]
*[[User:Patelurology2/Interactions and Temporal Relationships of Nutrition, Exercise, Mind, Pollution, Fitness, Health and Longevity]]
*[[User:Patelurology2/Interactions of diet, exercise, pollution and mind on fitness,health, procreation and longevity]]
*[[User:Patelurology2/Kolki, Rajkot district, India]]
*[[User:Patelurology2/Malloss]]
*[[User:Patelurology2/Medical Controversies, Conundra & Paradoxes]]
*[[User:Patelurology2/Nocturnal paradoxical polyuria & Nocturia]]
*[[User:Patelurology2/Nutritive values of peel and pulp of fruits and vegetables]]
*[[User:Patelurology2/Pprbt]]
*[[User:Patelurology2/Qxmgp]]
*[[User:Patelurology2/Searchlight tattoo at Rajkumar College, Rajkot]]
*[[User:Patelurology2/Toiip]]

==External links==
* <!---
<!---  <span class="plainlinks">    </span>   --->

*<span class="plainlinks"> [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/rkcrajkot/  Online RKC Alumni group]</span>

*[http://www.mcconnellfinebooks.com/book/325  Forty Years (1870-1910) of the Rajkumar College. Rajkot abridged from the papers of the late Chester Macnaghten first principal of the college and other sources. Compiled by Sir H.H. Bhavsinhji, Maharaja of Bhavnagar.]
*[http://goldenbooksgroup.co.uk/image.php?object_type=detailed&image_id=1913&window=popup   RKC 1870-1910 ]
*[[List of international schools|List of International Schools]]
*[http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=fr&u=http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnase_Jean-Sturm&ei=gnMlSsPFOs3MlQfF-JXXBw&sa=X&oi=translate&resnum=5&ct=result&prev=/search%3Fq%3DGymnase%2BJean%2BSturm,%2BStrasbourg,%2BFrance%26hl%3Den%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft:en-us:IE-SearchBox  Corresponding Institution : Gymnase Jean Sturm, Strasbourg, France – one of the oldest public schools in Europe (founded in 1538) ]
*[http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnase_Jean-Sturm#Liens_externes ( French Version) Corresponding Institution : Gymnase Jean Sturm, Strasbourg, France – one of the oldest public schools in Europe (founded in 1538)  ] 
* <span class="plainlinks">[http://www.webnewswire.com/node/467291 RKC Taking Gandhiji's message to France on 2nd October, 2009 ,]</span>  ------ [[ Pietermaritzburg | Gandhiji in Pietermaritzburg, South Africa ]] 
*[http://translate.google.com/translate_t#   Language is No Barrier:  Language Translation Program- Only Translated page shown: May not be linguistically accurate in usage or contextual meaning .. copy and paste URL]
**[http://translate.google.com/translate?js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRajkumar_College%2C_Rajkot&sl=en&tl=ar&history_state0= RKC Page in Arabic  auto-translation only ]
**[http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=en&tl=hi&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRajkumar_College%2C_Rajkot RKC Page in Hindi     auto-translation only]
**[http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=en&tl=sw&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRajkumar_College%2C_Rajkot RKC Page in Swahili auto-translation only]
*[http://www.microsofttranslator.com/Default.aspx   Language is No Barrier:  Language Translation Program- Both pages Original & Translated shown Side by Side: May not be linguistically accurate in usage or contextual meaning .. copy and paste URL]
**[http://www.microsofttranslator.com/BV.aspx?ref=BVNav&from=&to=ar&a=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajkumar_College,_Rajkot  RKC page in Arabic auto-translation  side by side ]
* [http://translate.google.com/translate?js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=1&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fde.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FChiefs%25E2%2580%2599_College&sl=de&tl=en German Page Google Auto-translation...Read through understandable bias...RKC is the oldest of the Chiefs' Colleges ]
*[http://www.bhagvadgomandal.com    Bhagwadgomandal, the most prolific scientific work in Gujarati over 26 years, a cultural & linguistic milestone by Visionary Maharaja Bhagvadsinhji of Gondal, an Alumnus. Free.]
*[http://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%B3  Gujarati Wikipedia page for Bhagwadgomandal]
*[http://xseed.idiscoveri.com/xseed-schools3.html  XSEED is a complete education solution designed to transform classroom teaching.]
*{{aut|Principal Wynter-Blyth, M.A.}} (1957) Book- ''Butterflies of the Indian Region'', Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai, India.
*[http://www.indianjungles.com/020505h.htm First Lion Count by Principal Wynter-Blyth]
*[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Personnel/Chiefs/123-shri-rajendrasinhji.htm General Rajendrasinhji Jadeja]
*[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/Tributes/Owen.html Tribute to Squadron Leader Owen Joseph D'Sena VM ]
*[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Record/view.php?srnum=7430 Squadron Leader Owen Joseph D'Sena's Vayu Sena Medal Citation]
*[http://www.lemongrasshopper.com/artists/rahul-gajjar-profile.php Artistry by RKCian Rahul Gajjar]
*[http://rotaryclubofrajkot.org/ Founding Meetings circa 1938-42 of Rotary International at RKC]
*[http://999life.org/newsdesc.php?nid=52  Community & Education Participation by RKC]
*[http://picasaweb.google.com/rahulhp/RKCRajkotJan082008AnnualSportsDay?authkey=zTYURiFAgJA Annual Sports Day (Jan. 2008)]
*[http://picasaweb.google.com/rahulhp/RKCRajkotJan082008InformalVisitByRahulRajivPatel?authkey=rBxGdVGPKdM Photographs of RKC (Jan. 2008)]
*[http://picasaweb.google.com/rahulhp/RKCRajkotDec262007InformalVisit?authkey=5vWFCqwQ-pU Photographs of RKC (Dec. 2007)]
*[http://picasaweb.google.com/rahulhp/RKCRajkotDec302007AnnualPrizeGivingCeremony?authkey=dn-yrZEXfug Annual Price Giving ceremony (Dec. 2007)]

*[http://picasaweb.google.com/rahulhp/RKCRajkot2004ByRahulPatel?authkey=Qbpl75lGD4k Photographs of RKC (2004)]
*[http://devang.com/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=3401 Photographs on devang.com]
*[http://www.linkedin.com/e/gis/157631/161A3300D32B Rajkumar College, Rajkot LinkedIn Group] 
<!--start of Category boxes--><br clear=all>

<!--end of Category boxes-->



<!-- Pages being created in Language below and others, meanwhile accept auto-translation
*[[ar:     Arabic]]


*[[fr:     French  ]]
*[[gu:     Gujarati]]
*[[hi:     Hindi]]
*[[mr:     Marathi]] -->

== Editing for beginner ==
* how to of reference tag -- see in edit mode
  <ref >[https://thediplomat.com/2019/04/girls-education-in-india-and-the-maharaja-bhagwat-singh-of-gondal Perspectives of The Maharaja by the current generation ].</ref> 
<ref>''Education for Girls'', ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]'', Boston, Mass. 11 June 1918. ''Page 11''.</ref>    



<!--- https://www.google.com/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=wikipedia+color+tables&spell=1  --->
<!---   To get the average blood sugar reading from HbA1c, one can use the Nathan formula - mutiply HbA1c by 33 and subtract 86 (divide by 18 to get the figure in millimoles --->
:{{done}}
How To use this function {{Dead link|date=April 2010}}{{verify credibility|date=May 2010}}

{{shortcut|WP:WIZARD|WP:WIZ}}
'''Welcome to the Wikipedia Article Wizard!''' This wizard will help you through the process of submitting a new article to Wikipedia. There are 6 sections to step through, then you'll be taken to the editing page. As each section is completed, the next will become available. If you have questions at any point, you can go to the [[Wikipedia:New contributors' help page|New Contributors' Help Page]].
{{clear}}
{{Quote box
|width     = 35%
|border    = 1px
|align     = right
|bgcolor   = 
|fontsize  = 1em
|title_bg  = #dddddd
|title_fnt = 
|title     = Basics of editing
|qalign    = left
|quote     = [[File:Information.svg|50px|left]]
It's '''highly recommended''' that you try editing a few existing articles before you create [[Wikipedia:Your first article|your first article]]. We care deeply that our articles are ''right'', and incorrectly formatted and unreferenced articles are often deleted. Learning a bit of our house style first increases your chances of success.<p>To learn more about the basics of editing, see this [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|tutorial]].</p>}}

== Hospital Box ==


{{Infobox Hospital
|Name       = Shushrusha Citizens' Co-operative Hospital, Shivaji Park, Mumbai
|Org/Group  = <!-- optional -->
|Image      = Swaasthya_Mar2010_(1).jpg‎
|Caption    = Front view of Shushrusha 
|Logo       =  Shushrushahospital_logo.jpg
|Location   = 698-B, Ranade Road, Dadar (W), Mumbai – 400028. INDIA. 
Tel: 2444 9161 / 62 / 63 / 64
* Fax: 2445 7067 / 2446 0584


|Region     = Mumbai
|State      = Maharashtra
|Country    = India
|HealthCare = Co-Operative
|Type       = Academic
|Speciality = Multispecialty
|Affiliation= 
|Beds       = 200 Main Campus
|Founded    = 1966
|CEO        = DR. N. S. LAUD
|Employees  = 
|Closed     = <!-- optional -->
|Website    = http://www.shushrushahospital.org/ Shushrusha Citizens' Co-operative Hospital
|Wiki-Links = 
|}} 

<!---{{Infobox Hospital
|Name       = University Hospitals Case Medical Center
|Org/Group  = <!-- optional -->
|Image      = University-Hospital-Cleveland.JPG
|Caption    = Front view of Lerner Tower
|Logo       = 
|Location   = 
|Region     = Cleveland
|State      = Ohio
|Country    = United States
|HealthCare = Private
|Type       = Academic
|Speciality = Multispecialty
|Affiliation= [[Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine|Case Western Reserve University]]
|Beds       = 1032<ref>UH 1032 bed hospitals - http://www.uhhospitals.org/AboutUH/History/tabid/1270/Default.aspx</ref>
|Founded    = 1866
|CEO        = [[Thomas F. Zenty, III]]
|Employees  = 25,000
|Closed     = <!-- optional -->
|Website    = http://www.uhhospitals.org/ University Hospitals Case Medical Center
|Wiki-Links = [[List of hospitals in the United States]]|}}--->

{{Infobox Hospital|}}
<!--- [  NAVRATNA EXTRA THANDA OIL

DESCRIPTION:
AN UNIQUE SCIENTIFIC BLEND OF SUPERIOR HERBS & PRECIOUS COOLING INGREDIENTS. IT KEEPS YOU EXTRA COOL & PROVIDES VERY EFFECTIVE RELIEF FROM FATIGUE & OTHER CHRONIC STRESS SYNDROMES LIKE TENSION, HEADACHE & SLEEPLESSNESS. THE ENRICHING EXPERIENCE OF NAVRATNA EXTRA THANDA ENSURES STRESS FREE LIFE FOR YOU & YOUR FAMILY.

HIMANI NAVRATNA EXTRA THANDA OIL - 100% AYURVEDIC COOL. *RELIEF. *RELAXATION. *REJUVENATION. EFFECTIVE RELIEF FROM:
>> STRESS AND TENSION. 
>> HEADACHE AND MIGRAINE. 
>> SLEEPLESSNESS. 
>> BODY ACHE AND JOINT PAIN. 
>> PREMATURE HAIR FALL AND UNNATURAL BALDNESS. 
>> SCALP AILMENTS VIZ. DANDRUFF AND ITCHING. 
>> MINOR BURNS, CUTS AND BRUISES. 
>> SPRAIN AND MUSCULAR PAIN. 
>> TIREDNESS BY TONING UP MUSCLES AND NERVES. 

EACH 100ML CONTAINS EXTRACTS OF: 
KSHIR KAKOLI, MANDUKPARNI 100MG EACH, LATA KASTURI, SAILAJA, NAGARMOTHA, KARCHUR 200MG EACH, KUNCH, JAPA PUSHPA 250MG EACH, BHRINGARAJ, HRIBER 50MG EACH, AMLA 1000MG, PUDINA KA PHOOL 2000MG, PUDINA KA TEL 500MG, KARPOOR 500MG, 
BASE Q.S. PACKING: 100ML.
Himani Navratna Oil



Net 50ml

What it says: “Guaranteed 100% Herbal. An Excellent Cool Oil Formulated by Rabindra Puraskar Winner Late Kabiraj Shivkali Bhattacharyya

Keeps the head cool
Relieves headache
Helpful in sound sleep
An effective memory air
Tones up body muscles
Removes tiredness
Useful in minor burns and cuts
A cool invigorating body massage oil
Prevents premature hair fall
Each 100ml contains extracts of: Lata Kasturi 200mg, Amla 1000mg, Sailaja 200mg, Kunch 250mg, Nagarmotha 200mg, Bhringaraj 50mg, Japa Pushpa 250mg, Hriber 50mg, Kshir Kakoli 100mg, Mandukparni 100mg, Pudina ka Phool 2000mg, Pudina ka Tel 500mg, Karchur 200mg, Karpoor 500mg, Base q.s.

Ayurvedic, For external use only”

Review: There’s a lot of menthol oil which has really cooling and refreshing effect so best used in hot weather. The oil is red, quite light, smells also like menthol but with something else, not bad, bottle is easy to open.
 ]--->

== Clickable E-mail Link ==
<shushrushahospital@yahoo.com>
mailto:shushrushahospital@yahoo.com
Email links
Are a good way of getting feedback from your site.
To add a email link just add a 'mailto:' to the <a href></a> tag, like so

<a href="mailto:you@youraddress.com">Email me</a>
Which looks like this: Email me (Note email address is a made up one)


<a href="mailto:shushrushahospital@yahoo.com">Email</a>

== LINKS AND INFO ON ACTIVE PROJECTS ==

<!--- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:AndrewGNF/Interactions  --->
<!---{{Infobox company
| company_name        = Google Inc.
| company_logo        = [[Image:Googlelogo.png|250px]]
| company_type        = [[public company|Public]] ({{nasdaq|GOOG}}, {{FWB|GGQ1}})
| foundation          = [[Menlo Park, California]] {{nowrap|({{Start date|1998|09|04}})<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://kepler.sos.ca.gov/corpdata/ShowAllList?QueryCorpNumber=C2119530 |title=Incorporation document |date=April 29, 2004 |accessdate=2008-09-27}}</ref>}}
| founder             = [[Sergey Brin|Sergey M. Brin]]<br />[[Larry Page|Lawrence E. Page]]
| location_city       = [[Mountain View, California|Mountain View]], [[California]]
| location_country    = {{nowrap|[[United States]]}}
| area_served         = Worldwide
| key_people          = '''[[Eric E. Schmidt]]'''<br /><small>([[Chairman]] & [[CEO]])</small><br />'''[[Sergey Brin|Sergey M. Brin]]'''<br /><small>(Technology President)</small><br />'''[[Larry Page|Lawrence E. Page]]'''<br /><small>(Products President)</small>
| industry            = [[Internet]], [[Computer software]]
| products            = See [[list of Google products]].
| revenue             = {{profit}}[[United States dollar|US$]]23.651 billion <small>(2009)</small><ref name="financialtables">{{cite web |url=http://investor.google.com/fin_data.html |title=Financial Tables |work=Google Investor Relations |published=Google, Inc. |accessdate=2010-02-18}}</ref><ref name="form 10-k">{{cite web |url=http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1288776/000119312510030774/d10k.htm#toc95279_8 |title=Form 10-K |author=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission |authorlink=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission |year=2009 |publisher=United States of America |location=Washington, D.C. |at=Part II, Item 6 |accessdate=2010-02-18}}</ref>
| operating_income    = {{profit}}US$8.312 billion <small>(2009)</small><ref name="financialtables" /><ref name="form 10-k" />
| net_income          = {{profit}}US$6.520 billion <small>(2009)</small><ref name="financialtables" /><ref name="form 10-k" />
| assets              = {{profit}}US$40.497 billion <small>(2009)</small><ref name="financialtables" /><ref name="form 10-k" />
| equity              = {{profit}}US$36.004 billion <small>(2009)</small><ref name="form 10-k" />
| subsid              = [[YouTube]], [[DoubleClick]], [[On2 Technologies]], [[GrandCentral]], [[Picnik]], [[Aardvark (search engine)|Aardvark]], [[AdMob]]
| num_employees       = 20,621 (2010)<ref name=bbc2010>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8623881.stm | work=BBC News | title=Google profits beat expectations | date=2010-04-15 | accessdate=2010-05-03}}</ref>
| company_slogan      = [[Don't be evil]]
| homepage            = [http://www.google.com/ Google.com]
| intl                = yes
}}--->







<!---[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/rkcrajkot/messages RKC Yahoogroup E-mail archives]--->
<!--- http://kadvapatelsamaj.blogspot.com/2009/03/saurashtrakathiyavad.html --->
*[http://retiary.org/idea/idea4/idea_4/rahul/rahul.htm  Rahul Gajjar Digital Printmaker and Graphic Designer]
*[http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Rajkumar_College,_Rajkot RKCalumni ]
* [http://www.pravinprakashan.com/an-overview.htm 1996 Felicitation by the renowned "Rajkumar College" (Rajkot) for the Publication of "Bhagavadgomandal." Gopalbhai Mohanbhai Makadia: Chairman - Pravin Prakashan Pvt. Ltd., Rajkot]
<!--- ==Notable alumni==
{{main|List of Kettering University people}}

Although Kettering University is a small school, with only 28,000 alumni, a high percentage have experienced extremely successful careers.  Some examples of notable alumni include:

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Name
!Graduation Year
!Occupation
|-
|Donald J. Almquist
|1955
|Chairman, President, CEO, [[Delco Electronics]]
|-
|Henio Arcangeli
|1986
|President, Motorsports Group Company, [[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha Motor Corporation USA]]
|-
|[http://www.nascar.com/drivers/ccps/mborland00/index.html Matt Borland]
|1993
|[[NASCAR]] [[Sprint Cup]] [[Crew Chief]]
|-
|[http://www.dana.com/webcast/common/bios/michaelB_Bio.htm Michael Burns]
|1975
|CEO, [[Dana Corporation]]
|-
|[[Ed Cole|Edward Nicholas Cole]]
|1933
|Former President, [[General Motors]] Corporation, and Former Chairman, [[Checker Motors Corporation]]
|-
|Greg Deveson
|1984
|President-Americas, Magna Powertrain USA Incorporated
|-
|[http://www.icmi.com.au/speaker.phtml?id=71&name=Ivan%20Deveson Ivan Deveson]
|1959
|Retired Lord Mayor of [[Melbourne]] [[Australia]]
|-
|[http://www.kettering.edu/visitors/storydetail.jsp?storynum=2712 Russell J. Ebeid]
|1962
|President, Guardian Glass Group, Guardian Industries
|-
|[http://onstar.internetpressroom.com/prr_executives_detail.cfm?ContactID=11 Chet Huber]
|1977
|President, [[OnStar]] Corp
|-
|[http://www.gibson.com/AboutUs/ Henry Juszkiewicz]
|1974
|CEO, [[Gibson Guitar Corporation]]
|-
|[[Bob Kagle]]
|1978
|General Partner, [[Benchmark Capital]]
|-
|[http://www.digitasinc.com/Bios/Bios/dkenny.html David Kenny]
|1984
|CEO, Digitas
|-
|[[Harry W. Lange]]
|1975
|Vice President, [[Fidelity Investments]]; Portfolio Manager, [[Magellan Fund]]
|-
|[http://www.kettering.edu/news/archivedDetail.asp?storynum=69 James McCaslin]
|1974
|COO, [[Harley-Davidson]] Motor Co.
|-
|[http://www.kettering.edu/library/mcdonald.asp F. James McDonald]
|1944
|Former President, [[General Motors]] Corporation
|-
|[http://www.forbes.com/2001/05/08/miller.html Dane Miller]
|1969
|Co-Founder, President & CEO, [[Biomet]]
|-
|[http://www.law.com/jsp/ihc/PubArticleIHC.jsp?id=1202431185996 Kristine Berry Morain]
|1988
|[[General Counsel]], [[Boys & Girls Clubs of America]]
|-
|[[Stan O'Neal]]
|1974
|Former CEO, [[Merrill Lynch]]
|-
|[[William H. Osborne]]
|1983
|President and CEO, [[Federal Signal Corporation]]
|-
|[http://www.bendix.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/BCVS%20Leadership%20Team_Oswald.pdf Robert S. Oswald]
|1964
|Chairman, Bendix Commercial Vehicle Systems, [[Knorr-Bremse]]
|-
|[http://www.sun.com/aboutsun/media/ceo/mgt_peterson.html Marissa Peterson]
|1983
|Executive Vice President, [[Sun Microsystems]]
|-
|[http://innovation.stanford.edu/jsp/global/template1.jsp?id=445 Dr. Robert Reiss]
|1960
|America's first [[biomedical engineer]]
|-
|[http://www.steris.com/CCBNpress/RosebroughBio.cfm Walter M. Rosebrough Jr.]
|
|CEO, STERIS Corporation
|-
|}
 --->
* <span class="plainlinks">    </span>
{{FRA}} {{GER}} {{GBR}} 
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=ISO_3166-1_alpha-3&action=edit&section=2 3 Digit country code list for flag generation]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Gallery_of_sovereign-state_flags WhatLinksHere/Gallery_of_sovereign-state_flags ]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states List_of_sovereign_states ]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallery_of_sovereign-state_flags Gallery_of_sovereign-state_flags]
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sovereign-state_flags  Sovereign-state_flags] 
*[http://www.sporcle.com/games/worldflags.php Can you name the flags of the World?]
*DIVYABHANUSINH :

http://74.6.239.67/search/cache?ei=UTF-8&p=rajkumar+college+rajkot&xa=uprzABm7eZq7LJ0KyEUzAQ--%2C1254601646&fr=yfp-t-156&SpellState=n-2419620232_q-kSXjQDvizFg4isiIUh20%2FAAAAA%40%40&u=www.utexas.edu/cola/insts/southasia/events/6190&w=rajkumar+college+rajkot&d=XhR10N29TdJA&icp=1&.intl=us&sig=Qoa7PYpwuAepBd_Qq3cDzQ--

*RKC Taking Gandhi's message to France on 2nd October
Submitted by editor on October 1, 2009 - 12:07  
http://www.webnewswire.com/node/467291
 
*INTRODUCTION OF THE WRITER Dr. U. M. Farooqui
The writer, Hanif Haji Majid Salat was born on 24th January 1953 in Saurashtra ... and very strict atmosphere of a public school, Rajkumar College of Rajkot. ...
www.explore-quran.com/intro_hanif salat.htm
http://www.explore-quran.com/intro_hanif%20salat.htm*
*HNCEP organization lead by Mr. Lavkumar Khachar http://himalayanhikes.com/aboutus.html
*XSEED is a complete education solution designed to transform classroom teaching. 

<!--- {{collapse top|Off topic discussion collpased -title description here}} text here  {{Collapse bottom}}--->
<!---this is not the place for general discussion of the merits of auto-translation [[User:MickMacNee|MickMacNee]] ([[User talk:MickMacNee|talk]]) 11:51, 9 July 2009 (UTC) 
* Contributions Across Languages is the End; Translations by Human or Machine are just the means. [[User:Patelurology2|Patelurology2]] ([[User talk:Patelurology2|talk]]) 19:12, 10 July 2009 (UTC)                                 
:With respect to above the following may help understand the extent of problems and opportunities to learn from Wikipedias in other languages; [[Language barrier]] can be overcome.Topic title listed in [[Language barrier ]]:                              
'''Same Topic in Different Language Wikipedia- Divergence & Similarities in Study of any Subject''' ..include also opportunities to learn and cross feed. 
*Different language Wikipedia pages for the same topic for e.g. the English page [[AF447]] and the French page [http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vol_447_Air_France] and respective talk pages are likely to have divergence and similarities in evolution of study of any subject at hand; ability to cross contribute the content save Language barrier needs further study by active contributors of their respective language pages.  ...'''Language is no barrier'''. Auto-translation programs can be used e.g. [[Bing Translator]] as possibly preferred for a such study for Side by Side feature of ability to view two languages, the original and machine translation to understand the gist; auto-translation is no substitute for a professional human translator.[[User:Patelurology2|Patelurology2]] ([[User talk:Patelurology2|talk]]) 15:10, 7 July 2009 (UTC)
*Any page in any Wikipedia should have a machine auto-translation feature to help understand   atleast the gist of the article; existing links on all pages in languages are for the the original pages in those respective languages. Importance of translation of all the articles that Wikipedia has in different languages is emphasised; machine auto-translation feature on any page and talk pages in any langnguage Wikipedia would suffice and for intensive study human translators available in Wikipedias would help. [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Translation_requests Meta.Wikipedia Translation Requests] [[User:Patelurology2|Patelurology2]] ([[User talk:Patelurology2|talk]]) 18:31, 7 July 2009 (UTC)

{{Collapse bottom}}--->
<!---
*{{Infobox school
| name              = Central Board of Secondary Education
| image             = NonFreeImageRemoved.svg <!--Fair-Use ([[:File:CBSE_Logo.jpg]]) File Removed by DASHBot-->
<!---| state             = [[New Delhi]]
| country           = [[India]]
| website           = [http://www.cbse.nic.in/ www.cbse.nic.in]
}}--->
<!---
http://xseed.idiscoveri.com/xseed-schools3.html
[[User:Patelurology2|Patelurology2]] ([[User talk:Patelurology2#top|talk]]) 00:00, 11 October 2009 (UTC) 
|coordinates ={{coord|22.2|70.7|region:IN_type:edu|display=inline  }}
<span class="plainlinks"> [http://stable.toolserver.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Rajkumar_College,_Rajkot&params=22.293_N_70.798_E_region:IN_type:edu Click here  ]</span>
[[User:Patelurology2|Patelurology2]] ([[User talk:Patelurology2#top|talk]]) 03:03, 14 October 2009 (UTC)[[User:Patelurology2|Patelurology2]] ([[User talk:Patelurology2#top|talk]]) 18:48, 14 October 2009 (UTC)
Arrow icon [edit]
Monobook skin produces an arrow icon after every external link. This can be suppressed with class="plainlinks":
<span class="plainlinks">http://a</span> gives http://a
http://a gives http://a
*<!--- <span class="plainlinks">    </span> 
[[User:Patelurology2|Patelurology2]] ([[User talk:Patelurology2#top|talk]]) 19:17, 14 October 2009 (UTC)
[[User:Patelurology2|Patelurology2]] ([[User talk:Patelurology2#top|talk]]) 03:49, 15 October 2009 (UTC)
|    22.2 <sup>0.</sup>N | 70.7<sup>0.</sup>E
<span class="plainlinks"> [http://stable.toolserver.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Rajkumar_College,_Rajkot&params=22.293_N_70.798_E_region:IN_type:edu Coordinates] </span>   
[[User:Patelurology2|Patelurology2]] ([[User talk:Patelurology2#top|talk]]) 17:55, 15 October 2009 (UTC)[[User:Patelurology2|Patelurology2]] ([[User talk:Patelurology2#top|talk]]) 18:07, 15 October 2009 (UTC)--->
<!---|<span class="plainlinks"> [http://stable.toolserver.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Rajkumar_College,_Rajkot&params=22.293_N_70.798_E_region:IN_type:edu  Coordinates  ] </span> 22.2°N | 70.7°E|{{coord|22.2|70.7|region:IN_type:edu|display=inline  }}
<span class="plainlinks"> [http://stable.toolserver.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Rajkumar_College,_Rajkot&params=22.293_N_70.798_E_region:IN_type:edu Coordinates  ]</span>
* Category question at help desk --->
*<!--- From [[User:Intelligentsium]]page:   "I just noticed your question regarding getting your toolbox to link to people looking for help or wanting to edit semi-protected pages. I have no idea of the answer to the specific question and apparently no one else did but I thought, since your underlying goal might be an easier way to know when users are in those categories without having to actually visit them to check, I'd give you the method I use for that. Add importScript('User:ais523/catwatch.js'); to your monobook.js and then create Intelligentsium/WatchedCategories.js and list categories there in this format. The categories you add then pop up on your watchlist as they are populated with the name of the user who last entered the category. I hope this isn't completely irrelevant to what your question was about. Cheers.--Fuhghettaboutit (talk) 12:04, 15 October 2009 (UTC)"
* You can also start your new article at Special:MyPage/List of Alumni of The Rajkumar College, Rajkot . There, you can develop the article with less risk of deletion; ask other editors to help work on it; and move it into "article space" when it is ready--->
*{{cquote| text here use for blue large quote marks }}
--->

== Hospital ==

<!--- {{quotation|'' Shushrushans: Edit freely. Starter material has been, '''mostly, cut and paste, and ''''sparingly and progressively'''' edited to fit''', but historian(s) in you should be able to take this page to World standard. ''}}

<!---[[Image:Shushrushahospital_logo.jpg‎]]--->
{{Infobox Hospital
|Name       =Shushrusha Citizens'Co-operative Hosp
Shivaji Park, Mumbai
|Org/Group  = <!-- optional -->
|free_label = Newsmagazine
|free       = Swaasthaya, Editor, Dr. Rekha Bhatkhande, M.D. 
|Image      = <!--- Swaasthya_march_2010.pdf --->‎ 
|Caption    = Front view of Shushrusha Hosptal

<span class="plainlinks"> [http://www.shushrushahospital.org/images/swaasthya_march_2010.pdf Swaashtaya Health Magazine]</span>
 
*'''President'''   Shri Shantaram Y. Rege, 
*'''Chairman'''   Dr. N.S. Laud, M.S.(Ortho)
'''Dean & Editor''' Dr. Rekha Bhatkhande, M.D. GI
|Logo       =<!--- Shushrushahospital.org_logo.jpg--->
|Location   = 698-B, Ranade Road, Shivaji Park, Dadar (W), Mumbai – 400028. INDIA.
Tel 91 22 2445 9161/ FX 2445 7067
<!---(Tel Codes India= '''91'''/ Mumbai= '''22''' 
* '''9122'''  then # below)
 
Tel: 2444 9161 / 62 / 63 / 64
* Fax: 2445 7067 / 2446 0584
* VIKROLI Campus Tel: 2577 4389--->
mailto:shushrushahospital@yahoo.com
Email: <shushrushahospital@yahoo.com>  

  <!---<shushrushahospital@gmail.com> --->
<span class="plainlinks"> </span>

<span class="plainlinks"> [http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=shushrusha+Hospital+dadar+west&sll=19.051206,72.829249&sspn=0.008965,0.013561&ie=UTF8&hq=shushrusha+Hospital&hnear=Dadar+West,+Maharashtra,+India&z=16&pw=2 Location  GoogleMap] </span>

<span class="plainlinks"> [http://wikimapia.org/#lat=19.0233767&lon=72.837762&z=16&l=0&m=w Wikimapia Interactive Map] </span>
|DUPLICATE_free text  = Service Above, Beyond, Before Self 
To free all patients of all the ailments
'''A'''ccessible, '''A'''vailable on Demand, '''A'''ffordable and '''A'''ccountable
|Region     = Mumbai
|State      = Maharashtra
|Country    = India
|HealthCare = Co-Operative
|Type       = Academic
|Speciality = Multispecialty
|Affiliation= 
|Beds       = 200 Main Campus
|Founded    = 1966
|President  = Shri Shantaram Y. Rege
|Chairman   = Dr N.S. Laud
|Vice Chair = Shri N.K. Fovkar
|Dean	    = Dr. Rekha Bhatkhande, M.D. <!---Former Dean: Dr R.G. Redkar--->
|Assoc Dean = 	 
|CEO        = DR. N. S. Laud
|Employees  = 
|Closed     = <!-- optional -->
|Website    =<span class="plainlinks">http://www.shushrushahospital.org</span>
|free text  = CEO:DR. N. S. Laud
|Wiki-Links = 
|}}

<!---Any text inserted in arrow pointing left < exclamation 3 dashes on left and 3 dashes and a forward > mark will not show  --->

Shushrusha Citizens' Co-operative Hospitalis located in Shivaji Park, Mumbai. Shushrusha stands tall to be the first in Asia for Hospital Co-operative initiative; Doctors' Co-operatives are long standing. The contribution of Mission, Voluntary, Government and Private Hospitals, is well recognised.
 

* '''The term Shushrusha (lit. "desire to hear")''' covers a range of meanings from:

* The devotee's homage to god, or the obsequious service of a being.
* Attentive in an ingratiating or servile manner.
* Characterized by or showing servile complaisance or deference.
* Servilely compliant or deferential: obsequious in service.
* Obedient; dutiful.
* Showing too great a willingness to serve



== Vision of Shushrusha ==


Shushrusha was founded in 1966 by the late Dr. V.S. Ranadive with the objective of providing excellent healthcare facilities at an affordable price. The late Prime Minister Mrs. Indira Gandhi inaugurated the hospital in 1969. From a humble beginning, the hospital grew into a full-fledged Medical Institute. 

In 1971, shortly after, Dr Ranadive passed away, hospital entered a phase of slackening of patient flow; Dr Nandu S Laud, MS (Ortho), the current Chairman, gradually rejuvenated; fund raising and expansion of member base was exemplary. Since then, the hospital had not looked back.



The vision statement of this hospital is eloquently resonating in the following Sanskrit shloka:


{{cquote|'''rugnaanaam vyaadhinashaaya, kshipranchaarogya hethave,'''
'''shushrusha shushruta bhuyath, swaya nishkaama sevayaa'''}}


This vision translated into English becomes:

'''“To free all patients of all the ailments”'''

The mission statement of the hospital is:

{{cquote|'''“Carry On the work initiated by the great surgeon Shushruta”'''}}

{{cquote|'''''Service Above, Beyond, Before Self'''''}}

{{cquote|''Check everything in every patient in the hope of finding nothing wrong''}} 

{{cquote|''Shushrusha's Doctors, Learn the Whole,''
so that they
''Can Detect the Defective "Part"''}}

<!--- ***''The Staff is Committed to Continuing Medical Education''
--->

== Foundation and Progress : Co-operative Initiative ==

Health care today is beyond the reach of citizenry, especially lower income group. Family income of 10% is spent on emergency health care and old age problems. The emergency and specialty care is well beyond the reach of an average citizen. The awareness to create financial capability is shockingly lacking.

Shushrusha Citizens’ Co-operative Hospital is a unique experiment offering total health care, including super-specialty care at affordable cost based on the principle of health care as a right without exploitation with self participation; health care governed by
'''''four A's''''' fulfilling the objective of the National Human Rights Commission Recommendation is principleCentral.

.......... '''A'''ccessible, '''A'''vailable on Demand, '''A'''ffordable and '''A'''ccountable.

The members of the Co-operative society, run the hospital for the people. Management involves participation of competent medical administrative experts and emplyees. This is the essence of co-operative movement in its true sense in providing medical care.

The hospital has grown progressively form 80 bed to 130 with an ICU with 17 beds and modern state-of-the-art technology throughout the facility.

Latest diagnostic facilities such as imaging equipments e.g. Ultrasound with Doppler, Ventilators for critical care, Operating Microscopes, Dialysis Unit, Blood Gas Analysers, Cardiac Monitoring equipments, EEG/EMG and ancillary aids complement the facility.

Specialized operations for spinal injuries and brain tumours, lungs, intestine, breast, speciality surgical treatment for Cancer, Trauma, Sport injuries, Joint replacement, Micro-surgeries of limb Reimplants and Reconstruction, are all available at reasonable cost. Coronary Angiography, Interventional Cardiology and Cardiac surgery amongst other facilities are on the horizon.

The hospital provides the community service by conducting free camps in the field of Ophthalmology, Cardiology, Skin, Paediatric, Cancer Detection etc. and specialised camp for the deaf, mute and the mentally challenged.

The hospital caters to the health and medical care of all citizens. Care is concessional for members upto 50% in all the services, free medical check-up for senior citizens, subsidy is also available to spouse and children upto two and members enjoy fixed rates for operations of all specialities.

Encouraged by this successful experiment at Shivaji Park, Dadar, Mumbai, the Management has decided to extend this experiment to one of the busy suburbs of Mumbai, Vikhroli, with replication of the model.

[[Medical tourism]] is being investigated. Shushrusha Citizens’ Co-operative Hospital is registered with all existing TPAs and Insurance Companies. ISO Certification is in the works. The hospital proposes to attract people from abroad, who would find it much less expensive to have the medical care, combined with tourism, and return fully cured healthy as true Ambassadors. Shushrusha prpoposes to extend in-patient and domiciliary cover and treatment to elderly parents of Indians diaspora abroad.

== Co-Operative Concept and Organization ==

About the Membership:
 
The unique aspect of this hospital is that this is the only hospital in Mumbai, and probably the first in India, which falls under the cooperative sector.<ref> <span class="plainlinks">    [http://www.uwcc.wisc.edu/icic/orgs/ica/struc/Regional-Offices1/Regional-Office-for-Asia-and-Pacific1/Asia-Pacific-Co-op-News-Vol--4--No--3--11/APHCO-established--1997-1.html International Co-operative Alliance (ICA),Asia and Pacific Health Co-operative Organisation (APHCO) was established at a general assembly held in Kathmandu, Nepal on August 26, 1997.]</span>
</ref>  This experiment was necessitated by the fact that private medical facilities charge exorbitantly for services rendered and the public hospitals lack hygiene and they are badly managed. In such a situation, this hospital envisages providing “The Third Force” – institutions where the health of the patient is more important than financial resources.

To avail of the services of this hospital, citizens have to first become members of the cooperative society which runs this hospital. Membership is open to citizens of Greater Mumbai and Thane Districts. A person who is legally competent to contract can become a member by paying a non-refundable amount of Rs 1000 towards the Shareholders’ fund (one time) plus an entrance fee of Rs 5. No dividend or bonus is payable on the amount paid. This membership is transferable to another person, voluntarily, after a period of two years or, automatically and irrespective of minimum holding period, to an heir/nominee of the member upon the death of member. 

The cooperative society is governed by a Board of Directors comprising of 25 members elected by the members of the society every 5 years. Even an institution, firm, or body may become a member (as an institutional member) of this hospital by paying Rs 200,000.



== Medical Facilities ==
  
* Imaging Centre
* CT Scan Centre
* Ultrasound Sonography, 2-D Echo and Cardiology Department
* Ophthalmology
* Operation Theatre
* Pathology Department and Blood Bank (24hrs.)
* Artificial Kidney Dialysis
* Intensive Care Unit
* General Ward
* <span class="plainlinks">  [http://www.shushrushahospital.org/opd_schedule.html OPD Schedule & List of Specialists] </span>

   
== Medical Services ==

1. Operation Theatre Complex - With Laminar Air Flow System; three Operation Theaters.

2. Intensive Care Unit - Equipped with 16 Philips Monitors, 13 Ventilators, 21 Pulse-Oximeters, 2 Defibrillators, 1 Bi- pap, and 12 Syringe Pumps. 17 Beds.
E.C.G. / Cardio Pulmonary Function Laboratory / Stress Test

3. Neonatal Intensive Care Unit - With Ventilators, Warmer & Photo Therapy Units

4. Artificial Kidney Dialysis - With 6 dialysis machines

5. Emergency Medical Service Department - With Transport Ventilators Defibrillators & other Life Support Systems

6. Out Patient Department - With 15 well equipped consulting rooms for various disciplines

7. Blood Bank - 24 hours open. Blood Component Therapy also available.

8. Optometry Department 

9. Audiometry & Speech Therapy

10. Physiotherapy Department - With al electrical and exercise modality

11. Diet Department - With 2 full time dieticians.

12. Pathology - 24 hours Open

13. Radiology Department - Digital X- Ray Machine, Multislice CT Scan, Ultra Sonography

14. Neurology - EEG/ EMG/ ENG

15. Pediatric Ward 

16. General Ward

17. Deluxe Ward - A/C & Non A/C categories, Three-in-One, Two-in-One & Single Rooms.
- All rooms equipped with Intercom, Telephone, Color TV, and attached Toilet, Round-the-clock hot water.

18. Online computerization 

19. Patient friendly services 


Additional Services for the Community:
Shushrusha Hospital regularly conducts workshops, day care centres and camps for the public, such as eye camps, disaster management workships, camps for diabetics, etc.

== Community Services ==


**Traditionally, regular camps under Community Services to render medical aid to the poor and needy patients are held. Following Camps were organized and have received overwhelming response from the citizens.

* '''Community Welfare Camps''' held in various fields with free care.

* Cataract Detection and surgery Camp.              
* Diabetic Camp. 
* Healthy Baby Competition. 
* Day Care Centre for senior citizens at Damnodar hall, Parel.
 
* Disaster Management at Kirti College.
* Cuts and Burns in the Kitchen at Kohinoor College of Catering. 
* Dr. V. S. Ranadive Memorial Eye, Skin and Paediatric Check-up Camp at Hopital.

* Smile Train Project, in association with New York Chapter. Cleft Lip, Cleft Palate and related deformities conducted free of cost to all the patients admitted.  During the year 161 operations free of cost in all respects have been performed.  Patient’s relatives coming from tribal areas have also been served free food during their stay at the hospital.  Opinion of the hospital is a jewel in the crown.  The outlook of the children was transformed; Institution will be remembered forever.<ref> <span class="plainlinks">    [http://www.merinews.com/article/free-cleft-and-palate-deformity-detection-camp-at-shrushrusha-hospital/127710.shtml Free Cleft and Palate Deformity Detection camp at Shrushrusha Hospital: 2007]</span>
 </ref>

* Blood Donation Camps are conducted to meet demand. Shushrusha Blood Bank Registry, a voluntary donor endeavor is being developed as per new FDA rules. This registration would help the family to procure blood at a short notice, as a right, without hassles.  It would also help the community by affording blood and blood substitutes during disaster and natural calamities.  

* Socially Responsibility Activities:  Efforts to reach out to street children to provide subsidized care by Social Service department. Likewise, other groups needing help are being identified. 

* Neuro Rehabilitation Clinic for the patients with Parkinsons Disease and other Movement Disorders is able to reach the needs of the community. 

* Free consultation and information on Cancer are provided in association with V Care and Intas Bio-pharmaceutical Limited.

* Meetings to offer guidance and help to senior citizens have been regularly held at our hospital in association with the Shivaji Park Police Station and Health Department of Municipal Corporation.

* Swaasthya, the monthly health magazine, has gained popularity. The magazine is as much a product of the members' feedback as the topics written by medical staff. Here, the dictum of education is a two way street applies; health professionals learn also from the patients. Continuing Education of health Professionals follows matra of Knowing the Whole, so that defective 'part' can be detected; the core competency is emphasized for health professional education.
 
* Participated in “Wealth of Health” Exhibition held under the auspices of Loksatta and Vama Events  at Ravindra Natya Mandir.

== Medical and health Education and Research ==

Participation in Medical and Health Education and Research :

* Poster: "Role of omega-3 fat in Women's Health"<ref>[http://iwsa.net/pr.htm Report of IX All India Meeting of Women in Science:2004] </ref>
* Co-chair,  Rekha Bhatkhande, the head of the MSSI pilot project “ MS Society of India on UK team visit <ref><span class="plainlinks">     [http://www.msif.org/en/news/ms_news/report_from_ms_s.html Report from MS Society of India on UK team visit Co-chair,  Rekha Bhatkhande, the head of the MSSI pilot project “]</span></ref>
* Rare presentation of leucocytosis, Bhave AA, Rao RG, Patil GT, J Assoc Physicians India. 2006 Nov;54:881-2.<ref> <span class="plainlinks">    [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17249258?dopt=Abstract Rare presentation of leucocytosis, Bhave AA, Rao RG, Patil GT, J Assoc Physicians India. 2006 Nov;54:881-2 ]</span></ref> 
* Ketogenic Diet in Indian Children with Uncontrolled Epilepsy<ref>  <span class="plainlinks">    [http://medind.nic.in/ibv/t09/i8/ibvt09i8p669.pdf Ketogenic Diet in Indian Children with Uncontrolled Epilepsy, JK Nathan, AS Purandare, ZB Parekh and HV Manohar, Dept Neurology, Shushrusha Hospital, Mumbai, Indian Pediatrics, Vol 46 2009]</span></ref>
* The Hip Masters Course 24-30 Dec’06: Shushrusha's Faculty N. S. Laud and S. Gawhale <ref> <span class="plainlinks"> [http://hip-masters.com/faculty.html The Hip Masters Course 24-30 Dec’06: Shushrusha's Faculty]</span></ref>
* Pituitary metastases in carcinoma breast<ref> <span class="plainlinks">    [http://www.jpgmonline.com/article.asp?issn=0022-3859;year=2001;volume=47;issue=2;spage=135;epage=6;aulast=Rao;type=0 J Post graduate medicine, Images in Radiology 2001, Vol 47, SR Rao, RS Rao, Shushrusha Hospital, Mumbai]</span></ref>
* Breast-Feeding and Risk for Childhood Obesity <ref> <span class="plainlinks">    [http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/30/2/451.2.full.pdf M Talim, Shushrusha Hospital, Mumbai, Breast-Feeding and Risk for Childhood Obesity]</span></ref>
* ICU registrar,Vivek Desai, Shushrusha Hospital, Mumbai to Hospmac Hospital Consultancy <ref> <span class="plainlinks"> [http://www.expresshealthcare.in/200901/50pathfinders15.shtml ICU registrar at Shushrusha Hospital, Mumbai to Hospmac Hospital Consultancy]</span></ref>
* Prevalence of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Its Association With Cardiovascular Disease Among Type 2 Diabetic Patients, Targher et al. and Hu et al. Ctritc: M Talim, Shushrusha Hospital <ref><span class="plainlinks">[http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/30/6/e55.full Prevalence of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Its Association With Cardiovascular Disease Among Type 2 Diabetic Patients, Targher et al. and Hu et al., J Am Diabetic Assn, 2007, Critic: M Talim, Shushrusha Hospital]</span></ref>
*Balance between n-3 and n-6 fatty acids in foods: M Talim <ref> <span class="plainlinks">      [http://www.nature.com/embor/journal/v9/n5/full/embor200861.html We are what we eat. The link between diet, evolution and non-genetic inheritance ,  comment: M Talim: Balance between n-3 and n-6 fatty acids in foods]</span></ref>
*Proper eating habits, Rekha Bhatkhande, GI <ref> <span class="plainlinks">    [http://news.oneindia.in/2006/07/10/proper-eating-habits-best-way-to-manage-digestive-problems-1152506195.html Proper eating habits - Best way to manage digestive problems, UNI 2006]</span></ref>
* Women for Good Governance Conference Presentation: Women's Health Topics: Rekha Bhatkhande<ref> <span class="plainlinks">     [http://wggindia.org/ Women for Good Governance Conference Presentation:  Women's Health Topics 2009 : Rekha Bhatkhande ]</span></ref>
* Probing issues: Awkward pause: Constipation, Rekha Bhatkhande, GI<ref> <span class="plainlinks"> [http://www.hindustantimes.com/News/wellness/Awkward-pause/Article1-462352.aspx Probing issues: Awkward pause: Constipation, Rekha Bhatkhande, GI ] </span></ref>
* Gastric mucormycosis: AG Shahapure, RV Patankar, Rekha Bhatkhande, Indian J gastroenterology :2002 <ref> <span class="plainlinks">    [http://www.nextbio.com/b/search/author/R%20Bhatkhande Gastric mucormycosis: AG Shahapure, RV Patankar, Rekha Bhatkhande, Indian J gastroenterology :2002]</span></ref>







'''Hospital Day is celebrated on 20th of May.'''

<!---( User:Patelurology2/Frontiers of Medical Progress  In Edit mode ( click '''edit this page''' tab at the top of this page in centre and) see: the link for more info on Frontiers of Medical Progress).--->

==See also==
* [[Medical tourism]]
* 
* <!--- [[fertility tourism|Fertility tourism]]
* [[Sperm donor limitation by country]]
* [[Egg donor]]
* [[Surrogacy]]
* [[Commercial surrogacy in India]]--->

* [[International healthcare accreditation]]
* [[Hospital accreditation]]
* [[List of hospitals in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}


== External Links ==
*<span class="plainlinks"> [http://www.shushrushahospital.org/ Shushrusha Citizen's Co Op Hosp, Shivaji Park, Mumbai: Asia's First Co-op Hospital] </span>

* <span class="plainlinks"> [http://www.shushrushahospital.org/membership.html Membership details ]</span>

* <span class="plainlinks"> [http://www.shushrushahospital.org/images/swaasthya_march_2010.pdf Readable Copy of Swaasthaya: Editor Dr. Rekha Bhatkhande] </span>

* <span class="plainlinks"> [http://translate.google.com/translate?js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=1&eotf=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Patelurology2/Shushrusha_Citizens'_Co-operative_Hospital,_Shivaji_Park,_Mumbai&sl=en&tl=hi Hindi Google-autoTranslation of This Page] </span>

* <span class="plainlinks"> [http://translate.google.com/translate?js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=1&eotf=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Patelurology2/Shushrusha_Citizens'_Co-operative_Hospital,_Shivaji_Park,_Mumbai%23External_Links&sl=en&tl=ar Arabic Google-autoTranslation of This Page] </span>

* <span class="plainlinks"> [http://translate.google.com/translate?js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=1&eotf=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Patelurology2/Shushrusha_Citizens'_Co-operative_Hospital,_Shivaji_Park,_Mumbai%23External_Links&sl=en&tl=pt Portuguese Google-autoTranslation of This Page] </span>


* <span class="plainlinks"> [http://translate.google.com/?hl=en&tab=wT# Google Auto-Translate: choose your language]  </span>


- copy this web site address from this link below-(it is the same, above the page)-

Copy this link- Do not click :  <span class="plainlinks">[[[  http://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shushrusha_Citizens'_Co-operative_Hospital,_Shivaji_Park,_Mumbai&action=submit  ]]]</span>

and paste it in Google Translate Box on the translation program page in the translate page box in the blue Google translate link above the instruction or here. <span class="plainlinks"> [http://translate.google.com/?hl=en&tab=wT# Google Auto-Translate: choose your language]</span> 
* [[User:Patelurology2/Frontiers of Medical Progress|Frontiers of Medical Progress]]
* <span class="plainlinks"> [http://www.travelbizmonitor.com/mot-plans-to-extend-mda-scheme-to-cover-jci-and-nabh-to-boost-medical-tourism-5074 Medical Tourism] </span>

* <span class="plainlinks"> [http://www.topsairrescue.com/tie-ups.htm Air Rescue] </span>

--->
==CW== 

<!--- 

===Economic data by member===
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: center;"
 ! Economies of the Commonwealth of Nations 2012&nbsp;<!-- Please do not change figure for individual cells. These figures are all from the publications of the World Bank in July 2013. Using figures from different dates or sources is a poor basis for comparison and ranking. -->
 |-
 | style="padding: 0; border: none;" |
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right; margin: 0;"
 ! rowspan="2"| [[Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations|Member states]]
 ! rowspan="2"| Population{{UN_Population|ref}}<br />{{small|({{UN_Population|Year}})}}
!colspan=2"|GDP (nominal, US$)
!colspan="2"|GDP (PPP, US$)
!rowspan="2"|Comm.<br />realm?
|-
 ! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | millions<ref>{{cite web
  | url = http://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/GDP.pdf
  | title = Gross domestic product 2012
  | date = 1 July 2013
| publisher = [[World Bank]]
  | access-date = 1 July 2013
| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130810035505/http://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/GDP.pdf
  | archive-date= 10 August 2013 }}</ref>
 ! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | per capita<ref>{{cite web
  | url = http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD
  | title = GDP per capita (current US$)
  | publisher = [[World Bank]]
  | access-date = 1 July 2013
  | archive-date = 11 May 2011
  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110511123254/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD
  | url-status = live
  }}</ref>
 ! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | millions<ref>{{cite web
  | url = http://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/GDP_PPP.pdf
  | title = Gross domestic product 2012, PPP
  | date = 1 July 2013
| publisher = [[World Bank]]
  | access-date = 1 July 2013
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130810005545/http://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/GDP_PPP.pdf
  | archive-date = 10 August 2013
| url-status=live
  }}</ref>
 ! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | per capita<ref>{{cite web
  | url = http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD
  | title = GDP per capita, PPP (current international $)
  | publisher = [[World Bank]]
  | access-date = 1 July 2013
  | archive-date = 22 June 2019
  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190622102516/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD
  | url-status = live
  }}</ref>
  |-
 ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Antigua and Barbuda}}
 | {{UN_Population|Antigua and Barbuda}}
 | 1,176
 | 12,480
 | 1,778
 | 18,492
 | Yes
 |-
 ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Australia}}
 | {{UN_Population|Australia}}
 | 1,520,608
 | 61,789
 | 1,008,547
 | 41,974
 | Yes
 |-
 ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Bahamas}}
 | {{UN_Population|Bahamas}}
 | 8,149
 | 22,431
 | 11,765
 | 31,978
 | Yes
 |-
 ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Bangladesh}}
 | {{UN_Population|Bangladesh}}
 | 115,610
 | 743
 | 291,299
 | 1,777
 | No
 |-
 ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Barbados}}
 | {{UN_Population|Barbados}}
 | 3,685
 | 13,453
 | —
 | —
 | No
 |-
 ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Belize}}
 | {{UN_Population|Belize}}
 | 1,448
 | 4,059
 | 2,381
 | 6,672
 | Yes
 |-
 ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Botswana}}
 | {{UN_Population|Botswana}}
 | 14,411
 | 8,533
 | 34,038
 | 14,746
 | No
 |-
 ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Brunei}}
 | {{UN_Population|Brunei Darussalam}}
 | 16,954
 | 40,301
 | 21,992
 | 51,760
 | No
 |-
 ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Cameroon}}
 | {{UN_Population|Cameroon}}
 | 24,984
 | 1,260
 | 50,820
 | 2,359
 | No
 |-
 ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Canada}}
 | {{UN_Population|Canada}}
 | 1,821,424
 | 50,344
 | 1,489,165
 | 40,420
 | Yes
 |-
 ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Cyprus}}
 | {{UN_Population|Cyprus}}
 | 22,981
 | 30,670
 | 26,720
 | 32,254
 | No
 |-
 ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Dominica}}
 | {{UN_Population|Dominica}}
 | 480
 | 7,154
 | 906
 | 13,288
 | No
 |-
 ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Ghana}}
 | {{UN_Population|Ghana}}
 | 40,710
 | 1,570
 | 51,943
 | 1,871
 | No
 |-
 ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Grenada}}
 | {{UN_Population|Grenada}}
 | 790
 | 7,780
 | 1,142
 | 10,837
 | Yes
 |-
 ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Guyana}}
 | {{UN_Population|Guyana}}
 | 2,851
 | 3,408
 | 2,704
 | —
 | No
 |-
 ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|India}}
 | {{UN_Population|India}}
 | 3,732,224
 | 2,171
 | 11,468,022
 | 7,874
 | No
 |-
 ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Jamaica}}
 | {{UN_Population|Jamaica}}
 | 14,840
 | 5,335
 | —
 | —
 | Yes
 |-
 ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Kenya}}
 | {{UN_Population|Kenya}}
 | 37,229
 | 808
 | 76,016
 | 1,710
 | No
 |-
 ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Kiribati}}
 | {{UN_Population|Kiribati}}
 | 176
 | 1,649
 | 248
 | 2,337
 | No
 |-
 ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Lesotho}}
 | {{UN_Population|Lesotho}}
 | 2,448
 | 1,106
 | 4,027
 | 1,691
 | No
 |-
 ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Malawi}}
 | {{UN_Population|Malawi}}
 | 4,264
 | 365
 | 14,344
 | 893
 | No
 |-
 ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Malaysia}}
 | {{UN_Population|Malaysia}}
 | 303,526
 | 9,977
 | 501,249
 | 16,051
 | No
 |-
 ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Maldives}}
 | {{UN_Population|Maldives}}
 | 2,222
 | 6,405
 | 3,070
 | 8,871
 | No
 |-
 ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Malta}}
 | {{UN_Population|Malta}}
 | 8,722
 | 21,380
 | 12,138
 | 27,504
 | No
 |-
 ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Mauritius}}
 | {{UN_Population|Mauritius}}
 | 10,492
 | 8,755
 | 20,210
 | 14,420
 | No
 |-
 ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Mozambique}}
 | {{UN_Population|Mozambique}}
 | 14,588
 | 533
 | 25,805
 | 975
 | No
 |-
 ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Namibia}}
 | {{UN_Population|Namibia}}
 | 12,807
 | 5,383
 | 16,918
 | 6,801
 | No
 |-
 ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Nauru}}
 | {{UN_Population|Nauru}}
 | —
 | —
 | —
 | —
 | No
 |-
 ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|New Zealand}}
 | {{UN_Population|New Zealand}}
 | 139,768
 | 36,254
 | 139,640
 | 31,082
 | Yes
 |-
 ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Nigeria}}
 | {{UN_Population|Nigeria}}
 | 262,606
 | 1,502
 | 449,289
 | 2,533
 | No
 |-
 ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Pakistan}}
 | {{UN_Population|Pakistan}}
 | 231,182
 | 1,189
 | 517,873
 | 2,745
 | No
 |-
 ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Papua New Guinea}}
 | {{UN_Population|Papua New Guinea}}
 | 15,654
 | 1,845
 | 20,771
 | 2,676
 | Yes
 |-
 ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Rwanda}}
 | {{UN_Population|Rwanda}}
 | 7,103
 | 8,874
 | 15,517
 | 1,282
 | No
 |-
 ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}
 | {{UN_Population|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}
 | 748
 | 13,144
 | 966
 | 17,226
 | Yes
 |-
 ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Saint Lucia}}
 | {{UN_Population|Saint Lucia}}
 | 1,186
 | 7,154
 | 2,016
 | 11,597
 | Yes
 |-
 ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}
 | {{UN_Population|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}
 | 713
 | 6,291
 | 1,202
 | 10,715
 | Yes
 |-
 ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Samoa}}
 | {{UN_Population|Samoa}}
 | 677
 | 3,485
 | 853
 | 4,475
 | No
 |-
 ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Seychelles}}
 | {{UN_Population|Seychelles}}
 | 1,032
 | 12,321
 | 2,371
 | 25,788
 | No
 |-
 ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Sierra Leone}}
 | {{UN_Population|Sierra Leone}}
 | 3,796
 | 496
 | 8,125
 | 1,131
 | No
 |-
 ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Singapore}}
 | {{UN_Population|Singapore}}
 | 274,701
 | 46,241
 | 328,323
 | 60,688
 | No
 |-
 ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Solomon Islands}}
 | {{UN_Population|Solomon Islands}}
 | 1,008
 | 1,517
 | 1,718
 | 2,923
 | Yes
 |-
 ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|South Africa}}
 | {{UN_Population|South Africa}}
 | 384,313
 | 8,070
 | 585,625
 | 10,960
 | No
 |-
 ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Sri Lanka}}
 | {{UN_Population|Sri Lanka}}
 | 59,421
 | 2,835
 | 126,993
 | 5,582
 | No
 |-
 ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Eswatini}}
 | {{UN_Population|Eswatini}}
 | 3,747
 | 3,831
 | 6,458
 | 6,053
 | No
 |-
 ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Tanzania}}
 | {{UN_Population|United Republic of Tanzania}}
 | 28,249
 | 532
 | 74,269
 | 1,512
 | No
 |-
 ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Tonga}}
 | {{UN_Population|Tonga}}
 | 472
 | 4,152
 | 527
 | 4,886
 | No
 |-
 ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}
 | {{UN_Population|Trinidad and Tobago}}
 | 23,986
 | 16,699
 | 35,638
 | 25,074
 | No
 |-
 ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Tuvalu}}
 | {{UN_Population|Tuvalu}}
 | 37
 | 3,636
 | —
 | —
 | Yes
 |-
 ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Uganda}}
 | {{UN_Population|Uganda}}
 | 19,881
 | 487
 | 49,130
 | 1,345
 | No
 |-
 ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|United Kingdom}}
 | {{UN_Population|United Kingdom}}
 | 3,124,650<ref>{{Cite web|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/April/weo-report|access-date=31 August 2021|website=IMF|language=en|archive-date=7 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407080844/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/April/weo-report|url-status=live}}</ref>
 | 38,974
 | 3,174,921
 | 35,598
 | Yes
 |-
 ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Vanuatu}}
 | {{UN_Population|Vanuatu}}
 | 785
 | 3,094
 | 1,139
 | 4,379
 | No
 |-
 ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Zambia}}
 | {{UN_Population|Zambia}}
 | 20,678
 | 1,425
 | 24,096
 | 1,621
 | No
 |-
 ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Commonwealth of Nations|name=Commonwealth}}
 | '''2,418,964,000'''<!-- 2016 -->
 | '''9,766,209'''
 | '''3,844'''
 | '''13,119,929'''
 | '''4,035'''
 | —
 |-
 ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Commonwealth of Nations|name=Commonwealth (realms)}}
 | '''144,033,000'''<!-- 2016 -->
 | '''5,966,408'''
 | '''43,493'''
 | '''4,945,842'''
 | '''36,053'''
 | —
 |}
  |}
   -->

==Metabolic syndrome, hypertension, dementia, drug therapy, interactions, side effects, pathophysiology==
[[User:Patelurology2/Metabolic syndrome, hypertension, dementia, drug therapy, interactions, side effects, pathophysiology]]
*[https://www.msn.com/en-us/health/other/the-medications-that-change-who-we-are/ar-AA1lZ3hp?ocid=msedgntp&pc=U531&cvid=9101fb15d37c474baf9e27d5ddc9a656&ei=67|The Medications That Change Who We Are (msn.com)]

==Formation of Beta Amyloid==
Aβ is  formed after sequential [[peptidase|cleavage]] of the '''[[amyloid precursor protein]]''', a [[transmembrane protein|transmembrane]] [[glycoprotein]] of undetermined function. APP can be processed by [[alpha secretase|α-]], [[BACE|β-]] and [[gamma secretase|γ-secretase]]s; Aβ protein is generated by successive action of the β and γ secretases. The γ secretase, which produces the [[C-terminus|C-terminal]] end of the Aβ peptide, cleaves within the transmembrane region of APP and can generate a number of isoforms of 39-43 [[amino acid]] residues in length. The most common isoforms are Aβ<sub>40</sub> and Aβ<sub>42</sub>; the shorter form is typically produced by cleavage that occurs in the [[endoplasmic reticulum]], while the longer form is produced by cleavage in the trans-[[Golgi apparatus|Golgi]] network.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hartmann T, Bieger SC, Brühl B, ''et al.'' |title=Distinct sites of intracellular production for Alzheimer's disease Aβ<sub>40/42</sub> amyloid peptides |journal=Nat. Med. |volume=3 |issue=9 |pages=1016–20 |year=1997 |pmid=9288729 |doi= 10.1038/nm0997-1016|url=}}</ref> The Aβ<sub>40</sub> form is the more common of the two, but Aβ<sub>42</sub> is the more fibrillogenic and is thus associated with disease states. Mutations in APP associated with early-onset Alzheimer's have been noted to increase the relative production of Aβ<sub>42</sub>, and thus one suggested avenue of Alzheimer's therapy involves modulating the activity of β and γ secretases to produce mainly Aβ<sub>40</sub>.<ref name="Yin">{{cite journal |author=Yin YI, Bassit B, Zhu L, Yang X, Wang C, Li YM |title=γ-Secretase Substrate Concentration Modulates the Aβ42/Aβ40 Ratio: Implications for Alzheimer's disease |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=282 |issue=32 |pages=23639–44 |year=2007  |pmid=17556361 |doi=10.1074/jbc.M704601200 |url=}}</ref>

* [http://www.dapinghospital.com/sci/sjnk/1.pdf] Clearance of amyloid-beta in Alzheimer’s
disease: progress, problems and perspectives
* [http://www.jbc.org/content/282/33/23818.full]  study also raises some concerns about therapeutic efforts to block or reverse the formation of Aβ fibrils. The risk/benefit ratio of this approach might critically depend on the extent to which it also diminishes the pool of pathogenic Aβ oligomers. Within the obvious constraints of mouse-to-human extrapolations, our data caution against any strategies that decrease Aβ fibrils at the cost of augmenting pathogenic Aβ oligomers. They also raise the possibility that promoting fibril formation in ways that bypass oligomer formation or rapidly sequester oligomers into more inert fibrils might be of therapeutic benefit. Additional studies are needed to further test these hypotheses.


* Brain tissue has ACE enzyme, which takes part in local RAS and converts Aβ42 (which aggregates into plaques) to Aβ40 (which is thought to be less toxic) forms of beta amyloid. The latter is predominantly a function of N domain portion on the ACE enzyme. ACE inhibitors that cross the blood–brain barrier and have preferentially selected N-terminal activity may therefore cause accumulation of Aβ42 and progression of dementia.

== Metabolism & Transport of β Amyloid fragments ==
<span class="plainlinks">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=eurekah&part=A15231   Potential Role of Endogenous and Exogenous Ab Binding Molecules in Ab Clearance and Metabolism   ]</span>
* Study indicates that intrasynaptic (o = Oligomeric ) oAβ42, but not oAβ40, acutely inhibits transmission at the squid giant synapse. This inhibition is molecularly tied to a cascade of events involving CK2 activation and the rapid clathrin-independent endocytosis pathway. The reduction of FAT induced by oAβ42 showed in the accompanying article, in combination with our results showing a dramatic acute inhibition of synaptic transmission after intrasynaptic injection of oAβ42, represent novel findings concerning AD synaptic failure now clearly associated with a reduction of synaptic vesicle pools and transmitter release.
*[http://www.pnas.org/content/106/14/5901.long Synaptic transmission block by presynaptic injection of oligomeric amyloid beta - oAβ42, but not oAβ40 or extracellular oAβ42]
* Effective therapeutic intervention in progressive neurological disorders depends on a clear understanding of the molecular mechanisms associated with the disease in question. In this manuscript we have shown that dysregulation of CK2 by oAβ is capable of inhibiting the vital neuronal process of FAT. Therefore, we propose that pharmacological regulation of CK2 activity represents a promising target for therapeutic intervention in AD, particularly when combined with treatments that help manage GSK3 activity as well.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2667037/?tool=pmcentrez Disruption of fast axonal transport is a pathogenic mechanism for intraneuronal amyloid beta]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2206134/ Amyloid plaque is dynamic reservoir of toxicity reverting to toxic species]: amyloid plaques, although apparently biologically inert, should not be considered as inert remnants of the aggregation process, as the amyloid fibrils they contain can, under certain conditions, be rapidly reverted to toxic species. In that sense, the amyloid plaques should rather be considered as reservoirs of toxicity.

*Clearance of amyloid-beta in Alzheimer’s disease: progress, problems and perspectives [http://www.dapinghospital.com/sci/sjnk/1.pdf]

== ACE Inhibitors ==

* Angiotensin-converting Enzyme Degrades Alzheimer Amyloid β-Peptide (Aβ); Retards Aβ Aggregation, Deposition, Fibril Formation; and Inhibits Cytotoxicity <!---  http://www.jbc.org/content/276/51/47863.full   https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/rkcrajkot/conversations/messages    --->

Examples=

ACE inhibitors can be divided into three groups based on their molecular structure:

===Sulfhydryl-containing agents===

* [[Captopril]] (trade name Capoten), the first ACE inhibitor
* [[Zofenopril]]

===Dicarboxylate-containing agents===

This is the largest group, including:

* [[Enalapril]] (Vasotec/Renitec)
* [[Ramipril]] (Altace/Tritace/Ramace/Ramiwin)
* [[Quinapril]] (Accupril)
* [[Perindopril]] (Coversyl/Aceon)
* [[Lisinopril]] (Lisodur/Lopril/Novatec/Prinivil/Zestril)
* [[Benazepril]] (Lotensin)

===Phosphonate-containing agents===

* [[Fosinopril]] (Monopril) is the only member of this group

=== LIPOPHILIC vs hydrophilic  ===
* [https://academic.oup.com/ajh/article/18/2/158/121619 Inhibition of brain angiotensin-converting enzyme by peripheral administration of trandolapril ( lipophillic ) versus lisinopril ( hydrophilic ) in Wistar rats]

*  captopril, fosinopril, lisinopril, perindopril, ramipril, and trandolapril were classified as crossing the blood-brain barrier (centrally active), while benazepril, enalapril, moexipril, and quinapril were classified as not (noncentrally active).

*** need to consider lipophilicity, BBB crossing and lipophilicity driven widespread effects in brain vs limited say in Amyloid, C & N domain ratio in relation to Amyloid degradation

===Naturally occurring===

[[Casokinin]]s and [[lactokinin]]s are breakdown products of [[casein]] and [[whey]] that occur naturally after ingestion of [[milk]] products, especially [[cultured milk]]. Their role in blood pressure control is uncertain.<ref name="FitzGerald2004">FitzGerald RJ, Murray BA, Walsh DJ. [http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/134/4/980S Hypotensive peptides from milk proteins.] J Nutr 2004;134:980S-8S. PMID 15051858.</ref> The [[tripeptide]]s Val-Pro-Pro and Ile-Pro-Pro produced by the [[probiotic]] ''[[Lactobacillus helveticus]]'' have been shown to have ACE-inhibiting and antihypertensive functions.<ref>Aihara K, Kajimoto O, Hirata H, Takahashi R, Nakamura Y. [http://www.jacn.org/cgi/content/full/24/4/257 Effect of powdered fermented milk with Lactobacillus helveticus on subjects with high-normal blood pressure or mild hypertension.] J Am Coll Nutr. 2005 Aug;24(4):257-65 PMID 16093403.</ref>
*[http://jn.nutrition.org/content/134/4/980S.long Hypotensive Peptides from Milk Proteins  ]
** [http://jn.nutrition.org/content/134/4/980S/T2.expansion.html Hypotensive Peptides from Milk Proteins]
<!--- Milk protein derived inhibitors of ACE
Milk proteins contain ACE inhibitory peptides encrypted within their primary structures. These peptides can be released by enzymatic hydrolysis either during gastrointestinal digestion or during food processing. The sequences of the individual milk proteins displaying ACE inhibitory activity in vitro have been reviewed elsewhere (66,67). Table 2 summarizes some properties of the more potent ACE inhibitory peptides from the individual caseins (casokinins) and whey proteins (lactokinins). It is seen that, of the individual caseins, f(25–27) from αs1-casein is a potent in vitro inhibitor of ACE having an IC50 of 2.0 μmol/L and that f(208–216) of bovine serum albumin has an IC50 of 3.0 μmol/L. While the structure activity relationship for food-derived ACE inhibitors has not been established, it appears that binding to ACE is strongly influenced by the C-terminal tripeptide sequence. Many substrates and competitive inhibitors of ACE contain hydrophobic amino acids in this region. A number of potent food protein derived ACE inhibitors contain proline at the C-terminus. Furthermore, several ACE inhibitors contain lysine or arginine as the C-terminal residue. It has been postulated that the positive charge associated with the side-chain groups of these amino acids contributes to ACE inhibitory potency (58,65,75,76). In addition, the structure adopted by a specific peptide inhibitor of ACE, particularly the longer chain inhibitors, may also contribute to potency 

--->

== Blood Brain Barrier, ACE & ACE Inhibitors, Dementia ==

Further, functionally can be grouped according to ability to cross Blood Brain Barrier- implication currently being studied for ability to affect dementia.
List:

BBB Crossing ACE     
*Lisinopril
*Perindropril 
*Ramipril
*Trandolapril
*Captopril
*Fosinopril
*                      

BBB Non Crossing ACE
*Benzapril
*Enalapril
*Moexipril
*Imidapril


Other Antihypertensives, and even all ACE Inhibitors, possibly indirectly via RAAS feedback some of the effects on dementia and related complex - Construct: deemntia and BP dynamics and possibly incorporating known circadian rythm affecting [[Beta amyloid]].


Centrally Active ACE Inhibitors       
        
*Captopril	 
*Fosinopril	
*Lisinopril	
*Perindopril	
Trandolapril	
Zofenopril
	   
Non-Centrally Active ACE Inhibitors

*Benazepril
*Enalapril
*Moexepril
*Quinapril
*Ramipril

Note: Finer meaning of difference in above two categories... coming.

==Choosing an ACE Inhibitor==
2019: Now the factor needing to be addressed for choice to prevent decrease dementia-- mainly addressing Amyloid construct and again mainly concentrating effort on the clearance of amyloid; the formation and all and other non ACE factors will be dealt with separately: a question is posed a priori ... Is ACE inducible or affectable by non-Ace inhibitors?
* C and N domain differentials of all clinically used ACE- Lisinopril may be better than Captopril as detailed a decade ago below in this page

* The slot at the site of action.. how the ACE inhibitor fits in the slot matters

* BBB Crossing ACE Inhibitors are the subjects under this construct-- Lipophillic vs hydrophillic... is a continuum. Question a Priori now secundum... Lowering the BP by any means activates RAAS putting it on high including ACE at least at renal level...? Does that ACE or the brain ACE gets affected -- a la is that like induction of even central ACE? -- NEEDS THINKING CAP! At least ARB inhibitors are effective at decreasing bad effects of amyloid complex.

<ref>ACE inhibitors can be divided into three groups based on their molecular structure:
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3154309 sulfhydryl containing converting enzyme inhibitor captopril increased vasodilator prostaglandin production (PGE2-metabolite) both acutely and chronically. This increase in PGE2-metabolite was not seen with the non-sulfhydryl converting enzyme inhibitor, enalapr]
===Sulfhydryl-containing agents===
* Captopril (trade name Capoten), the first ACE inhibitor
* Zofenopril

===Dicarboxylate-containing agents===
This is the largest group, including:
* Enalapril (Vasotec/Renitec)
* Ramipril (Altace/Prilace/Ramace/Ramiwin/Triatec/Tritace)
* Quinapril (Accupril)
* Perindopril (Coversyl/Aceon)
* Lisinopril (Listril/Lopril/Novatec/Prinivil/Zestril)
* Benazepril (Lotensin)
* Imidapril  (Tanatril)
* Zofenopril (Zofecard)
* Trandolapril (Mavik/Odrik/Gopten)

===Phosphonate-containing agents===
* Fosinopril (Fositen/Monopril) is the only member of this group

===Naturally occurring===
<!---
* Caso[[kinin]]s and lactokinins, breakdown products of casein and whey, occur naturally after ingestion of milk products, especially cultured milk. Their role in blood pressure control is uncertain.<ref name="FitzGerald2004">{{Cite journal|pmid=15051858 |year=2004 |author1=Fitzgerald |first2=BA |first3=DJ |title=Hypotensive peptides from milk proteins |volume=134 |issue=4 |pages=980S–8S |journal=The Journal of nutrition |last2=Murray |last3=Walsh}}</ref>
* The lactotripeptides Val-Pro-Pro and Ile-Pro-Pro produced by the [[probiotic]] ''[[Lactobacillus helveticus]]'' or derived from [[casein]] have been shown to have ACE-inhibiting and antihypertensive functions.<ref>{{Cite journal|pmid=16093403 |year=2005 |author1=Aihara |first2=O |first3=H |first4=R |first5=Y |title=Effect of powdered fermented milk with Lactobacillus helveticus on subjects with high-normal blood pressure or mild hypertension |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=257–65 |journal=Journal of the American College of Nutrition |last2=Kajimoto |last3=Hirata |last4=Takahashi |last5=Nakamura}}</ref><ref name="ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"/></ref> --->

*[http://www.cmj.org/Periodical/abstractlist.asp?titleid=LW20081119551876709401 Perindopril improved learning and memory in AD rats, which correlated with decreased ACE activity and delayed AD]
* Conclusions  ACE activity increased in the brains of AD rats. Perindopril improved learning and memory in AD rats, which correlated with decreased ACE activity and delayed AD pathogenesis
Several ACE inhibitors are on the market. Here is a list
of some by generic name followed by brand name(s).
*benazepril (Lotensin)
*captopril (Capoten)
*enalapril (Lexxel, Vaseretic, Vasotec)
*fosinopril (Monopril)
*lisinopril (Prinivil, Prinzide, Zestoretic, Zestril)
*moexipril (Univasc)
*quinapril (Accupril)
*ramipril (Altace)
*trandolapril (Mavik, Tarka) 

*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18679002  .Even hydrophilic ACE inhibitors can result in marked inhibition of brain ACE inside the BBB but that different brain structures show variable inhibition] <!--- Peripheral administration of blockers of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) may affect the RAS in the brain to a variable degree. In the present study, we determined inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in the brain after peripheral administration of a lipophilic (trandolapril) versus hydrophilic (lisinopril) ACE inhibitor. . Trandolapril and lisinopril caused similar inhibition of ligand binding outside the blood-brain barrier (BBB). However, inside the BBB, trandolapril was more effective at low and medium doses (for lisinopril, 28% to 51% inhibition at a dose of 2 mg, 63% to 72% at 10 mg, and 84% to 86% at 50 mg; and for trandolapril, 62% to 68% inhibition at a dose of 0.2 mg, 84% to 87% at 1 mg, and 88% to 93% at 5 mg). In contrast, in the brain structures caudate putamen and globus pallidus, lisinopril inhibited ligand binding better than trandolapril (for lisinopril 30% to 44% at a dose of 2 mg and 71% to 74% at 10 mg, versus for trandolapril 21% to 27% at 0.2 mg and 51% to 63% at 1 mg). At 24 h after the last dose, inhibition by trandolapril persisted more than inhibition by lisinopril both outside and inside the BBB.--->
*[http://www.cmj.org/Periodical/abstractlist.asp?titleid=LW20081119551876709401 Perindopril improved learning and memory in AD rats, which correlated with decreased ACE activity and delayed AD]
* Conclusions  ACE activity increased in the brains of AD rats. Perindopril improved learning and memory in AD rats, which correlated with decreased ACE activity and delayed AD pathogenesis

** '''BBB crossing ACE inhibitors/Centrally active ACE inhibitors include''' 
*captopril (Capoten, Bristol-Myers Squibb)
*fosinopril (Monopril, Bristol-Myers Squibb)
*ramipril (Altace, King Pharmaceuticals)
*trandolapril (Mavik, Abbott Laboratories, Tarka)
*lisinopril (Prinivil, Prinzide, Zestoretic, Zestril)
*Perindropril 
                      



**'''BBB Non Crossing/ Non–centrally active ACE inhibitors include'''
*benazepril (Lotensin, Novartis Pharmaceuticals)
*enalapril (Vasotec, Merck ,Lexxel )  
*moexipril (Univasc, Schwarz Pharma)
*quinapril (Accupril, Pfizer)
*Imidapril

==  Beneficial Role of Centrally Acting ACE Inhibitors in Congestive Heart Failure ==



*[http://ajpheart.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/287/5/H2138#SEC3  Benefical Role of Centrally Acting ACE Inhibitors in Congestive Heart Failure]
*[http://ajpheart.physiology.org/cgi/content/abstract/287/5/H2138  Critically important contribution of the brain renin-angiotensin system to the pathophysiology of congestive heart failure.]
<!--- In summary, the present study provides compelling evidence that exaggerated activity of the brain renin-angiotensin system contributes substantially to the autonomic dysregulation observed in chronic HF. In fact, treatment of central ACE alone, with no other intervention, completely normalized indexes of volume regulation and substantially improved sympathetic regulation. Current clinical therapy with ACE inhibitors, directed toward the peripheral renin-angiotensin system, may not adequately treat the higher concentrations of ACE in the central nervous system; by increasing circulating ANG I, such treatment may actually exaggerate autonomic abnormalities in HF by providing substrate for the relatively untreated ACE in circumventricular organs of the brain. In experimental HF, ACE activity has been shown to be increased within the blood-brain barrier as well. It remains to be determined whether modifying ACE inhibitors to facilitate their access to these structures within the blood-brain barrier might improve outcomes in this devastating disease.--->
*[http://hyper.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/51/3/727  ALDO of adrenal origin enters the hypothalamus in direct proportion to plasma levels and suggest that ALDO contributes to the upregulation of hypothalamic RAS activity and sympathetic drive in heart failure.]
*[http://cardiovascres.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/66/2/256 Sympathetic neuronal regulation of the heart in aging and heart failure  Sympathetic nervous system in the failing heart and the healthy, aging heart, and consider whether the sympathetic activation accompanying aging may, perhaps, underlie and contribute to the neural pathophysiology of heart failure.... conclusion , on balance, that this proposition is not supported by the available evidence.]
*<!--- The documentation of preferential activation of the cardiac sympathetic outflow in patients with heart failure swept aside an entrenched notion that there was a functional sympathetic denervation of the failing heart and provided a theoretical basis for the clinical evaluation of β-adrenergic blocker therapy in this condition. The demonstration that heightened sympathetic nervous system activity is central to the pathogenesis and progression of congestive heart failure (CHF) has now led to the rational use of β-adrenoceptor blockade in CHF. More recently, it has also emerged that the aging heart exhibits some of the characteristic changes in autonomic control which are seen in CHF. Accordingly, alterations in cardiac sympathetic nerve function are now thought to contribute also to the pathophysiology of the aging heart. Furthermore, there is evidence that in humans, sympathoexcitatory rostral projections of brainstem noradrenergic neurons to the forebrain are important in the sympathetic nervous activation of both heart failure and aging. Given these similarities, in this review we compare and contrast the neurobiology of the sympathetic nervous system in the failing heart and the healthy, aging heart, and consider whether the sympathetic activation accompanying aging may, perhaps, underlie and contribute to the neural pathophysiology of heart failure. Our conclusion is, on balance, that this proposition is not supported by the available evidence.--->

== Dynamics & Flux Between Amyloid β fragments  [[Beta amyloid]] & Blood Pressure & Autonomous System-   Dementia as a Case Study ==

* Brain tissue has ACE enzyme, which takes part in local RAS and converts Aβ42 (which aggregates into plaques) to Aβ40 (which is thought to be less toxic) forms of beta amyloid. The latter is predominantly a function of N domain portion on the ACE enzyme. ACE inhibitors that cross the blood–brain barrier and have preferentially selected N-terminal activity may therefore cause accumulation of Aβ42 and progression of dementia.

{{quotation| Brain has ACE enzyme which takes part in local [[RAAS]] and converts  Aβ42 (  plaquogenic ) to  Aβ40( more soluble and removal ) forms of  [[Beta amyloid|Beta amyloid]] ; latter is predominantly a function of N domain portion on the ACE enzyme; Inhibition of ACE with ACE Inhibitors, especially Blood Brain Barrier crossing and with preferentially select N terminal activity would cause accumulation of  Aβ42 which is plaquogenic possibly causing progression of dementia ( if plaque is the cause vs downstream fragments of degradation to Aβ40 and further smaller fragments which are considered inflammatory and possibly even more damaging; preferential C domain active BBB crossing ACE would likely have less of this ( latter ) effect.

* '''A Concept Being Invoked Here:'''  Various studies and thoughts about Amyloid dementia and possibly other similar situation are possibly governed by the following conceptual algorithm.

**A dam fills up and possibly spills in catchment area which normally may be dry and causes damage to shoreline: The tissue Surrounding the plaque may be damaged likewise. What teleological, possibly beneficial, purpose this plaque serves?
**The dam, then, soon overflows and the overflow may be contained along the canal/river within the bank : No damaging effect is noticeable to the tissue surrounding this drainage path ie if controlled degradation of  Aβ42 (  plaquogenic ) to  Aβ40( more soluble and removal ) forms of  [[Beta amyloid|Beta amyloid]], as it is removed faster than it is produced, unless even transients are damaging enough.
**The canal/river then spills to its bank if the inflow is heavier : The spillage from fragments   may be damaging if not removed fast enough or the rate of production is higher than removal, unless even transients are damaging enough..
**** '''THUS: Rates of formation and degradation are the key issues and various studies need to be viewed/ reevaluated in this light. What teleological, possibly beneficial, purpose this plaque serves?     '''    }}
* [http://www.jbc.org/content/282/33/23818.full]  study also raises some concerns about therapeutic efforts to block or reverse the formation of Aβ fibrils. The risk/benefit ratio of this approach might critically depend on the extent to which it also diminishes the pool of pathogenic Aβ oligomers. Within the obvious constraints of mouse-to-human extrapolations, our data caution against any strategies that decrease Aβ fibrils at the cost of augmenting pathogenic Aβ oligomers. They also raise the possibility that promoting fibril formation in ways that bypass oligomer formation or rapidly sequester oligomers into more inert fibrils might be of therapeutic benefit. Additional studies are needed to further test these hypotheses
<!--- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18679002 ACE inhibitors vs ACE for and against dementia]   

== Ach dynamics and Dementia ==



== Angiotensin II Inhibitors and Dementia ==

<!---http://www.modern-psychiatry.com/angiot__ii_blockers.html 
ACE Inhibitors and Angiotensin II Blockers Better for Sex Drive --->
<!--- http://qualitycounts.com/drugs/hypertension/fparb.html Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker (ARB)--->
<!---http://content.onlinejacc.org/cgi/content/full/43/8/1343 Cerebroprotection mediated by angiotensin II 2004 J Am Coll Cardiol, 2004; 43:1343-1347, doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2003.10.060
<!--http://www.alzheimersweekly.com/plugins/p2_news/printarticle.php?p2_articleid=578--->
<!--- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19635982?dopt=Abstract  Cognitive deficit in amyloid-beta-injected mice was improved by pretreatment with a low dose of telmisartan partly because of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma activation.  --->

<!--- http://qualitycounts.com/drugs/hypertension/fparb.html  Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker (ARB)

Click here for why I feel that Micardis® (telmisartan) should be the first line treatment for hypertension --->

*
<!--- 
	   Unifying hypothesis
 Top
 Abstract
 Do diuretics have a...
 Diuretics in combination therapy
 Beta-blockers
 Calcium antagonists
 Angiotensin II receptor blockers...
 Angiotensin-converting enzyme...
 Unifying hypothesis
Experimental evidence
 Conclusions
 References
 
Our brief review seems to indicate that even though they lower BP to a similar extent, not all antihypertensive drug classes are equal in their cerebroprotective effect. This seems to hold true in hypertensive patients with a low incidence of coronary artery disease, such as in CAPPP, PATS, and PROGRESS. Specifically, diuretics, calcium antagonists, and ARBs, which increase angiotensin II formation (by stimulating renin secretion through sodium depletion [32], sympathetic activation [33,34], or blunting of the negative feedback [32], respectively) seem to have an edge over ACE inhibitors and beta-blockers, which decrease angiotensin II formation. The contrast between these drug classes that have an opposite effect on angiotensin II formation seems to be particularly important in low-renin populations, such as in hypertensive African Americans (32), in whom in ALLHAT (11,13) the stroke risk with lisinopril was 40% higher than that with chlorthalidone, which is unlikely to be related to the 4-mm Hg difference in SBP. In their hypothesis, Brown and Brown (1) suggested that the vasoconstrictive effect of angiotensin II in the proximal cerebral arteries could prevent Charcot-Bouchard aneurysms from rupturing. However, this AT1 receptor-mediated vasoconstrictive effect could only explain prevention of hemorrhagic but not ischemic strokes. To explain the reduction in ischemic strokes, which are far more prevalent, we further postulate that activation of the AT2 receptors by drugs that generate elevated levels of angiotensin II facilitates the recruitment of collateral vessels and increases neuronal resistance to anoxia.
	   Conclusions
 Top
 Abstract
 Do diuretics have a...
 Diuretics in combination therapy
 Beta-blockers
 Calcium antagonists
 Angiotensin II receptor blockers...
 Angiotensin-converting enzyme...
 Unifying hypothesis
 Experimental evidence
 Conclusions
References
 
Recent trials have documented better stroke protection with diuretics, calcium antagonists, and ARBs compared with ACE inhibitors and beta-blockers. Clinical and experimental observations support the concept that this reduction of strokes may be mediated by AT2 receptors in small cerebral arteries. For any given fall in arterial pressure, drugs that activate these receptors have been shown to be more beneficial than drugs that are devoid of such activation (at least in patients with a low incidence of cardiac complications). As with all hypotheses, the Emmenthal cheese principle applies—it looks good, it smells good, it tastes good, but it has large holes! However, stroke is the most devastating consequence of hypertensive cardiovascular disease, and its prevention is the foremost goal of antihypertensive therapy. Our hypothesis of cerebroprotection by AT2 receptor activation should be thoroughly tested by a head-to-head comparison of an ARB and an ACE inhibitor in a patient population at high risk of cerebrovascular disease.















--->
<!---http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2719108/ AT4R ANG IV Angiotensins and Alzheimer's disease: a bench to bedside overview -->

<!---A hypothesis supported by recent randomized clinical trials--->
<!--- Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker (ARB)

Click here for why I feel that Micardis® (telmisartan) should be the first line treatment for hypertension.

Related Topics:

Hypertension / pulse pressure / hardening of the arteries / angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) / ace inhibitors / alpha blockers / calcium channel blockers / diuretics / beta blockers / Renin Inhibitors /  Vanlev (omapatrilat) / aldosterone blockers / dihydropyridine (DHP) calcium antagonist / first line treatment for hypertension

Popular ARBs:

Cozaar® (losartan) / Diovan® (valsartan)  Avapro® (irbesartan) / Atacand® (candesartan) / Micardis® (telmisartan) / Benicar (olmesartan)

News & Research:

Angiotensin-II Receptor Antagonists: Their Place in Therapy - American Academy of Family Physicians
Neuroendocrine characterization and anorexigenic effects of telmisartan in diet- and glitazone-induced weight gain - Metabolism. 2009 Sep 28 - "Telmisartan prevents weight gain and decreases food intake in models of obesity and in glitazone-treated rodents" - Note:  That might be another reason for using telmisartan as a first line treatment for hypertension.
Valsartan Reduces Morbidity And Mortality In Japanese Patients With High Risk Hypertension: Results From The KYOTO HEART Study - Science Daily, 9/1/09
Cognitive Deficit in Amyloid-{beta}-Injected Mice Was Improved by Pretreatment With a Low Dose of Telmisartan Partly Because of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-{gamma} Activation - Hypertension. 2009 Jul 27 - "Taken together, our findings suggest that even a low dose of telmisartan had a preventive effect on cognitive decline in an Alzheimer disease mouse model, partly because of PPAR-gamma activation"
Achieving blood pressure goals: should angiotensin II receptor blockers become first-line treatment in hypertension? - J Hypertens. 2009 Jul;27 Suppl 5:S9-14 - "Recently, the ONgoing Telmisartan Alone and in combination with Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial (ONTARGET) study established that telmisartan reduces morbidity and mortality in a broad cross-section of patients at high risk for heart and vascular events, to an extent similar to that of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor ramipril. In addition, ONTARGET demonstrated that telmisartan is somewhat better tolerated than ramipril. Attributes such as effective blood pressure lowering, tolerability and convincing outcomes data mean that ARBs satisfy the requirements for first-line antihypertensive agents"
Effects of angiotensin II receptor blockers on diabetic nephropathy - J Hypertens. 2009 Jul;27 Suppl 5:S15-21 - "Key beneficial effects of ARBs and ACE inhibitors throughout the kidney disease continuum are primarily explained by blood pressure lowering effects and partially by their direct blockade of angiotensin II. Recent studies have shown that telmisartan, an ARB with high lipophilicity and the longest half-life compared with other ARBs, provides benefits on markers of cardiovascular risk, that is, microalbuminuria and slowing of early-stage nephropathy"
Clinical evidence from ONTARGET: the value of an angiotensin II receptor blocker and an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor - J Hypertens. 2009 Jul;27 Suppl 5:S23-9 - "Telmisartan was better tolerated than ramipril in this high-risk population: notably, the incidence of cough and angioedema was significantly lower with telmisartan alone. Thus, telmisartan provides comparable efficacy to ramipril with less adverse events, which may encourage patient compliance"
Liver Disease 'Shrunk' By Blood-pressure Drug - Science Daily, 6/2/09 - "analysed a small clinical trial of losartan, a drug normally prescribed for hypertension, on 14 patients in Spain, who had Hepatitis C ... Half of the patients in the trial saw the scars in their liver shrink allowing the organ to repair itself ... Researchers believe that the drug blocks the signalling pathway so that the liver myofibroblasts die, removing the source of scar tissue. As the scar tissue breaks up, the damaged area of the liver is repaired by the body"
Breast Cancer Gene Can Be Blocked By Blood Pressure Drug - Science Daily, 6/1/09 - "The gene, called AGTR1, caused normal breast cells to behave like cancer cells. This behavior was reversed by treatment with the blood pressure drug losartan. Tumors in mice that expressed AGTR1 shrunk by 30 percent eight weeks after treatment with losartan"
Telmisartan Increases the Permeability of Endothelial Cells through Zonula Occludens-1 - Biol Pharm Bull. 2009 Mar;32(3):416-20 - "telmisartan but not valsartan downregulated ZO-1 mRNA and protein levels, disrupted the distribution of ZO-1 in cultured endothelial cells, and increased the permeability of endothelial cells in a dose-dependent manner ... telmisartan disrupts the continuous pericellular distribution of ZO-1, downregulates the expression of ZO-1 in endothelial cells, and increases the permeability of endothelial cells at least partly through PI3K and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-dependent pathway"
Antihypertensive efficacy of telmisartan vs ramipril over the 24-h dosing period, including the critical early morning hours: a pooled analysis of the PRISMA I and II randomized trials - J Hum Hypertens. 2009 Feb 19 - "The adjusted mean treatment differences in the last 6-h mean ambulatory SBP/DBP were -5.8/-4.2 mm Hg after 8 weeks and -4.1/-3.0 mm Hg after 14 weeks, in favour of telmisartan (P<0.0001 for all four comparisons). Secondary end point results, including the mean 24-h ambulatory BP monitoring, day- and night-time BP and 24-h BP load, also significantly favoured telmisartan (P<0.0001). Both treatments were well tolerated; adverse events, including cough, were less common with telmisartan. These findings suggest that telmisartan is more effective than ramipril throughout the 24-h period and during the EMBPS; this may be attributable to telmisartan's long duration of effect, which is sustained throughout the 24-h dosing period" - Click here for why I feel telmisartan should be a first line treatment for hypertension. See telmisartan at OffshoreRX.com.
Telmisartan induces proliferation of human endothelial progenitor cells via PPARgamma-dependent PI3K/Akt pathway - Atherosclerosis. 2008 Dec 31 - "since endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are thought to play a critical role in ischemic diseases, we investigated effects of telmisartan on proliferation of EPCs ... These findings suggest that telmisartan might contribute to endothelial integrity and vasculogenesis in ischemic regions by increasing numbers of EPCs"
Hypertension Drug Dramatically Reduces Proteinuria In Kidney Disease Patients - Science Daily, 2/22/09 - "patients taking 128 mg of candesartan experienced more than a 33% reduction in proteinuria compared with those receiving 16 mg candesartan by the end of the study. This reduction was in addition to the reduction in proteinuria that the patients would have had when they first started taking candesartan at 16 mg daily"
Telmisartan improves insulin resistance in high renin nonmodulating salt-sensitive hypertensives - J Hypertens. 2008 Dec;26(12):2393-8 - "Nonmodulating (NMHT) is a high-renin subtype of salt sensitive hypertension, which additionally develops insulin resistance and oxidative stress. Conversely, modulating hypertensives (MHT) normally regulates renal hemodynamics after high sodium intake without metabolic impairment ... In NMHT, telmisartan, after 3 months treatment, significantly reduced fasting and 120 min insulinemia (fasting: 8.4 +/- 2, 120 min: 25 +/- 10 muU%; P < 0.01) compared either to basal values or ramipril treatment. Similarly, only in NMHT, compared with basal values and ramipril treatment, telmisartan improved the HOMA-IR index in both MHT (2.76 +/- 0.16 to 2.24 +/- 0.18, P < 0.05) and NMHT (from: 4.4 +/- 1 to 2.3 +/- 0.7) and triglyceride plasma levels (MHT: from 139 +/- 1.85 to 122 +/- 2.4 mg%, P < 0.05; NMHT: from: 223 +/- 12 to 146 +/- 10 mg%, P < 0.01). Finally, highly sensitive C-protein-reactive protein values were higher in NMHT (0.33 +/- 0.07 mg.dl) than in MHT (0.14 +/- 0.06 mg.dl; P < 0.01). Both treatments reduced highly sensitive C-protein-reactive protein in NMHT. (ramipril from 0.32 +/- 0.05 mg.dl to 0.26 +/- 0.06 m.dl (P < 0.05) and telmisartan from 0.34 +/- 0.05+/- to 0.20 +/- 0.05 mg.dl (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that the improvement of the insulin sensitivity by telmisartan, instead of a similar effect on blood pressure shown by both drugs, could be ascribed to the PPAR agonistic action of telmisartan. This opens an interesting therapeutic approach for patients with hypertension and altered glycemic metabolism"
Telmisartan prevents aneurysm progression in the rat by inhibiting proteolysis, apoptosis and inflammation - J Hypertens. 2008 Dec;26(12):2361-73 - "The angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist, telmisartan, prevents abdominal aortic aneurysm progression independently of blood pressure reduction by inhibiting proteolysis, apoptosis and inflammation in aortic tissue"
Angiotensin II type 2 receptor blockade increases bone mass - J Biol Chem. 2008 Nov 11 - "Treatment with AT2 receptor blocker significantly enhanced the levels of bone mass and this effect was based on the enhancement of osteoblastic activity as well as the suppression of osteoclastic activity in vivo"
Effects of Telmisartan and Ramipril on Adiponectin and Blood Pressure in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes - Am J Hypertens. 2008 Oct 30 - "There was a significant increase in adiponectin levels in the telmisartan (0.68 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.27 to 1.10) microg/ml, P < 0.01) but not in the ramipril group" - See my adiponectin page.  An increase in adiponectin is a good thing.
Telmisartan versus angiotension-converting enzyme inhibitors in the treatment of hypertension: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials - J Hum Hypertens. 2008 Nov 6 - "Telmisartan had fewer drug-related adverse events than enalapril (RR 0.57, 95% CI 0.44-0.74), ramipril (RR 0.44, 95% CI 0.26-0.75), lisinopril (RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.56-0.89) and perindopril (RR 0.52, 95% CI 0.28-0.98). The meta-analysis indicates that telmisartan provides a superior BP control to ACEIs (enalapril, ramipril and perindopril) and has fewer drug-related adverse events and better tolerability in hypertensive patients" - Click here for reasons telmisartan might be a first line treatment.
Beneficial Effects of Combination Therapy with Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor on Vascular Endothelial Function - Hypertens Res. 2008 Aug;31(8):1603-10 - "these results suggest that the angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitor perindopril is superior to the calcium channel blocker amlodipine for reducing vascular endothelial dysfunction when co-administered with angiotensin receptor blockers in patients with essential hypertension"
Angiotensin receptor blockers in the treatment of NASH/NAFLD: Could they be a first-class option? - Adv Ther. 2008 Oct 29 - "Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) ... nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) ... In our opinion there are two major advantages of ARBs that make them a possible therapeutic option for treating NASH and MS: their specific antihypertensive effect, and their impact on liver fibrosis. In light of this, and based on the current evidence (including existent human studies), we can speculate that some ARBs like telmisartan, candesartan, and losartan can be beneficial in treating NASH/NAFLD and its consequences, and further larger controlled clinical trials will bring consistent data into this field"
Association of ACE Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers With Keratinocyte Cancer Prevention in the Randomized VATTC Trial - oncologystat.com, 9/3/08 - "squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) and basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) ... Time to new BCC was 2.5 years for ACE inhibitor or ARB users and 2.2 years for nonusers. The absolute incidence rate of BCCs per 1000 patient-years was lower among ACE inhibitor/ARB users than nonusers (154 vs 233; unadjusted incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 0.66 ... Time to new SCC was 2.9 years for ACE inhibitor or ARB users and 2.6 years for nonusers. The absolute incidence rate of BCCs per 1000 patient-years was lower among ACE inhibitor/ARB users than nonusers (83 vs 141; unadjusted IRR = 0.58"
Effects of telmisartan on adiponectin levels and body weight in hypertensive patients with glucose intolerance - Metabolism. 2008 Oct;57(10):1473-8 - "Telmisartan decreased body weight while increasing serum adiponectin levels in hypertensive patients with glucose intolerance. Candesartan did not achieve similar improvements in these patients. Among ARBs, telmisartan may have a larger impact on obesity-related diseases that can lead to cardiovascular disorders"
Effects of the angiotensin-receptor blocker telmisartan on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients intolerant to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: a randomised controlled trial - Lancet. 2008 Aug 29 - "Telmisartan was well tolerated in patients unable to tolerate ACE inhibitors. Although the drug had no significant effect on the primary outcome of this study, which included hospitalisations for heart failure, it modestly reduced the risk of the composite outcome of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke"
Medication To Lower Blood Pressure Reduces Outcome Of Cardiovascular Death, Heart Attack Or Stroke, Study Suggests - Science Daily, 8/31/08 - "Telmisartan reduced the outcome of cardiovascular death, heart attack, stroke or hospitalization for heart failure by a relative eight per cent ... However, when the outcome included cardiovascular death, heart attack or stroke (and not hospitalization for heart failure), telmisartan reduced that outcome by a significant 13 per cent"
Angiotensin Inhibitors And Receptor Blockers Linked To Lower Risk Of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer - Science Daily, 8/28/08 - "The group taking either an ACE inhibitor or ARBs had a 39 percent relative reduction in incidence of basal cell cancer and a 33 percent relative reduction in squamous cell cancers compared with nonusers"
Comparison of the effects of telmisartan and olmesartan on home blood pressure, glucose, and lipid profiles in patients with hypertension, chronic heart failure, and metabolic syndrome - Hypertens Res. 2008 May;31(5):921-9 - "telmisartan had more beneficial effects on glucose and lipid profiles in patients with relatively high HbA1c, serum total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride levels. Therefore, we concluded that telmisartan was more beneficial than olmesartan for controlling blood pressure in the early morning, as well as for improving glucose and lipid profiles in patients with hypertension, chronic heart failure, and metabolic syndrome" - Click here for why I feel that telmisartan should be the first line treatment for hypertension.
Telmisartan prevented cognitive decline partly due to PPAR-gamma activation - Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2008 Aug 17 - "Pretreatment with a non-hypotensive dose of telmisartan significantly inhibited such cognitive decline. Interestingly, co-treatment with GW9662, a PPAR-gamma antagonist, partially inhibited this improvement of cognitive decline. Another ARB, losartan, which has less PPAR-gamma agonistic effect, also inhibited Abeta-injection-induced cognitive decline; however the effect was smaller than that of telmisartan and was not affected by GW9662. Immunohistochemical staining for Abeta showed the reduced Abeta deposition in telmisartan-treated mice. However, this reduction was not observed in mice co-administered GW9662. These findings suggest that ARB has a preventive effect on cognitive impairment in Alzheimer disease, and telmisartan, with PPAR-gamma activation, could exert a stronger effect"
The angiotensin II receptor blocker telmisartan improves insulin resistance and has beneficial effects in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes and poor glycemic control - Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2008 Aug 8 - "The telmisartan significantly improved HOMA-IR in hypertensive patients and also significantly decreased HbA1c in type 2 diabetic patients especially in the patients with poor glycemic control (HbA1c>==8.0%). These results indicate that telmisartan improves insulin resistance and gives beneficial effects in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes and a poor glycemic control"
The angiotensin II receptor blocker telmisartan improves insulin resistance and has beneficial effects in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes and poor glycemic control - Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2008 Aug 8 - "The telmisartan significantly improved HOMA-IR in hypertensive patients and also significantly decreased HbA1c in type 2 diabetic patients especially in the patients with poor glycemic control (HbA1c>==8.0%). These results indicate that telmisartan improves insulin resistance and gives beneficial effects in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes and a poor glycemic control" - Just another reason I feel that telmisartan should be the first line treatment for hypertension.  Click here for other reasons.  See telmisartan at OffshoreRX.com.
Angiotensin Receptor Blockers Are Lower Incidence, Progression Of Alzheimer's Disease - Science Daily, 7/27/08 - "Researchers at Boston University School of Medicine (BUSM) have, for the first time, found that angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)—a particular class of anti-hypertensive medicines—are associated with a striking decrease in the occurrence and progression of dementia"
Telmisartan but not candesartan affects adiponectin expression in vivo and in vitro - Hypertens Res. 2008 Apr;31(4):601-6 - "the changes in serum adiponectin and plasma glucose over 3 months were significantly greater in the telmisartan group than in the candesartan group. In vitro, although the protein level of adiponectin was not significantly elevated, the mRNA expression of adiponectin was elevated 1.5-fold by telmisartan in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Our findings suggest that telmisartan may have beneficial effects in type 2 diabetes beyond its antihypertensive effect" - I've been saying that telmisartan should be the first line treatment for hypertension for some time now if natural methods such as coenzyme Q10 don't work.
Telmisartan, an Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blocker, Improves Coronary Microcirculation and Insulin Resistance among Essential Hypertensive Patients without Left Ventricular Hypertrophy - Hypertens Res. 2008 Apr;31(4):615-22 - "Coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) ... CFVR was improved in the telmisartan group (2.4+/-0.4 to 2.9+/-0.4; p<0.01), but there was no difference in the nifedipine group (2.5+/-0.3 to 2.5+/-0.3; n.s.). HOMA-IR was improved in the telmisartan group (3.1+/-1.1 to 1.6+/-0.7; p<0.01), but there was no difference in the nifedipine group (2.8+/-1.1 to 2.4+/-0.7; n.s.). In conclusion, this study demonstrates that antihypertensive therapy with telmisartan, but not nifedipine, has a beneficial effect on coronary microcirculation and insulin resistance among essential hypertensive patients"
Microalbuminuria Reduction with Telmisartan in Normotensive and Hypertensive Japanese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Post-Hoc Analysis of the Incipient to Overt: Angiotensin II Blocker, Telmisartan, Investigation on Type 2 Diabetic Nephropathy (INNOVATION) Study - Hypertens Res. 2008 Apr;31(4):657-64 - "The patients treated with either dose of telmisartan showed lower transition rates from microalbuminuria to overt nephropathy compared to the placebo group. In addition, more patients on telmisartan reverted to normoalbuminuria (UACR<30 mg/g creatinine): 15.5% of the 40 mg group, 19.6% of the 80 mg group, and 1.9% of the placebo group ... Side effects did not differ among the groups. The present study demonstrates that telmisartan prevents the progression of microalbuminuria (in some cases induces remission of albuminuria) in normotensive Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes. Telmisartan is shown to be safe and well tolerated in these patients"
Effect of irbesartan on erectile function in patients with hypertension and metabolic syndrome - Int J Impot Res. 2008 Jul 3 - "Erectile function increased significantly (P<0.0001) after 6 months of treatment with irbesartan, irrespective of dosage and independent of additional treatment with hydrochlorothiazide. Prevalence of ED declined to 63.7% from 78.5% at baseline, along with a significant increase in orgasmic function (P<0.001) and intercourse satisfaction (P<0.001). Treatment with irbesartan alone, as well as in combination with hydrochlorothiazide is associated with an improvement of sexual desire, frequency of sexual contacts and erectile function in hypertensive patients with the metabolic syndrome. These results suggest a beneficial role of angiotensin receptor antagonists in the treatment of metabolic syndrome, and ED" - Note:  I've been suggesting telmisartan (an ARB) for some time as the first line treatment for hypertension.  See telmisartan at OffshoreRX.
Hypertension Treatment Effective In Reversing Vascular Damage, Study Suggests - Science Daily, 6/17/08 - "A hypertension medication called olmesartan medoxomil is effective in reversing the narrowing of the arteries that occurs in patients with high blood pressure ... After one year of treatment, olmesartan medoxomil improved the artery abnormalities in high blood pressure patients and returned arterial architecture to normal levels. This was not seen with the atenolol"
Telmisartan is more effective than losartan in reducing proteinuria in patients with diabetic nephropathy - Kidney Int. 2008 May 21 - "telmisartan is superior to losartan in reducing proteinuria in hypertensive patients with diabetic nephropathy, despite a similar reduction in blood pressure" - Just one more reason I feel telmisartan should be the first line treatment for hypertension if natural methods such as coenzyme Q10 don't work.  See telmisartan at OffshoreRX.com.
Effects of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor and Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonist Combination on Nitric Oxide Bioavailability and Atherosclerotic Change in Watanabe Heritable Hyperlipidemic Rabbits - Hypertens Res. 2008 Mar;31(3):575-84 - "1) vehicle (control), 2) the ACEI enalapril (E: 3 mg/kg/day), 3) the ARB losartan (L: 30 mg/kg/day) and 4) enalapril (1.5 mg/kg/day) + losartan (15 mg/kg/day) (E+L). Intra-aortic infusion of ACh produced an increase in plasma NO concentration, which was significantly greater with all the drug treatments than with the control. E increased ACh-induced NO significantly more than L (by 6.9 nmol/L, and 4.7 nmol/L, respectively). E+L increased ACh-induced NO by 9.5 nmol/L, significantly more than either E or L ... the combined treatment with an ACEI and an ARB may have additive protective effects on endothelial function as well as atherosclerotic change"
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors, Angiotensin Receptor Blockers, or Both for Patients With Proteinuria? A Best Evidence Review - Medscape, 5/20/08 - "Most significantly, the addition of ACEIs to ARBs reduced proteinuria to a greater degree than ARBs alone (ratio of means 0.76 at 1 to 4 months and 0.75 at 5 to 12 months). Combination therapy was also superior to treatment with ACEIs alone ... The 2 important conclusions that can be drawn from this meta-analysis are that ARBs are not superior to ACEIs in improving proteinuria, and that the combination of these 2 treatments appears superior in this outcome compared with either treatment alone ... Two of the biggest safety concerns regarding the combination therapy include the risks for hyperkalemia and acute worsening of renal function. A review of the literature, however, suggests that these risks may not be significantly worse with combination treatment vs monotherapy"
Telmisartan increases fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle through a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma dependent pathway - J Hypertens. 2008 Jun;26(6):1209-1215 - "telmisartan may increase energy expenditure and protect against dietary induced obesity and features of the metabolic syndrome at least in part by increasing muscle fatty acid oxidation through activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma"
Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials Comparing Telmisartan With Losartan in the Treatment of Patients With Hypertension - Am J Hypertens. 2008 May;21(5):546-52. Epub 2008 Mar 20 - "In comparison with losartan, telmisartan provides superior control of BP and has no association with increased risk of adverse events"
Valsartan Improves Arterial Stiffness in Type 2 Diabetes Independently of Blood Pressure Lowering - Hypertension. 2008 Apr 21 - "Increased arterial stiffness, as estimated from aortic pulse wave velocity (Ao-PWV), and albuminuria are independent predictors for cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) ... Ao-PWV showed a significantly greater reduction, mean (95% CI), -0.9 m/s (-1.4 to -0.3) for valsartan/HCTZ compared to amlodipine (P=0.002). AER fell significantly only with Val/HCTZ from 30.8(20.4, 46.5) to 18.2(12.5, 26.3) mcg/min, (P=0.01) with between treatment difference in favor of Val/HCTZ of -15.3mcg/min" - Telmisartan, another ARB and my first line plug, will decrease arterial stiffness also.  See:
Angiotensin II Antagonist Telmisartan Fights Stiffening Arteries In Hypertensive Diabetics - Doctor's Guide, 4/6/01 - "not only effectively lowered blood pressure compared with placebo, but also significantly decreased arterial stiffness" - See telmisartan at OffshoreRX.
Blood Pressure Drugs Halt Pancreatic Cancer Cell Growth, Researchers Find - Science Daily, 4/14/08 - "one type of pressure-lowering drug called an angiotensin receptor blocker inhibits pancreatic cancer cell growth and causes cell death"
Effects of telmisartan, a unique angiotensin receptor blocker with selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma-modulating activity, on nitric oxide bioavailability and atherosclerotic change - J Hypertens. 2008 May;26(5):964-972 - "In addition to a class effect of ARBs, telmisartan may have additional effects on nitric oxide bioavailability and atherosclerotic change through its PPARgamma-mediated effects in genetically hyperlipidemic rabbits" - Just one more reason to consider telmisartan as a first line treatment for hypertension. See telmisartan at OffshoreRX.com.
Telmisartan, an Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blocker, Inhibits Advanced Glycation End-product (AGE)-elicited Hepatic Insulin Resistance via Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor-gamma Activation - J Int Med Res. 2008 Mar-Apr;36(2):237-43 - "Candesartan, another ARB, did not affect AGEs-induced serine phosphorylation of IRS-1 at serine-307 residues in Hep3B cells. Our study suggests that telmisartan could improve AGE-elicited insulin resistance in Hep3B cells by inhibiting serine phosphorylation of IRS-1, at least in part, via activation of PPAR-gamma" - Note:  That might be another reason for considering telmisartan as a first line treatment for hypertension.  See telmisartan at OffshoreRX.com.
Telmisartan, Ramipril, or Both in Patients at High Risk for Vascular Events - N Engl J Med. 2008 Mar 31 - "Telmisartan was equivalent to ramipril in patients with vascular disease or high-risk diabetes and was associated with less angioedema. The combination of the two drugs was associated with more adverse events without an increase in benefit" - Yeah but if you have to go with two drugs it sure seems like it's the least of all the evils regarding side effects.  See telmisartan at OffshoreRX.com.
ONTARGET: ARB Similar to ACE - Medscape, 3/31/08 - "The angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) telmisartan (Micardis, Boehringer Ingelheim) was "noninferior" to the ACE inhibitor ramipril in patients with vascular disease or high-risk diabetes in the landmark ONTARGET trial"
New Blood Pressure Medication Has Fewer Side Effects, Global Study Suggests - Science Daily, 3/31/08 - "The study found a new drug telmisartan is as effective as the popular drug ramipril in reducing cardiovascular death in high risk patients and it has fewer side effects" - I've been plugging telmisartan for some time now.  Click here.  See telmisartan at OffshoreRX.com.
Telmisartan treatment decreases visceral fat accumulation and improves serum levels of adiponectin and vascular inflammation markers in Japanese hypertensive patients - Hypertens Res. 2007 Dec;30(12):1205-10 - "telmisartan treatment was associated with an improvement of vascular inflammation, reductions in visceral fat and increases in serum adiponectin"
Angiotensin II receptor blocker inhibits tumour necrosis factor-alpha-induced cell damage in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells - Nephrology (Carlton). 2008 Mar 5 - "The present study demonstrates that TNF-alpha induces renal tubular cell damage in RPTEC and AT1/AT2 receptor blockers showed cytoprotective effects probably via at least partly different mechanism"
Treatment of hypertension in individuals with the cardiometabolic syndrome: role of an angiotensin II receptor blocker, telmisartan - Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2008 Mar;6(3):289-303 - "Concerning drug treatment of hypertension associated with other cardiometabolic risk factors, many results of head-to-head studies have demonstrated a reduction in new-onset Type 2 diabetes in hypertensive patients treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers, when compared with conventional antihypertensive therapy. The explanations of the different actions of both these drugs include several mechanisms related to pancreatic insulin release and insulin sensitivity improvement. Another mechanism by which the inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system may improve insulin sensitivity is through the partial peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonism of telmisartan. For that reason, telmisartan has been considered by some experts to be an antihypertensive agent that is particularly useful in the treatment of hypertension associated with cardiometabolic risk factors"
Reduced incidence of new-onset atrial fibrillation with angiotensin II receptor blockade: the VALUE trial - J Hypertens. 2008 Mar;26(3):403-411 - "These findings suggest that angiotensin II receptor blockers may result in greater benefits than calcium antagonists in hypertensive patients at risk of new-onset AF"
Effects of angiotensin II type 1-receptor blockade on retinal endothelial function - J Hypertens. 2008 Mar;26(3):516-22 - "AT1-receptor blockade with irbesartan improves endothelial function of the retinal vasculature, taken as a model of cerebral circulation"
Effect of Telmisartan on Nitric Oxide-Asymmetrical Dimethylarginine System. Role of Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor and Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor {gamma} Signaling During Endothelial Aging - Hypertension. 2008 Feb 4 - "Telmisartan, in addition to blocking angiotensin (Ang) II type 1 receptor (AT1R), activates peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) signaling that interferes with nitric oxide (NO) system. Because aging of endothelial cells (ECs) is hallmarked by a reduction in NO synthesis, we hypothesized that telmisartan increases NO formation by regulated asymmetrical dimethylarginine (ADMA)-dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH)-system through blocking AT1R and activating PPARgamma signaling ... During the process of aging, PPARgamma protein expression decreased significantly, whereas the expression of AT1R increased. Telmisartan reversed these effects and dose-dependently decreased reactive oxygen species and 8-iso-prostaglandin (PG) F2alpha formation ... telmisartan mainly by activating PPARgamma signaling can alter the catabolism and release of ADMA as an important cardiovascular risk factor. We therefore propose that telmisartan translationally and posttranslationally upregulated DDAH expression via activation of PPARgamma signaling, causing ADMA to diminish and increase NO synthesis sufficient to delay senescence"
Establishing A New Option for Target-organ Protection: Rationale for ARB Plus ACE Inhibitor Combination Therapy - Am J Hypertens. 2008 Jan 24 - "Combination therapy targeting RAS activation may reduce target-organ damage and provide superior blood pressure (BP) control; combining angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) represents one possible approach"
ACE Inhibitors or ARBs in Hypertension? In Chronic Kidney Disease? - Medscape, 1/17/07 - "ARBs and ACE inhibitors were similarly effective at lowering proteinuria, ARBs were more effective than calcium-channel blockers, and a combination of ARBs and ACE inhibitors was more effective than either agent alone"
The effect of losartan on hemoglobin concentration and renal outcome in diabetic nephropathy of type 2 diabetes - Kidney Int. 2007 Dec 19 - "Compared with placebo, losartan treatment was associated with a significant decrease of hemoglobin, with the largest between-group difference at 1 year. After adjustment, there were significant relative risk reductions for losartan compared with placebo for ESRD and for ESRD or death regardless of the baseline hemoglobin even in those patients with a baseline hemoglobin below 120 g l(-1). Hence, the renoprotective properties of losartan were maintained despite a significant lowering of the hemoglobin concentration"
Sustained Tubulo-interstitial Protection in SHRs by Transient Losartan Treatment: An Effect of Decelerated Aging? - Am J Hypertens. 2008 Jan 10 - "Transient losartan treatment reduces cell-turnover not only acutely but also for a prolonged period after drug withdrawal. This results in the long-term in reduced aging and attenuated tubulo-interstitial damage, suggesting there exists a modulating effect of angiotensin II (ANGII)-antagonism on long-term cell turnover" - Note:  Losartan is an ARB.  I would think that telmisartan (also and ARB and my recommendation for hypertension) would give the same effect.
ACE Inhibitors vs ARBs in HTN and in CKD - Medscape, 1/4/08 - "In the setting of chronic kidney disease (CKD), concludes the other study, which is a meta-analysis, ACE inhibitor and ARB monotherapy are similarly effective at reducing proteinuria, but a combination of the two angiotensin-2-suppressing drugs works better than either agent individually [2]. But a blanket recommendation to combine them would be premature, according to the authors, because there is little evidence that the combination would improve clinical outcomes over monotherapy, and the safety of such combination therapy is largely undefined"
Anti-atherosclerotic properties of telmisartan in advanced atherosclerotic lesions in apolipoprotein E deficient mice - Atherosclerosis. 2007 Dec 17 - "These data suggest that chronic inhibition of the RAS by telmisartan prevails in reducing advanced atherosclerosis and promoting plaque stability over ramipril, possibly through the reduced activity of the pro-inflammatory transcription factors NFkappaB and Egr-1 and through the activation of PPARgamma"
Blood Pressure Drug Telmisartan Shows Powerful Activity Against Stroke, Study Suggests - Science Daily, 12/17/07 - "83 percent of rats given no medication showed signs of stroke, as did 56 percent of rats given ramipril alone. However, no strokes were noted in the telmisartan-only or the telmisartan/ramipril combo groups ... Telmisartan's ability to easily pass through the blood-brain barrier (something ramipril cannot do) is likely behind the neuroprotective effect noted in the study"
Effect of the Angiotensin Receptor Blocker Irbesartan on Metabolic Parameters in Clinical Practice: the DO-IT Prospective Observational Study - Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2007 Nov 27;6(1):36 - "Six months of irbesartan therapy decreased systolic blood pressure by 14% (157.4+/-14.7 vs. 135.0+/-10.7 mmHg) and diastolic blood pressure by 13% (92.9+/-9.2 vs. 80.8+/-6.8 mmHg). This was associated with a decrease in body weight (-2.3%), fasting glucose (-9.5%), HbA1c (-4.6%), LDL-cholesterol (-11%), triglycerides (-16%) and gamma-GT (-12%) and an increase in HDL-cholesterol (+5%)"
Renoprotective effect of the addition of losartan to ongoing treatment with an Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor in type-2 diabetic patients with nephropathy - Hypertens Res. 2007 Oct;30(10):929-35 - "During the 12-month treatment, addition of losartan or addition of an ACE-I to the treatment protocol reduced systolic blood pressure (SBP) by 10% and 12%, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) by 7% and 4%, and urinary albumin excretion by 38% and 20% of the baseline value, respectively. However, the effects on both BP and urinary albumin were not significantly different between the two therapies. In conclusion, addition of losartan or an ACE-I to an ongoing treatment with an ACE-I, or addition of an ACE-I to ongoing treatment with a conventional antihypertensive were equally effective at reducing the urinary albumin excretion and BP, and provided renal protection in patients with type-2 diabetic nephropathy"
Systematic Review: Comparative Effectiveness of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers for Treating Essential Hypertension - Ann Intern Med. 2007 Nov 5 - "Available evidence shows that ACE inhibitors and ARBs have similar effects on blood pressure control, and that ACE inhibitors have higher rates of cough than ARBs. Data regarding other outcomes are limited"
High-Dose Candesartan Reduces Persistent Proteinuria - Doctor's Guide, 11/6/07
Candesartan Improves Outcomes in Diabetes, Kidney Patients - Doctor's Guide, 11/8/07 - "new onset diabetes occurred in just 1.1% of the 1,024 patents on candesartan compared with 2.9% of the patients treated with other blood pressure lowering medications that did not include angiotensin receptor blockers ... "We observed that treatment with candesartan reduced that risk by 63% (P =.027)," he said during a press briefing. He also noted that patients on candesartan had fewer adverse events than the 1,025 patients who received standard therapy" - I would have liked to see telmisartan (also an ARB) in this study.
Common Medications Provide Equal Blood Pressure Control - Doctor's Guide, 11/2/07 - "Two common classes of blood pressure medications – angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) – are equally effective at controlling high blood pressure ... ACEIs are slightly more likely than ARBs to cause a harmless but persistent dry cough ... If left untreated, high blood pressure can cause catastrophic health problems: the heart may enlarge, which can lead to heart failure; small bulges --aneurysms -- may form in blood vessels, including the aorta (the main artery to the heart) and others in the brain, legs, and intestines; blood vessels in the kidney may narrow, causing kidney failure; blood vessels in the eyes may burst or bleed, possibly leading to blindness; and arteries throughout the body may "harden" faster, potentially leading to heart attack or stroke"
Renoprotection provided by losartan in combination with pioglitazone is superior to renoprotection provided by losartan alone in patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy - Kidney Blood Press Res. 2007;30(4):203-11 - "Renoprotection conferred by losartan combined with pioglitazone is superior to that conferred by losartan alone in subjects with type 2 diabetic nephropathy. The combination is generally well tolerated"
Drugs For Hypertension May Help Prevent And Treat Alzheimer's Disease - Science Daily, 10/26/07 - "mice genetically determined to develop Alzheimer's disease beta-amyloid production and subsequent cognitive deterioration, significantly benefit from the treatment with the anti-hypertensive agent Valsartan, found to pharmacologically prevent beta-amyloid production in the brain even when delivered to Alzheimer's disease mice at doses 3-4 fold lower than the minimal equivalent dose prescribed for the treatment of hypertension in humans. Other anti-hypertension drugs with beneficial results included Propranolol HCI, Carvedilol, Losartan, Nicardipine HCI, Amiloride HCI and Hydralazine HCI" - Note:  I'm big on Micardis (telmisartan).  Valsartan and losartan (generic names so they shouldn't have been capitalized) are also ARBs.  I'm wondering if telmisartan was in the study.
Do ACE inhibitors and ARBs mix well? Analysis urges caution - theheart.org, 10/10/07 - "patients receiving both an ACE inhibitor and an ARB were more likely not to comply with therapy due to side effects, which included hypotension, cough, angioedema, worsening renal function as defined by a change in serum creatinine >0.5 mg/dL, hyperkalemia as defined by serum potassium level changes >5.5 mEq/L, and symptomatic hypotension"
Adverse Effects of Combination Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers Plus Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors for Left Ventricular Dysfunction: A Quantitative Review of Data From Randomized Clinical Trials - Arch Intern Med. 2007 Oct 8;167(18):1930-6 - "there were significant increases in worsening renal function (RR, 2.17 [95% CI, 1.59-2.97] and RR, 1.61 [95% CI, 1.31-1.98], respectively), hyperkalemia (RR, 4.87 [95% CI, 2.39-9.94] and RR, 1.33 [95% CI, 0.90-1.98], respectively"
Prevention of stroke in patients with hypertension - Am J Cardiol. 2007 Aug 6;100(3A):17J-24J - "In contrast to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) provide consistent benefits in stroke protection beyond blood pressure lowering. The ARB telmisartan has a particularly interesting profile for stroke management. Selective angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade and 24-hour blood pressure control with telmisartan provide the potential for improved stroke prevention"
Rationale for double renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade - Am J Cardiol. 2007 Aug 6;100(3A):25J-31J - "The clinical benefits of both angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) extend beyond blood pressure reduction to encompass tissue-protective effects in target organs, such as the heart, vasculature, and kidneys, that underlie the reductions in cardiovascular mortality and morbidity seen in large outcome trials. However, these effects are achieved by different mechanisms. ACE inhibitors reduce circulating and tissue angiotensin II levels and potentiate the beneficial effects of bradykinin, including generation of nitric oxide (NO). By contrast, the protective effects of ARBs are owing to the blockade of the angiotensin II type 1 (AT(1)) receptors and possibly also to the stimulation of angiotensin II type 2 (AT(2)) receptors, again resulting in NO release. In addition, some ARBs, such as telmisartan, are selective activators of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma), thereby increasing insulin sensitivity. In contrast to other PPAR-gamma ligands, such as the thiazolidinediones, activation of this receptor by telmisartan does not result in weight gain. The complementary mechanisms of action of ACE inhibitors and ARBs create a rationale for combination therapy in high-risk patients"
Angiotensin receptor blockers versus angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: where do we stand now? - Am J Cardiol. 2007 Aug 6;100(3A):38J-44J - "Both classes of agent can prevent or reverse endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis, thereby potentially reducing the risk of cardiovascular events. Such a reduction has been shown with ACE inhibitors in patients with coronary artery disease, but no such data are currently available for ARBs. Both ACE inhibitors and ARBs have been shown to reduce damage in target organs, such as the heart and kidney, and to decrease cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in patients with congestive heart failure"
New opportunities in cardiovascular patient management: a survey of clinical data on the combination of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers - Am J Cardiol. 2007 Aug 6;100(3A):45J-52J - "Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) differ in their actions on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). ACE inhibitors prevent the formation of angiotensin II, although angiotensin II may still be generated by alternative pathways. However, ACE inhibitors interrupt bradykinin breakdown, which in turn potentially enhances nitric oxide and prostacyclin mechanisms. In contrast, ARBs selectively prevent the binding of angiotensin II to the angiotensin type 1 (AT(1)) receptor while leaving the potentially beneficial effects of the AT(2) receptor unaffected. The supposition is that dual blockade of the RAAS effectively overcomes the harmful effects of angiotensin II mediated by the AT(1) receptor while offering the additional effects of the ACE inhibitor"
Telmisartan Improves Endothelial Function and Nitrate Tolerance in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease and the Metabolic Syndrome - Doctor's Guide, 9/11/07 - "Telmisartan is mainly an angiotensin II receptor blocker, but recently it has [shown] antioxidant effects and insulin resistance improvement effects ... After 4 weeks of treatment, the endothelium-dependant measure of flow-mediated dilatation was significantly increased in the telmisartan group (P <.01, vs control group), indicating improvements in endothelial dysfunction with telmisartan"
ACE-I/ARB treatment in type 1 diabetes patients with albuminuria is associated with lower odds of progression of coronary artery calcification - J Diabetes Complications. 2007 Sep-Oct;21(5):273-9 - "coronary artery calcification (CAC) ... In backward logistic regression, presence of albuminuria at baseline predicted progression of CAC among subjects not treated with ACE-I/ARB [odds ratio=4.06 ... Among the subjects with albuminuria, the odds of progression was 62% lower (95% CI=88% decrease to 23% increase; P=.106) in those treated with ACE-I/ARB ... Albuminuria is a significant independent risk factor for CAC progression in young type 1 diabetes patients asymptomatic for CAD, and ACE-I/ARB treatment is associated with substantially lower odds of CAC progression"
Heart Damage Can Be Reversed with Early Treatment - Science Daily, 8/27/07 - "During the first six months of the study, 38 subjects received a placebo, and the other 38 subjects took 160mg of Valsartan, a drug that blocks a hormone that is detrimental to the blood vessels and the heart. During the next six months, both groups took Valsartan ... Those who took the drug for the first six months significantly reduced their Rasmussen Disease Score compared with those who took the placebo. At the 12-month mark -- after both groups were taking the drug -- every patient showed better Rasmussen Disease Scores, effectively demonstrating that Valsartan can slow progression and even reverse early cardiovascular disease in asymptomatic high-risk patients"
Telmisartan, an Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blocker, Inhibits Advanced Glycation End-product (AGE)-induced Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 Expression in Mesangial Cells Through Downregulation of Receptor for AGEs via Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor-gamma Activation - J Int Med Res. 2007 Jul-Aug;35(4):482-9 - "Candesartan, an Ang II type 1 receptor blocker, did not suppress AGEs-induced superoxide generation. Telmisartan and the antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine, completely inhibited AGEs-induced MCP-1 overproduction by mesangial cells"
Vitamin C 'benefits diabetics' - BBC News, 6/28/07 - "Vitamin C neutralises free radicals, while Telmisarten stimulates the natural removal of the molecules by cells"
Telmisartan Staves Off Overt Diabetic Nephropathy - Medscape, 6/27/07 - "During a mean follow-up of 1.3 years, transition rates to overt nephropathy were significantly lower with telmisartan 40 mg (22.6%) and telmisartan 80 mg (16.7%) than with placebo (49.9%)"
Angiotensin Receptor Blockers: Benefits Beyond Blood Pressure Lowering? - Medscape, 6/26/07 - "I would say that at this time, both ACE inhibitors and ARBs can be said to be useful in preventing or delaying progression of nondiabetic patients into type 2 diabetes"
Baseline Glycaemic Control Has No Effect on Telmisartan-Related Improvements in Diabetics With Nephropathy - Doctor's Guide, 6/25/07 - "Chronic telmisartan treatment may slow the progression of renal disease in patients with type 2 diabetes and diabetic nephropathy, irrespective of baseline glycaemic control"
Telmisartan May Help Preserve Renal Function in Patients With Hypertension, Diabetes - Medscape, 6/1/07 - "In patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes, telmisartan and ramipril both may help preserve cardiovascular and renal function by increasing nitric oxide (NO) activity of the renal endothelium"
The Differential Effects of Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers on Microalbuminuria in Relation to Low-Grade Inflammation in Metabolic Hypertensive Patients - Am J Hypertens. 2007 May;20(5):565-72 - "There was a significant increase in high molecular weight adiponectin in the telmisartan group ... The reductions of microalbuminuria and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were significant in the telmisartan group"
Telmisartan-Hydrochlorothiazide Outperforms Valsartan-Hydrochlorothiazide for Blood Pressure Reduction - Doctor's Guide, 5/29/07 - "The change in diastolic blood pressure was -18.2 mmHg for the telmisartan-hydrochlorothiazide group and -17.0 mmHg for the valsartan-hydrochlorothiazide group. The change in systolic blood pressure was -24.6 mmHg and -22.5 for the two groups, respectively"
Telmisartan Reduces Proteinuria More Than Losartan - Doctor's Guide, 5/28/07 - "Our findings suggest that at similar levels of blood pressure control, telmisartan may confer greater protection against progression to end-stage renal disease"
Metabolic effects of telmisartan and irbesartan in type 2 diabetic patients with metabolic syndrome treated with rosiglitazone - J Clin Pharm Ther. 2007 Jun;32(3):261-8 - "Telmisartan seemed to improve glycaemic and lipid control and metabolic parameters of the metabolic syndrome better than irbesartan"
Combination therapy with an ACE inhibitor and an angiotensin receptor blocker for diabetic nephropathy: a meta-analysis - Diabet Med. 2007 May;24(5):486-93 - "This meta-analysis suggests that ACEI + ARB reduces 24-h proteinuria to a greater extent than ACEI alone. This benefit is associated with small effects on GFR, serum creatinine, potassium and blood pressure"
The effect of telmisartan and ramipril on early morning blood pressure surge: a pooled analysis of two randomized clinical trials - Blood Press Monit. 2007 Jun;12(3):141-147 - "Telmisartan significantly reduced the early morning systolic blood pressure surge compared with ramipril"
Angiotensin II receptor blockers downsize adipocytes in spontaneously type 2 diabetic rats with visceral fat obesity - Am J Hypertens. 2007 Apr;20(4):431-6 - "adipocyte downsizing was significantly greater with telmisartan compared to valsartan. The likely mechanism for this difference was thought to be the PPAR-gamma-mediated action of telmisartan"
Combination ACE inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker therapy - future considerations - J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2007 Jan;9(1):78-86. - "The individual gains seen with each of these drug classes have led to speculation that their combination might offer additive if not synergistic outcome benefits. The foundation of this hypothesis, although biologically possible, has thus far not been sufficiently well proven to support the everyday use of these 2 drug classes in combination. Additional outcomes trials, which are currently proceeding to their conclusion, may provide the necessary proof to support an expanded use of these 2 drug classes in combination"
Treating the metabolic syndrome - Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2007 May;5(3):491-506 - "appropriate treatment of MS components often requires pharmacologic intervention with insulin-sensitizing agents, such as metformin and thiazolidinediones, while statins and fibrates, or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers are the first-line lipid-modifying or antihypertensive drugs"
Novel ARB Provides Greater Reductions in Proteinuria in Diabetics With Overt Nephropathy - Medscape, 5/22/07 - "One year of treatment with the novel angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) telmisartan provided greater reductions in proteinuria when compared with losartan, a drug approved for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy to prevent renal-disease progression"
Valsartan Cuts C-Reactive Protein Levels in Prediabetics - Doctor's Guide, 5/22/07 - "In diabetic patients with abdominal obesity, after 16 weeks of hydrochlorothiazide therapy, median hsCRP values were increased 16% (4.9 vs 3.7 mg/L at baseline, P <.05) but decreased 9% in patients on valsartan (3.7 vs 4.1 mg/L at baseline, P <.05) and 5% in patients on combination therapy"
Valsartan Is a Prudent Choice in Young Hypertensives - Doctor's Guide, 5/21/07
ARBs for the Treatment of Heart Failure: A Class Effect? - Medscape, 5/15/07 - "Our results suggest that all ARBs are not equivalent. Valsartan, irbesartan, and candesartan were all associated with better survival rates when compared with losartan. The comparison for telmisartan was not statistically significant, possibly because this group included the smallest number of patients. In addition, there are no data from randomized trials on the effect of telmisartan on mortality in patients with heart failure"
Angiotensin II receptor blockers for the treatment of heart failure: a class effect? - Pharmacotherapy. 2007 Apr;27(4):526-34 - "Elderly patients with heart failure who were prescribed losartan had worse survival rates compared with those prescribed other commonly used ARBs"
Metabolic effects of telmisartan and irbesartan in type 2 diabetic patients with metabolic syndrome treated with rosiglitazone - J Clin Pharm Ther. 2007 Jun;32(3):261-8 - "Telmisartan seemed to improve glycaemic and lipid control and metabolic parameters of the metabolic syndrome better than irbesartan. These differences could be relevant in the choice of therapy for this condition and diabetes"
Effect of antihypertensive agents on plasma adiponectin levels in hypertensive patients with metabolic syndrome - Nephrology (Carlton). 2007 Apr;12(2):147-53 - "Ramipril and valsartan increased the plasma adiponectin levels significantly higher than the other regimens"
Effects of telmisartan on fat distribution in individuals with the metabolic syndrome - J Hypertens. 2007 Apr;25(4):841-8 - "The visceral fat area, determined by abdominal computed tomography scan, was reduced in the telmisartan group after 24 weeks' treatment"
Telmisartan shows an equivalent effect of vitamin C in further improving endothelial dysfunction after glycemia normalization in type 1 diabetes - Diabetes Care. 2007 Apr 24 - "Combining insulin and vitamin C normalized endothelial dysfunction and decreased oxidative stress to normal level. Telmisartan significantly improved basal endothelial function and decreased nitrotyrosine plasma levels. In patients treated with Telmisartan a near normalization of both flow mediated vasodilation and oxidative stress was achieved when glycemia was normalized, while adding vitamin C infusion did not show further effect on endothelial function or nitrotyrosine plasma levels"
The effects of telmisartan and amlodipine on metabolic parameters and blood pressure in type 2 diabetic, hypertensive patients - J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2006 Dec;7(4):243-6 - "Group A: rosiglitazone (RSG) 4 mg + Telm 80 mg; Group B: RSG 4 mg + Aml 10 mg ... Lower values of glucose, HbA1C, HOMA index and higher adiponectin levels were observed in Group A compared to Group B ... insulin sensitivity may confer make Telm particularly suitable in the treatment of the metabolic syndrome"
ACE Inhibitors Provide Greater Heart Protection - Science Daily, 4/22/07 - "Our research evaluated the effects of both drugs, and found that they both provided comparable blood pressure reduction. However, ACE inhibitors reduced the risk of coronary heart disease in patients by a further 9%. This so-called blood pressure-independent effect was not seen for ARBs"
FDA Panel Favors First-Line Use of Irbesartan/HCTZ Combo - Medscape, 4/19/07 - "The US FDA Cardiovascular and Renal Drugs Advisory Committee recommended extended use of the combination product irbesartan plus hydrochlorothiazide (Avalide, Bristol-Myers Squibb) for the first-line treatment of hypertension" - Yeah, if you can get by the side effects of hydrochlorothiazide plus the increased chance of diabetes.  Irbesartan is a ARB and hydrochlorothiazide is a diuretic.  I'm not a doctor and here I am criticizing those who are but I still feel that telmisartan (a ARB)/ramipril (a ACE inhibitor) should be the first time treatment.  Click here for the research.   Some doctors claim you can't mix a ARB with an ACE inhibitor but I couldn't find any evidence of that.
Treating hypertension in the patient with overt diabetic nephropathy - Semin Nephrol. 2007 Mar;27(2):182-94 - "The renoprotective and proteinuria-decreasing effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin-receptor blockers recommend these agents as the standard of care in type 2 diabetic nephropathy"
The effects of irbesartan and telmisartan on metabolic parameters and blood pressure in obese, insulin resistant, hypertensive patients - J Endocrinol Invest. 2006 Dec;29(11):957-61 - "The greater impact on the improvement of the metabolic profile showed by telmisartan and the inverse correlation between adiponectin levels and blood pressure may be partly due to the action as partial PPARgamma agonist displayed by telmisartan"
Effect of inhibition of the Renin-Angiotensin system on development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (meta-analysis of randomized trials) - Am J Cardiol. 2007 Apr 1;99(7):1006-12. Epub 2007 Feb 16 - "In ACE inhibitor trials, the odds of developing DM were reduced by 28% (OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.63 to 0.84, p <0.001), and in the 5 ARB studies, there was a 27% reduction (OR 0.73, 95% CI 0.64 to 0.84, p <0.001) in the odds. In conclusion, evidence accumulated to date indicates that inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system may contribute to the prevention of DM"
Effect of losartan, compared with atenolol, on endothelial function and oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension - J Hypertens. 2007 Apr;25(4):785-791 - "losartan significantly improved endothelial function in type 2 diabetes patients with hypertension compared with atenolol. This must be independent of the blood pressure-lowering effect of losartan and is probably caused by an antioxidative effect of the angiotensin receptor blocker"
Telmisartan and irbesartan therapy in type 2 diabetic patients treated with rosiglitazone: effects on insulin-resistance, leptin and tumor necrosis factor-alpha - Hypertens Res. 2006 Nov;29(11):849-56 - "The decrease in HbA1c and FPG at 12 months was statistically significant only in the telmisartan group"
Angiotensin receptor blockade in diabetic renal disease-Focus on candesartan - Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2007 Mar 3 - "In patients with type 2 diabetes and varying degrees of albuminuria, treatment with candesartan 8-32mg daily was shown to reduce urinary albumin excretion (UAE) by up to 60%. When given in addition to an ACE inhibitor (dual blockade), reductions in UAE of 25-35% relative to ACE inhibitor monotherapy have been found"
Impact of Telmisartan Versus Ramipril on Renal Endothelial Function in Patients with Hypertension and Type 2 Diabetes - Diabetes Care. 2007 Mar 2 - "In patients with type 2 diabetes telmisartan and ramipril both increased NO activity of the renal endothelium significantly that in turn may support the preservation of cardiovascular and renal function"
Angiotensin type-1 receptor blockade with losartan increases insulin sensitivity and improves glucose homeostasis in subjects with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy - Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007 Feb 17 - "Fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, AUC glucose, and urinary protein values were significantly decreased in the losartan group as compared with the amlodipine group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, C-peptide concentrations, the insulin sensitivity index, and the insulin-to-glucose ratio were significantly increased after 3 months of therapy with losartan as compared to amlodipine"
The effects of irbesartan and telmisartan on metabolic parameters and blood pressure in obese, insulin resistant, hypertensive patients - J Endocrinol Invest. 2006 Dec;29(11):957-61 - "Group A (23) was submitted to irbesartan 150 mg/day, Group B (23) to telmisartan 80 mg/day for 6 months ... Both irbesartan or telmisartan reduced blood pressure and ameliorated the insulin sensitivity, with increased adiponectin values; in Group B, the amelioration of metabolic parameters was greater than in Group A"
Telmisartan improves lipid metabolism and adiponectin production but does not affect glycemic control in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes - Adv Ther. 2007 Jan-Feb;24(1):146-53 - "Triglyceride levels were significantly decreased, however, and adiponectin levels were significantly increased"
Telmisartan reduced blood pressure and HOMA-IR with increasing plasma leptin level in hypertensive and type 2 diabetic patients - Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2007 Jan 18 - "Fasting IRI and HOMA-IR were significantly decreased after Telmisartan treatment, suggesting the improved insulin sensitivity"
The effect of telmisartan on glucose and lipid metabolism in nondiabetic, insulin-resistant subjects - Metabolism. 2006 Sep;55(9):1149-54 - "in insulin-resistant persons 12 weeks of telmisartan result in a significant improvement in glucose metabolism with a predominant improvement in beta-cell function"
Blood Pressure Drugs Could Help Halt Pancreatic Cancer Spread, Researchers Find - Science Daily, 12/8/06 - "two types of pressure-lowering drugs -- ACE inhibitors and AT1R blockers -- may help reduce the development of tumor-feeding blood vessels, a process called angiogenesis. Such drugs, they say, may become part of a novel strategy to control the growth and spread of cancer ... In the test tube, Ang II significantly enhanced VEGF production in AT1R-positive cells. Captopril and losartan both blocked this effect"
Study Shows Valsartan Reduced Urinary Protein Excretion in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and High Blood Pressure - Doctor's Guide, 11/20/06 - "In patients with high blood pressure and type 2 diabetes, the blood pressure-lowering medication Diovan® (valsartan) significantly reduced urinary protein excretion, with high doses providing the greatest sustained reduction"
24-hour urine protein - Medline Plus - "Increased urinary protein is usually measured when glomerular disease is suspected. The deterioration in the integrity of the glomerulus allows albumin to permeate in large quantities. Glomerular disease, such as nephrotic syndrome may result in urine protein (mostly urine albumin) of greater than 3.5 gm/day. So-called microalbuminuria with urine albumin levels of 30 to 200 mg/day is considered an early sign of diabetic nephropathy."
Improved insulin sensitivity with the angiotensin II-receptor blocker losartan in patients with hypertension and other cardiovascular risk factors - J Hum Hypertens. 2006 Sep 21 - "angiotensin II-receptor blockade with losartan improves glucose metabolism at the cellular level beyond what can be expected by the vasodilatation and blood pressure reduction alone"
Effect of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers on the Rate of New-Onset Diabetes Mellitus: A Review and Pooled Analysis - Pharmacotherapy. 2006 Sep;26(9):1297-306 - "The combined occurrence of new-onset diabetes in all 13 studies was 2249 cases among 31,283 patients (7.2%) in the ACE inhibitor or ARB group versus 3230 cases among 35,988 patients (9.0%) in the control group"
Cardiovascular Events Reduced in Japanese JIKEI Study With Valsartan - Doctor's Guide, 9/5/06 - "Blood pressure control was equal in both arms of the study, but the difference in outcomes was substantial and there were significant decreases in cardiovascular events with valsartan, specifically stroke, bouts of angina, heart failure and the need for hospitalization due to cardiac events"
Short-term administration of an angiotensin-receptor antagonist in patients with impaired fasting glucose improves insulin sensitivity and increases free IGF-I - Eur J Endocrinol. 2006 Aug;155(2):293-6 - "received 100 mg losartan during 8 weeks ... After the treatment period, the HOMA score for insulin resistance had decreased from 5.3 +/- 1.1 to 3.7 +/- 0.9 (P = 0.004) and the 2-h CIGMA score from 23.4 +/- 3.1 to 15.9 +/- 2.1 (P = 0.07). The serum levels of free IGF-I had increased from 57 +/- 18.8 to 134 +/- 31.3 pmol/l" - Does that mean you can more than double you IGF-1 just by taking an ARB instead of hGH?  I don't know.  See losartan at OffshoreRX.com. - Ben
Renal and vascular protective effects of telmisartan in patients with essential hypertension - Hypertens Res. 2006 Aug;29(8):567-72 - "telmisartan is more effective at protecting renal function and vascular endothelial function, and at improving arteriosclerosis than the calcium channel blocker in patients with essential hypertension"
ACE Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists and the Incidence of New-Onset Diabetes Mellitus : An Emerging Theme - Drugs. 2006;66(9):1169-1177 - "These trials have demonstrated an approximately 15-30% reduction in the new onset of diabetes in those receiving ACE inhibitors and ARBs when compared with placebo or other active therapy"
Angiotensin Receptor Blocker Added to Previous Antihypertensive Agents on Arteries of Diabetic Hypertensive Patients - Hypertension. 2006 Jun 19 - "After 1 year of treatment, resistance artery media:lumen ratio decreased in the valsartan group (7.9+/-0.5% after versus 9.8+/-0.6% before; P<0.05) but not in the atenolol-treated group"
Incidence of Atrial Fibrillation Significantly Reduced by Candesartan Cilexetil Therapy in Heart Failure Patients - Doctor's Guide, 7/5/06
Telmisartan Provides Superior, Powerful Blood Pressure Reduction From Morning to Morning Compared to Other Leading ARBS - Doctor's Guide, 6/15/06 - "telmisartan provides superior, powerful blood pressure reduction from morning to morning compared to other leading angiotensin II receptor blockers"
Valsartan the First Blood Pressure Medication in a Large-Scale Clinical Trial to Lower C-Reactive Protein, an Important Marker of Inflammation - Doctor's Guide, 5/26/06 - "The median change in hsCRP from baseline after six weeks in the Diovan group was -0.12 mg/L compared to +0.05 mg/L in the Diovan HCT group, representing a difference between the treatment groups of 13.3%"
Valsartan Lowers C-reactive Protein Levels; Combination Doesn't - Doctor's Guide, 5/19/06 - "Paradoxically, adding a diuretic to valsartan (Diovan) allows even more patients to reach blood pressure goals -- but appears to raise levels of C-reactive protein ... the monotherapy patients achieved an 8.9% reduction while the combination patients experienced a 4.4% increase"
Reduced Diabetes Likelihood in Hypertensives Starting Valsartan Treatment - Doctor's Guide, 5/18/06 - "Over a mean follow-up of 4.2 years, the risk of diabetes was 11.5% for valsartan versus 14.5% for amlodipine; the odds ratio was 0.77 in favor of valsartan"
New treatment strategies for patients with hypertension and insulin resistance - Am J Med. 2006 May;119(5 Suppl 1):S24-30 - "older antihypertensive agents such as thiazide diuretics and beta-blockers have potentially adverse effects on glucose and lipid metabolism and may even the exacerbate the metabolic syndrome and increase risk of type 2 diabetes ... Evidence is accumulating that telmisartan, in addition to blocking the angiotensin II type 1 receptor, activates the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma a well-known target for treatment of the metabolic syndrome and diabetes ... the ability of telmisartan both to activate PPAR-gamma and to block the angiotensin receptor may provide added value not only in the treatment of the metabolic syndrome and prevention of type 2 diabetes but also in prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease"
Telmisartan: The ACE of ARBs?  - Sharma 47 (5): 822 -- Hypertension, 3/27/06 - "telmisartan also reduced weight gain, increased total energy expenditure, and increased expression of key mitochondrial enzymes (cyclooxygenase-1 and mitochondrial transcription factor A) in skeletal muscle"
New Drug Delays High Blood Pressure - WebMD, 3/14/06 - "the blood-pressure-lowering drug Atacand may be able to delay the development of full-blown hypertension among people whose blood pressure is slightly high ... taking the drug for two years appeared to prime the body to keep blood pressure in check, even when the person stopped the drug for another two years"
ACE Inhibitors and ARBs vs. Other Antihypertensives - Medscape, 3/9/06 - "When diabetics and nondiabetics were analyzed together, ACE inhibitors or ARBs were significantly more effective than other antihypertensives in reducing ESRD incidence, serum creatinine levels, and albuminuria, but they had no significant effect on preventing doubling of serum creatinine or reduction in GFR. In diabetics, ACE inhibitors or ARBs were significantly more effective than other antihypertensives only in reducing albuminuria; in nondiabetics, ACE inhibitors or ARBs were more effective than other agents only in reducing albuminuria and serum creatinine levels"
Blood pressure control in eldery hypertension - Nippon Rinsho. 2006 Jan;64(1):75-80 - "Because ACE inhibitors/ARBs or Ca blockers increase insulin sensitivity, these drugs should be used as the first choice in cases of elderly hypertensive patients complicated with diabetes mellitus"
Valsartan Inhibits Platelets (VIP) Trial - Medscape, 2/3/06
Addition of an angiotensin receptor blocker to full-dose ACE-inhibition: controversial or common sense? - Eur Heart J. 2005 Nov;26(22):2361-7 - "combination of a full-dose ACE-inhibitor and an ARB can be a rational choice in selected patients" - [full article]
Olmesartan Improves Insulin Resistance in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients - Doctor's Guide, 11/15/05
Titration-Extension Study Shows Losartan-Based Treatment Significantly Reduced Blood Pressure in Real-Life Practice Settings - Doctor's Guide, 10/24/05
A Debate on the Metabolic Syndrome: Evolving Challenges and Controversies - Medscape, exp. 8/31/07 - "Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) are first-line treatments for hypertensive albuminurics with the metabolic syndrome"
Preliminary Studies Suggest Potential Metabolic Effects of Micardis (Telmisartan) - Doctor's Guide, 9/9/05 - "The Micardis molecule is structurally similar to the PPAR-gamma activator, pioglitazone,3 which has been approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.7 Micardis partially activates PPAR-gamma resulting in metabolic effects that differentiate it from other ARBs, according to preclinical data.1-4 These data demonstrate that Micardis has a beneficial effect on insulin resistance and blood lipids, independent of its effect on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system"
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or Angiotensin receptor blockers for prevention of type 2 diabetes a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials - J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005 Sep 6;46(5):821-6 - "ACE inhibitors and ARBs were associated with reductions in the incidence of newly diagnosed diabetes by 27% and 23%, respectively, and by 25% in the pooled analysis ... The use of an ACE inhibitor or ARB should be considered in patients with pre-diabetic conditions such as metabolic syndrome, hypertension, impaired fasting glucose, family history of diabetes, obesity, congestive heart failure, or coronary heart disease"
Comparison of the effects of valsartan and felodipine on plasma leptin and insulin sensitivity in hypertensive obese patients - Hypertens Res. 2005 Mar;28(3):209-14 - "These results suggest that in hypertensive obese subjects, treatment with valsartan might offer an advantage over treatment with felodipine, since valsartan may help to improve obesity-related disorders in addition to lowering BP"
Strategies to Prevent Type 2 Diabetes - Medscape, 8/8/05 - "Valsartan reduced the incidence of new-onset diabetes by 23% ... Traditional beta-blockers worsen insulin sensitivity and increase the risk of developing new diabetes"
FDA Approves Diovan (Valsartan) to Reduce Cardiovascular Death in Heart Attack Survivors at High Risk - Doctor's Guide, 8/4/05 - "was a rigorous comparison of Diovan vs. captopril, an ACE inhibitor, vs. the combination of both ... Diovan was reported to improve survival and reduce cardiovascular events including recurrent heart attack and hospitalizations for heart failure in these patients"
Antihypertensive, cardiovascular, and pleiotropic effects of angiotensin-receptor blockers - Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2005 Sep;14(5):435-41 - "it has been shown that treatment with ARBs prevents the development of type 2 diabetes ... ARBs are first-line agents for the treatment of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. Blocking the renin-angiotensin system with these agents has special advantages due to specific vascular and antiatherosclerotic effects, which contribute to a better cardiovascular and renal protection in patients at risk from or with cardiovascular disease"
Stabilization and Regression of Albuminuria in Chinese Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A One-year Randomized Study of Valsartan Versus Enalapril - Adv Ther. 2005 Mar-Apr;22(2):155-62 - "enalapril and valsartan both reduced blood pressure and albuminuria to a similar extent ... Fewer adverse events were reported with valsartan"
Atacand Therapy Can Reduce Risk of Diabetes in Heart Failure Patients - Doctor's Guide, 7/4/05 - "Six percent of patients in the candesartan group were newly diagnosed with diabetes during the study period (median 3.1 year), compared to 7.4% in the placebo group"
Effects of irbesartan on intracellular antioxidant enzyme expression and activity in adolescents and young adults with early diabetic angiopathy - Diabetes Care. 2005 Jul;28(7):1690-7 - "Adolescents and young adults with early signs of diabetic angiopathy have defective intracellular antioxidant enzyme production and activity. Treatment with irbesartan can substantially improve the activity and production of these enzymes in skin fibroblasts"
Effects of Valsartan Compared to Amlodipine in Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes in High-Risk Hypertensive Patients: Presented at EMH - Doctor's Guide, 6/24/05 - "Valsartan is significantly superior to amlodipine for prevention of new-onset type-2 diabetes in high-risk patients with hypertension"
Administration Time-Dependent Efficacy of Valsartan-Atorvastatin Combination in Hyperlipidaemic Patients With Essential Hypertension: Presented at EMH - Doctor's Guide, 6/22/05 - "160-mg/day dose of valsartan ... 10 mg/day of atorvastatin ... combination treatment significantly improved systolic/diastolic blood pressure levels (SBP/DBP) compared to monotherapy (17.1/10.7 vs. 13.9/9.6 mm Hg; P = .027). The same benefit was seen in terms of pulse pressure (6.4 vs. 4.3 mm Hg ... there were large significant increases in efficacy seen with the valsartan/atorvastatin combination dosed at night versus morning (SBP, 23.5 vs. 11.0 mm Hg; DBP, 15.9 vs. 6.8 mm Hg; pulse pressure, 7.8 vs. 4.1 mm Hg"
Valsartan Significant Better Than Amlodipine for Improving Long-term Heart-rate Variability in Patients With LVH: Presented at EMH - Doctor's Guide, 6/20/05
Irbesartan/Hydrochlorothiazide Helps Patients with Metabolic Syndrome and Poorly Controlled Hypertension: Presented at ADA - Doctor's Guide, 6/14/05
Novartis Receives EU Marketing Authorization for Diovan to Treat People With Heart Failure - Doctor's Guide, 6/13/05
Fixed-Dose Valsartan Gets Patients to Goal After Other Angiotensin Receptor Blocker Fixed-Dose Failures - Doctor's Guide, 5/25 - "Valsartan was deemed statistically better than either of the two initial drugs"
Comparison of the effects of ramipril versus telmisartan in reducing serum levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and oxidized low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus - Am J Cardiol. 2005 Jun 1;95(11):1386-8 - "All regimens were associated with a significant reduction of C-reactive protein and oxidized low-density lipoprotein cholesterol serum levels"
Patients Who Fail Anti-Hypertensive Monotherapy Respond to Fixed-Dose Combination of Irbesartan/Hydrochlorothiazide - Doctor's Guide, 5/19/05
FDA Approves Atacand (Candesartan Cilexetil) For Use With An Ace Inhibitor In The Treatment Of Heart Failure - Doctor's Guide, 5/19/05
Telmisartan Superior to Ramipril in Preventing Morning Blood Pressure Rise - Doctor's Guide, 5/19/05 - "Reductions were greater and statistically significant in the highest quartile (34 mmHg), in whom telmisartan reduced systolic surge by 12.4 mmHg and ramipril by 7.1 mmHg"
Valsartan Reduces Chance of Diabetes in High-Risk Hypertensive Patients - Doctor's Guide, 5/19/05 - "patients taking valsartan had a 23% lower risk of developing diabetes during the four or more years of the study. The two drugs had previously been shown to be roughly equivalent in reducing the risk of heart attack and stroke" - See valsartan at OffshoreRX.com.
Combo Drug Controls Hypertension In Hard-to-treat Patients - Science Daily, 5/18/05 - "the combination pill of irbesartan (an angiotensin II receptor blocker) and a diuretic, hydrochlorothiazide ... the participants' systolic blood pressure (the top number) dropped an average of 21.5 points, from 154.4 to 132.9 points. Their diastolic blood pressure (the bottom number) fell an average of 10.4 points, from 91.3 to 80.9" - Yeah, but what about impotence from the diuretic?
Bedtime Dosing of Atorvastatin and Valsartan Together Improves Overall Anti-Hypertensive Effects - Doctor's Guide, 5/17/05 - "When valsartan was dosed by itself during the day, patients averaged a 9 mmHg fall in systolic blood pressure; daytime dosing of both valsartan and atorvastatin resulted in a 17 mmHg reduction in the 24-hour mean of systolic and diastolic BP"
Blood Pressure Linked to Erectile Dysfunction - WebMD, 5/16/05 - "Men on older high blood pressure medications (diuretics, beta-blockers) had higher rates and more severe erectile dysfunction than men on newer medications (calcium antagonists, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers)"
ACE Inhibitors or ARBs for Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials - Medscape, 4/18/05 - "the use of valsartan reduced the incidence of new-onset type 2 diabetes by 23%"
The Effects of Losartan Compared to Atenolol on Stroke - Medscape, 4/14/05 - "these data suggest that losartan-based treatment reduces CV complications, primarily stroke, when compared to atenolol-based treatment for patients with ISH and high CV risk"
FDA Approves Hyzaar (Losartan Potassium-Hydrochlorothiazide) Fixed-Dose Combination - Doctor's Guide, 4/14/05
Evidence-Based Treatment of Hypertension: What's the Role of Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers? - Medscape, 4/8/05 - "The ARBs are highly effective in lowering blood pressure and reducing cardiovascular mortality. They also appear to provide additional renal protection in patients with diabetes, and this effect is independent of their effect on blood pressure. Combinations of ARBs with drugs from other classes such as ACE inhibitors have been found to be highly effective; they may permit lower doses of ACE inhibitors to be used than in monotherapy, which may lower the incidence of dose-related adverse effects. The ARBs themselves are very well tolerated and are not associated with the side-effects known to cause compliance problems with beta blockers, ACE inhibitors and calcium channel blockers such as impotence, dry cough and peripheral oedema"
New Data Shows Telmisartan (Micardis/Pritor) Provides Effective and Well-Tolerated Blood Pressure Lowering in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients - Doctor's Guide, 4/4/05
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers: A New Lease of LIFE? - Medscape, 10/26/04
Losartan and Irbesartan Comparable in Efficacy for Blood Pressure Lowering - Doctor's Guide, 10/8/04
Study Findings Add Further Weight to Effectiveness of Atacand (Candesartan Cilexetil) in Treating Heart Failure - Doctor's Guide, 9/3/04
Both ACE Inhibitors and ARBs Slow Renal Decline in Type 2 Diabetes - Medscape, 8/31/04 - "the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor enalapril and the angiotensin-receptor blocker (ARB) telmisartan were equally effective in slowing kidney damage in people with type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and nephropathy"
DETAIL Results Show Telmisartan Not Inferior to Enalapril in Renal Protection of Diabetics - Doctor's Guide, 8/31/04
Erythema Multiforme Associated with Candesartan Cilexetil - Medscape, 7/29/04
Antihypertensive Effect of Valsartan Appears Safely Enhanced By Doubling Conventional Dosage - Doctor's Guide, 7/9/04
Valsartan Appears More Effective Than Telmisartan in Patients With Essential Hypertension - Doctor's Guide, 6/25/04 - "At the end of the study, the 24-hour mean BP was statistically lower in the valsartan-treated group compared to telmisartan-treated group"
Amlodipine More Effective for Blood Pressure Reduction but Confers Similar Cardiac Outcomes to Valsartan Therapy - Doctor's Guide, 6/18/04
Significant Reduction in Left Ventricular Mass Index, Reactive Oxygen Species Formation and C-Reactive Protein With Valsartan Treatment - Doctor's Guide, 6/18/04 - "Despite very similar effects on BP, there was a significantly higher reduction in LVMI with valsartan compared with amlodipine ... In the valsartan group, CRP levels were significantly reduced"
Telmisartan Associated with Greater Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Regression Than Carvedilol - Doctor's Guide, 6/17/04 - "The angiotensin II receptor blocker telmisartan produces significantly greater left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) regression than does the beta blocker carvedilol in hypertensive patients"
Newer Drug Helps Prevent Heart Attack - HealthDay, 6/17/04 - "people taking valsartan had much lower rates of admission to hospital for heart failure. And fewer people in the valsartan group (13 percent) developed type 2 diabetes than those in the amlodipine group (16 percent)"
Telmisartan 40 or 80 mg/Hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg Fixed –Dose Combinations Can Thwart Early Morning Blood Pressure Surge - Doctor's Guide, 6/15/04
Benicar (Olmesartan Medoxomil) and Benicar HCT (Olmesartan Medoxomil/Hydrochlorothiazide) Therapies Achieve Blood Pressure Goals in Hypertension - Doctor's Guide, 5/26/04 - "at the usual recommended starting doses, approximately twice as many patients treated with Benicar achieved goal blood pressure of less than 140/90 mm Hg compared to Cozaar®(losartan potassium) and Diovan® (valsartan), the two most commonly prescribed angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)"
Maximum Dose of Valsartan Appears More Effective than Telmisartan in Lowering Ambulatory Blood Pressure and Pulse Pressure Over 24 hours - Doctor's Guide, 5/25/04 - "the blood pressure reduction in the 24-hour mean was significantly larger for valsartan 160 mg (18.6 and 12.1 mm Hg for systolic and diastolic blood pressure, respectively) than for telmisartan 80 mg (10.8 and 8.4 mm Hg"
Losartan Preserves Cerebral Blood Flow in Hypertensive Patients With a History of Stroke - Doctor's Guide, 5/19/04
Atacand (Candesartan Cilexetil) Appears More Effective Than Cozaar (Losartan) at Lowering Blood Pressure - Doctor's Guide, 5/10/04 - "Candesartan was shown to lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure by 2 to 3 mm Hg on average more than losartan potassium when measured at the time of either peak or trough effect"
Valsartan May Produce Lower Ambulatory Heart Rate, Greater Lowering of Daytime Systolic Blood Pressure than Amlodipine in Elderly Patients with Systolic Hypertension - Doctor's Guide, 5/6/04
Telmisartan Safe, Effective for the Treatment of Isolated Systolic Hypertension - Doctor's Guide, 5/4/04
Left Ventricular Mass Index Reduced with Low-Dose Valsartan in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes - Doctor's Guide, 4/15/04
Telmisartan Lowers Early Morning Blood Pressure in Patients With Hypertension More Effectively Than Does Valsartan - Doctor's Guide, 4/12/04 - "telmisartan reduced BP during the last 6 h of the dosing period more effectively than did valsartan (-11/-7.6 ± 0.8/0.6 mm Hg vs. -8.7/-5.8 ± 0.8/0.6 mm Hg"
Losartan-Based Treatment Appears More Effective In Reducing Strokes In Hypertensives Than Atenolol-Based Treatment - Doctor's Guide, 4/1/04
Telmisartan Safe, Effective for Treatment of Hypertension in a Diverse Population - Doctor's Guide, 3/5/04
Irbesartan More Cost and Survival Effective than Amlodipine in Canadian Patients with Diabetic Neuropathy and Hypertension - Doctor's Guide, 3/4/04
Telmisartan Appears to Offer Additional Benefit to Antihypertensive Regimens - Doctor's Guide, 1/22/04
ARB, ACE Inhibitor, or Both After MI in High-Risk Patients? - Medscape, 1/9/04
Telmisartan Reduces Blood Pressure and Left Ventricular Mass Index in Patients with Hypertension - Doctor's Guide, 1/7/04 - "Telmisartan was significantly more effective in reducing blood pressure and left ventricular mass index (LVMI) than was hydrochlorothiazide in patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension ... Reducing LVM is a primary objective to managing hypertension because of the increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with increases in LVM"
Reduction in Left Ventricular Mass Due to Irbesartan Correlates With Increased Angiotensin II Levels - Doctor's Guide, 12/9/03
Persistent Renoprotection After Irbesartan Withdrawal in Hypertensive Type 2 Diabetics - Doctor's Guide, 11/18/03
Teveten (Eprosartan Mesylate) Effectively Lowers Systolic Blood Pressure, Pulse Pressure in Isolated Systolic Hypertension - Doctor's Guide, 11/14/03
Valsartan Shown as Effective as Captopril for Post-Heart Attack Treatment - Doctor's Guide, 11/10/03
Two Heart Drugs [ARBs & ACE Inhibitors] Found Equally Effective - HealthDay, 11/10/03 - "Overall survival in both groups and among patients who got combined therapy was better than 80 percent ... The incidence of side effects such as cough, taste disturbance and rash was higher among those given both drugs together, and people getting the combined treatment were more likely to stop taking the medications ... valsartan is "a safe and equally effective alternative" for patients who have problems with ACE inhibitor treatment, Mann writes. People with kidney problems, for instance, are usually kept away from these drugs"
Irbesartan More Effective Than Amlodipine in Reducing Left Ventricular Mass Index - Doctor's Guide, 11/4/03 - "Several studies have established that LVH is a powerful BP-independent cardiovascular risk factor; however, not all antihypertensive drugs can reverse LVH ... After 3 months, echocardiographically estimated LVMI decreased by 23.2% in the irbesartan-treated patients and 11.4% in the amlodipine-treated patients"
Losartan Improves Cognitive Function in Elderly Hypertensive Patients - Doctor's Guide, 10/31/03 - "Patients receiving losartan showed significant improvement in both memory tests, while those receiving atenolol did not shown a difference with treatment. Losartan treatment was associated with a 2.2 point increase in word list memory score and a 2.1 point increase in the word list recall score ... Notably, a greater number of adverse events were reported in patients given atenolol than in those given losartan (31 vs. 8 events)"
Telmisartan And Lisinopril Appear Equally Effective In Reducing Blood Pressure and Pulse Pressure - Doctor's Guide, 10/10/03 - "For both TPR and SI measurement techniques, no differences were detected between the two drugs in their effects on systolic and diastolic BP"
Renin-Angiotensin System Blockade Produces Multiple Benefits Independent of Blood Pressure Reduction - Doctor's Guide, 9/29/03 - "According to the authors, ACE inhibitors and ARBs, at least in higher- or moderate-risk individuals, "show advantages that are additional to the reduction in blood pressure that they achieve ... We still await new and forthcoming data as to whether the better-tolerated ARBs have benefits equivalent to those of the ACE inhibitors, for which there are now numerous data ... We also await data on the combination of both these classes of drugs, particularly with respect to safety"
Candesartan More Effective Than ACE Inhibition Post-Myocardial Infarction - Doctor's Guide, 9/29/03
Losartan Reduces Hospitalizations in Diabetic Heart-Failure Patients - Doctor's Guide, 9/29/03
Drugs Blocking the Renin-Angiotensin System Offer Advantages Beyond Lowering Blood Pressure - Doctor's Guide, 9/15/03 - "According to the authors, ACE inhibitors and ARBs, at least in higher- or moderate-risk individuals, "show advantages that are additional to the reduction in blood pressure that they achieve"
High Doses of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers Required for Maximum Renoprotection - Doctor's Guide, 9/12/03 - "angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) can have significant renoprotective effects, in addition to known antihypertensive benefits ... The optimal dose and strategy for renoprotection using ACEI and ARBs should be guided by titrating to the maximum antiproteinuric effect ... For patients who maintain elevated proteinuria despite high dose monotherapy, they recommend combined use of ACE inhibitors and ARBs"
Brain Natriuretic Peptide Changes Are Predictive of Valsartan Treatment Success in Heart Failure - Doctor's Guide, 9/9/03
CHARM Trials Demonstrate Add-On Benefit of Candesartan for Heart Failure - Doctor's Guide, 9/3/03
Effect of losartan on sudden cardiac death in people with diabetes: data from the LIFE study - Lancet. 2003 Aug 23;362(9384):619-20 - "In the losartan group, five (6%) of 86 patients with diabetes and atrial fibrillation during the trial died of sudden cardiac death compared with nine (2%) of 500 in those without atrial fibrillation. The respective figures for the atenolol group were 14 (13%) of 105 and 16 (3%) of 504. Our results suggest losartan affords better protection against cardiac death from arrhythmias for patients with diabetes mellitus than does atenolol"
Renin-Angiotensin System Blockers Offers Added Benefits Beyond Blood-Pressure Lowering For Hypertensives - Doctor's Guide, 8/28/03 - "Emerging data on newer drugs that block the renin-angiotensin system, such as the angiotension II type 1 receptor blockers (ARBs) and angiotension-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, indicate added benefits such as reduced mortality, strokes, and myocardial infarction along with decreased blood pressure"
Losartan Superior to Atenolol For Reducing Cardiac Death From Arrhythmias In Hypertensive Diabetics - Doctor's Guide, 8/21/03
Losartan More Effective Than Atenolol in Preventing Morbidity and Mortality in Low-Risk Hypertensive Patients - Doctor's Guide, 8/21/03 - "Losartan appears to be more effective than atenolol in preventing cardiovascular morbidity and death - especially fatal and non-fatal stroke - in patients with hypertension but without clinically evident vascular disease. Furthermore, the effect appears to be independent of blood pressure reduction ... In addition, incident diabetes occurred less often in patients treated with losartan"
Losartan Causes Greater Regression of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Compared to Atenolol - Doctor's Guide, 8/8/03
Early Intervention with Atacand (Candesartan) Improves Outcome for Patients with Acute Ischaemic Stroke - Doctor's Guide, 7/28/03
ACE Inhibitors Prevent Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease by Multiple Mechanisms - Doctor's Guide, 7/25/03 - "ACE inhibitors inhibit the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II ... Angiotensin II increases the production of reactive oxygen species and has several vasoconstrictive effects, including opposition of the vasorelaxant actions of nitric oxide and stimulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 ... Angiotensin II, furthermore, increases arterial stiffness by a variety of mechanisms ... fewer studies have evaluated the effects of angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), although these agents may also exert beneficial effects and may act synergistically with ACE inhibitors ... The authors note that, regarding the role of ACE inhibitors in diabetic renal disease, with the exception of ARBs, ACE inhibitors "have been shown to be more effective in reducing proteinuria than any other antihypertensive agents."
Telmisartan Effective and Well-tolerated for Renal Failure Patients - Doctor's Guide, 6/20/03
FDA Grants Marketing Approval for Benicar HCT (Olmesartan Medoxomil-Hydrochlorothiazide) Treatment For Hypertension - Doctor's Guide, 6/9/03
Fenofibrate, Losartan Show Additive Benefits with Anti-hyperuricaemic Agents in Gout Patients - Doctor's Guide, 6/4/03
Telmisartan Improves Quality of Life Measurements in Hypertensive Patients - Doctor's Guide, 5/30/03 - "The angiotensin II receptor blocker telmisartan appears to enhance the quality of life for patients who are being treated for high blood pressure ... the scores increased from 77 at baseline to an average of 82.2"
Losartan Treatment Effect is Boosted by DASH Diet - Doctor's Guide, 5/26/03 - "For patients receiving losartan, systolic and diastolic blood pressure was significantly reduced from baseline on the control diet (-6.7 + 1.5/-3.7 + 1.0 mm Hg, P < .05), with an even greater effect evident for the DASH diet (-1.7 + 1.5/-6.9 + 1.0 mm Hg, P < .05) ... A reduction in systolic blood pressure in patients receiving placebo occurred on the DASH diet (-5.3 + 1.5 mm Hg, P < .05). No other significant changes to blood pressure levels were observed" - [Abstract]
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers Effective, Better Tolerated than Calcium Channel Blockers in Elderly Patients - Doctor's Guide, 5/21/03 - "Valsartan and amlodipine are both highly effective in controlling blood pressure in patients with isolated systolic hypertension ... However, valsartan offers a significant tolerability advantage as it shows a reduced risk of developing adverse events"
Olmesartan Medoxomil Has Equal Efficacy and Safety in Hypertensive Men and Women - Doctor's Guide, 5/21/03
Hypertensive Patients Respond to Telmisartan Titration in Community-Based Trial - Doctor's Guide, 5/20/03
Eprosartan Mesylate Shows Benefits in Elderly with Isolated Systolic Hypertension - Doctor's Guide, 5/20/03
Valsartan Appears to Improve Sexual Function in Men and Women with Hypertension - Doctor's Guide, 5/18/03 - "Men and women being treated with the angiotensin II receptor blocker valsartan for mild-to-moderate hypertension appear to show improvements in sexual function and desire"
Patients Respond to Up-titration of Olmesartan - Doctor's Guide, 5/18/03
Candesartan Effectively Reduces Blood Pressure in Elderly Hypertensives - Doctor's Guide, 5/12/03 - "Active anti-hypertensive treatment was given to most patients (84%) in the control group ... A first major cardiovascular event occurred in 242 candesartan patients and in 268 controls. The risk reduction with candesartan was 10.9%. Candesartan-based treatment reduced non-fatal stroke by 27.8% and all stroke by 23.6%" - [Abstract]
Eplerenone Superior To Losartan In Black Patients With Hypertension - Doctor's Guide, 4/14/03
Candesartan Improves Congestive Heart Failure - Doctor's Guide, 4/11/03
LIFE Sub-Study Finds Losartan Superior To Atenolol In Atrial Fibrillation - Doctor's Guide, 4/4/03
Basal Nitric Oxide Production, Release Improved By AT(1) Receptor Blockade With Valsartan - Doctor's Guide, 2/19/03
Which Blood Pressure Drug Is Best? - HealthDay, 2/12/03
Amlodipine Appears To Provide Greater Reduction In Blood Pressure Than Does Losartan - Doctor's Guide, 2/6/03 - "Diastolic blood pressure equal to or below 90 mm Hg was achieved by 43.6% of the amlodipine patients and 42.3% of the losartan patients. Seventy-one percent of the amlodipine and 81% of the losartan patients who continued treatment with the original dose reached blood pressure goals ... However, among those patients who required dosage adjustments, a significantly higher number of amlodipine patients reached blood pressure goals. Fifty-nine percent of the amlodipine patients compared with 42%"
BP Drug Cozaar Also Prevents Stroke - WebMD, 1/7/03 - "Cozaar reduced the risk of stroke by about 25% compared with atenolol"
FDA Advisors Recommend Losartan for Stroke Prevention - Medscape, 1/7/03
Averting Migraines With Few Side Effects - WebMD, 12/31/02
Valsartan Improves Augmentation Index In Essential Hypertension - Doctor's Guide, 12/23/02
BP Lowering May Halt Descent Into Dementia - Clinical Psychiatry News, 12/02 - "those in the candesartan arm had a mean 0.5-point decline in MMSE scores during follow-up, compared with a 6-point drop in those on a diuretic. The cognitive benefit was even more pronounced in patients over age 85"
Irbesartan Improves Cardiac Repolarization In Hypertensive Left Ventricular Hypertrophy - Doctor's Guide, 11/26/02
Telmisartan Efficacy in Mild-Moderate Hypertension Confirmed - Doctor's Guide, 11/25/02
Valsartan Produces Sustained Aldosterone Decrease in Heart Failure Patients - Doctor's Guide, 11/18/02
Losartan Reduces Proteinuria in Non-Diabetic Patients with Nephropathy - Doctor's Guide, 11/7/02
Angiotensin Receptor Blocker Plus Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor Enhances Angiotensin II Blocking Effect - Doctor's Guide, 11/4/02
Albumin Secretion, Blood Pressure Lowered by Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker Telmisartan - Doctor's Guide, 11/1/02
Incidence of Cardiac Events Similar Between Amlodipine And Irbesartan in Diabetic Patients with Overt Nephropathy - Doctor's Guide, 11/1/02
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers Reduce Proteinuria In Lupus Nephritis - Doctor's Guide, 10/29/02
New Angiotensin II Blocker Counters Hypertension Effectively And Safely - Doctor's Guide, 10/22/02
Valsartan Improves Survival, Reduces Hospitalisations In Heart Failure Patients Not Taking Ace Inhibitors - Doctor's Guide, 10/16/02
Valsartan's Benefit in Heart Failure Confirmed - Doctor's Guide, 10/4/02
Candesarten Effectively Reduces Proteinuria in Patients with Chronic Glomerulonephritis - Doctor's Guide, 10/1/02
Losartan Superior in Isolated Systolic Hypertension with Left Ventricular Hypertrophy - Doctor's Guide, 9/25/02
Losartan Better Than Atenolol at Reducing Cardiovascular Risk - Medscape, 9/25/02
FDA Approves Avapro (Irbesartan) For The Treatment Of Diabetic Nephropathy (Kidney Disease) In Patients With High Blood Pressure And Type 2 Diabetes - Doctor's Guide, 9/18/02
Lisinopril But Not Losartan Boosts Myocardial Perfusion In Hypertensives With Left Ventricular Hypertrophy - Doctor's Guide, 9/18/02
LIFE Substudy Shows Losartan Superior to Atenolol at Reducing Stroke Risk - Doctor's Guide, 9/16/02
Losartan Superior To Atenolol In Reducing Left Ventricular Hypertrophy In Hypertensives - Doctor's Guide, 9/4/02
Losartan Reduces Incidence of End-Stage Renal Disease in Type 2 Diabetics, Also Lowers Cost Burden - Doctor's Guide, 9/4/02
New Data From Val-HeFT Shows Diovan (Valsartan) Is Highly Cost-Effective In Treating Heart Failure Patients Not Taking ACE Inhibitors - Doctor's Guide, 9/2/02
FDA Approves Blood Pressure Treatment Diovan(R) (valsartan) for Heart Failure - Doctor's Guide, 8/15/02
Lercanidipine and Losartan Effective, Well-Tolerated Monotherapies for Mild to Moderate Hypertension - Doctor's Guide, 8/13/02
Low Dose Valsartan Therapy May Reduce Urinary Albumin Excretion In Type 2 Diabetics With Nephropathy - Doctor's Guide, 7/31/02
Patient Compliance with Antihypertensive Therapy Appears Longer for Those Taking Angiotensin II Antagonists - Doctor's Guide, 7/18/02 - "The researchers found that the class of drug had a statistically significant effect on the patients' persistence of compliance. Angiotensin II antagonists had the highest rate of persistence followed by ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, beta-blockers, and diuretics"
Antiproteinuric Effect of Losartan Related to its Haemodynamic Effects - Doctor's Guide, 7/18/02
Cozaar (Losartan) Lowered Risk Of Total Mortality In Patients With Diabetes By 39% Versus Atenolol - Doctor's Guide, 6/27/02 - "treatment with losartan resulted in a 24 per cent reduction in the primary composite endpoint of cardiovascular death, stroke and heart attack compared to the beta-blocker atenolol (p=0.03). Blood pressure and pulse pressure reductions were similar with both therapies. In addition, losartan significantly reduced the risk of cardiovascular death by 37 per cent (p=0.03) and total mortality by 39 per cent ... A 39 per cent reduction in total mortality with losartan is an important observation given that the observed reduction is versus an established antihypertensive, atenolol ... It is widely accepted that elevated systolic blood pressure is an even stronger risk factor for cardiovascular events than diastolic blood pressure"
Reducing Hypertension In The Elderly Leads To A Significant Reduction In The Incidence Of Stroke - Doctor's Guide, 6/27/02
Losartan Plus Hydrochlorothiazide Reduces Essential Hypertension - Doctor's Guide, 6/26/02
Severe Fibrosis Appears To Decrease Following Losartan Therapy - Doctor's Guide, 6/6/02
Results Published Demonstrate that Irbesartan Provides Greater Blood Pressure Reduction than Valsartan in Patients with Elevated Blood Pressure - Doctor's Guide, 5/24/02
Losartan Restores Normal Dilation Of The Left Main Coronary Artery After Cold Pressor Test - Doctor's Guide, 5/23/02
Irbesartan More Effective than Atenolol in Reducing Cardiac Electrical Instability - Doctor's Guide, 5/20/02
Impotent Patients on Valsartan Find Increased Interest in Sex; Use Sildenafil More Often - Doctor's Guide, 5/19/02 - "Because the use of sildenafil significantly increased with the use of valsartan, it suggests that angiotensin II antagonism induces an increase in sexual desire in impotent hypertensive men ... It could be related to the reactive stimulation of angiotensin cascade due to AT1 receptors blockade"
VALUE trial Shows Lower Diastolic Blood Pressure After One Year in 90% of Patients - Doctor's Guide, 5/19/02
Olmesartan Medoxomil and Amlodipine Equally Effective for Mild to Moderate Hypertension - Doctor's Guide, 5/19/02
Eplerenone Appears Superior to Losartan in Salt-Sensitive Hypertensive Patients - Doctor's Guide, 5/19/02
Losartan Reduces Platelet Activity When Compared to Candesartan in Patients With Diabetes and Hypertension - Doctor's Guide, 5/17/02
Results of a New Study Show That Irbesartan May Provide Additional Benefits For High Risk Patients With High Blood Pressure - Doctor's Guide, 5/16/02
Telmisartan/Hydrochlorothiazide Combination Superior To Telmisartan Alone For Hypertension - Doctor's Guide, 5/13/02
FDA Grants Marketing Approval For Benicar (Olmesartan Medoxomil) For Treatment Of Hypertension - Doctor's Guide, 4/26/02 - "is a member of the rapidly growing angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) class ... Studies have shown that Benicar 20 mg once a day, the recommended starting dose, resulted in double-digit blood pressure reduction, lowering systolic blood pressure by an average of 15mm Hg* and diastolic blood pressure by an average of 12mm Hg. In these studies, patients receiving placebo had average reductions in systolic blood pressure of 5.6 mm Hg and in diastolic blood pressure of 6.2mm Hg."
Losartan Reduces QT Dispersion In Patients With Mild To Moderate Hypertension - Doctor's Guide, 4/16/02
Combination ACE Inhibitors and Angiotensin II Blockers Decreases Proteinuria in Patients with Diabetic Nephropathy - Doctor's Guide, 4/11/02
Diabetic Hypertensives Benefit More From Losartan Than Atenolol - Doctor's Guide, 3/22/02
Drug for high blood pressure reduces diabetes risk - USA Today, 3/21/02 - "using the drug Cozaar to treat people with high blood pressure reduces their risk of developing diabetes by 25%"
LIFE Study Finds Losartan More Effective than Atenolol in Hypertensive Patients - Doctor's Guide, 3/20/02
A Better Blood-Pressure Drug [Cozaar] - WebMD, 3/20/02
Morbidity Risk Reduced When Valsartan Administered In Hypertensive Heart Failure - Doctor's Guide, 3/19/02
Losartan/Quinapril Combination Therapy Suppresses Cardiac Sympathetic Activity - Doctor's Guide, 1/29/02
Eprosartan Reduces Blood Pressure Throughout 24 Hours - Doctor's Guide, 12/27/01
Support Qualified For Valsartan In Chronic Heart Failure - Doctor's Guide, 12/6/01
New Data Support Early Intervention With Atacand (Candesartan Cilexetil) In Acute Ischaemic Stroke - Doctor's Guide, 12/6/01
Stroke Patients Show Significant Risk Reduction When Given Atacand (Candesartan Cilexetil) - Doctor's Guide, 11/29/01
Diovan (Valsartan) Reduces Total Heart Failure Hospitalizations - Doctor's Guide, 11/13/01
Diovan (Valsartan) Significantly Reduces Marker of Heart Failure Severity - Doctor's Guide, 11/12/01
FDA Issues Approvable Letter For Diovan (Valsartan) For Treatment Of Heart Failure - Doctor's Guide, 10/25/01
Losartan Cuts Costs of Kidney Failure and Incidence of End-Stage Renal Disease in Diabetics - Doctor's Guide, 10/17/01
Avapro (Irbesartan) Effectively Stops Progression of Type 2 Diabetic Nephropathy - Doctor's Guide, 10/17/01
Long-term Irbesartan, Amlodipine Normalizes Resistance Artery Structure and Endothelial Function - Doctor's Guide, 9/25/01
Blood Pressure Drug May Help Kidneys - Intelihealth, 9/20/01 - "Doctors found that the medicines, called angiotensin II receptor blockers, forestall complete kidney failure by about two years in diabetics with advanced kidney disease. They predict the effects will be even more dramatic in those with less severe kidney damage, potentially protecting them from ever reaching end-stage disease ... If the data keep getting stronger, it will become a recommendation, because there is very little downside to these drugs ... Angiotensin blockers have fewer side effects than ACE inhibitors, which cause a cough in about 20 percent of users"
Cozaar (Losartan) Slows Progression of Kidney Disease in Type 2 Diabetes - Doctor's Guide, 9/19/01
Irbesartan Protects Against Kidney Disease Progression in Hypertension, Type 2 Diabetes - Doctor's Guide, 9/4/01
Blood pressure drug reverses sexual dysfunction - Life Extension Magazine, 7/01 - "the active ingredient in Cozaar and Hyaar (losartan) can significantly improve sex lives of men who suffer from sexual dysfunction"
Low-Dose Perindopril/Indapamide Combination More Effective Than Irbesartan Alone - Doctor's Guide, 6/21/01
Long-Term Compliance to Losartan Superior To Other Antihypertensives - Doctor's Guide, 6/20/01
Telmisartan Effective And Well-Tolerated In Long-Term Treatment Of Hypertension - Doctor's Guide, 6/20/01
Candesartan Shown Equivalent To Enalapril In Regressing Left Ventricular Hypertrophy - Doctor's Guide, 6/19/01
Irbesartan Delays Nephropathy In Diabetic Patients - Doctor's Guide, 6/17/01
Better Compliance Found With Once Daily Irbesartan Over Atenolol in Treatment of Pediatric Severe Hypertension - Doctor's Guide, 5/30/01
Cozaar (Losartan) Significantly Reduces Progression of Kidney Disease in Type 2 Diabetics - Doctor's Guide, 5/24/01
Diabetics Get Kidney Protection From ARBs, High Blood Pressure Drugs Reduce Need for Dialysis, Transplant - WebMD, 5/20/01 - "results from three landmark studies of almost 4,000 diabetic patients suggest that a specific class of blood pressure drugs called angiotensin receptor blockers, or ARBs, can protect kidneys and reduce the need for kidney dialysis or transplant"
Irbesartan Slows Kidney Disease In Diabetics - Doctor's Guide, 5/20/01
Telmisartan With Hydrochlorithiazide Controls Hypertension - Doctor's Guide, 5/18/01 - "after eight weeks on the FDC, both SBP/DBP dropped by 7.4/3.5 mmHg, compared with the telmisartan 40 mg monotherapy"
Diovan (Valsartan) Effective in Reducing Microalbuminuria - Doctor's Guide, 5/17/01 - "Diovan® (valsartan), is more effective in reducing microalbuminuria (p<0.001), an early sign of diabetic kidney disease, compared to the calcium channel blocker, amlodipine"
Newest Hypertension Drug, Losartan, May Improve Sexual Function - Doctor's Guide, 5/1/01
Angiotensin II Antagonist Telmisartan Fights Stiffening Arteries In Hypertensive Diabetics - Doctor's Guide, 4/6/01 - "not only effectively lowered blood pressure compared with placebo, but also significantly decreased arterial stiffness"
Angiotensin II Antagonist Plus Conventional Treatment Improves Blood Pressure Control, Kidney Function - Doctor's Guide, 4/6/01 - "Adding candesartan cilexetil to conventional therapy significantly reduced albuminuria by a mean of 25 percent, fractional albumin clearance by a mean of 35 percent, 24-hour systolic blood pressure by a mean of 10 mmHg, and GFR by a mean of 5 ml/minute/1.73 m2. The mean reduction in diastolic blood pressure (3 mmHg) was not statistically significant"
Carvedilol Reduces But Valsartan May Increase Sexual Activity In Hypertensive Men - Doctor's Guide, 2/1/01 - "carvedilol induces a chronic reduction of sexual activity whereas valsartan, an angiotensin II antagonist, not only does not significantly reduce sexual activity but may even increase it."
FDA Approves Micardis HCT (Telmisartan/Hydrochlorothiazide) For Hypertension - Doctor's Guide, 11/21/00 - "Micardis HCT 80/12.5 mg significantly reduced diastolic and systolic blood pressures by an average of 14.9 mmHg and 23.9 mmHg, respectively"
Triple Therapy Including Angiotensin Blockers Shows Benefits In Heart Failure Treatment - Doctor's Guide, 11/21/01 - "This finding contradicts the long-held belief that the drugs should not be combined, and means it may be possible to use a form of "triple therapy" for some congestive heart failure patients"
Valsartan Provides Significant Reduction In Combined Risk Of Death, Morbidity From Heart Failure - Doctor's Guide, 11/15/00
Atacand HCT (Candesartan Cilexetil-Hydrochlorothiazide), Anti-Hypertensive, Now Available In US - Doctor's Guide, 10/26/00
Angiotensin-converting Enzyme Inhibitors, Beta Blockers May Postpone Kidney Failure - Doctor's Guide, 10/13/00
FDA Approves Atacand HCT (Candesartan Cilexetil HCl) For Hypertension - Doctor's Guide, 9/6/00
Irbesartan Improves Quality Of Life In Hypertensives - Doctor's Guide, 8/24/00 - "although the use of antihypertensive drugs before inclusion of irbesartan appeared to make quality of life worse, the addition of irbesartan produced a positive impact on quality of life"
Enalapril And Losartan Reverse Arterial Vessel Stiffening - Doctor's Guide, 8/24/00
Valsartan And Warfarin May Be Co-administered Safely - Doctor's Guide, 8/24/00
Candesartan/Lisonopril Combination Decreases Blood Pressure In Diabetics - Doctor's Guide, 8/23/00 - "The effect of combination therapy was much more than could be achieved by doubling the dose of each of the drugs separately"
Olmesartan Decreases Plasma Angiotensin II Levels - Doctor's Guide, 8/22/00 - "Olmesartan was able to significantly decrease both the systolic and diastolic blood pressure in healthy adults to an average of 136/84 mm Hg [from 164/100 mm Hg]"
Valsartan Effectively Lowers Blood Pressure in African Americans on High-Salt Diets - Doctor's Guide, 7/18/00
Atacand (Candesartan Cilexetil) Significantly More Effective Than Cozaar (Losartan) In Lowering Blood Pressure - Doctor's Guide, 7/11/00 - "the use of Atacand at the maximum once-daily dose of 32 mg reduced trough sitting diastolic blood pressure (DBP) by 10.9 mm Hg and trough sitting systolic blood pressure (SBP) by 13.3 compared to 8.7 mm Hg and 9.8 mm Hg for the once-daily maximum dose of 100 mg losartan. In the second CLAIM Study, Atacand 32 mg reduced DBP by 10.5 mm Hg and SBP by 13.4 mm Hg compared to 9.1 mm Hg and 10.1 mm HG for 100 mg losartan"
Atacand(Candesartan) Effective Antihypertensive, More Tolerable Than Norvasc(Amlodipine) - Doctor's Guide, 5/19/00 - "The angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) Atacand® (candesartan cilexetil) demonstrated similar efficacy in lowering blood pressure with significantly less swelling in patients' feet and ankles compared to the most prescribed antihypertensive medication, the calcium channel blocker Norvasc® (amlodipine, Pfizer)"
Diovan (Valsartan) Reduces Systolic Hypertension In The Elderly - Doctor's Guide, 3/3/00
Losartan Doesn’t Unseat Reigning Therapy For Heart Failure - Doctor's Guide, 11/11/99 - "The angiotensin II receptor blocker losartan (Cozaar) did not outperform gold-standard ACE inhibitor therapy in the treatment of heart failure in a large, randomized trial, following a smaller trial that suggested it might be more effective."
Antihypertensive Teveten Tablets Now Available In The U.S. - Doctor's Guide, 10/18/99
Avalide Available In U.S. For High Blood Pressure Treatment - Doctor's Guide, 5/13/99 - "(irbesartan/hydrochlorothiazide tablets)"
Micardis Available In U.S. For Hypertension - Doctor's Guide, 2/22/99
Atacand Available In U.S. For Hypertension - Doctor's Guide, 10/20/98 - "One of the advantages of a medication like Atacand is that the overall incidence of side effects is similar to placebo"
FDA-Approved Diovan HCT Combines Two Hypertension Drug Classes - Doctor's Guide, 3/10/99
FDA Advisory Panel Recommends Approval of Verdia For Hypertension - Doctor's Guide, 1/28/98
New Drug [PrDiovan(tm) (valsartan) Puts The Brakes On Hypertension - Doctor's Guide, 12/2/97
Diovan Reduces Left Ventricular Hypertrophy - Doctor's Guide, 7/17/97
Diovan For First-Line Treatment of Hypertension Cleared by FDA - Doctor's Guide, 12/26/96
Related Searches:

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70604

Angiotensin II Blockers new research --->
<!--- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC150992/ Pivotal role of the renin/prorenin receptor in angiotensin II production and cellular responses to renin 

 '''Renin is an aspartyl protease essential for the control of blood pressure and was long suspected to have cellular receptors. We report the expression cloning of the human renin receptor complementary DNA encoding a 350–amino acid protein with a single transmembrane domain and no homology with any known membrane protein. Transfected cells stably expressing the receptor showed renin- and prorenin-specific binding. The binding of renin induced a fourfold increase of the catalytic efficiency of angiotensinogen conversion to angiotensin I and induced an intracellular signal with phosphorylation of serine and tyrosine residues associated to an activation of MAP kinases ERK1 and ERK2. High levels of the receptor mRNA are detected in the heart, brain, placenta, and lower levels in the kidney and liver. By confocal microscopy the receptor is localized in the mesangium of glomeruli and in the subendothelium of coronary and kidney artery, associated to smooth muscle cells and colocalized with renin. The renin receptor is the first described for an aspartyl protease. This discovery emphasizes the role of the cell surface in angiotensin II generation and opens new perspectives on the tissue renin-angiotensin system and on renin effects independent of angiotensin II.'''    --->

== Calcium Channel Blockers and Dementia ==
<!--- http://74.6.239.67/search/cache?ei=UTF-8&p=at+II+blockers+and+dementia&fr=yfp-t-157&u=www.medscape.com/viewarticle/569855&w=ii+blockers+blocker+dementia&d=CbYmA929TqmB&icp=1&.intl=us&sig=3A_QweixVDOi.gs0Swpe9Q-- Calcium-Channel Blockers Linked to Reduced Risk for Parkinson'sDisease




Risk for Idiopathic PD with Current Use of Antihypertensive Agents vs Nonuse of Antihypertensive Drugs 
Agent 
Adjusted Odds Ratio 
95% CI 
ACE inhibitors 
1.08
0.85 – 1.37
Angiotensin II antagonists 
0.91
0.41 – 2.00
Beta blockers 
1.16
0.95 – 1.41
Calcium-channel blockers 
0.77
0.63 – 0.95

More research is needed to determine why calcium-channel blockers appear to protect against PD, whether this is in fact a causal association, and why other antihypertensives do not appear to afford a similar reduced risk, Dr. Meier said in a statement from the American Academy of Neurology.

--->
<!---
http://www.pspinformation.com/disease/dementia/vascular.shtml Vascular Dementia--->


== Central ACE & ACE Inhibitors ==
*[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TH2-4CXMY8V-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1102807990&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=f19dbaf291c32f2928026d3c2b831329 Mass spectral fragmentation reactions of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors]
* Mass spectral fragmentation reactions of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors: n interesting dissociation process (rearrangement) unique to one of the compounds, lisinopril, has been investigated using isotopic labeling experiments and exact mass measurements. The general nature of the process has been probed through both the positive and negative ion analyses of fourteen related compounds exhibiting structural homolog
* [http://drugtopics.modernmedicine.com/drug-topics/content/tags/ace-inhibitors/centrally-acting-ace-inhibitors-reduce-rate-cognitive-declin Cognitive scores improve in patients starting on centrally acting ACE inhibitors, compared to those already established on maintenance treatment. This may have been related to better medication compliance, the effects of improved BP control or increased cerebrovascular perfusion after initial treatment, ]

== Wondering : ACE ARBS BP Statins : Interactions and complexities ==


*[http://molinterv.aspetjournals.org/content/8/5/222.full.pdf  Interactions and complexities]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1312296?ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_SingleItemSupl.Pubmed_Discovery_RA&linkpos=4&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed Angiotensin-converting enzyme in renal and cerebral tissue and implications for successful blood pressure management.]
*<!---The blood pressure-lowering effect of quinapril, for example, correlated better with inhibition of tissue ACE (aorta) than with inhibition of plasma ACE. The effects of ACE inhibitors on local tissue renin-angiotensin systems (vascular in particular) may be the crucial determinant of response to treatment. Newer ACE inhibitors, such as quinapril, have favorable side effect profiles as well as apparent tissue specificity for the vascular renin-angiotensin system (and possibly other relevant cardiovascular tissue). Differentiation among ACE inhibitors should play an even more important role in the future for individualization of therapy. --->
**Plasma and tissue ACE Activity and ACE Inhibitors e.g.  Quinapril tissue ACE -aorta
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7898096?ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_SingleItemSupl.Pubmed_Discovery_RA&linkpos=5&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed The renin-angiotensin system in the heart and vascular wall: new therapeutic aspects.1994 ] a deletion polymorphism in the gene encoding ACE is a risk factor in myocardial infarction (MI)
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11392474?ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_SingleItemSupl.Pubmed_Discovery_RA&linkpos=4&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed Anti-ischemic potential of drugs related to the renin-angiotensin system. ]
*Anti-ischemic potential of drugs related to the renin-angiotensin system. 
<!--- Actions mediated by the renin-angiotensin system may be inhibited at various levels: renin itself may be inhibited, angiotensin-I (A-1) conversion to angiotensin-II (A-II), or binding of A-II at the A-II type 1 (A-II1) receptor. The angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and the A-II1 receptor antagonists are now clinically established. Because ACE is a relatively unspecific peptidase which catalyses the breakdown of A-I, bradykinin and neuropeptides like substance P and neurotensin, the effects of ACE inhibitors go far beyond the prevention of A-II production. On the other hand, in certain tissues like vascular and cardiac tissue, A-II is produced by other enzymes, for instance chymase, and ACE inhibitors do not consistently prevent A-II production. The action of A-II1 receptor antagonists may also not be confined to prevention of binding of A-II at the A-II1 receptor, as by rebound more A-II may bind at the A-II type 2 (A-II2) receptor and thus mediate until now not well defined effects. Thus, anti-ischemic actions of these drugs may be related to multiple mechanisms. Inhibition of A-II effects at the A-II1 receptor may prevent systemic and coronary vasoconstriction and growth effects of A-II on various cell types. In addition, A-II may potentiate, by pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms, activation of the sympathetic nervous system. Prevention of breakdown of bradykinin, substance P and neurotensin may result in direct vasodilation or release of nitrous oxide from the endothelium. Thus, growth-inhibiting effects may also be mediated. All these mechanisms seem to direct to a reduction of cardiac load by vasodilation and to a limitation of cardiovascular cell growth. While the systemic circulating renin-angiotensin system is probably responsible for control of cardiac load, local systems seem to control cell growth. Systemic effects seem to depend on activation of the renin-angiotensin system which has been shown in various ischemic syndromes. Activation of various components of the renin-angiotensin system has been demonstrated in myocardial ischemia, acute myocardial infarction and coronary occlusion and reperfusion models as well as in chronic left ventricular dysfunction post-myocardial infarction. While animal models of stress-induced myocardial ischemia have revealed predominantly positive results, clinical studies, which mostly were small and not well controlled, were equivocal. Large clinical trials with ACE inhibitors in acute myocardial infarction showed small benefits over placebo. Hypotension seems to be a critical side-effect in this situation. Experimental models show protective effects of both ACE inhibitors and A-II1 receptor antagonists in the situation of ischemia and reperfusion. New data on large clinical trials in patients at risk of cardiovascular events but normal left ventricular function demonstrate clear benefits of an ACE inhibitor. Large clinical trials in patients with chronic left ventricular dysfunction post-myocardial infarction show reduction of ischemic events.--->
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9429846?ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_SingleItemSupl.Pubmed_Discovery_RA&linkpos=1&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed Bradykinin-mediated cardiovascular protective actions of ACE inhibitors. A new dimension in anti-ischaemic therapy?  ]
* Bradykinin-mediated cardiovascular protective actions of ACE inhibitors. A new dimension in anti-ischaemic therapy? <!--- In addition to being accepted therapy in hypertension and heart failure, ACE inhibitors may well offer a new dimension in anti-ischaemic therapy. Currently, anti-ischaemic properties have been demonstrated by ACE inhibitors in selected patient groups, including patients with left ventricular dysfunction with or without a direct temporal relationship with myocardial infarction. Anti-ischaemic effects of ACE inhibitors become apparent late after initiation of treatment and suggest a structural rather than a functional effect. Underlying mechanisms may include a reduction in ventricular dilatation and (abnormal) cardiac hypertrophy, leading to less myocardial oxygen demand and, possibly, improved subendocardial blood supply, and vasculoprotective effects, i.e. anti-atherosclerotic and antiremodelling properties, a beneficial effect on the fibrinolytic system and an improvement in abnormal endothelial vasodilator function. The latter aspect is most probably the pivotal mode of action where the anti-ischaemic profile of ACE inhibition is concerned. An improvement in endothelial dysfunction has been shown in patients with mild to moderate coronary artery disease [Trial on Reversing ENdothelial Dysfunction (TREND)]. It is of importance that, in both clinical experiments and human studies, the role of bradykinin appears central in the structural and functional cardiovascular effects of ACE inhibition. This is particularly true for the improvement of impaired endothelial function. Myocardial ischaemia evokes vasoconstrictor neurohormonal activation, which may lead to coronary vasoconstriction in diseased coronary segments. The subsequent abnormal endothelial function leads to diminished coronary flow and also increases systemic vasotone and afterload, thus unfavourably altering the myocardial oxygen supply/demand ratio. Under laboratory conditions, acute ACE inhibition counteracts this activation in humans. However, it is speculated that this anti-ischaemic mechanism may become operative and clinically important during long term oral ACE inhibitor therapy when endothelial function improves, and may subsequently protect against the vasoconstrictor effect of neurohormonal activation. As it is unlikely that the mechanisms mentioned above are only relevant in patients with ventricular dysfunction or heart failure, several large controlled trials are currently examining the long term anti-ischaemic and cardiovascular protective effects of ACE inhibition in patients at risk of a cardiovascular event [Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation study (HOPE)], with a normal cardiac function [Prevention of Events with ACE inhibition study (PEACE)] or in all patients with coronary artery disease irrespective of cardiac function [EUropean trial of Reduction Of cardiac events with Perindopril in stable coronary Artery disease (EUROPA)]. --->
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9651738?ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_SingleItemSupl.Pubmed_Discovery_RA&linkpos=3&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed The sympathetic nervous system and ischaemic heart disease.]
*The sympathetic nervous system and ischaemic heart disease.
<!--- The sympathetic nervous system, coronary artery disease and myocardial ischaemia are related in different ways. First, the sympathetic system may be involved in the process of atherosclerosis through platelet activation and subsequent platelet-derived growth factor formation and by inducing mechanical injury to the vascular wall as a result of increased blood pressure and increased flow velocity. Secondly, sympathetic control of coronary vasomotor tone, which under normal conditions is not important, becomes functionally significant once coronary artery disease endothelial dysfunction has occurred. Under these circumstances, increased sympathetic adrenergic tone may lead to coronary vasoconstriction and, as myocardial oxygen demand increases concomitantly, myocardial ischaemia may ensue. Alternatively, myocardial ischaemia activates several neurohormonal systems, such as the sympathetic and, during more severe ischaemia, the circulating renin-angiotensin system. This leads to systemic and, possibly, coronary vasoconstriction and thus to further myocardial ischaemia. Prolonged myocardial ischaemia results in progressive norepinephrine release from the heart, reaching extracellular levels as high as 100-1000 x plasma concentrations. As cardiac beta-receptor density rises simultaneously, sympathetically-induced irreversible myocardial damage may occur, although through concomitantly increased beta-receptor kinase activity the beta-receptor may become functionally inactive. To counteract the detrimental effects of enhanced sympathetic activation on the heart, beta-blockade appears to be the proper choice. However, acute beta-blockade may lead to more profound ischaemia-induced neurohormonal activation and hence to vascular constriction through unoccupied alpha-receptors. In contrast, under ischaemic conditions and with concomitant beta-blockade, acute alpha-blockade does improve subendocardial flow and reduces myocardial ischaemia. A novel approach to anti-ischaemic therapy, which relates to modulating ischaemia-induced sympathetic activation, is through ACE inhibition. ACE inhibitors affect myocardial ischaemia by reducing neurohormonal activation and related systemic and coronary vasoconstriction. These acute effects may become more important over time, as coronary endothelial function improves following long-term ACE inhibition. A large multicentre controlled trial comparing ACE inhibition with placebo in patients with coronary artery disease, the EUROPA (EUopean trial on Reduction Of cardiac events with Perindopril in stable coronary Artery disease), which is currently underway, addresses the issue of whether ACE inhibition does in fact offer a novel approach in myocardial ischaemia. --->
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9796836?ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_SingleItemSupl.Pubmed_Discovery_RA&linkpos=3&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed Effect of ACE inhibition on neurohormones.]
* Effect of ACE inhibition on neurohormones.
<!---Long-term controlled trials in heart failure in patients with asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction indicate the potential of ACE inhibition to reduce ischaemic events, such as unstable angina and myocardial infarction. These effects occur after long-term medication and suggest structural rather than functional effects of ACE inhibitors. Such structural effects could include an improvement in endothelial function and less atherosclerosis of coronary and systemic arteries, as well as a reduction in cardiac size. Together, these effects may improve the myocardial oxygen supply/demand ratio. Neurohormonal activation is pivotal in heart failure and also occurs in patients with asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction. ACE inhibitors modulate neurohormonal activation and, through that mechanism, may induce their beneficial effects in terms of cardiac remodelling and improved morbidity and mortality in heart failure patients. Neurohormonal activation also occurs during acute myocardial infarction, particularly in patients with diminished left ventricular dysfunction or heart failure. Recent studies indicate that short episodes of stress-induced myocardial ischaemia may also lead to significant increases in circulating norepinephrine, epinephrine and, in more severe ischaemia, in angiotensin II. This increase in vasoconstricting neurohormones results in significant systemic vasoconstriction and may also underlie the constriction of abnormal coronary segments observed during atrial pacing-induced stress. This ischaemia-induced neurohormonal activation is not dependent on the stress of angina, but correlates with the degree of myocardial ischaemia and also with the presence of left ventricular dysfunction. Acute ACE inhibition modulates this ischaemia-induced neurohormonal activation and the subsequent effects on systemic and coronary vascular tone. Consequently, acute ACE inhibition significantly reduces acute myocardial ischaemia. The significance of these observations is as yet unclear. However, they may be important in situations of severe myocardial ischaemia, such as unstable angina and acute myocardial infarction. Presumably, this potential of ACE inhibitors to reduce short-term stress-induced myocardial ischaemia as a result of their neurohormonal modulating and subsequent vasodilating effects gains in significance during chronic ACE inhibitor treatment, in parallel with a long-term improvement of coronary endothelial function.  --->
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9796838?ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_SingleItemSupl.Pubmed_Discovery_RA&linkpos=5&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed Effect of ACE inhibition on myocardial ischaemia.]
* Effect of ACE inhibition on myocardial ischaemia.<!--- During ischaemia, both the circulating renin-angiotensin system and the local angiontensin converting enzyme are activated. The circulating renin-angiotensin system has a short-term role in the regulation of the cardiovascular system. Its aim is to restore blood pressure and cardiac homeostasis. Activation of the local system causes long-term regulation of cardiovascular homeostasis via sustained activation of local angiotensin and the gradation of bradykinin. This results in the secondary permanent structural changes that underline many aspects of coronary artery disease. Recently it has been shown that ACE inhibition is useful in the early and late phase of myocardial infarction. ACE inhibitors have been shown to reduce in vitro vascular hypertrophy and attenuate arteriolosclerosis and to maintain endothelial function. Interestingly, unexpected data from trials on heart failure have shown that patients receiving ACE inhibitors have a reduced incidence of infarction, hospitalization for cardiovascular disease and the need for coronary artery bypass surgery or angioplasty. As a consequence, several trials have been designed to assess the effect of ACE inhibition on the progression of coronary artery disease, as well as on its morbidity and mortality. The EUropean trial on Reduction Of cardiac events with Perindopril in stable coronary Artery disease (EUROPA) is one of these. This article summarised a number of independent and complementary mechanisms and points to the role played by ACE and ACE inhibition in coronary artery disease. In particular it considers the possibility that ACE inhibition improves endothelial function, exerts anti-atherogenic and anti-proliferation activity and modulates sympathetic activity.  --->  ACE inhibition improves endothelial function, exerts anti-atherogenic and anti-proliferation activity and modulates sympathetic activity.
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11392475?ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_SingleItemSupl.Pubmed_Discovery_RA&linkpos=5&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed Vascular protective effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and their relation to clinical events.]
* Vascular protective effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and their relation to clinical events.<!--- Endothelial cells are a rich source of a variety of vasoactive substances, which either cause vasodilation or vasoconstriction. Important endothelium-derived vasodilators are prostacyclin, bradykinin, nitric oxide and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor. In particular, nitric oxide inhibits cellular growth and migration. In concert with prostacyclin. nitric oxide exerts potent anti-atherogenic and thromboresistant properties by preventing platelet aggregation and cell adhesion. Endothelium-derived contracting factors include the 21 amino acid peptide endothelin (ET). vasoconstrictor prostanoids such as thromboxane A2 and prostaglandin H2, as well as free radicals and components of the renin angiotensin system. In hypertension, elevated blood pressure transmits into cardiovascular disease by causing endothelial dysfunction. Hence, modem therapeutic strategies in human hypertension focus on preserving or restoring endothelial integrity. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are a primary candidate for that concept as they inhibit the circulating and local renin angiotensin system. Angiotensin converting enzyme is an endothelial enzyme which converts angiotensin-I (A-I) into angiotensin-II (A-II). This effect of the ACE inhibitor prevents direct effects of angiotensin-II such as vasoconstriction and proliferation in the vessel wall but also prevents activation of the ET system and of plasminogen activator inhibitor. Furthermore, inhibition of ACE prolongs the half-life of bradykinin and stabilizes bradykinin receptors linked to the formation of nitric oxide and prostacyclin. In isolated arteries ACE inhibitors prevent the contractions induced by angiotensin II and enhance relaxation induced by bradykinin. Chronic treatment of experimental hypertension with ACE inhibitors normalizes endothelium-dependent relaxation to acetylcholine and other agonists. In addition, the dilator effects of exogenous nitric oxide donors are enhanced, at least in certain models of hypertension. In humans with essential hypertension ACE inhibitors augment endothelium-dependent relaxation to bradykinin, while those to acetylcholine remain unaffected, at least in the time frame of the published studies, i.e. 3-6 months. In patients with coronary artery disease, however, paradoxical vasoconstriction to acetylcholine is markedly reduced after 6 months of ACE inhibition. After myocardial infarction ACE inhibitors reduce the development of overt heart failure, the occurrence of reinfarction and cardiovascular death in hypertensive patients. These effects have also been demonstrated in a subgroup analysis of the SOLVD (Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction) trial. Thus, in summary, ACE inhibitors are an important class of drugs providing cardiovascular protection in patients with increased cardiovascular risk. ---> ACE inhibitors augment endothelium-dependent relaxation to bradykinin, while those to acetylcholine remain unaffected, at least in the time frame of the published studies, i.e. 3-6 months. In patients with coronary artery disease, however, paradoxical vasoconstriction to acetylcholine is markedly reduced after 6 months of ACE inhibition. After myocardial infarction ACE inhibitors reduce the development of overt heart failure, the occurrence of reinfarction and cardiovascular death in hypertensive patients. These effects have also been demonstrated in a subgroup analysis of the SOLVD (Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction) trial. Thus, in summary, ACE inhibitors are an important class of drugs providing cardiovascular protection in patients with increased cardiovascular risk.

== BBB Crossing Statins and effecton brain, RAAS ACE ARBS Dementia ==
*[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T0G-49FGW9G-3&_user=10&_coverDate=10/30/2003&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1205259056&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=54b33123cd2ed6b1d95f3bcd4243da59  Pravastatin at 10 mg/day does not decrease plasma levels of either amyloid-β (Aβ) 40 or Aβ 42 in humans]
<!---

   --->
* [http://www.livestrong.com/article/546163-fat-vs-water-soluble-statins/ Fat Soluble Versus Water Soluble Statins ] - fat soluble better!?
* [http://www.alzheimersprevention.us/category/medications/statins/ Statins and cognitive changes in elderly patients]-The lipophilic (fat soluble) statins tend to cross the blood-brain barrier to a greater degree than hydrophilic (water soluble) statins. Based on the evidence, hydrophilic statins such as pravastatin (Pravachol) and rosuvastatin (Crestor) seem to be better choice of statin to minimize risk for cognitive complications.
* [http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2014/05/22/alzheimers-disease-prevention.aspx Alzheimer’s Disease—Yes,It’s Preventable!]
*[http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/458867_4 Statin-Associated Memory Loss: Analysis of 60 Case Reports and Review of the Literature]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2849981/ Statin Adverse Effects: A Review of the Literature and Evidence for a Mitochondrial Mechanism  ]
* [http://people.csail.mit.edu/seneff/why_statins_dont_really_work.html How Statins Really Work Explains Why They Don't Really Work  ]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18601976?ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_SingleItemSupl.Pubmed_Discovery_PMC&linkpos=1&log$=citedinpmcarticles&logdbfrom=pubmed Amyloid beta toxicity dependent upon endothelial cell state. ? statins might benefit thro this mech besides conventonal endothelial function effect]<!---
*[http://www.cfah.org/hbns/archives/viewSupportDoc.cfm?supportingDocID=759 Statins for the prevention of dementia]
[http://yarchive.net/med/statins.html ] wrong about
Lipitor penetrating the BBB. Search on statins and cognative
dysfunction : reported (wow 60 cases), the case reports distribute nothing like the market share of
statins. Most of the reports involve Lipitor/atorvastatin and
Zocor/simvastatin, and one out of 60 was Pravachol; yet the market
share of Pravachol/pravastatin is much higher than that.

Statins have been looked at in a number of studies of cognative
function, since there is epidemiological suggestion (not proof) that
they might *prevent* Alzheimer's. Incidentally, this evidence is much
better than a bunch of case reports, so the statistical evidence that
statins lessen risk of cognative impairment is far more impressive
than the opposite. 
Observational data suggest that statins
deserve further investigation in chemoprevention and therapeutic
clinical trials." He added that the use of nonstatin
cholesterol-lowering agents was not associated with reduced risk of
colorectal cancer, suggesting that the protective effect was due to
the statins rather than to the reduction in cholesterol. Gruber also
noted that statins inhibit RAS and RhoA, two proteins that are
potentially carcinogenic.
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2731660/  Simvastatin Protects against Amyloid β and HIV-1 Tat-Induced Promoter Activities of Inflammatory Genes in Brain Endothelial Cells]
*Simvastatin Protects against Amyloid β and HIV-1 Tat-Induced Promoter Activities of Inflammatory Genes in Brain Endothelial Cells : ALL STATINS LIKELY TO DO THIS beneficially; those without ability to cross BBB without internal side effect such as demyelation orther adverse effects etc, that goes along with BBB Crossing.   Aβ(1-40) and HIV-1 Tat protein cross-amplified promoter activities of three different proinflammatory genes in HBMECs. Similar synergistic effects were observed in HBMECs exposed to Aβ in the presence of HIV-1-infected Jurkat cells. It is most interesting that simvastatin effectively attenuated these effects. The present results indicate that Aβ and HIV Tat may synergistically induce inflammatory reactions in brain endothelial cells. In addition, statins may provide a beneficial influence by reducing these effects at the BBB level.
*[http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/465883_3 Dementia Prevention. Cognitive Impairment Associated: Atorvastatin and Simvastatin: Discussion ]
* Dementia Prevention. Cognitive Impairment Associated: Atorvastatin and Simvastatin:  Two epidemiologic studies indicated a decreased prevalence of Alzheimer's disease associated with statin therapy. Dementia was defined as the loss of both cognitive and intellectual functions. Although most studies have referred to statins as possibly preventing dementia of the Alzheimer's type, it is often difficult to distinguish the difference between dementia and isolated cognitive impairment. Thus, the statins' effects are referred to as cognitive impairment; a decline in intellectual function may not always a part.
In vivo and cell culture experiments have demonstrated that treatment with statins reduces production of β-amyloid protein. Since neurons receive only small amounts of exogenous cholesterol, statins that efficiently cross the blood-brain barrier may reduce the amount of neuronal cholesterol below a critical level. Decreased neuronal cholesterol levels inhibit the β-amyloid-forming pathway, which in turn results in reduced capability of β-amyloid to act as a seed for neurofibrillary tangle formation. 
A widely accepted theory involves myelin. Cholesterol is essential in the formation of myelin. The more lipophilic statins are able to cross the blood-brain barrier and decrease the amount of CNS cholesterol below the critical value necessary for the formation of myelin. Inadequate myelin production results in demyelination of nerve fibers in the CNS, resulting in memory loss. Once the offending statin is removed from the patient's system, myelin stores are replenished and mental status returns to normal. In our two patients, as well as another patient who received simvastatin, mental status returned to normal within 1 month of discontinuing the statin.

In addition to demyelination of nerves in the CNS, nerves in the peripheral nervous system may be affected. Patients may experience tingling sensations of the extremities and loss of the sense of touch secondary to peripheral nervous system demyelination. Our second patient experienced some peripheral adverse effects.
Diagnosing a patient with statin-induced dementia is complicated since many patients at risk for this complication also fit the profile of other types of dementia. The most important risk factor in the assessment of statin-induced dementia is, of course, the presence and temporal association of a statin. Statins with the greatest lipophilicity -- simvastatin and atorvastatin -- more easily cross the blood-brain barrier, which may affect memory. In a previously published report identifying simvastatin-associated memory loss, simvastatin was discontinued and pravastatin begun. The patient did not experience memory loss while taking pravastatin, which is highly hydrophilic and less likely to cross the blood-brain barrier. According to the myelin theory, pravastatin would be much less likely to cause statin-induced dementia and might have been a more appropriate choice in our two patients.

Onset of statin-induced dementia appears to occur within 1 year of the start of treatment, with memory impairment progressively worsening. This gradual onset helps to distinguish statin-induced dementia with the dementia usually associated with acute onset, such as with a stroke. Other causes of gradual onset of dementia, such as Alzheimer's disease, depression, and hypothyroidism, must be considered. Statin-induced dementia may be distinguished by the complete reversal of symptoms that occurs after statin discontinuation. Both of our patients, as well as the one in the previously published report,[1] returned to their baseline mental status within 1 month of statin discontinuation.
*[http://pn.psychiatryonline.org/content/43/24/2.1.full Statins Show Promise in Protecting Against Alzheimer's]
*Statins Show Promise in Protecting Against Alzheimer's: There was no association for nonstatin cholesterol-lowering drugs. However, there was for statins. Compared with the nonuse of cholesterol-lowering drugs, statin use was associated with a 43 percent lower risk of Alzheimer's.

Notably, the link between statin use and a reduced risk of Alzheimer's was the same whether the statins were lipophilic (having an affinity for lipids and probably capable of easily crossing the blood-brain barrier into the brain) or hydrophilic (having an affinity for water and probably not so adept at crossing the barrier). Further, the protective effect was observed regardless of statin dosage or duration of use.
An abstract of “Statins Are Associated With a Reduced Risk of Alzheimer Disease Regardless of Lipophilicity. The Rotterdam Study” is posted at http://jnnp.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/jnnp.2008.150433v1.
*
*[http://healthmad.com/medicine/can-statin-medications-cause-memory-loss/ Can Statin Medications Cause Memory Loss?]
* Can Statin Medications Cause Memory Loss? BBB Crossing ability varies;  e.g. Simvastatin crosses more than Pravastatin and hence the former has more memory loss which is thought to be reversible. 
Could They Actually Help Dementia? Irrespective of BBB Crossing ability, Statins cause  improvement in endothelial function even at a relative lowest dose being used clinically; effect not necessary dependent short term on cholesterol lowering; latter effect helps long term to prevent or reverse arteriosclerosis, thereby improving circulation to brain.  

*[http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/409738_3 Simvastatin-Associated Memory Loss]
<!--- Simvastatin (on formulary at our institution) and pravastatin (nonformulary), along with the other drugs in this class, are well tolerated in the general population. Although the agents are mevinic acid-derivatives and have similar mechanisms of action and the same pharmacologic effect, they have important differences in their chemical structures, which affects their relative lipophilicity. Simvastatin has a methyl substituent attached to the hexahydro-naphthalene nucleus, which increases its lipophilicity, whereas pravastatin has a hydroxyl substituent, which increases its hydrophilicity.[8] In addition, simvastatin's closed lactone ring enhances its lipophilicity compared with pravastatin, which is the only statin administered in the hydroxy acid form. A more lipid-soluble closed lactone HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, such as simvastatin, may have a greater propensity for crossing the blood-brain barrier and affecting CNS activity, even though only very low levels have been found in human cerebral spinal fluid.[8] Pravastatin is the most hydrophilic polar statin, followed in decreasing hydro-philicity by cerivastatin and fluvastatin, atorvastatin, lovastatin, and simvastatin. Cerivastatin and fluvastatin are considered water soluble. Atorvastatin is only slightly water soluble. Lovastatin is more lipophilic, and simvastatin, which is 194 times more lipophilic than pravastatin, is by far the most lipophilic of the statins.--->
*<!---Differential-Effects-of-Statins-and-Alendronate-on-Cholinesterases  Differential-Effects-of-Statins-and-Alendronate-on-Cholinesterases    article off-line need to search again--->
*[http://pn.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/43/24/2 Statins Show Promise in Protecting Against Alzheimer's! -statins might be able to protect against Alzheimer's earlier in the disease process in persons who do not yet have any cognitive impairment]
*[http://www.statinanswers.com/sideeffects.htm Side Effects and Dangers of Statin Drugs]
*[http://www.menshealth.com/cda/article.do?site=MensHealth&channel=health&category=doctors.hospitals&conitem=e0f999edbbbd201099edbbbd2010cfe793cd____ Which Statin Should I Take?]
*[http://stanford.wellsphere.com/general-medicine-article/statins-prevent-you-from-getting-dementia/413216 Statins Prevent You from Getting Dementia?-5-year follow-up, persons who had used statins were about half as likely as those who did not use statins to develop dementia. experts suggest that brain permeant (crossing blood-brain-barrier) statins (such as simvastatin) might be far more effective than statins that don't get into the brain (atorvastatin). People should take statins only for purposes they are originally indicated for, that is: for cholesterol-lowering. ]

== BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER DRUG TARGETING: THE FUTURE OF BRAIN DRUG DEVELOPMENT ==
[http://molinterv.aspetjournals.org/content/3/2/90.full BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER DRUG TARGETING: THE FUTURE OF BRAIN DRUG DEVELOPMENT]
*[https://www.msn.com/en-us/health/other/the-medications-that-change-who-we-are/ar-AA1lZ3hp?ocid=msedgntp&pc=U531&cvid=9101fb15d37c474baf9e27d5ddc9a656&ei=67|Statins, Aggression, and Risky Behavior]

== BBB Crossing & non Crossing ARB(s) and effect on brain, RAAS & Dementia ==
<!--- That elevated ACE activity may be deleterious in AD is supported by recent population-based observational studies. Here RAS-acting anti-hypertensives such as ACE inhibitors (ACE-Is) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), which inhibit Ang II signalling, were associated with reductions in the incidence and rate of cognitive decline in MCI and AD [7–15].15. Sink KM, Leng X, Williamson J, Kritchevsky SB, Yaffe K, Kuller L, Yasar S, Atkinson H, Robbins M, Psaty B, Goff DC., Jr Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and cognitive decline in older adults with hypertension: results from the cardiovascular health study. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169:1195–1202. [PMC free article] [PubMed]7. Hajjar I, Catoe H, Sixta S, Boland R, Johnson D, Hirth V, Wieland D, Eleazer P. Cross-sectional and longitudinal association between antihypertensive medications and cognitive impairment in an elderly population. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2005;60:67–73. [PubMed] --->
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1337911?ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_SingleItemSupl.Pubmed_Discovery_RA&linkpos=4&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed Franz Volhard Lecture. Renin-angiotensin system: a dual tissue and hormonal system for cardiovascular control.]

*Franz Volhard Lecture. Renin-angiotensin system: a dual tissue and hormonal system for cardiovascular control <!---  The renin-angiotensin system is both a circulating and a local tissue hormonal system. All components of the renin-angiotensin system have been found in important cardiovascular structures, including the heart, vessels, brain, kidney and adrenal gland. The angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is the final step in the enzymatic cascade of the renin-angiotensin system, which converts angiotensin in both the circulation and the tissues. IMPORTANCE OF ACE CATALYTIC SITES: ACE is predominantly an ectoenzyme with a bilobed homodimer extracellular portion, a short transmembrane span and a small intracellular extension. ACE contains two catalytic sites, one on each lobe. There is evidence that these catalytic sites may differ in several properties and may have different conformational requirements. This raises the possibility that there may be different endogenous substrates for each site and it may be feasible to design more specific ACE inhibitors that inhibit only one catalytic site. CARDIOVASCULAR ROLE OF LOCAL RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM: The physiological cardiovascular functions of the tissue renin-angiotensin system may include regulation of regional blood flow, modulation of local sympathetic activity and interaction with the endothelium. There is increasing evidence that the local renin-angiotensin system may be involved in the maintenance of cardiovascular structure and repair. ACE is increased in many forms of vascular and cardiac hypertrophy and the administration of ACE inhibitors has led to regression of hypertrophy. Many of the beneficial effects of ACE inhibitors may be due to inhibition of the local renin-angiotensin system. ACE INHIBITION FOLLOWING MYOCARDIAL INJURY: The local renin-angiotensin system may also be involved in the response to injury and in the inflammatory response. ACE is known to be increased in granulomas, it is expressed on monocytic macrophages and fibroblasts and many of the peptides involved in the inflammatory response (bradykinin, substance P, enkephalins) can act as ACE substrates. Following an acute myocardial infarct, ACE is increased in the myocardial scar and in the hypertrophying cardiac muscle. This provides a possible mechanism for the beneficial effect of ACE inhibitors in postmyocardial infarction trials. NON-CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: Neither the function of the renin-angiotensin system in the brain and non-cardiovascular tissues nor its role in the pathophysiology of hypertension are known as yet. --->
<!--- The goal of antihypertensive treatment is to reduce risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Apart from
blood pressure lowering per se, also reducing the activities of the renin-angiotensin system and sympathetic nervous system appears to be
important. Angiotensin II receptor blocker drugs (ARBs) have provided a useful class of anti-hypertensive drugs. Eprosartan is a
relatively new ARB which is chemically distinct (non-biphenyl, non-tetrazole) from all other ARBs (biphenyl tetrazoles). An analysis has
been made on available experimental and clinical data on eprosartan which not only is an effective and well tolerated antihypertensive
agent, but also lowers the activities of the renin-angiotensin system and sympathetic nervous system. Experimental and pharmacokinetic
studies on eprosartan have shown differences with the other ARBs. The distinct properties of this non-biphenyl, non-tetrazole ARB might
be relevant in the effort to reduce cardiovascular risk, also beyond its blood pressure lowering capacity.--->
*[http://www.bentham.org/cmccha/openaccessarticles/chamc6-4/003AE.pdf  Clinical Profile of Eprosartan: A Different Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker-only that crosses BBB]

== BBB Crossing ACE Inhibitors, though Amyloid-Plaquogenic, reported Preventing Progress of Dementia: Attempt at Conundum Redux ==
{{quotation|''Dynamics & Flux Between Amyloid β fragments  [[Beta amyloid]] & Blood Pressure & Autonomous System-   Dementia as a Case Study ''

* in edit mode <!--- That elevated ACE activity may be deleterious in AD is supported by recent population-based observational studies. Here RAS-acting anti-hypertensives such as ACE inhibitors (ACE-Is) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), which inhibit Ang II signalling, were associated with reductions in the incidence and rate of cognitive decline in MCI and AD [7–15].15. Sink KM, Leng X, Williamson J, Kritchevsky SB, Yaffe K, Kuller L, Yasar S, Atkinson H, Robbins M, Psaty B, Goff DC., Jr Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and cognitive decline in older adults with hypertension: results from the cardiovascular health study. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169:1195–1202. [PMC free article] [PubMed]7. Hajjar I, Catoe H, Sixta S, Boland R, Johnson D, Hirth V, Wieland D, Eleazer P. Cross-sectional and longitudinal association between antihypertensive medications and cognitive impairment in an elderly population. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2005;60:67–73. [PubMed] --->
* Brain has ACE enzyme which takes part in local [[RAAS]] and converts  Aβ42 (  plaquogenic ) to  Aβ40( more soluble and removal ) forms of  [[Beta amyloid|Beta amyloid]] ; latter is prdominentally a function of N domain portion on the ACE enzyme; Inhibition of ACE with ACE Inhibitors, especially Blood Brain Barrier crossing and with preferentially select N terminal activity would cause accumulation of  Aβ42 which is plaquogenic possibly causing progression of dementia ( if plaque is the cause vs downstream fragments of degradation to Aβ40 and futher smaller fragments which are considered inflammatory; preferential C domain active BBB crossing ACE would likely have less of this ( latter ) effect.

* '''A Concept Being Invoked Here:'''  Various studies and thoughts about Amyloid dementia and possibly other similar situation are possibly governed by the following conceptual algorithm.

**A dam fills up and possibly spills in catchment area which normally may be dry and causes damage to shoreline: The tissue Surrounding the plaque may be damaged likewise. What teleologic, possibly beneficial, purpose this plaque serves?
**The dam, then, soon overflows and the overflow may be contained along the canal/river within the bank : No damaging effect is noticeable to the tissue surrounding this drainage path ie if controlled degradation of  Aβ42 (  plaquogenic ) to  Aβ40( more soluble and removal ) forms of  [[Beta amyloid|Beta amyloid]], as it is removed faster than it is produced, unless even transients are damaging enough.
**The canal/river then spills to its bank if the inflow is heavier : The spillage from fragments   may be damaging if not removed fast enough or the rate of production is higher than removal, unless even transients are damaging enough..
**** '''THUS: Rates of formation and degradation are the key issues and various studies need to be viewed/ reevaluated in this light. What teleologic, possibly beneficial, purpose this plaque serves?     '''
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10968433 Omapatrilat could have some advantages over lisinopril in the treatment of patients with congestive heart failure.]

* [http://www.jbc.org/content/282/33/23818.full]  study also raises some concerns about therapeutic efforts to block or reverse the formation of Aβ fibrils. The risk/benefit ratio of this approach might critically depend on the extent to which it also diminishes the pool of pathogenic Aβ oligomers. Within the obvious constraints of mouse-to-human extrapolations, our data caution against any strategies that decrease Aβ fibrils at the cost of augmenting pathogenic Aβ oligomers. They also raise the possibility that promoting fibril formation in ways that bypass oligomer formation or rapidly sequester oligomers into more inert fibrils might be of therapeutic benefit. Additional studies are needed to further test these hypotheses}}

<!--- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18679002 ACE inhibitors vs ACE for and against dementia]

== Ach dynamics and Dementia ==




* Omapatrilat could have some advantages over lisinopril in the treatment of patients with congestive heart failure. <!--- To assess in patients with congestive heart failure whether dual inhibition of neutral endopeptidase and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) with the vasopeptidase inhibitor omapatrilat is better than ACE inhibition alone with lisinopril on functional capacity and clinical outcome. METHODS: We did a prospective, randomised, double-blind, parallel trial of 573 patients with New York Heart Association (NYHA) class II-IV congestive heart failure, left-ventricular ejection fraction of 40% or less, and receiving an ACE inhibitor. Patients were randomly assigned omapatrilat at a daily target dose of 40 mg (n=289) or lisinopril at a daily target dose of 20 mg (n=284) for 24 weeks. The primary endpoint was improvement in maximum exercise treadmill test (ETT) at week 12. Secondary endpoints included death and comorbid events indicative of worsening heart failure. FINDINGS: Week 12 ETT increased similarly in the omapatrilat and lisinopril groups (24 vs 31 s, p=0.45). The two drugs were fairly well tolerated, but there were fewer cardiovascular-system serious adverse events in the omapatrilat group than in the lisinopril group (20 [7%] vs 34 [12%], p=0.04). There was a suggestive trend in favour of omapatrilat on the combined endpoint of death or admission for worsening heart failure (p=0.052; hazard ratio 0.53 [95% CI 0.27-1.02]) and a significant benefit of omapatrilat in the composite of death, admission, or discontinuation of study treatment for worsening heart failure (p=0.035; 0.52 [0.28-0.96]). Omapatrilat improved NYHA class more than lisinopril in patients who had NYHA class III and IV (p=0.035), but not if patients with NYHA class II were included. INTERPRETATION:  omapatrilat could have some advantages over lisinopril in the treatment of patients with congestive heart failure. Thus use of vasopeptidase inhibitors could constitute a potentially important treatment for further improving the prognosis and well being of patients with this disorder. --->
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10968433 Omapatrilat could have some advantages over lisinopril in the treatment of patients with congestive heart failure.]
* Most of the ACE inhibitors on the market today are [[non-selective]] towards the two active sites of ACE because their binding to the enzyme is based mostly on the strong [[interaction]] between the zinc atom in the enzyme and the strong chelating group on the inhibitor.  The resolution of the [[3D modeling|3D]] structure of germinal ACE, which has only one active site that corresponds with C-domain of the [[somatic]] ACE, offers a structural framework for structure-based design approach.  Although N- and C-domain have comparable rates ''[[in vitro]]'' of ACE hydrolyzing, it seems like that ''[[in vivo]]'' the C-domain is mainly responsible for regulating blood pressure. This indicates that C-domain selective inhibitors could have similar profile to that of a current non-selective inhibitors.  Angiotensin I is mainly hydrolyzed by the C-domain ''in vivo'' but bradykinin is hydrolyzed by both active sites.  Thus, by developing a C-domain selective inhibitor would permit some [[chemical decomposition|degradation]] of bradykinin by the N-domain and this degradation could be enough to prevent accumulation of [[excess]] bradykinin which has been observed during attacks of [[angioedema]].  C-domain selective inhibition could possibly result in specialized control of blood pressure with less [[vasodilator]]-related adverse effects.  N-domain selective inhibitors on the other hand give the possibility of opening up novel therapeutic areas.  Apparently, the N-domain doesn’t have a big role in controlling blood pressure but it seems to be the principal [[metabolism|metabolizing]] enzyme for AcSDKP, a natural haemoregulatory [[hormone]].<ref name="Acharya_2003" /><ref name= Dive_2004> {{Citation  | author=Dive, V. et al. | title = Review: Phosphinic peptides as zinc metalloproteinase inhibitors.  | journal =  Cellular and Molecular Life Science | volume = 61  | pages = 2010–2019    | year = 2004}} </ref><ref name=Georgiadis_2004> {{Citation  | last = Gerogiadis  | first = D. | last2 = Guniasse | first2 = P. | last3 = Cotton  | first3 = J. | last4 = Yiotakis | first4 = A. | last5 = Dive  | first5 = V. |  title = Structural Determinants of RXPA380, a Potent and Highly Selective Inhibitor of the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme C-domain. | journal = Biochemistry  | volume = 43  | pages = 8048–8054    | year = 2004  | doi = 10.1021/bi049504q}} </ref>

*[http://hyper.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/35/6/1226 In Vitro and In Vivo Inhibition of the 2 Active Sites of ACE by Omapatrilat, a Vasopeptidase Inhibitor]
* The vasopeptidase inhibitor omapatrilat inhibits both neutral endopeptidase and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). The in vitro and in vivo inhibitory potency of omapatrilat and the specific ACE inhibitor fosinopril toward the 2 active sites of ACE (called N- and C-domains) was investigated with the use of 3 substrates: angiotensin I, which is equally cleaved by the 2 ACE domains; hippuryl-histidyl-leucine, specific synthetic substrate of the C-domain in high- salt conditions; and a newly synthesized specific substrate of the N-domain designed by acetylating the lysine residue of AcSDKP. In vitro, omapatrilat was 5 times more potent than fosinoprilat in inhibiting angiotensin I hydrolysis. Omapatrilat inhibited similarly both N- and C-domain hydrolysis, whereas fosinoprilat was slightly more specific for the N-domain. The in vivo selective inhibitory potency of single oral doses of 10 mg omapatrilat and 20 mg fosinopril were investigated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study in 9 mildly sodium-depleted normotensive subjects. In accordance with the in vitro results, fosinopril appeared to be more specific for the N-domain than the C-domain in vivo, since plasma and urine AcSDKP concentrations were significantly higher than those observed with omapatrilat. This study shows that it is possible to assess separately in vitro and in vivo the selectivity of ACE or ACE/neutral endopeptidase inhibitors. A differential selectivity may explain some peculiar properties observed with some ACE inhibitors.


*[https://www.google.com/search?q=AcSDKP&rlz=1C1GGRV_enUS751US751&oq=AcSDKP&aqs=chrome..69i57j0l5.2811j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8 AcSDKP]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16521820?ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_SingleItemSupl.Pubmed_Discovery_RA&linkpos=4&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed Angiotensin converting enzyme domain structure and properties]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15549168?ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_SingleItemSupl.Pubmed_Discovery_RA&linkpos=5&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed Structure of angiotensin I-converting enzyme.] The inhibitor complex does provide insights into the network of hydrogen-bonding and ionic interactions in the active site as well as the mechanism of ACE substrate hydrolysis. The three-dimensional structure of ACE now paves the way for the rational design of a new generation of domain-selective ACE inhibitors.
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17481654?itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum&ordinalpos=12 Abeta40 protects non-toxic Abeta42 monomer from aggregation.]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15733091?itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum&ordinalpos=11 The N-terminal active centre of human angiotensin-converting enzyme degrades Alzheimer amyloid beta-peptide.]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1320019?itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum&ordinalpos=10 ACE N & C domains in competition]
<!--- The endothelial angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE; EC 3.4.15.1) has recently been shown to contain two large homologous domains (called here the N and C domains), each being a zinc-dependent dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase. To further characterize the two active sites of ACE, we have investigated their interaction with four competitive ACE inhibitors, which are all potent antihypertensive drugs. The binding of [3H] trandolapril to the two active sites was examined using the wild-type ACE and four ACE mutants each containing only one intact domain, the other domain being either deleted or inactivated by point mutation of the zinc-coordinating histidines. In contrast with all the previous studies, which suggested the presence of a single high affinity inhibitor binding site in ACE, the present study shows that both the N and C domains of ACE contain a high affinity inhibitor binding site (KD = 3 and 1 X 10(-10) M, respectively, at pH 7.5, 4 degrees C, and 100 mM NaCl). Chloride stabilizes the enzyme-inhibitor complex for each domain primarily by slowing its dissociation rate, as the k-1 values of the N and C domains are markedly decreased (about 30- and 1100-fold, respectively) by 300 mM NaCl. At high chloride concentrations, the chloride effect is much greater for the C domain than for the N domain resulting in a higher affinity of this inhibitor for the C domain. In addition, the inhibitory potency of captopril (C), enalaprilat (E), and lisinopril (L) for each domain was assayed by hydrolysis of Hip-His-Leu. Their Ki values for the two domains are all within the nanomolar range, indicating that they are all highly potent inhibitors for both domains. However, their relative potencies are different for the C domain (L greater than E greater than C) and the N domain (C greater than E greater than L). The different inhibitor binding properties of the two domains observed in the present study provide strong evidence for the presence of structural differences between the two active sites of ACE.--->

**Potency For C domain (  BP ) .....................   T>     L > E > C  Lisinopril, Enalaprilat, Captopril
**Potency For N domain(Aß42-40 converting inhibition)  T>     C > E > L
T=  Trandolapril

*** ACE Inhibiting BP activity is solely in C domain where.........Lisinopril is the strongest C: L>E>C
*** Aß42-40 converting inhibition is solely in N domain where Captopril is the strongest...... N: C>E>L
***
Aβ42-to-Aβ40-converting activity is solely found in the N-domain of ACE and the angiotensin-converting activity is found predominantly in the C-domain of ACE. The N-linked glycosylation is essential for both Aβ42-to-Aβ40- and angiotensin-converting activities and that unglycosylated ACE rapidly degraded. The domain-specific converting activity of ACE suggests that ACE inhibitors could be designed to specifically target the angiotensin-converting C-domain, without inhibiting the Aβ42-to-Aβ40-converting activity of ACE or increasing neurotoxic Aβ42.
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10968433 Omapatrilat could have some advantages over lisinopril in the treatment of patients with congestive heart failure.]


*
*ACE  angiotensin-converting enzyme
*Aβ amyloid β-protein
*F-ACE full-domain ACE
*N-ACE N-terminal domain ACE
*C-ACE C-terminal domain ACE
{{quotation|'' Dynamics & Flux Between Amyloid β fragments  [[Beta amyloid]] & Blood Pressure & Autonomous System-   Dementia as a Case Study ''

* Brain has ACE enzyme which takes part in local [[RAAS]] and converts  Aβ42 (  plaquogenic ) to  Aβ40( more soluble and removal ) forms of  [[Beta amyloid|Beta amyloid]] ; latter is predominantly a function of N domain portion on the ACE enzyme; Inhibition of ACE with ACE Inhibitors, especially Blood Brain Barrier crossing and with preferentially select N terminal activity would cause accumulation of  Aβ42 which is plaquogenic possibly causing progression of dementia ( if plaque is the cause vs downstream fragments of degradation to Aβ40 and further smaller fragments which are considered inflammatory; preferential C domain active BBB crossing ACE would likely have less of this ( latter ) effect.

* '''A Concept Being Invoked Here:'''  Various studies and thoughts about Amyloid dementia and possibly other similar situation are possibly governed by the following conceptual algorithm.

**A dam fills up and possibly spills in catchment area which normally may be dry and causes damage to shoreline: The tissue Surrounding the plaque may be damaged likewise. What teleological, possibly beneficial, purpose this plaque serves?
**The dam, then, soon overflows and the overflow may be contained along the canal/river within the bank : No damaging effect is noticeable to the tissue surrounding this drainage path ie if controlled degradation of  Aβ42 (  plaquogenic ) to  Aβ40( more soluble and removal ) forms of  [[Beta amyloid|Beta amyloid]], as it is removed faster than it is produced, unless even transients are damaging enough.
**The canal/river then spills to its bank if the inflow is heavier : The spillage from fragments   may be damaging if not removed fast enough or the rate of production is higher than removal, unless even transients are damaging enough..
**** '''THUS: Rates of formation and degradation are the key issues and various studies need to be viewed/ reevaluated in this light. What teleologic, possibly beneficial, purpose this plaque serves?     ''' 
* [http://www.jbc.org/content/282/33/23818.full]  study also raises some concerns about therapeutic efforts to block or reverse the formation of Aβ fibrils. The risk/benefit ratio of this approach might critically depend on the extent to which it also diminishes the pool of pathogenic Aβ oligomers. Within the obvious constraints of mouse-to-human extrapolations, our data caution against any strategies that decrease Aβ fibrils at the cost of augmenting pathogenic Aβ oligomers. They also raise the possibility that promoting fibril formation in ways that bypass oligomer formation or rapidly sequester oligomers into more inert fibrils might be of therapeutic benefit. Additional studies are needed to further test these hypotheses}}

<!--- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18679002 ACE inhibitors vs ACE for and against dementia]

== Ach dynamics and Dementia ==

*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1320019?itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum&ordinalpos=10 ACE N & C domains in competition]
*[http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/169/13/1195 While ACE inhibitors as a class do not appear to be independently associated with dementia risk or cognitive decline in older hypertensive adults, there may be within-class differences in regard to these outcomes. These results should be confirmed with a randomized clinical trial of a centrally active ACE inhibitor in the prevention of cognitive decline and dementia... no washout ]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Link&db=pubmed&dbFrom=PubMed&from_uid=19773553 Aß42–40 conversion 120 links  ]
*[http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/abstract/27/32/8628 Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Converts Amyloid ß-Protein 1–42 (Aß1–42) to Aß1–40, and Its Inhibition Enhances Brain Aß Deposition] 
<!--- The abnormal deposition of the amyloid ß-protein (Aß) in the brain appears crucial to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Highly amyloidogenic Aß1–42 is a cause of neuronal damage leading to AD pathogenesis and that monomeric Aß1–40 has less neurotoxicity than Aß1–42. Mouse and human brain homogenates exhibit an enzyme activity converting Aß1–42 to Aß1–40 and that the major part of this converting activity is mediated by the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Purified human ACE converts Aß1–42 to Aß1–40 as well as decreases Aß1–42/Aß1–40 ratio and degrades Aß1–42 and Aß1–40. Importantly, the treatment of Tg2576 mice with an ACE inhibitor, captopril, promotes predominant Aß1–42 deposition in the brain, suggesting that ACE regulates Aß1–42/Aß1–40 ratio in vivo by converting secreted Aß1–42 to Aß1–40 and degrading Aßs.--->
*The upregulation of ACE activity can be a novel therapeutic strategy for AD.
<!---http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.pa.28.040188.000325?cookieSet=1&journalCode=pharmtox  Recent Advances in Blood-Brain Barrier Transport ---> 
<!--- http://www.alzforum.org/pap/annotation.asp?pmid=16154999 ACE Inhibitors may not be good for AD --->
*[http://www.jbc.org/content/284/46/31914.abstract ACE inhibitors could be designed to specifically target the angiotensin-converting C-domain, without inhibiting the Aβ42-to-Aβ40-converting activity of ACE or increasing neurotoxic Aβ42 ]<!---the domain of ACE, which is responsible for converting Aβ42 to Aβ40. Interestingly, Aβ42-to-Aβ40-converting activity is solely found in the N-domain of ACE and the angiotensin-converting activity is found predominantly in the C-domain of ACE. We also found that the N-linked glycosylation is essential for both Aβ42-to-Aβ40- and angiotensin-converting activities and that unglycosylated ACE rapidly degraded. The domain-specific converting activity of ACE suggests that ACE inhibitors could be designed to specifically target the angiotensin-converting C-domain, without inhibiting the Aβ42-to-Aβ40-converting activity of ACE or increasing neurotoxic Aβ42.---> 

''' Centrally Active ACE Inhibitors May Help Prevent Dementia -coming soon -! can? non central ACE & possibly other Non ACE antihypertensives, be more preventive? Why recent study finds otherwise? FACTORS IN CONSTRUCT. ACE Degrades/converts Amyloid Aβ42 ( fibrillogenic, plaque forming ! ) to favorable Aβ40 more soluble possibly 'removable', but inflammatory in situ (and further smaller fragments which are considered inflammatory and possibly even more damaging ), amyloid & Central acting (BBB crossing) ACE Inhibitors thus likely to increase dementia; anti-inflammatory effects of ACE Inhibitors likely to decrease dementia, Acute effect of ACE on Ach likely to increase short term acuity confusing the picture for evaluation ''' 
*
The following Construct development in progress and involve all these and more points in hypothesis development.
*Centrally acting ACE Inhibitors have acute Ach effects helping in mental acuity short term during which measurement may be biased and the long term effect of amyloid  Aβ42 accumulation may be masked in testing; favorable anti-inflammatory effect not withstanding, long term more  Aβ42 is deposited or not converted to more soluble, disposable or removable Aβ40. Vascular Aβ42  vs  Aβ40 to be considered and could be important along with the favorable anti-inflammatory effect. 
*
*
*
*Acute, Chronic and Chronic with short term non use ( washed off ) use of ACE considering short term acuity enhancing effects of Ach.

*Difference between Aβ42 ?  more in nerves and ? Aβ40  more in vessel 
*  Aβ42  vs  Aβ40
*Pleomorphism and genetics of ACE
*RAAS -Systemic vs Local and interactions and cross influence
*ACE Inhibitors: BBB crossing  vs Non crossing
*Non-BBB crossing ACE negative effect studies ie if increased dementia, then.. 
*Other enzyme systems besides ACE 
*
'''ALL above to be considered in both below: along with congruency of the two studies with each other and restrospective congruency with prior knowledge base of studies and general understanding of the science.'''

**Currently reported study in Archives of Intl Med July 09-BBB crossing ACE reduce Dementia needs explanation.... Standby
** Current AII AT1 Inhibitors -Sartan--retrospective  VA study expl and corroboration standby......

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<!---  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11935076   Vascular pathology can cause dementia Alzheimers --->
<!--- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15265269?ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_Discovery_RA&linkpos=1&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed  Vascolpathy Alzheimer's disease is a vasocognopathy: a new term to describe its nature--->
<!--- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14980533?ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_Discovery_RA&linkpos=3&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed Is Alzheimer's disease a neurodegenerative or a vascular disorder? Data, dogma, and dialectics--->
<!---http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10818499?ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_Discovery_RA&linkpos=4&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed Relationship between severe amyloid angiopathy, apolipoprotein E genotype, and vascular lesions in Alzheimer's disease--->
<!---http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15876981?ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_Discovery_RA&linkpos=5&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed Cerebral amyloid angiopathy and dementia--->
<!---http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18184371?ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_Discovery_RA&linkpos=5&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed Cerebral amyloid angiopathy: pathogenetic mechanisms and link to dense amyloid plaques. --->
<!--- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19069161?ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_Discovery_RA&linkpos=5&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed Genetic factors for cerebral amyloid angiopathy--->
<!---http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10935432?ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_Discovery_RA&linkpos=3&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed Cerebral amyloid angiopathy: an overview--->
<!---http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15876981?ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_Discovery_RA&linkpos=2&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed Cerebral amyloid angiopathy and dementia--->
<!--- http://www.ukmicentral.nhs.uk/headline/database/browse.asp?offset=121 
[Editor’s comment: caution – these results are interesting, but should not be over-interpreted. The primary outcome is likely to be robust, but relative risks less than 2.0 (and certainly less than 1.5) in observational studies should be considered as within the limits of confounding and must be used with care. They are best taken as hypothesis-generating rather than useful for changing practice.] ACE-inhibitors don’t seem to affect cognitive decline (as a class, at least)--->
<!---http://www.ohiohealth.com/bodymayo.cfm?xyzpdqabc=0&id=6&action=detail&ref=3786 Vascular dementia--->
<!--- http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/112/11/1525 Blood Pressure Lowering in PROGRESS (Perindopril Protection Against Recurrent Stroke Study) and White Matter Hyperintensities --->
<!---http://www.alzres.com/content/pdf/alzrt3.pdf  Review Angiotensins and Alzheimer’s disease: a bench to bedside overview--->
<!---http://www.futurepundit.com/archives/cat_brain_alzheimers_disease.html FuturePundit: Brain Alzheimers Disease Archives
--->
<!---http://jra.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/9/4/226.pdf The angiotensin AT4 receptor subtype as a target for the treatment of memory dysfunction associated with Alzheimer's disease--->
<!---http://www.efluxmedia.com/news_Cholesterol_Lowering_Drugs_Could_Halve_Dementia_Risk_21071.html Cholesterol-Lowering Drugs Could Halve Dementia Risk--->
<!---  http://www.patient.co.uk/doctor/Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme-Inhibitors-(ACE-Inhibitors).htm# Most ACE inhibitors are pro-drugs which are metabolised in the liver to ... Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril--->

<!--- http://hyper.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/54/1/40?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=abpm&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=50&resourcetype=HWFIG Chronotherapy With the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor Ramipril in Essential Hypertension  ...The effects of treatment were greater on the asleep than on the awake BP mean when ramipril was ingested at bedtime --->
<!---http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=2148415 Prevention of left ventricular hypertrophy by ACE-inhibitor, ramipril in comparison with calcium-channel antagonist, felodipine which caused hypertrophy-->
<!--- http://cardiology.jwatch.org/cgi/content/full/2008/331/1 Are Angiotensin-Receptor Blockers Effective Alternatives to ACE Inhibitors?--->
<!---http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-88250303/ramipril-might-have-additional.html Ramipril might have additional benefits.(may help in stroke prevention)(Brief Article--->
<!---http://74.125.93.132/search?q=cache:hRvOgMW0b7AJ:www.journaldatabase.org/articles/108470/Human_physiologically_bas.html+ace+inhibitors+ramipril&cd=60&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us Human physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for ACE inhibitors: ramipril and ramiprilat--->
<!--- http://www.nature.com/ajh/journal/v15/n5/abs/ajh200272a.html  ACE inhibition by ramipril may be useful for the treatment of peripheral vascular complications in hypertension--->
<!--- http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/286/15/1882?linkType=FULL&journalCode=jama&resid=286/15/1882 Ramipril is associated with lower rates of new diagnosis of diabetes in high-risk individuals. Because these results have important clinical and public health implications, this hypothesis requires prospective confirmation--->
<!---

==Genetics==
Autosomal-dominant mutations in APP cause [[hereditary]] [[familial Alzheimer disease|early-onset Alzheimer's disease]], likely as a result of altered [[Proteolysis|proteolytic]] processing. Increases in either total Aβ levels or the relative concentration of both Aβ<sub>40</sub> and Aβ<sub>42</sub> (where the former is more concentrated in cerebrovascular plaques and the latter in [[neurite|neuritic]] plaques)<ref>{{cite journal |author=Lue LF, Kuo YM, Roher AE, ''et al.'' |title=Soluble amyloid beta peptide concentration as a predictor of synaptic change in Alzheimer's disease |journal=Am. J. Pathol. |volume=155 |issue=3 |pages=853–62 |year=1999 |pmid=10487842 |pmc=1866907 |doi= |url=http://ajp.amjpathol.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10487842}}</ref> have been implicated in the [[etiology|pathogenesis]] of both familial and sporadic Alzheimer's disease.  Due to its more hydrophobic nature, the Aβ<sub>42</sub> is the most amyloidogenic form of the peptide. However the central sequence KLVFFAE is known to form amyloid on its own, and probably forms the core of the fibril. 

The "amyloid hypothesis", that the plaques are responsible for the pathology of Alzheimer's disease, is accepted by the majority of researchers but is by no means conclusively established. Intra-cellular deposits of [[tau protein]] are also seen in the disease, and may also be implicated. The oligomers that form on the amyloid pathway, rather than the mature fibrils, may be the cytotoxic species.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kayed R, Head E, Thompson JL, ''et al.'' |title=Common structure of soluble amyloid oligomers implies common mechanism of pathogenesis |journal=Science (journal) |volume=300 |issue=5618 |pages=486–9 |year=2003 |pmid=12702875 |doi=10.1126/science.1079469 |url=}}</ref>





http://cme.medscape.com/viewarticle/706868?src=cmemp

 
From Medscape Medical News CME 
Centrally Active ACE Inhibitors May Help Prevent Dementia CME 
News Author: Janis Kelly


August 3, 2009 — New observational data from the Cardiovascular Health Study show that centrally active angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors reduce cognitive decline by 65% per year of exposure, an effect that is likely due to their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier.

"If confirmed in a randomized clinical trial, our findings would add another potential therapeutic option" for prevention of cognitive decline and related diseases, lead author Kaycee M. Sink, MD, from Wake Forest University School of Medicine, in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, told Medscape Neurology.

The study is published in the July 13 issue of Archives of Internal Medicine.

Class of ACE Inhibitor Important 

Dr. Sink and colleagues used data from the Cardiovascular Health Study to determine whether cumulative exposure to ACE inhibitors was associated with a lower risk for incident dementia, cognitive decline, or incident disability in instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), compared with treatment with other antihypertensive agents in 1054 patients with treated hypertension and no congestive heart failure.

The study included 414 subjects who had taken ACE inhibitors and 640 who had taken other antihypertensive medications. The researchers found no association between exposure to all ACE inhibitors and risk for dementia, difference in cognitive-function scores, or odds of disability in IADLs.

However, analysis according to type of ACE inhibitor showed a different effect. The results showed centrally active ACE inhibitors were associated with 65% less decline in cognitive-function scores per year of exposure.

The data also reveal that non–centrally active ACE inhibitors were associated with a greater risk for incident dementia and greater odds of disability in IADLs compared with other antihypertensive medications.

Centrally active ACE inhibitors included captopril (Capoten, Bristol-Myers Squibb), fosinopril (Monopril, Bristol-Myers Squibb), lisinopril, perindopril, ramipril (Altace, King Pharmaceuticals), and trandolapril (Mavik, Abbott Laboratories). Non–centrally active ACE inhibitors included benazepril (Lotensin, Novartis Pharmaceuticals), enalapril (Vasotec, Merck), moexipril (Univasc, Schwarz Pharma), and quinapril (Accupril, Pfizer).

The study did not include enough people taking angiotensin receptor blockers to extend the analysis to those drugs, said Dr. Sink.

Reduced Incidence Likely Not Due to Antihypertensive Effect 

"Our most important findings in this observational study were that centrally acting ACE inhibitors were associated with a 65% reduction in cognitive decline per year of taking the centrally active ACE inhibitors," said Dr. Sink.

"In addition, compared with participants with high blood pressure who took other types of blood-pressure–lowering medications, non–centrally active ACE inhibitors did not have this effect and might be associated with a greater risk for incremental dementia, and  that cumulative (or chronic) exposure to ACE inhibitors may be needed to achieve the protective effect," Dr. Sink said.

The researchers suspect that this difference is due primarily not to the antihypertensive effects of centrally acting ACE inhibitors but to their effect on the brain's intrinsic renin-angiotensin system, which is involved in memory and cognition.

Stimulation of the renin-angiotensin system also mediates activation of inflammatory cytokines that have been implicated in degenerative dementias, explained Dr. Sink.

The researchers also suspect that the slight increase in dementia risk associated with the non–centrally acting ACE inhibitors in this comparison was probably a sign that they are "simply less helpful in the prevention of dementia and IADL disability than other antihypertensive drug classes combined."

Due to the huge public-health implications of finding an intervention that could more than halve dementia risk in the elderly population, confirmation of these observational findings in a randomized clinical trial is needed.

"Randomizing older adults with hypertension to a centrally active ACE inhibitor vs a non–centrally active ACE inhibitor would test the hypothesis that centrally active ACE inhibitors have protective benefits on cognition beyond the effects of blood-pressure control," said Dr. Sink.

Should Patients Switch Medications? 

Whether clinicians should switch their hypertensive patients to a centrally acting ACE inhibitor must be decided on a case-by-case basis, said Dr. Sink.

"Because there are often multiple reasons for a particular choice of antihypertensive drug in any particular patient, the decision about switching blood-pressure medications should be discussed between patient and provider.

"However, if the patient does not have a contraindication for an ACE inhibitor, then switching to a centrally active ACE inhibitor is a reasonable choice. In addition, for those already on ACE inhibitors, our study results would support the use of a centrally active ACE inhibitor over a non–centrally active one," Dr. Sink said.

Asked by Medscape Neurology to comment on the findings, Ihab Hajjar, MD, from the Institute for Aging Research and assistant professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School, in Boston, Massachusetts, said that this study adds to the support for clinical trials.

"This is the right time to study ACE inhibition on cognitive function. However, it is important to select the appropriate drug [agents that cross the blood-brain barrier] and the appropriate population [hypertensives and other high-risk groups]," Dr. Hajjar said in an interview.

However, he emphasized that lowering blood pressure is the most important goal for managing high-risk elderly patients and that the choice of drug is secondary.

"Drugs that inhibit the renin angiotensin system seem to have a preferential effect on cognition compared with other antihypertensives. As a third issue, antihypertensives that cross the blood-brain barrier may also have an even superior effect to other non–blood-brain-barrier-penetrating drugs. This is true not only for those without cognitive impairment but also for those with dementia and Alzheimer's disease," Dr. Hajjar said.

Study investigator David C. Goff Jr, MD, PhD, from Wake Forest University, has a research grant from Merck. The study was supported in part by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke; and the National Institute on Aging. 

Arch Intern Med. 2009;169:1195-1202. Abstract 

Clinical Context

Hypertension is an important risk factor for the development of dementia. An association has been noted between use of antihypertensive agents and a reduced risk for dementia, but mixed results have been reported on the protective effect of blood pressure reduction on cognitive decline and dementia. The brain is known to possess an intrinsic renin-angiotensin system, and centrally acting ACE inhibitors may be involved in the protective effect on dementia.

This is a prospective multicenter, population-based cohort study of cardiovascular risk factors in community-dwelling older adults to examine the association between ACE inhibitors as a class and centrally and non–centrally acting ACE inhibitors on the risk for dementia and cognitive decline in older people in the United States.


Study Highlights

Included in analysis were 1054 participants from among 5888 participants of the Cardiovascular Health Study, selected for absence of dementia at baseline and hypertension treated with medications. 
Excluded were those with congestive heart failure and prevalent dementia at baseline. 
At baseline, all participants received magnetic resonance imaging, physical examination, cognitive and functional assessments, and laboratory tests. 
The predictor was ACE inhibitor use, and ACE inhibitors were further classified into centrally acting and non–centrally acting. 
Centrally acting ACE inhibitors were captopril, fosinopril, perindopril, ramipril, and trandolapril. 
Non–centrally acting ACE inhibitors were benazepril, enalapril, moexipril, and quinapril. 
The study start was when participants received magnetic resonance imaging, and study end was defined as date of dementia diagnosis, last evaluation, or time of loss to follow-up. 
Primary outcome was all-cause dementia consisting mainly of Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. 
Secondary outcomes were cognitive decline measured by the Modified Mini-Mental State Examination (3MSE) and IADLs. 
IADLs were assessed in 6 areas: shopping, meal preparation, money management, telephone use, and light and heavy housework. 
The 3MSE used an 100-point scale with higher scores indicating better cognitive performance. 
Average age at baseline was 75 years, 64% were women, and 76% were white. 
54% reported no alcohol use, 11% to 22% had type 2 diabetes, and 18% had a history of coronary artery disease. 
Of 414 participants exposed to ACE inhibitors, 224 took only centrally acting and 138 only non–centrally acting, with the remaining taking both. 
Those using centrally acting ACE inhibitors had a higher baseline 3MSE score (93.2 vs 01.7 points). 
At median follow-up of 6 years, mean exposure to all ACE inhibitors was 3.24 years with mean exposure to centrally acting ACE inhibitors of 3.06 years and non–centrally acting ACE inhibitors of 2.70 years. 
38% of ACE inhibitor users were continuous users with no difference in duration of use between the centrally and non–centrally acting groups. 
There were 158 cases of incident dementia, with 11 among those never exposed to ACE inhibitors and 47 among those exposed to all ACE inhibitors. 
Relative risk (RR) for dementia in ACE inhibitor users vs other antihypertensive drug users was 1.01. 
When analyzed by centrally vs non–centrally acting ACE inhibitors, centrally acting agents reduced the RR for dementia by 20% per year of exposure, for a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.73 for 3 years. 
HR for dementia for non–centrally acting ACE inhibitors vs other antihypertensives was 1.20. 
There was no significant difference in decline in 3MSE scores between ACE inhibitor users and non-ACE inhibitor users. 
When analyzed by centrally and non–centrally acting ACE inhibitors vs other antihypertensives, centrally acting agents were associated with 65% less decline per year of exposure. 
For IADL disability, ACE inhibitors as a class had higher risk for disability vs other antihypertensives. 
When non–centrally acting ACE inhibitors were examined, there was a 56% greater risk for IADL disability at 3 years vs non-ACE inhibitor drugs. 
HR for non–centrally acting ACE inhibitors on impaired IADL vs other antihypertensives was 1.16. 
Centrally acting ACE inhibitors did not show a negative impact on IADLs. 
The authors concluded that all outcomes favored centrally acting ACE inhibitors and that protective effects of ACE inhibitors on dementia and cognitive decline were restricted to centrally acting ACE inhibitors. 

Clinical Implications

ACE inhibitors as a class vs other antihypertensive agents are not associated with protection against dementia, cognitive decline, or disability in IADLs. 
Centrally acting ACE inhibitors are associated with a reduced risk for dementia, cognitive decline, and disability in IADLs vs non–centrally acting ACE inhibitors and other antihypertensive agents.


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== Alzheimer's-beta amyloid,  tau protein,-- Drug Rember, Methylene Blue ==

Alzheimer's researchers are divided on whether the disease is caused by 'beta amyloid' (a peptide found in Alzheimer brains) or by 'tau protein' (normally used for cellular scaffolding, but can aggregate out of control and destroy neurons). Today in Chicago a new drug has been announced that stops tau aggregation and appears to have halted Alzheimer's-related decline in 300 clinical trial patients. The drug is known as 'rember.

* [http://www.acumenpharm.com/Publications/adisease.pdf Revised Amyloid Cascade Hypothesis:ADDLs(from amyloid beta derived diffusible ligands, by Acumen’s founders for diffusible, nonfibrillar ligands derived from Abeta1-42)ADDLs, the amyloid hypothesis and Alzheimer’s disease]
*

== Angiotensin Receptor Blockers lower progression of Alzheimer's Disease- ! explanation coming and Construct integration in progress ==
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16601566
* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16075377 Brain angiotensin II: new developments, unanswered questions and therapeutic opportunities.2005
* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1574085/ Angiotensin AT2 receptors: cardiovascular hope or hype?
 
*SHORT Explanation for this: mech related to above ACE AND ACE Inhibitors and BP dynamics and AII INHIBITORS. Standby for full expl......
*[http://hyper.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/54/6/1345 Amelioration of cerebrovascular dysfunction with an angiotensin receptor blocker could be a novel therapeutic strategy for the early stage of Alzheimer disease.]
<!--- Olmesartan significantly improved cognitive function independent of its blood pressure-lowering effect, whereas there was no improvement by other types of antihypertensive drugs (hydralazine and nifedipine). We found that pretreatment with a low dose of olmesartan completely prevented β-amyloid-induced vascular dysregulation and partially attenuated the impairment of hippocampal synaptic plasticity. These findings suggest the possibility that amelioration of cerebrovascular dysfunction with an angiotensin receptor blocker could be a novel therapeutic strategy for the early stage of Alzheimer disease.--->
http://www.physorg.com/print136426165.html
Angiotensin receptor blockers are lower incidence, progression of Alzheimer's disease
July 28th, 2008 in Medicine & Health / Diseases 
Researchers at Boston University School of Medicine (BUSM) have, for the first time, found that angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)—a particular class of anti-hypertensive medicines—are associated with a striking decrease in the occurrence and progression of dementia. Data from this study will be presented this weekend (July 27) at the 2008 International Conference on Alzheimer's disease in Chicago.
Using data from the Decision Support System Database of the U.S. Department of Health System Veterans Affairs (with information on more than 5 million people), researchers looked at records from patients using ARBs, and compared them with subjects who had a similar health status, but were taking different medications. They found patients taking ARBs had about a 35-40 percent lower chance of getting Alzheimer's disease or dementia.
The researchers also examined patients who were already suffering from Alzheimer's disease or dementia, and found those subjects had up to a 45 percent lower chance of developing delirium, being admitted to nursing homes or dying. Patients who appeared to benefit particularly well from use of ARBs were those who had experienced strokes before or during the course of their illness.
According to the researchers these results suggest that ARBs might protect against developing Alzheimer's disease and dementia. "For those who already have dementia, use of ARBs might delay deterioration of brain function and help keep patients out of nursing homes," said lead presenter Benjamin Wolozin, MD, PhD, a professor of pharmacology at BUSM. "The study is particularly interesting because we compared the effects of ARBs to other medications used for treating blood pressure or cardiovascular disease. This suggests that ARBs are more effective than other blood pressure and cardiovascular medications for preventing Alzheimer's disease or dementia," he added.
Although the researchers are unsure why ARBs might be so beneficial, they believe one possibility suggested by prior studies on animal models is that ARBs help prevent nerve cell injury from blood vessel damage or help promote nerve cell recovery after blood vessel damage. Damage to blood vessels is thought to reduce brain capacity and promote dementia, so reducing this damage might prevent the occurrence or progression of dementia.
Source: Boston University
<!--- http://www.mindandmuscle.net/forum/index.php?act=Print&client=printer&f=41&t=22340 ACEI ARBS in affect disorders--->
<!--- http://74.6.239.67/search/cache?ei=UTF-8&p=sartan+blood+brain+barrier&fr=ush-groups&u=www.bentham.org/cmccha/openaccessarticles/chamc6-4/003AE.pdf&w=sartan+blood+brain+barrier+barriers&d=Y7iRiN29TlOl&icp=1&.intl=us&sig=XhxU1pc4nUtcEzfabM3BBA--  The goal of antihypertensive treatment is to reduce risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Apart from 
blood pressure lowering per se, also reducing the activities of the renin-angiotensin system and sympathetic nervous system appears to be 
important. --->
<!--- http://74.6.239.67/search/cache?ei=UTF-8&p=sartan+blood+brain+barrier&xa=bbCjmQZEMW_q5ictlr2C3A--,1256586992&fr=ush-groups&u=physiolgenomics.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/23/3/311.pdf&w=sartan+blood+brain+barrier+barriers&d=ZxR7Sd29TrwX&icp=1&.intl=us&sig=eXtEpJjQWrIJUNpSm2hoQQ-- insulin glucose whole body  enhanced--->
<!--- http://74.6.239.67/search/cache?ei=UTF-8&p=sartan+blood+brain+barrier&xa=bbCjmQZEMW_q5ictlr2C3A--,1256586992&fr=ush-groups&u=www.boehringer-ingelheim.com/stroke/news/strokenews_valencia.pdf&w=sartan+blood+brain+barrier+barriers&d=Mq8g_t29TsB5&icp=1&.intl=us&sig=lSfBZ0_gjU9UJi__frw99Q-- BBB penetrating ARB Telmisartan--->
**Dynamics & Flux Between Amyloid β fragments  [[Beta amyloid]] & Blood Pressure & Autonomous System-   Dementia as a Case Study 
{{quotation| Brain has ACE enzyme which takes part in local [[RAAS]] and converts  Aβ42 (  plaquogenic ) to  Aβ40( more soluble and removal ) forms of  [[Beta amyloid|Beta amyloid]] ; latter is predominantly a function of N domain portion on the ACE enzyme; Inhibition of ACE with ACE Inhibitors, especially Blood Brain Barrier crossing and with preferentially select N terminal activity would cause accumulation of  Aβ42 which is plaquogenic possibly causing progression of dementia ( if plaque is the cause vs downstream fragments of degradation to Aβ40 and further smaller fragments which are considered inflammatory and possibly even more damaging; preferential C domain active BBB crossing ACE would likely have less of this ( latter ) effect.
A Concept Being Invoked Here: Various studies and thoughts about Amyloid dementia and possibly other similar situation are possibly governed by the following conceptual algorithm.A dam fills up and possibly spills in catchment area which normally may be dry and causes damage to shoreline: The tissue Surrounding the plaque may be damaged likewise. What teleological, possibly beneficial, purpose this plaque serves?
The dam, then, soon overflows and the overflow may be contained along the canal/river within the bank : No damaging effect is noticeable to the tissue surrounding this drainage path ie if controlled degradation of  Aβ42 (  plaquogenic ) to  Aβ40( more soluble and removal ) forms of  [[Beta amyloid|Beta amyloid]], as it is removed faster than it is produced, unless even transients are damaging enough.
The canal/river then spills to its bank if the inflow is heavier : The spillage from fragments   may be damaging if not removed fast enough or the rate of production is higher than removal, unless even transients are damaging enough..
'''THUS: Rates of formation and degradation are the key issues and various studies need to be viewed/ reevaluated in this light. What teleological, possibly beneficial, purpose this plaque serves?''' }}

==ACE-I vs angiotensin II receptor antagonists vs Vasopeptidase inhibitor (VPI)==
*[http://www.springerlink.com/content/5hrxp285j0j15640/ Comparison of vasopeptidase inhibitor omapatrilat and angiotensin receptor blocker candesartan on extracellular matrix, myeloperoxidase, cytokines, and ventricular remodeling during healing after reperfused myocardial infarction   ]
*[http://en.scientificcommons.org/13894931 Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) transcriptional regulation by Oct-1 in human endothelial cells: implications for atherosclerosis LOX 1 AngII curcumin]
* <!---effects of the vasopeptidase inhibitor (VPI) omapatrilat and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) blocker (ARB) candesartan in rats during healing between day-2 and day-21 after reperfused myocardial infarction (RMI) on left ventricular (LV) remodeling and function, and regional matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, tissue inhibitor of MMP (TIMP)-3, inducible-nitric-oxide-synthase (iNOS), oxidant-generating myeloperoxidase (MPO), and cytokines tumor-necrosis-factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10, and transforming-growth-factor (TGF)-β1, and collagens. Compared to RMI-placebo, both agents reversed adverse LV remodeling and systolic and diastolic dysfunction, improved collagen remodeling, and normalized MMP-9 (activity, protein, and mRNA), TIMP-3 (protein and mRNA), and iNOS, MPO, TNF-α, IL-6, and TGF-β1 proteins, and improved MMP-9/TIMP-3 balance and IL-10 levels in previously ischemic zones. The results suggest that modulation of matrix proteases, oxidants, cytokines, and NOSs with omapatrilat and candesartan contribute to reversal of adverse collagen and LV remodeling and attenuation of LV dysfunction during healing after RMI. --->
<!--- http://www.nature.com/jhh/journal/v13/n1s/abs/1000742a.html ACE-I vs angiotensin II receptor antagonists 
*There is now abundant evidence that treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-I) ameliorates the progression of chronic renal disease. Attention has therefore focused on the role of the renin angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) system in mediating the development of progressive glomerulosclerosis and angiotensin II (Ang II) has been implicated in several processes thought to be important in the pathogenesis of this entity. Conversely, ACE is also known to catalyse the breakdown of bradykinin. Thus, ACE-I treatment results in elevated bradykinin levels which may cause selective efferent arteriolar dilatation, suggesting an alternative explanation for the beneficial effects of this class of drugs in chronic renal disease. The development of specific angiotensin type 1 receptor antagonists (AT1RA) has provided a means of testing the relative importance of these two mechanisms. In addition, AT1RAs differ from ACE-I in their effect on the RAA system in other aspects which may represent therapeutic advantages. This paper reviews studies which have compared ACE-I and AT1RAs in several rat models of chronic renal disease. Most have found similar beneficial effects including amelioration of proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis, which suggests that the effects of ACE-I are due to a reduction in Ang II activity and not due to increased levels of bradykinin. One long-term study has suggested greater renal protection with candesartan than with enalapril. However, conclusions as regards the relative efficacy of these two groups of agents in ameliorating the progression of chronic renal disease await the results of further long-term studies.
 
 
 --->
<!---[ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18035185?ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_SingleItemSupl.Pubmed_Discovery_RA&linkpos=4&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed  Clin Ther. 2007 Sep;29(9):1803-24.

Effects of renin-angiotensin system inhibition on end-organ protection 
*There is accumulating evidence that antihypertensive regimens that inhibit the RAS may provide incremental end-organ protection. Combining ACE inhibitors and ARBs to provide more extensive RAS inhibition may provide greater antihypertensive efficacy and end-organ protection than use of either class alone. Future strategies for treating high-risk patients will focus on early interventions that prevent or delay end-organ damage.] --->
<!--- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16310574 Am J Kidney Dis. 2005 Dec;46(6):1080-7.

Underuse of ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers in elderly patients with diabetes
*Only half the elderly patients with diabetes studied received recommended treatment with ACE inhibitors or ARBs. This shortfall could provide an opportunity for quality-improvement interventions that could result in important benefits in clinical outcomes for these high-risk patients.]
--->
<!--- http://www.uptodate.com/patients/content/topic.do?topicKey=~ipTTTJE1MEzzB2c  ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, and atrial fibrillation 
*A number of initial studies suggested that angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) might prevent new onset and recurrent AF. --->
<!---[http://www.experiencefestival.com/ace_inhibitor_-_mechanism_of_action  ACE inhibitor - Mechanism of action ]--->
<!---[http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=17269555 Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors : A new mechanism of action 
*Résumé / Abstract
Background-Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are valuable agents for the treatment of hypertension, heart failure, and other cardiovascular and renal diseases. The cardioprotective effects of ACE inhibitors are mediated by blockade of both conversion of angiotensin (Ang) I to Ang II and kinin hydrolysis. Here, we report a novel mechanism that may explain the cardiac antifibrotic effect of ACE inhibition, involving blockade of the hydrolysis of N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (Ac-SDKP). Methods and Results-To study the role of Ac-SDKP in the therapeutic effects of the ACE inhibitor captopril, we used a model of Ang II-induced hypertension in rats treated with the ACE inhibitor either alone or combined with a blocking monoclonal antibody (mAb) to Ac-SDKP. These hypertensive rats had left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) as well as increases in cardiac fibrosis, cell proliferation, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) expression, and phosphorylation of Smad2 (P-Smad2), a signaling mediator of the effects of TGF-(3. The ACE inhibitor did not decrease either blood pressure or LVH; however, it significantly decreased LV collagen from 13.3±0.9 to 9.6±0.6 μg/mg dry wt (P<0.006), and this effect was blocked by the mAb (12.1 ±0.6; P<0.034, ACE inhibitor versus ACE inhibitor+mAb). In addition, analysis of interstitial collagen volume fraction and perivascular collagen (picrosirius red staining) showed a very similar tendency. Likewise, the ACE inhibitor significantly decreased LV monocyte/macrophage infiltration, cell proliferation, and TGF-β expression, and these effects were blocked by the mAb. Ang II increased Smad2 phosphorylation 3.2±0.9-fold; the ACE inhibitor lowered this to 0.6±0.1-fold (P<0.001), and the mAb blocked this decrease to 2.1±0.3 (P<0.001, ACE inhibitor versus ACE inhibitor+mAb). Similar findings were seen when the ACE inhibitor was replaced by Ac-SDKP. Conclusions-We concluded that in Ang II-induced hypertension, the cardiac antifibrotic effect of ACE inhibitors is a result of the inhibition of Ac-SDKP hydrolysis, resulting in a decrease in cardiac cell proliferation (probably fibroblasts), inflammatory cell infiltration, TGF-β expression, Smad2 activation, and collagen deposition. ]--->
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11171784 Angiotensin II blockade reverses myocardial fibrosis in a transgenic mouse model of human hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. ]
Treatment with losartan reversed interstitial fibrosis and the expression of collagen 1alpha (I) and transforming growth factor-beta1 in the hearts of cTnT-Q(92) mice. These findings suggest that losartan has the potential to reverse or attenuate interstitial fibrosis, a major predictor of sudden cardiac death, in human patients with HCM.

== DHA EPA FISH OIL & ARRHYTHMIAS ==
* <!---[http://www.oilofpisces.com/arrhythmias.html  FISH OIL & ARRHYTHMIAS SUMMARY]- A study indicates pacemakers don't function well in presence of DHA EPA, possibly indicative of myocardial membrane stabilization potential to make it resistant to arrhymias as well.--->

** EPA DHA have dual effects via different basic ion channel level activity; facilitates and opposes arrhythmias by the differing mechanisms...

*** summation: circulating epa dha cause arrthymis but less so if already incorporated in tisue of heart-- slow progressive incorporation may help sudden- if noy used to fish oil-- would cause arrthymias

== Eicosanoid Junction ==
* Polyunsaturated fatty acid active eicosanoid pathways and downstream products including Resolvins
** Rate limiting steps.. absolute amount of respective Omega 3 needed to bring about corresponding step inhibition of Omega series on defined amount of latter... conceptually maximum permissible omega 6 amounts at each step considering prior statement... competitive inhibition... benefits and harm of products of each stem at individual step and collectively with slip-slop cross interaction of the step products as well as further derivatives e.g. aspirin triggered e.g. Resolvin etc in both normal physiology, patho-physiology, pharmaco and dietary inter-action both in normality as well as disease(s)
<!---http://www.jci.org/articles/view/13241/files/pdf Eicosanoids, history   --->



==Alt med==
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Alternative_medicine


==Spices==
<!---Some of the most popular herbs and spices in Indian food are:

Black cumin
Cardamom (green and black)
Coriander
Cumin
Curry powder
Garam masala
Ginger
Mustard seeds
Nutmeg
Turmeric   -->


<!---https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=User:Patelurology2/Clausena._indica&action=edit&preload=Template%3AArticle_wizard%2Fuserpageskeleton&editintro=Wikipedia%3AArticle_wizard%2Fversion1%2FWizard-New_edit_instructions_userdraft  mitho limdo  -->


<!---	
* [[Spice mix]]
* [[Spice use in Antiquity]]
* <!---[https://hisupatel.wordpress.com/2014/12/07/spices-and-their-gujarati-names/ Gujarati names of spices] -->


<!--- ===Common spice mixtures===
{{main|Spice mix}}
{{Div col|colwidth=28em}}
* [[Advieh]] ([[Iran]])
* [[Baharat]] ([[Arab world]], and the [[Middle East]] in general)
* [[Berbere]] ([[Ethiopia]], [[Eritrea]] and [[Somalia]])
* [[Bumbu (seasoning)|Bumbu]] ([[Indonesian cuisine|Indonesia]])
* [[Cajun cuisine#Blended|Cajun]] ([[United States]])
* [[Chaat masala]] ([[Indian subcontinent]])
* [[Chili pepper|Chili]] [[Chili powder|powder]] and [[crushed red pepper]] ([[Cayenne pepper|Cayenne]], [[Chipotle]], [[Jalapeño]], [[New Mexico chile|New Mexico]], [[Tabasco pepper|Tabasco]], and [[List of Capsicum cultivars|other cultivars]])
* [[Curry powder]]
* [[Five-spice powder]] ([[China]])
* [[Garam masala]] (Indian subcontinent)
* [[Harissa]] ([[North Africa]])
* [[Hawaij]] ([[Yemen]])
* [[Jamaican jerk spice|Jerk spice]] ([[Jamaica]])
* [[Khmeli suneli]] ([[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], former U.S.S.R.)
* [[Masala (spice)|Masala]] (a generic name for any mix used in the Indian subcontinent)
* [[Mixed spice]] ([[United Kingdom]])
* [[Panch phoron]] (Indian subcontinent)
* [[Pumpkin pie spice]] ([[United States]])
* [[Quatre épices]] ([[France]])
* [[Ras el hanout]] ([[North Africa]])
* [[Sharena sol]] (literally "colorful salt", [[Bulgaria]])
* [[Shichimi|Shichimi tōgarashi]] ([[Japan]])
* [[Speculaas]] ([[Belgium]] and [[Netherlands]])
* Thuna Paha ([[Sri Lanka]])
* [[Podravka#Consumer brands|Vegeta]] ([[Croatia]])
* [[Za'atar]] (Middle East)
{{Div col end}}
  -->

* <!--- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_culinary_herbs_and_spices -->

<!-- please keep entries in alphabetical order -->
<!--- https://www.msn.com/en-us/health/other/the-health-benefits-of-herbs-and-spices/ss-AA1ckHZE?ocid=msedgntp&pc=U531&cvid=a38bf3090dc244f0b3b36619675ebcdc&ei=196#image=2  -->

==Particular oils==
{{mainlist|List of vegetable oils}}
The following triglyceride vegetable oils account for almost all worldwide production, by volume. All are used as both cooking oils and as [[Straight vegetable oil|SVO]] or to make biodiesel. According to the USDA, the total world consumption of major vegetable oils in 2007/08 was:<ref name=USDAOilSeeds2009-01>{{Cite book
| series=Oilseeds: World Market and Trade
| title=January 2009
| url=http://www.fas.usda.gov/oilseeds/circular/2009/January/Oilseedsfull0109.pdf
| volume=FOP 1-09
| date=2009-01-12
| publisher=[[USDA]]
| access-date=2009-01-29
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309135414/http://@fas.usda.gov/oilseeds/circular/2009/January/Oilseedsfull0109.pdf
| archive-date=2013-03-09
| url-status=dead
}}, Table 03: Major Vegetable Oils: World Supply and Distribution at [http://www.fas.usda.gov/oilseeds/circular/Current.asp Oilseeds: World Markets and Trade Monthly Circular] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018161150/http://www.fas.usda.gov/oilseeds/circular/Current.asp |date=2010-10-18 }}</ref>
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Oil source
! World consumption<br/>(million [[metric tons]])
! Notes
|-
| [[Palm oil|Palm]] || align="center" | 41.31 || The most widely produced tropical oil, also used to make [[biofuel]]
|-
| [[Soybean oil|Soybean]] || align="center" | 41.28 || One of the most widely consumed cooking oils
|- 
| [[Rapeseed oil|Rapeseed]] || align="center" | 18.24 || One of the most widely used cooking oils, [[canola]] is a variety ([[cultivar]]) of rapeseed
|-
| [[Sunflower oil|Sunflower seed]] || align="center" | 9.91 || A common cooking oil, also used to make biodiesel
|-
| [[Peanut oil|Peanut]] || align="center" | 4.82 || Mild-flavored cooking oil
|-
| [[Cottonseed oil|Cottonseed]] || align="center" | 4.99 || A major food oil, often used in industrial food processing
|-
| [[Palm kernel oil|Palm kernel]] || align="center" | 4.85 || From the seed of the African palm tree
|-
|[[Coconut oil|Coconut]] || align="center" | 3.48 || Used in cooking, cosmetics and soaps
|-
| [[Olive oil|Olive]] || align="center" | 2.84 || Used in cooking, cosmetics, soaps and as a fuel for traditional oil lamps
|}

Note that these figures include industrial and animal feed use. The majority of European rapeseed oil production is used to produce biodiesel, or used directly as fuel in diesel cars which may require modification to heat the oil to reduce its higher [[viscosity]]. The suitability of the fuel should come as little surprise, as [[Rudolf Diesel]]'s original engine to ran on peanut oil as well as mineral oil.

Other significant triglyceride oils include:

* [[Corn oil]], one of the most common cooking oils. As of 2006, the US produced about 1.09 million metric tons <ref name="corn dot org">Corn Refiners Association. [http://www.corn.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/CornOil.pdf Corn Oil] 5th Edition. 2006</ref> of corn oil, which is used for cooking oil, salad dressing, margarine, mayonnaise, prepared goods like spaghetti sauce and baking mixes, and to fry prepared foods like potato chips and French fries.

* [[Grape seed oil]], used in cooking and cosmetics
* [[Hazelnut oil]] and other nut oils
* [[Linseed oil]], from [[flax]] seeds
* [[Rice bran oil]], from rice grains
* [[Safflower oil]], a flavorless and colorless cooking oil
* [[Sesame oil]], used as a cooking oil, and as a massage oil, particularly in India
* [[Açaí palm]] oil, used in culinary and cosmetics
* [[Jambú oil]], is extracted from the flowers, leaves and stem from jambu (''[[Acmella oleracea]]''), contains [[spilanthol]] 
* [[Graviola oil]], derived from ''[[Annona muricata]]''
* [[Tucumã oil]], from ''[[Astrocaryum aculeatum]]'' is used to manufacture soap.
* [[Brazil nut]] oil, culinary and cosmetics use
* [[Carapa]] oil, pharmaceutical use and anti-mosquito candle
* [[Buriti oil]], from ''[[Mauritia flexuosa]]'', used in cosmetics (skin and hair care)
* [[Passion fruit oil]], derived from ''[[Passiflora edulis]]'', has varied applications in cosmetics manufacturing and for uses as a human or animal food.
* [[Pracaxi oil]], obtained from ''[[Pentaclethra macroloba]]'', cosmetics use
* [[Solarium oil]], derived from chloroplasts, various applications in cooking

===Composition of fats===
{{Vegetable oils, composition}}

== Vitamin E ==

Below are topics that can be linked to VIT E - possibly in one of the pages as appropriate expanding the pages cross referencing without undue burden on context of the pages!
* https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Vitamin_E&limit=500 - see the roster and try find [[Cytochrome P450]] IF IT HAS BEEN LINKED - IF NOT AND SIMILAR NUMEROUS ITEMS ARE ALSO LINKABLE SOME HAVING ONEWAY MENTION IN AN ARTICLE THAT IS RELATED IN SOME WAY BUT NOT CROSS-LINKED AS IN TRADITIONAL WHAT LINKS--- SO A NEED FOR "WHAT CAN BE LINKED HERE" EXISTS... THE CATEGORY CAN BE FUTHER DEFINED AS WHICH DIRECTION MENTION FOR LINKABILITY EXIST AND LINKING AND INSERTING RELEVANT RELATED CONTENT DETERMINES WHERE THE VOID EXIST AND WHICH PAGE IT IS TO BE INSERTED -- IT IS POSSIBLE THAT THE WHAT CAN BE LINKED CAN BE ON ANY OF THE TWO PAGES AND A MERE MENTION ON ONE PAGE AS TO THE NAME OF OTHER IS ENOUGH OF A PROPMT FOR THE EDITOR TO CONNECT WITH THE OTHER PAGE

*<!--- https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatCanBeLinkedHere/Vitamin_E [[Cytochrome P450]] -->
:WhatCanBeLinkedHere/Vitamin_E [[Cytochrome P450]]

* Tocopherols, Tocotrienols-i.e. Tocos... Respective Isomers, their individual actions and counteractions in combination.


*TOCOTRIENOLS-- MECH OF ACTION - BELOW ARE INVOLVED

*https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2956867/

*kinases  [[ Kinase   ]]  
*receptors  [[ Receptor   ]] 
*apoptosis regulators [[Apoptosis]] see section in apoptosis for == Negative regulators of apoptosis== [[Proteolytic caspase cascade: Killing the cell]] - title is [[Caspase]]
*transcription factors [[Transcription factor    ]] 
*growth factors [[Growth factor    ]] 
*enzymes  [[ Enzyme   ]] 
*cytokines [[ Cytokine   ]] 


*others below

*akt [[ Protein kinase B ]] 
*apo-A  [[ Apolipoprotein   ]] 
*CD-4 [[CD4    ]] 
*RAS [[ Ras superfamily   ]] 
*Raf-1 [[ c-Raf   ]] 
*Cycline-D1 [[Cyclin D1    ]] 
*Cycline-D2 [[Cyclin D2    ]]  
*Cycline E [[ Cyclin E   ]]  
*CYP1A1 [[ Cytochrome P450, family 1, member A1   ]] 
*CYP3A4 [[CYP3A4    ]] 
*CYP3A5 [[ CYP3A5   ]] 
*Cyt-C [[ Cytochrome c   ]] 
*PGE-2 [[ Prostaglandin E2   ]]  
*TX-B2  [[Thromboxane B2    ]] 

[[    ]] 
[[    ]]  

INTERACTIONS

*Glutathione S-transferase P1-1     [[GSTP1]]
*Src  [[ Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src   ]]       
*Steroid & Xenobiotic Receptor   [[Xenobiotic-sensing receptor    ]]  [[Steroid hormone receptor    ]] 
*HMG-CoA Reductase [[HMG-CoA reductase    ]]
*a-tocopherol Associated Protein [[    ]]  https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&search=a-tocopherol+Associated+Protein&go=Go   not found** yields attp https://www.bing.com/search?
q=alpha_+tocopherol_+Associated_+Protein&qs=n&form=QBRE&sp=-1&lq=0&pq=alpha_+tocopherol_+associated_+protein&sc=12-38&sk=&cvid=2EBDC16FD40740D89C4B528FA97E5933&ghsh=0&ghacc=0&ghpl=

*Estrogen Receptor-Beta [[Estrogen receptor beta    ]] 
*P-glycoprotein [[P-glycoprotein    ]]
*12-lipoxygenase [[ ALOX12   ]]
*Human Serum Albumin [[Human serum albumin    ]] 
*Alfa-tocopherol Transfer Protein [[    ]] https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Special:Search&search=Alfa-tocopherol+Transfer+Protein&go=Go   not found* found spell diff [[Alpha-tocopherol transfer protein]]

==Prostate cancer==
work in progress-- see in edit mode



<!---
PI-RADS 3 and the number 3 is an evolving construct; in reading the factors not defined are also considered as per the INTUITION of the reader; this intuition needs to be defined on an ongoing basis as a part of a single reader with on-going feedback correlation with pathology tracked to post-mortem and likewise for inter reader similar data and collectively for all readers of these MRI WITH THEIR RESPECTIVE EXPERIENCE AND DIVERGENCE -CONCORDANCE DEPICTED TO DERIVE THE ON-GOING MEAN/MEDIAN OR WORKABLE CUTOFF AND COMPARE WITH MPS and such systems 

https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?search=MyProstateScore&title=Special:Search&profile=advanced&fulltext=1&ns0=1
  -->

<!---Active surveillance of prostate cancer
differentiated cancers (Gleason score 5–7) diagnosed with screening (in the prostate cancer screening era) and pre prostate cancer screening eras (without...
45 KB (6,059 words) - 16:37, 29 January 2023
[[Yashar Niknafs]]
bring to market MyProstateScore, a pre-biopsy test using the T2-ERG, PCA3, and KLK3 biomarkers to detect clinically significant prostate cancer. He also...
8 KB (799 words) - 16:21, 29 January 2023  -->

==CANCER AND VIT E exemplified by Ca Prostate & alpha tocoph 400 mg SELECT study==

<!--- That Mahabharat had two related factions.... The senior branch faction more capable than the Junior branch faction which took to throne on demise of Senior branch elder letting the Junior branch uncle to assume the thrown which was then passed to the Junior branch youngsters with varying capacity. On the throne the new king with some certain attributes more bawn than brain had special privilege not letting others function to their fullest as the chariot and transports as in case of alpha tocopherol was preferential with lower % available to all others with better characteristics including that of anticancer and hence the upset in SELECT TRIAL giving increased carcinogenesis instead of before study hypothesis that it would oppose cancer. -->




==Cytochrome P450==

* CYP3A4 

Following are lists of selected substrates, inducers and inhibitors of CYP3A4. Where classes of agents are listed, there may be exceptions within the class.

Substrates
The substrates of CYP3A4 are:

some immunosuppressants:
ciclosporin (cyclosporin),[39][40]
tacrolimus,[39][40]
sirolimus,[39][40]
upadacitinib;[41][42]
many chemotherapeutics:
docetaxel,[39][40]
tamoxifen,[39][40]
paclitaxel,[39][40]
cyclophosphamide,[40]
doxorubicin,[40]
erlotinib,[43]
etoposide,[40]
ifosfamide,[40]
teniposide,[40]
vinblastine,[40]
vincristine,[39]
vindesine,[40]
imatinib,[39]
irinotecan,[39]
sorafenib,[39]
sunitinib,[39]
vemurafenib,[39]
temsirolimus,[39]
anastrozole,
gefitinib;
azole antifungals:
ketoconazole[40]
itraconazole[40]
macrolides (except azithromycin):[39]
clarithromycin,[39][40]
erythromycin,[39]
telithromycin;[39]
dapsone[39] (in leprosy),
tricyclic antidepressants:
amitriptyline,[40]
clomipramine,[40]
imipramine,[40]
cyclobenzaprine;[44]
SSRI antidepressants :
citalopram[40]
norfluoxetine[40]
sertraline[40]
some other antidepressants:
mirtazapine[40] (NaSSA),
nefazodone[40] (atypical),
reboxetine[40] (NRI),
venlafaxine[40] (SNRI),
trazodone[39] (SARI),
vilazodone[40] (serotonin modulator),
buspirone[39][40] (anxiolytic),
antipsychotics:
haloperidol,[39][40]
aripiprazole,[39]
risperidone,[39]
ziprasidone,[39]
pimozide,[40]
quetiapine,[39]
lurasidone;[45]
opioids (mainly analgesics):
alfentanil,[39][40]
buprenorphine[46] (analgesic, addiction maintenance treatment),
codeine[39] (analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal),
fentanyl,[39]
hydrocodone[47] (partial involvement, not the bioactivation factor),
methadone[39] (analgesic, addiction maintenance treatment),
levacetylmethadol,[39]
tramadol (analgesic, refractory RLS treatment);
benzodiazepines:
alprazolam,[39][40]
midazolam,[39][40]
triazolam,[39][40]
diazepam,[39] (bioactivation to desmethyldiazepam)
clonazepam;[48]
some hypnotics:
zopiclone,[40]
zaleplon,[39]
zolpidem,[39]
donepezil[40] (acetylcholinesterase inhibitor),
statins (except pravastatin[39] and rosuvastatin[39]):
atorvastatin,[39][40]
lovastatin,[39][40]
simvastatin,[40]
cerivastatin;[39]
calcium channel blockers:
diltiazem[39][40] (sensitive substrate[49]),
felodipine[39][40] (sensitive substrate[50][51][52][53]),
nifedipine[39][40] (sensitive substrate[54][55][56][57]),
verapamil[39][40] (sensitive substrate[58][59][60][61][62][63][64]),
amlodipine[39] (sensitive substrate[65]),
lercanidipine,[39]
nitrendipine,[39]
nisoldipine,[39]
amiodarone[40] (class III antiarrhythmic),
dronedarone[40] (class III antiarrhythmic),
quinidine[39] (class I antiarrhythmic),
PDE5 inhibitors:
sildenafil,[39][40]
tadalafil,[66]
kinins[40] (vasodilators, smooth muscle contractors),
steroids:
sex hormones (agonists and antagonists):
finasteride[39][40] (antiandrogen),
estradiol[39] (estrogen),
progesterone,[39]
ethinylestradiol[40] (hormonal contraceptive),
testosterone[39] (androgen),
toremifene[40] (SERM),
bicalutamide;[67]
glucocorticoids:
budesonide,[40]
hydrocortisone (cortisol),[39][68]
dexamethasone,[39]
fluticasone;[69]
some H1-receptor antagonists (H1 antihistamines):
ketotifen,[70][71][72][73]
terfenadine,[39][40]
astemizole,[39][74]
chlorphenamine;[39]
protease inhibitors:
indinavir,[39][40]
ritonavir,[39][40]
saquinavir,[39][40]
nelfinavir;[39][40]
non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (antiretroviral drugs):
nevirapine[40][75]
delavirdine,[75]
efavirenz,[75]
etravirine,[75]
rilpivirine;[75]
albendazole[76][77] (antihelminthic)
cisapride,[39][40] (5-HT4 receptor agonist)
aprepitant,[39] (antiemetic)
caffeine,[39] (stimulant)
cocaine,[39] (stimulant)
cilostazol,[39] (phosphodiesterase inhibitor)
dextromethorphan,[39] (antitussive)
domperidone,[39] (antidopaminergic)
eplerenone,[39] (aldosterone antagonist)
lidocaine,[39] (local anesthetic, antiarrhythmic)
ondansetron,[39] (5-HT3 antagonist)
propranolol,[39] (beta blocker)
salmeterol,[39] (beta agonist)
warfarin,[78] (anticoagulant)
clopidogrel becoming bioactivated[79] (antiplatelet),
2-oxo-clopidogrel,[30]
omeprazole,[40] (proton pump inhibitor)
nateglinide,[39] (antidiabetic)
methoxetamine,[80]
montelukast (leukotriene receptor antagonist),
vilaprisan (selective progesterone receptor modulator),
certain angiotensin II receptor blockers:
losartan, (sensitive substrates)[81][82]
irbesartan.[82]
Inhibitors
Inhibitors of CYP3A4 are classified by potency:

a Strong inhibitor causes at least a 5-fold increase in the plasma AUC values, or more than 80% decrease in clearance.[39]
a Moderate inhibitor causes at least a 2-fold increase in the plasma AUC values, or 50–80% decrease in clearance.[39]
a Weak inhibitor causes at least a 1.25-fold but less than 2-fold increase in the plasma AUC values, or 20–50% decrease in clearance.[39]
The inhibitors of CYP3A4 are the following substances.

Strong inhibitors
boceprevir,[83]
protease inhibitors:
ritonavir,[39][40][84]
indinavir,[39]
nelfinavir,[39]
saquinavir;[39]
some macrolide antibiotics:[84]
clarithromycin,[83][85][86][39][40][87][88]
erythromycin[88] (although FDA lists it as a moderate inhibitor, and inhibitor of P-glycoprotein, defined as those increasing the AUC of digoxin to ≥1.25-fold);[83]
telithromycin
ceritinib
mibefradil (used for the treatment of hypertension and chronic angina pectoris)
nefazodone (antidepressant)
ribociclib
tucatinib
chloramphenicol (antibiotic)[89]
some azole antifungals:
ketoconazole,[39][40]
itraconazole,[83][39][40]
posaconazole,[90]
voriconazole;[90]
cobicistat,[90]
green tea extract,[91][92][93]
grape seed extract,[91][92][93]
dillapiole (compound present in dill plants),[94][95]
apigenin (compound present in plants such as celery, parsley, and chamomile)[96]
Artemisia annua[97]
Moderate inhibitors
amiodarone (class III antiarrhythmic),[90]
aprepitant,[83] (antiemetic)
ciprofloxacin,[83]
conivaptan,[83]
crizotinib,[83]
rutin (in vitro)[98][99] (dietary flavonoid),
tofisopam,[83]
some calcium channel blockers:
verapamil,[83][39][90]
diltiazem;[39]
some azole antifungals:[84]
fluconazole,[39]
miconazole;[100]
bergamottin[101][39] (constituent of grapefruit juice),
cyclosporine,[90]
donedarone,[90]
fluvoxamine,[90]
imatinib,[90]
valerian.[102]
Weak inhibitors
berberine[103][104][105][106] (an alkaloid found in plants such as berberis or goldenseal),
buprenorphine (analgesic),[107]
cafestol (in unfiltered coffee)[108]
cilostazol,[90]
cimetidine,[90]
fosaprepitant,[90]
lomitapide,[90]
orphenadrine,
omeprazole[39] (proton pump inhibitor),
quercetin,[109][39]
ranitidine,[90]
ranolazine,[90]
tacrolimus,[90]
ticagrelor,[90]
valproic acid,[110]
amlodipine,[65]
azithromycin (macrolide antibiotic).[88]
Inhibitors of unspecified potency
bergaptol (a furocoumarin in citrus),[111]
cannabidiol,[112]
dithiocarbamate[39] (functional group),
flavonoids,[113]
mifepristone[39] (abortifacient),
norfloxacin[39] (fluoroquinolone antibiotic),
some non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors:[114]
delavirdine;[39]
gestodene[39] (hormonal contraceptive),
star fruit,[39][115]
milk thistle,[116]
niacin[117] (nicotinic acid) and its form – niacinamide (nicotinamide), collectively called as Vitamin B3,
ginkgo biloba,[118]
sesamin[119] (a lignan constituent in sesame seeds and oil),
piperine,[120]
isoniazid,[121]
serenoa.[122]
Inducers
Strong and moderate CYP3A4 inducers are drugs that decrease the AUC of sensitive substrates of a given pathway where CYP3A4 is involved by ≥80 percent and ≥50 to <80 percent, respectively.[83][123] Weak inducers decrease the AUC by ≥20 to <50 percent.[123]

The inducers of CYP3A4 are the following substances.

Strong inducers
carbamazepine,[83][84]
antiandrogens:
enzalutamide,[124]
apalutamide;
primidone[125]
phenytoin[83][126] (anticonvulsant),
rifampin.[83]
Weak inducers
upadacitinib.[41][42]
Inducers of unspecified potency
anticonvulsants, mood stabilizers:
oxcarbazepine,[39]
topiramate;[127]
barbiturates:[84]
phenobarbital,[39][40]
butalbital:
St. John's wort,[39][40]
some bactericidals:
rifampicin,[39][84]
rifabutin;[39][40]
some non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors:[114]
efavirenz,[39]
nevirapine;[39]
troglitazone (hypoglycemic),
glucocorticoids[39] (blood glucose increase, immunosuppressive),
modafinil[68][39] (stimulant),
capsaicin,[128]
brigatinib,[39]
clobazam,[39]
dabrafenib,[39]
elagolix,[39]
eslicarbazepine,[39]
letermovir,[39]
lorlatinib,[39]
oritavancin,[39]
perampanel,[39]
telotristat.[39]


==Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor==

Nutrition ligands
*Breakdown of food components
Indoles in cruciferous vege, esp Indole-3-carbinol(I3C) in stomach converts to ligand Diindolylmethane (DIM)and Indole[3,2-b] carbazole(ICZ)

*Catabolism of tryptophan and such by microbiome; lactobacilli give indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), tryptamine (TA) and 3-methyle indole. Tryptophanase in bact gives indole then converts in liver to indoxyl-3-sulfate(I3S) and indole-3-propionic acid (IPA)

*Flavonoids from fruits & vegetables e.g. quercetin & resveratrol

*Butyrate & other short chain fatty acids (SCFA). 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid(5-HIAA), a serotonin metabolite, signals through AhR in B cells.

ligand products persist through 24 hrs and cross BBB

== VEGETARIAN/VEGAN SOURCES OF PROTEINS ==

** [[Lentil]] - to use this article on lentil to develop the article using Wikipedia's "What Links here" feature and this will illustrate the power of Wikipedia; in essence, knowledge is connected by various points whether it be cause and effect which would be understandable and possibly derivable ( just by looking at the tile of the subject in "What Links here" table from prior knowledge of the subject -- the feature becomes so powerful to quickly gather various ideas exploding one's knowledge repository- the author reads indexes for rapid review of any subject and where new thing appear can go and read that) just by a prompt of the words/titles( which are Wikipedia article page names ) being presented in "What Links here". Developing article can take various differing route ( say if project given to 100 developer- if  "What Links here" is used there may be lot of similar info incorporated but the form of the article will differ based on incorporation other presentation aids such as tables and such and which also can be found in Wikipedia as an example from other articles or if the article is not found it can be developed-- see section just below as boxes and link as the section name - other differing attributes are ideas around subject which are priceless ( such as this section paragraph or that all article should have translated names in various languages of the world possibly with audio also ) whether Wikipedia is used or not ultimate aim is also to recognize that Wikipedia is an on-going welcoming improvement construct; even if article is totally developed with information from outside sources the said "What Links here" is an important attribute and should be visited and all connected articles be improved as well with the newly developed article; can't wait re-hash that the value of the  "What Links here" is so great that the newly developed article will need to be revised most of the time even if just launched with the new connections of "What Links here" unless no new connections were found or attached which would be rare and possibly a mistake most of the time.  "What Links here" Ruleth!



[[Dal]] - is not linked in the what Links here table in Lentil article, possibly, as an adopted Indian language name into English lexicon-- consider that as an example that needs linkage improvement and compare the two article which are for some common subject commonality and presentations and content ideas which can be crossed between articles as to the various differing points and attributes e.g. tables of nutritional content is given in one and the worm disease affecting agriculture in other etc.
*https://www.lentils.org/about-lentils/

<!--- Lentils, cooked
1.00 cup
(198.00 grams)Calories: 230
GI: low
NutrientDRI/DV

 molybdenum330%

 folate90%

 copper56%

 fiber56%

 phosphorus51%

 manganese43%

 iron37%

 protein36%

 vitamin B128%

 pantothenic acid25%

 zinc23%

 vitamin B621%

https://www.culturesforhealth.com/learn/sprouting/how-to-sprout-lentils/  -->

== Languages of Wikipedia copy from left column-- spelt wheat page-- need a table with lang in coumn#1 and the topic and/or word of the page- so at least 3 columns are defined.         Italiano :  https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triticum_spelta  -- so, 3 or more column table is needed on all pages of food nutrition and such where the page topic and/or the word translated to other languages & this table gets link in all such language pages- the original word or tittle of topic in two different columns as applicable be indicated--- all pages will have the same link and any lang that needs addition be added to the master title link for uniformity. See further below for a table which can be modified: Has 40 major lang groups each with >45 million speakers. See in edit mode ==


Alemannisch
العربية
Asturianu
Български
Brezhoneg
Català
Cebuano
Čeština
Dagbanli
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Эрзянь
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Galego
한국어
Hornjoserbsce
Hrvatski
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Latina
Latviešu
Lëtzebuergesch
Lietuvių
Lombard
Magyar
Македонски
مصرى
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
Nedersaksies
日本語
Norsk bokmål
Norsk nynorsk
Occitan
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
Simple English
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
Татарча / tatarça
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
Walon
Winaray
粵語
中文


<!--- ==''Ethnologue'' (2023)==
The following languages are listed as having 45 million or more total speakers in the 26th edition of ''[[Ethnologue]]'' published in 2023.<ref name=e26>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/insights/ethnologue200/|title=What are the top 200 most spoken languages?|website=Ethnologue|date=2023|access-date=2023-08-25}}</ref> This section does not include entries that ''Ethnologue'' identifies as [[ISO 639 macrolanguage|macrolanguages]] encompassing all their respective [[variety (linguistics)|varieties]], such as [[Arabic]], [[Lahnda]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Malay language|Malay]], [[Pashto]], and [[Chinese language|Chinese]].
{{Static row numbers}}
{| class="static-row-numbers sortable wikitable"
|+ Most spoken languages, ''Ethnologue'', 2023<ref name=e26/>
|-class=static-row-header
! Language
! [[Language family|Family]]
! Branch
! data-sort-type=number | [[First language|First-language]]<br>(L1) speakers
! data-sort-type=number | [[Second language|Second-language]]<br>(L2) speakers
! data-sort-type=number | Total speakers<br>(L1+L2)
|-
| [[ISO 639:eng|English]]<br>(excl. [[English-based creole languages|creole languages]])
| [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]
| [[Germanic languages|Germanic]]
| style=text-align:right | 380 million
| style=text-align:right data-sort-value="1077 million" ! | 1.077 billion<ref>{{e26|eng|English}}</ref>
| style=text-align:right data-sort-value="1456 million" ! | 1.456 billion
|-
| [[ISO 639:cmn|Mandarin Chinese]]<br>(incl. [[Standard Chinese]], but excl. [[Varieties of Chinese|other varieties]])
| [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]]
| [[Sinitic languages|Sinitic]]
| style=text-align:right | 939 million
| style=text-align:right | 199 million<ref>{{e26|cmn|Chinese, Mandarin}}</ref>
| style=text-align:right data-sort-value="1138 million" ! | 1.138 billion
|-
| [[ISO 639:hin|Hindi]]<br>(excl. [[Urdu]])
| [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]
| [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| style=text-align:right | 345 million
| style=text-align:right | 266 million<ref>{{e26|hin|Hindi}}</ref>
| style=text-align:right | 610 million
|-
| [[ISO 639:spa|Spanish]]<br>(excl. [[Spanish-based creole languages|creole languages]])
| [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]
| [[Romance languages|Romance]]
| style=text-align:right | 485 million
| style=text-align:right | 74 million<ref>{{e26|spa|Spanish}}</ref>
| style=text-align:right | 559 million
|-
| [[ISO 639:fra|French]]<br>(excl. [[French-based creole languages|creole languages]])
| [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]
| [[Romance languages|Romance]]
| style=text-align:right | 81 million
| style=text-align:right | 229 million<ref>{{e26|fra|French}}</ref>
| style=text-align:right | 310 million
|-
| [[ISO 639:arb|Modern Standard Arabic]]<br>(excl. [[Varieties of Arabic|dialects]])
| [[Afro-Asiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]]
| [[Semitic languages|Semitic]]
| style=text-align:right | 0{{efn|[[Modern Standard Arabic]] (MSA) is not an L1. Arabic speakers first learn their respective local [[Varieties of Arabic|dialect]]. MSA is acquired through formal education.<ref>{{e26|arb}}</ref>}}
| style=text-align:right | 274 million<ref>{{e26|arb}}</ref>
| style=text-align:right | 274 million
|-
| [[ISO 639:ben|Bengali]]
| [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]
| [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| style=text-align:right | 234 million
| style=text-align:right | 39 million<ref>{{e26|ben|Bengali}}</ref>
| style=text-align:right | 273 million
|-
| [[ISO 639:por|Portuguese]]<br>(excl. [[Portuguese-based creole languages|creole languages]])
| [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]
| [[Romance languages|Romance]]
| style=text-align:right | 236 million
| style=text-align:right | 27 million <ref>{{e26|por|Portuguese}}</ref>
| style=text-align:right | 264 million
|-
| [[ISO 639:rus|Russian]]
| [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]
| [[Balto-Slavic languages|Balto-Slavic]]
| style=text-align:right | 147 million
| style=text-align:right | 108 million<ref>{{e26|rus|Russian}}</ref>
| style=text-align:right | 255 million
|-
| [[ISO 639:urd|Urdu]]<br>(excl. [[Hindi]])
| [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]
| [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| style=text-align:right | 71 million
| style=text-align:right | 161 million<ref>{{e26|urd|Urdu}}</ref>
| style=text-align:right | 232 million
|-
| [[ISO 639:ind|Indonesian]]<br>(excl. other [[Malay language|Malay]])
| [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]
| [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]
| style=text-align:right | 44 million
| style=text-align:right | 155 million<ref>{{e26|ind|Indonesian}}</ref>
| style=text-align:right | 199 million
|-
| [[ISO 639:deu|Standard German]]
| [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]
| [[Germanic languages|Germanic]]
| style=text-align:right | 75 million
| style=text-align:right | 58 million<ref>{{e26|deu|German, Standard}}</ref>
| style=text-align:right | 133 million
|-
| [[ISO 639:jpn|Japanese]]
| [[Japonic languages|Japonic]]
| {{N/A}}
| style=text-align:right | 123 million
| style=text-align:right | 0.2 million<ref>{{e26|jpn|Japanese}}</ref>
| style=text-align:right | 123 million
|-
| [[ISO 639:pcm|Nigerian Pidgin]]
| [[English-based creole languages|English Creole]]
| [[Krio language|Krio]]
| style=text-align:right | 5 million
| style=text-align:right | 116 million<ref>{{e26|pcm|Nigerian Pidgin}}</ref>
| style=text-align:right | 121 million
|-
|[[ISO 639:arz|Egyptian Arabic]]<br>(excl. [[Varieties of Arabic|other Arabic dialects]])
|[[Afro-Asiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]]
|[[Semitic languages|Semitic]]
| style=text-align:right | 77 million
| style=text-align:right | 25 million<ref>{{e26|arz}}</ref>
| style=text-align:right | 102 million
|-
| [[ISO 639:mar|Marathi]]
| [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]
| [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| style=text-align:right | 83 million
| style=text-align:right | 16 million<ref>{{e26|mar|Marathi}}</ref>
| style=text-align:right | 99 million
|-
| [[ISO 639:tel|Telugu]]
| [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]]
| South-Central
| style=text-align:right | 83 million
| style=text-align:right | 13 million<ref>{{e26|tel|Telugu}}</ref>
| style=text-align:right | 96 million
|-
| [[ISO 639:tur|Turkish]]
| [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]
| [[Oghuz languages|Oghuz]]
| style=text-align:right | 84 million
| style=text-align:right | 6 million<ref>{{e26|tur|Turkish}}</ref>
| style=text-align:right | 90 million
|-
| [[ISO 639:tam|Tamil]]
| [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]]
| Southern
| style=text-align:right | 79 million
| style=text-align:right | 8 million<ref>{{e26|tam|Tamil}}</ref>
| style=text-align:right | 87 million
|-
| [[ISO 639:yue|Yue Chinese]]<br>(incl. [[Cantonese]])
| [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]]
| [[Sinitic languages|Sinitic]]
| style=text-align:right | 86 million
| style=text-align:right | 1 million<ref>{{e26|yue|Chinese, Yue}}</ref>
| style=text-align:right | 87 million
|-
| [[ISO 639:vie|Vietnamese]]
| [[Austroasiatic]]
| [[Vietic languages|Vietic]]
| style=text-align:right | 85 million
| style=text-align:right | 1 million<ref>{{e26|vie|Vietnamese}}</ref>
| style=text-align:right | 86 million
|-
| [[ISO 639:wuu|Wu Chinese]]<br>(incl. [[Shanghainese]])
| [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]]
| [[Sinitic languages|Sinitic]]
| style=text-align:right | 83 million
| style=text-align:right | 0.1 million<ref>{{e26|wuu|Chinese, Wu}}</ref>
| style=text-align:right | 83 million
|-
| [[ISO 639:tgl|Tagalog]]{{efn|[[ISO 639:tgl|Tagalog]] and [[Filipino language|Filipino]] are defined as two different languages in the ISO 639 standard. ''[[Ethnologue]]'' considers that Filipino is a standardized variety of the Tagalog language with no speakers.}}
| [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]
| [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]
| style=text-align:right | 29 million
| style=text-align:right | 54 million<ref>{{e26|tgl|Tagalog}}</ref>
| style=text-align:right | 83 million
|-
| [[ISO 639:kor|Korean]]
| [[Koreanic languages|Koreanic]]
| {{N/A}}
| style=text-align:right | 82 million
| {{N/A}}<br><ref>{{e26|kor}}</ref>
| style=text-align:right | 82 million
|-
| [[ISO 639:pes|Iranian Persian]]<br>(excl. [[Persian language|other Persian dialects]])
| [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]
| [[Iranian languages|Iranian]]
| style=text-align:right | 57 million
| style=text-align:right | 21 million<ref>{{e26|pes|Persian, Iranian}}</ref>
| style=text-align:right | 79 million
|-
| [[ISO 639:hau|Hausa]]
| [[Afroasiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]]
| [[Chadic languages|Chadic]]
| style=text-align:right | 52 million
| style=text-align:right | 27 million<ref>{{e26|hau|Hausa}}</ref>
| style=text-align:right | 79 million
|-
| [[ISO 639:swh|Swahili]]
| [[Niger-Congo languages|Niger–Congo]]
| [[Bantu languages|Bantu]]
| style=text-align:right | 16 million
| style=text-align:right | 55 million<ref>{{e26|swh|Swahili}}</ref>
| style=text-align:right | 72 million
|-
| [[ISO 639:jav|Javanese]]
| [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]
| [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]
| {{N/A}}
| {{N/A}}<br><ref>{{e26|jav}}</ref>
| style=text-align:right | 68 million
|-
| [[ISO 639:ita|Italian]]
| [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]
| [[Romance languages|Romance]]
| style=text-align:right | 65 million
| style=text-align:right | 3 million<ref>{{e26|ita|Italian}}</ref>
| style=text-align:right | 68 million
|-
| [[ISO 639:pnb|Western Punjabi]]<br>(excl. [[Eastern Punjabi language|Eastern Punjabi]])
| [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]
| [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| {{N/A}}
| {{N/A}}<br><ref>{{e26|pnb|Western Punjabi}}</ref>
| style=text-align:right | 67 million
|-
| [[ISO 639:guj|Gujarati]]
| [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]
| [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| style=text-align:right | 57 million
| style=text-align:right | 5 million<ref>{{e26|guj|Gujarati}}</ref>
| style=text-align:right | 62 million
|-
| [[ISO 639:tha|Thai]]
| [[Tai–Kadai languages|Kra–Dai]]
| [[Tai languages|Zhuang–Tai]]
| style=text-align:right | 21 million
| style=text-align:right | 40 million<ref>{{e26|tha|Thai}}</ref>
| style=text-align:right | 61 million
|-
| [[ISO 639:kan|Kannada]]
| [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]]
| Southern
| style=text-align:right | 44 million
| style=text-align:right | 15 million<ref>{{e26|kan|Kannada}}</ref>
| style=text-align:right | 59 million
|-
| [[ISO 639:amh|Amharic]]
| [[Afroasiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]]
| [[Semitic languages|Semitic]]
| style=text-align:right | 32 million
| style=text-align:right | 25 million<ref>{{e26|amh}}</ref>
| style=text-align:right | 58 million
|-
| [[ISO 639:bho|Bhojpuri]]
| [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]
| [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| style=text-align:right | 52 million
| style=text-align:right | 0.2 million<ref>{{e26|bho|Bhojpuri}}</ref>
| style=text-align:right | 52 million
|-
| [[ISO 639:pan|Eastern Punjabi]]<br>(excl. [[Punjabi language|Western Punjabi]])
| [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]
| [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| style=text-align:right | 48 million
| style=text-align:right | 4 million<ref>{{e26|pan}}</ref>
| style=text-align:right | 52 million
|-
| [[ISO 639:nan|Min Nan Chinese]]<br>(incl. [[Hokkien]])
| [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]]
| [[Sinitic languages|Sinitic]]
| style=text-align:right | 50 million
| style=text-align:right | 0.4 million<ref>{{e26|nan|Chinese, Min Nan}}</ref>
| style=text-align:right | 50 million
|-
| [[ISO 639:cjy|Jin Chinese]]
| [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]]
| [[Sinitic languages|Sinitic]]
| {{N/A}}
| {{N/A}}<br><ref>{{e26|cjy}}</ref>
| style=text-align:right | 48 million
|-
|[[ISO 639:apc|Levantine Arabic]]<br>(excl. [[Varieties of Arabic|other Arabic dialects]])
|[[Afro-Asiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]]
|[[Semitic languages|Semitic]]
| style=text-align:right | 47 million
| style=text-align:right | 0.4 million<ref>{{e26|arz}}</ref>
| style=text-align:right | 48 million
|-
| [[ISO 639:yor|Yoruba]]
| [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]]
| [[Atlantic–Congo languages|Atlantic–Congo]]
| style=text-align:right | 44 million
| style=text-align:right | 2 million<ref>{{e26|yor|Yoruba}}</ref>
| style=text-align:right | 46 million
|}
  -->

==  "What Links here" Ruleth!  ==

* https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Vitamin_E&limit=500 - see the roster and try find [[Cytochrome P450]] IF IT HAS BEEN LINKED - IF NOT AND SIMILAR NUMEROUS ITEMS ARE ALSO LINKABLE SOME HAVING ONEWAY MENTION IN AN ARTICLE THAT IS RELATED IN SOME WAY BUT NOT CROSS-LINKED AS IN TRADITIONAL WHAT LINKS--- SO A NEED FOR "WHAT CAN BE LINKED HERE" EXISTS... THE CATEGORY CAN BE FUTHER DEFINED AS WHICH DIRECTION MENTION FOR LINKABILITY EXIST AND KINKING AND INSERTING RELEVANT RELATED CONTENT DETERMINES WHERE THE VOID EXIST AND WHICH PAGE IT IS TO BE INSERTED -- IT IS POSSIBLE THAT THE WHAT CAN BE LINKED CAN BE ON ANY OF THE TWO PAGES AND A MERE MENTION ON ONE PAGE AS TO THE NAME OF OTHER IS ENOUGH OF A PROPMT FOR THE EDITOR TO CONNECT WITH THE OTHER PAGE

*<!--- https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatCanBeLinkedHere/Vitamin_E [[Cytochrome P450]] -->
:WhatCanBeLinkedHere/Vitamin_E [[Cytochrome P450]]

== ==

** [[Lentil]] - to use this article on lentil to develop the article using Wikipedia's "What Links here" feature and this will illustrate the power of Wikipedia; in essence, knowledge is connected by various points whether it be cause and effect which would be understandable and possibly derivable ( just by looking at the tile of the subject in "What Links here" table from prior knowledge of the subject -- the feature becomes so powerful to quickly gather various ideas exploding one's knowledge repository- the author reads indexes for rapid review of any subject and where new thing appear can go and read that) just by a prompt of the words/titles( which are Wikipedia article page names ) being presented in "What Links here". Developing article can take various differing route ( say if project given to 100 developer- if  "What Links here" is used there may be lot of similar info incorporated but the form of the article will differ based on incorporation other presentation aids such as tables and such and which also can be found in Wikipedia as an example from other articles or if the article is not found it can be developed-- see section just below as boxes and link as the section name - other differing attributes are ideas around subject which are priceless ( such as this section paragraph or that all article should have translated names in various languages of the world possibly with audio also ) whether Wikipedia is used or not ultimate aim is also to recognize that Wikipedia is an on-going welcoming improvement construct; even if article is totally developed with information from outside sources the said "What Links here" is an important attribute and should be visited and all connected articles be improved as well with the newly developed article; can't wait re-hash that the value of the  "What Links here" is so great that the newly developed article will need to be revised most of the time even if just launched with the new connections of "What Links here" unless no new connections were found or attached which would be rare and possibly a mistake most of the time.  "What Links here" Ruleth!

** [[Dal]] - is not linked in the "What Links Here" table in Lentil article-- consider that as an example that needs linkage improvement and compare the two articles which are for some common subject commonality and presentations and content ideas which can be crossed between articles as to the various differing points and attributes e.g. tables of nutrition content is given in one and the worm disease affecting agriculture in other etc.

== Joint Task ==

<!---  Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis is a distressingly common joint disease that causes localized inflammation with possibly crippling consequences. By age 70, most people (up to 70 percent) will be affected to some degree by osteoarthritis (Kasper DL et al 2004). In the elderly, osteoarthritis of the knee is the leading cause of disability; it is estimated that 100,000 Americans are unable to walk independently, even from the bedroom to the bathroom, because of osteoarthritis in their knees or hips (Kasper DL et al 2004). 

In most cases, the cause of osteoarthritis is not known, although it can be secondary to injury, repetitive joint use, or conditions such as obesity. Contrary to what many people believe, however, osteoarthritis is not a normal part of aging. It is a disease that should be treated aggressively at the earliest symptoms.

Unfortunately, conventional medicine has never developed an effective approach to treating osteoarthritis. Many people with a mild case of osteoarthritis are simply told to ignore the condition and to avoid doing any activities that may cause pain or discomfort. People who have a more severe case of osteoarthritis are in an even worse position. The drugs most often used to combat osteoarthritis are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Over-the-counter NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen, can cause gastrointestinal upset, while prescription NSAIDs, such as rofecoxib and valdecoxib, were recently discovered to raise the risk of heart attack and stroke and were removed from the market by their manufacturers. 

While the search for a drug that is a “magic bullet” continues, there is a wealth of data on the value of natural therapies to treat osteoarthritis. Natural anti-inflammatory agents have been found to reduce the swelling and pain associated with osteoarthritis, while other nutrients supply the underlying building blocks of joints and reduces the oxidative damage caused by the loss of joint cartilage. 

The Life Extension Foundation’s osteoarthritis program can be summed up simply—take early, aggressive action. Because osteoarthritis is the rule rather than the exception, all adults should consider instituting a joint-supporting, anti-inflammatory nutrient program as soon as possible.

The Dangers of Osteoarthritis
Unlike rheumatoid arthritis, which is characterized by systemic inflammation, osteoarthritis is a localized disease that occurs only in the affected joints. 

With osteoarthritis, the thin layer of cartilage between the joints gradually erodes and wears away. As the protective layer of cartilage vanishes, the bone beneath becomes pitted and uneven, and the structural integrity of the joint is destroyed. Movement can become extremely painful and, in the worst cases, people who have severe osteoarthritis can no longer take care of themselves on a day-to-day basis.

In a normal joint, the ends of adjoining bones are covered by smooth cartilage that offers little friction. The whole joint is covered with special tissue called synovial tissue, which secretes synovial fluid to lubricate the cartilage and ensure that the joint continues to function smoothly. Cartilage is a firm, gel-like substance that acts as a shock absorber. Joints can withstand enormous pressure by releasing water from the cartilage.

During osteoarthritis, it is thought that the cells that synthesize collagen (and the proteoglycans that comprise cartilage) cease to function correctly. Over time, the cartilage begins to retain water and swell, becoming soft and eventually cracking. Next, tiny cavities form in the bone beneath the cartilage. The bone may overgrow the edges of the joint, resulting in bumps (osteophytes) that restrict movement. In the final stages, the cartilage becomes rough and pitted.

The symptoms of osteoarthritis include aching joint pain that is aggravated by use. In advanced osteoarthritis, pain may interfere with sleep. In some patients, synovitis, or inflammation of the synovial membrane, may be caused by shards of bone in the joint.

To diagnose osteoarthritis, physicians typically rely on symptoms. It is important that a physician differentiate osteoarthritis from other joint diseases. X-rays may be taken to make sure the diagnosis is correct. Osteoarthritis may be characterized by bone enlargement and narrowing of the joint space. Otherwise, laboratory studies are rarely helpful in diagnosing osteoarthritis. 


Nutrition: An Early Approach to Osteoarthritis
The value of nutrients is well known when it comes to arthritis. Even conventional textbooks recommend that people with osteoarthritis consume a diet rich in natural anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and joint-supporting nutrients, and avoid eating pro-inflammatory foods that are high in sugar, saturated fats, and trans fatty acids. 

Omega-3 Fatty Acids. The benefit of omega-3 fatty acids is well known in the treatment of people who have osteoarthritis. Clinical studies over the past two decades have proved again and again the value of omega-3 fatty acids in treating inflammatory conditions ranging from atherosclerosis to osteoarthritis. In people who have osteoarthritis, increased consumption of omega-3 fatty acids and adequate intake of monounsaturated fatty acids such as those found in olive oil (and decreased consumption of omega-6 fatty acids) can improve symptoms and even sometimes allow a reduction in the use of NSAIDs (Miggiano GA et al 2005). These fatty acids have many positive effects, including influencing cellular metabolic functions, supporting cell membrane structure, and directly reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (Zak A et al 2005). The most potent of the omega-3 fatty acids containing oils are eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which are found in abundance in cold-water fish (Mori TA et al 2004).

Soybean and Avocado Oil. In Europe, avocado and soybean oil unsaponifiable (ASU) is sold as a drug for osteoarthritis. In the United States, ASU is available as a dietary supplement. Studies have shown that ASU inhibits interleukin-1 (IL-1) and stimulates collagen synthesis (Mauviel A et al 1991). It also reduces the production of other inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and prostaglandin E2 (Henrotin YE et al 1998). In a 3-month study of 260 people, aged 45 to 80 years, who had osteoarthritis of the knee, ASU was shown to yield significant improvements compared to placebo (Appelboom T et al 2001). Another 3-month human trial of ASU versus placebo found a reduced need for NSAIDs among study subjects who took 300 milligrams per day (mg/day) of ASU (Blotman F et al 1997).

Curcumin. Curcumin is a component of turmeric and is an anti-inflammatory compound that inhibits both COX-2 and lipoxygenase enzyme activity, along with decreasing levels of IL-1 beta (IL-1b) (Banerjee M et al 2003; Plummer SM et al 1999). A study investigating capsaicin from red pepper and curcumin found that these two nutrients decrease the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Curcumin and capsaicin also inhibited the secretion of collagenase, hyaluronidase, and elastase, which are linked to the breakdown of cartilage that characterizes osteoarthritis. Researchers concluded that curcumin and capsaicin can influence inflammatory mediators (Joe B et al 1997). 

Some studies revealed that users of curcumin supplements were not getting optimal benefits from the extract. The reason is that, for curcumin to be effectively assimilated into the bloodstream, it must be combined with small amounts of piperine (a component of black pepper). Piperine has been shown to enhance the serum concentration, the bioavailability, and the extent of absorption of curcumin in humans without any adverse effects.

Ginger. Ginger is an anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic agent used in ayurveda, a form of holistic medicine traditional to India (Srivastava KC et al 1992). Ginger extract blocks activation of proinflammatory mediators (Frondoza CG et al 2004). In a 3-month to 2.5-year study that investigated the effects of powdered ginger on patients who had either rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis, approximately 75 percent of the patients experienced pain relief and decreased swelling, and there were no reports of adverse effects (Srivastava KC et al 1992). A similar study of more than 240 patients who had osteoarthritis of the knee demonstrated a significant reduction in osteoarthritis symptoms (Altman RD et al 2001). A study examining the mechanism of action of ginger extract demonstrated that 100 micrograms per milliliter (mcg/mL) significantly inhibited the activation of COX-2 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), in addition to suppressing prostaglandin-E2 production (Frondoza CG et al 2004).

Nobiletin. Flavonoids are natural compounds found in a wide variety of fruits and vegetables. Bioflavonoids from citrus fruits such as oranges, tangerines, and grapefruits have been found to exert anti-inflammatory effects (Manthey JA et al 2001; O’Leary KA et al 2004).

The bioflavonoid nobiletin was first isolated from orange peel in 1938. Nobiletin has been shown to be a powerful anti-inflammatory agent (Lin N et al 2003; Murakami A et al 2000a; Tanaka S et al 2004). Early studies revealed that nobiletin significantly inhibits production of nitric oxide and superoxide, two powerful free radicals involved in promoting inflammation. 

The flavonoid nobiletin has been found to selectively down-regulate COX-2 without interfering with COX-1 (O'Leary KA et al 2004). In mouse macrophages, nobiletin was also shown to suppress production of prostaglandin E2 while interfering with pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1(b), TNF-alpha, and IL-6 (Ishiwa J et al 2000).

In addition, nobiletin demonstrated great anti-inflammatory activity (Murakami A et al 2000b). Through its effects in reducing inflammation, nobiletin may help to protect against a host of age-related problems, including joint discomfort, cardiovascular problems, and other inflammation-induced disorders.

Nettle Leaf. A study investigating the effects of nettle leaf extract demonstrated that the stinging nettle leaf extract Hox alpha significantly suppressed IL-1(b)–induced expression of matrix metalloproteinase, which is linked to cartilage degradation (Schulze-Tanzil G et al 2002). An extract of nettle leaf is well known for its positive effects in the treatment of rheumatic diseases and its capacity for partial inhibition of leukotriene and prostaglandin. A laboratory study examining the effects of 5 mg/mL of nettle leaf extract on TNF and IL-1 in human whole blood demonstrated significant reductions in these cytokines. After 24 hours, they decreased by 50 percent and 100 percent, respectively. After 60 hours, inhibition rates were 40 percent and 100 percent, respectively (Obertreis B et al 1996). 

S-Adenosylmethionine. S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) is the activated form of the amino acid methionine. It is naturally converted to cysteine in the body. SAMe protects synovial cells by reversing glutathione depletion, thus supporting levels of an important internal antioxidant (Lieber CS et al 2002). In addition to its antioxidant protection, it may protect synovial cells by blocking the enzymes that degrade cartilage. It may also protect the important cartilage proteins and proteoglycans in the joint lining. 

In the laboratory, SAMe increases the number of cartilage cells and proteoglycans (protein). This suggests that SAMe treatment may help reverse the underlying process of osteoarthritis by stimulating cartilage to grow (Barcelo HA et al 1990; Kalbhen DA et al 1990). The other main component of the joint is synovial fluid, which acts as a lubricant. In two studies comparing SAMe to NSAIDs, test results demonstrated that SAMe was generally more effective and better tolerated than the NSAIDs (Glorioso S et al 1985; Vetter G 1987). SAMe alleviates the pain and functional limitation of osteoarthritis, in addition to rebuilding joint cartilage (Soeken KL et al 2002).

Joint-Protective Agents
Effective treatment of osteoarthritis includes the protection of the cartilage and synovial fluid in the joint against further destruction. In addition, it is important to stimulate anabolic restoration of joint cartilage and synovial fluid. Chondroprotective agents are compounds the body produces to regenerate cartilage and maintain healthy joint function. Chondroprotective agents protect and restore joint cartilage by a variety of mechanisms. They enhance development of chondrocytes, enhance the synthesis of synovial fluid, and inhibit free-radical damage to proteins and joint cartilage degradation by autoimmune processes. 

Hyaluronic Acid. Hyaluronic acid is a joint lubricant. Several randomized clinical studies have examined the role of hyaluronic acid in relieving osteoarthritis symptoms, especially in patients who have osteoarthritis of the knee. In one study, four groups of patients with osteoarthritis of the knee were randomly assigned to treatment. One group performed exercises; one group performed exercises and received pulse ultrasound therapy (for pain); and one group performed exercises, received pulse ultrasound therapy, and received injections of hyaluronic acid. The fourth group was the control group. All three treatment groups showed progress, but the group receiving hyaluronic acid showed the greatest progress, measured by walking speed and decrease in disability (Huang MH et al 2005). Other studies have found that intra-articular hyaluronic acid injections are well tolerated in patients who have osteoarthritis of the knee and confer benefits that last up to 19 weeks after the last injection (Theiler R et al 2005). This treatment is effective in mild to severe cases of osteoarthritis of the knee (Neustadt D et al 2005). Hyaluronic acid injections have also been shown to relieve pain and disability in other arthritic joints, including the ankle (Salk R et al 2005). 

Glucosamine. Glucosamine is a naturally occurring substance. It is synthesized by chondrocytes for the purpose of producing joint cartilage. In osteoarthritis, glucosamine synthesis is defective, and supplementation with glucosamine has proven to be beneficial. The body uses the supplemental glucosamine to synthesize the proteoglycans and the water-binding glycosaminoglycans in the cartilage matrix. In addition to providing raw material, the presence of glucosamine seems to stimulate the chondrocytes to produce more proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans. Glucosamine also inhibits certain enzymes such as collagenase and phospholipase, which destroy cartilage. By blocking pathogenic mechanisms that lead to articular degeneration, glucosamine delays the progression of the disease and relieves symptoms, even for weeks after termination of the treatment. Among the natural therapies for osteoarthritis, glucosamine sulfate is probably the best known. Commercial sources of glucosamine are from the exoskeleton of certain shellfish and are available as glucosamine sulfate and N-acetylglucosamine. 

Glucosamine has been shown to be almost totally free of adverse effects, particularly when compared to NSAIDs. A 4-week study of more than 170 patients who had osteoarthritis of the knee compared the effects of glucosamine sulfate at a dose of 1500 mg/day to 1200 mg/day of ibuprofen. Glucosamine relieved the symptoms as effectively as ibuprofen and was significantly better tolerated than ibuprofen. The safety and tolerability of glucosamine is because of its specific actions on the pathogenic structural and biochemical mechanisms of osteoarthritis without inhibition of the cyclooxygenases. Glucosamine sulfate is a good alternative therapy for osteoarthritis (Qiu GX et al 1998). 

As with most natural remedies, the therapeutic effect of glucosamine is not immediate. It usually takes from 1 to 8 weeks to appear. Once achieved, it tends to persist for a notable time even after discontinuation of the treatment. The probable reason is that glucosamine is incorporated into rebuilding the cartilage itself. 

Chondroitin Sulfate. Chondroitin sulfate is a major structural component of articular cartilage. It is a very large molecule, composed of repeated units of glucosamine sulfate. Like glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate stimulates the production of cartilage. Likewise, it has the ability to prevent enzymes from dissolving cartilage. Chondroitin sulfate inhibits free radicals that degrade joint cartilage and collagen. It improves blood circulation to joints, which enables antioxidants and glucosamine to enter inflamed joints to stimulate the repair process required for the regression of osteoarthritis. Although the intestinal absorption of chondroitin sulfate is much lower than that of glucosamine (10 to 15 percent versus 90 to 98 percent), a few studies have shown very good results (reducing pain and increasing range of motion) from long-term treatment with chondroitin sulfate. 

A 3-year study investigated the effects of 800 mg of chondroitin sulfate on a group of people with osteoarthritis of finger joints. The results indicated that the chondroitin sulfate was well tolerated, significantly reduced pain, and increased joint mobility. In addition, the joints were protected from further erosive osteoarthritis (Verbruggen G et al 1998). 

Improvement in walking time was studied in 80 patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. In this 6-month, double-blind study, the chondroitin sulfate dosage was 400 mg twice daily. The minimum time to perform a 20-meter walk showed a constant reduction of time only in the group who took chondroitin. Lower consumption of pain-killing drugs and excellent tolerability was also observed (Bucsi L et al 1998).

Sulfur. Animal studies have shown that joints affected by osteoarthritis have lower sulfur content (Rizzo R et al 1995). Arthritic mice given the sulfur-containing nutrient methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) experience less joint degeneration (Murav'ev I et al 1991). In a double-blind trial in people with osteoarthritis, study participants who received MSM by itself experienced significant pain relief (Lawrence RM 1998). 

In a 2004 study, a combination of glucosamine and MSM was found to be more effective in improving the signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis than either agent alone (Usha PR et al 2004). After 12 weeks of treatment, the average pain score in the group that took only the glucosamine dropped from 1.74 to 0.65—a 63 percent reduction. In the group that took only MSM, the average pain score fell from 1.53 to 0.74—a 52 percent reduction. However, in the group that took both glucosamine and MSM, the average pain score dropped from 1.7 to 0.36—an astounding reduction of 79 percent! The researchers also found that the combination therapy had a faster effect on pain and inflammation than either glucosamine or MSM alone.

In another study, 50 patients with osteoarthritis, aged 40 to 76 years, were given 3 grams (g) of MSM or placebo twice daily for 12 weeks. At the end of the study, researchers concluded that the patients taking MSM experienced significant declines in pain and disease status (Kim LS et al 2006).

Green Tea Extracts. There is ample evidence to suggest that compounds found in green tea, including the polyphenol epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), can interfere with the progression of osteoarthritis. During osteoarthritis, IL-1(b) causes an inflammatory response that enhances the expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinases, which are known to degrade cartilage. Studies have already shown that green tea extracts inhibited the expression of inflammatory cytokines in arthritic joints. Now newer studies are suggesting that EGCG can also inhibit the expression of IL-1(b) and matrix metalloproteinases (Ahmed S et al 2004). In a study of osteoarthritis, researchers found that EGCG was a potent inhibitor of IL-1(b)–induced cartilage damage (Singh R et al 2003). Additional studies have found that EGCG from green tea inhibits both IL-1(b) and the inflammatory cytokines COX-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase, which are induced by IL-1(b) (Ahmed S et al 2002). Overall, laboratory studies have found that EGCG was nontoxic and that green tea consumption was effective at preventing osteoarthritis and may benefit patients who have osteoarthritis by reducing inflammation and slowing the breakdown of cartilage (Adcocks C et al 2002).

Antioxidants and Osteoarthritis
According to the newest research, oxidative stress seems to play a role in osteoarthritis (and rheumatoid arthritis) (Podoprigorova VG et al 2005; Regan E et al 2005). Researchers found that human cartilage in patients with osteoarthritis was significantly deficient in superoxide dismutase, a major free-radical scavenger (Regan E et al 2005). 

Because this research is so new, however, few studies have been conducted on the effectiveness of antioxidant supplementation in relieving symptoms and in slowing the progression of the disease. Nevertheless, because of the clear connection between oxidative stress and both rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, the Life Extension Foundation believes that people with either form of arthritis should maintain a healthy intake of antioxidants by taking vitamin E and vitamin C and other supplements that support glutathione levels such as N-acetylcysteine (NAC).

The Problem With Conventional Treatment
Although nutritional approaches are the best option, millions of people still rely on prescription medications to manage their arthritis. Unfortunately, there just isn’t a good solution when it comes to the standard prescription drugs. Even the best of them have serious drawbacks. Drugs used to treat arthritis include:

NSAIDs. These drugs represent the mainstay of conventional treatment for arthritis. Over-the-counter NSAIDs, such as naproxen, ibuprofen, and others, operate by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX-1 and COX-2), which convert arachidonic acid to pro-inflammatory prostaglandins. Adverse effects of over-the-counter NSAIDs include gastrointestinal upset, since the COX-1 enzyme is also partly responsible for protecting the lining of the stomach by maintaining its mucosal lining. In an attempt to reduce this side effect, prescription selective COX-2 inhibitors were introduced. These drugs, including rofecoxib, valdecoxib, and celecoxib, were equally as effective as the older NSAIDs, without the side effects. In 2004, however, rofecoxib was linked to an increased risk of heart attack and cerebrovascular events. Rofecoxib was subsequently removed from the market by its manufacturer. Not long after, valdecoxib was also voluntarily removed because of the increased risk of cardiovascular events. Celecoxib is still on the market, but the Food and Drug Administration demanded that a strong black-box warning be added to its label, warning people who take this drug of the increased potential for heart attack. 
Corticosteroids. Prednisone, a corticosteroid, is used mainly as a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. In severe cases of osteoarthritis, prednisone will be injected directly into the affected joints. Corticosteroids have significant adverse effects, and great caution should be used when taking them. Injections should be spaced months apart to avoid joint degeneration. Long-term systemic corticosteroid use is associated with a wide range of metabolic abnormalities, including weight gain, osteoporosis, stress fractures, stretch marks, and adrenal gland failure. 
Narcotics. Narcotics such as codeine and morphine are sometimes used to control pain in acute flare-ups of osteoarthritis. These drugs must be used in the short term because of the risk of dependency. 
Acetaminophen. Acetaminophen is a painkiller, as opposed to an anti-inflammatory. This drug is widely available over the counter, yet few people are aware of the significant danger of long-term acetaminophen use, which can cause liver toxicity. The Life Extension Foundation does not recommend acetaminophen.
In addition to these medications, physicians may recommend surgery for patients with severely damaged joints who have not responded to aggressive treatment. In this case, joint replacement may be recommended as a last resort.

Life Extension Foundation Recommendations 
People who have osteoarthritis often benefit from exercise, including stretching and strength exercises. These exercises help to build the muscles around affected joints. Muscle weakness is a major cause of disability in people who have osteoarthritis. 

It is extremely important that people with osteoarthritis launch their nutritional program as early in the disease process as possible. The goal is to provide nutrients to help rebuild damaged bone and cartilage. The following nutrients are recommended:

EPA and DHA—1400 milligrams (mg)/day of EPA and 1000 mg/day of DHA 
ASU—300 to 600 mg/day 
Curcumin—900 mg/day, with 5 mg of piperine 
Ginger—60 mg/day 
Bioflavonoids—300 mg/day, including nobiletin 
Nettle leaf extract—375 to 500 mg/day 
SAMe—400 to 1200 mg/day 
Glucosamine—1500 mg/day 
Chondroitin—1000 mg/day 
MSM—1000 to 3000 mg/day 
Green tea extract—725 mg/day of green tea powder, yielding at least 246 mg of EGCG 
Vitamin C—1 to 3 grams (g)/day 
Vitamin E—400 International Units (IU)/day, with 200 mg of gamma-tocopherol 
NAC—600 mg/day 
Hyaluronic acid—Most published studies have examined the benefits of intra-articular injections of hyaluronic acid. This treatment is effective in treating osteoarthritis of major joints. Discuss hyaluronic acid therapy with your physician.
 

Osteoarthritis Safety Caveats 
An aggressive program of dietary supplementation should not be launched without the supervision of a qualified physician. Several of the nutrients suggested in this protocol may have adverse effects. These include:

Chondroitin Sulfate

Consult your doctor before taking chondroitin if you are taking warfarin sodium or if you have hemophilia. Chondroitin can have antithrombotic activity. 
Use a salt-free chondroitin preparation if you need to restrict your salt intake. 
Chondroitin can cause gastrointestinal symptoms such as epigastric distress, nausea, and diarrhea.
Curcumin

Do not take curcumin if you have a bile duct obstruction or a history of gallstones. Taking curcumin can stimulate bile production. 
Consult your doctor before taking curcumin if you have gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or a history of peptic ulcer disease. 
Consult your doctor before taking curcumin if you take warfarin or antiplatelet drugs. Curcumin can have antithrombotic activity. 
Always take curcumin with food. Curcumin may cause gastric irritation, ulceration, gastritis, and peptic ulcer disease if taken on an empty stomach. 
Curcumin can cause gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea and diarrhea.
EPA/DHA

Consult your doctor before taking EPA/DHA if you take warfarin (Coumadin). Taking EPA/DHA with warfarin may increase the risk of bleeding. 
Discontinue using EPA/DHA 2 weeks before any surgical procedure.
Ginger

Do not take ginger if you have a bile duct obstruction or gallstones. Ginger may stimulate bile production. 
High doses of ginger (6 grams or more) can cause damage to the stomach lining and ulcers. 
Ginger can cause anllergic skin reactions. 
Consult your doctor before taking ginger if you take blood thinners such as warfarin (Coumadin). Ginger can increase the risk of bleeding.
Glucosamine

Consult your doctor before taking glucosamine if you have diabetes. It is unknown if glucosamine will increase insulin resistance in humans but glucosamine has been shown to increase insulin resistance in healthy animals and in animals with diabetes. Animals given intravenous glucosamine were found to have a significantly decreased rate of glucose uptake in their skeletal muscle (this effect was not observed, however, in animals given oral glucosamine). 
If you have diabetes, are overweight, or have difficulty with glucose tolerance and take glucosamine under medical advisement, monitor your blood glucose level frequently. Your doctor will need to adjust your medication levels accordingly. 
Glucosamine can cause gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea and iarrhea.
Green Tea

Consult your doctor before taking green tea extract if you take aspirin or warfarin (Coumadin). Taking green tea extract and aspirin or warfarin can increase the risk of bleeding. 
Discontinue using green tea extract 2 weeks before any surgical procedure. Green tea extract may decrease platelet aggregation. 
Green tea extract contains caffeine, which may produce a variety of symptoms including restlessness, nausea, headache, muscle tension, sleep disturbances, and rapid heartbeat. 
MSM

MSM can cause headache or gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea and diarrhea.
NAC

NAC clearance is reduced in people who have chronic liver disease. 
Do not take NAC if you have a history of kidney stones (particularly cystine stones). 
NAC can produce a false-positive result in the nitroprusside test for ketone bodies used to detect diabetes. 
Consult your doctor before taking NAC if you have a history of peptic ulcer disease. Mucolytic agents may disrupt the gastric mucosal barrier. 
NAC can cause headache (especially when used along with nitrates) and gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea and diarrhea.
SAMe

Consult your doctor before taking SAMe if you have bipolar disorder. See your doctor frequently if you take SAMe and you have bipolar disorder. 
Consult your doctor before taking SAMe if you take antidepressants. See your doctor frequently if you take SAMe in place of or in addition to antidepressants. 
Consult your doctor before taking SAMe if you have cancer. Nucleic acid methylation patterns may change in people who have cancer and take SAMe. 
Do not take SAMe if you are undergoing gene therapy. 
SAMe can cause anxiety, hyperactive muscle movement, insomnia, hypomania, and gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea and diarrhea. 
Vitamin C 

Do not take vitamin C if you have a history of kidney stones or of kidney insufficiency (defined as having a serum creatine level greater than 2 milligrams per deciliter and/or a creatinine clearance less than 30 milliliters per minute. 
Consult your doctor before taking large amounts of vitamin C if you have hemochromatosis, thalassemia, sideroblastic anemia, sickle cell anemia, or erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency. You can experience iron overload if you have one of these conditions and use large amounts of vitamin C.
Vitamin E

Consult your doctor before taking vitamin E if you take warfarin (Coumadin). 
Consult your doctor before taking high doses of vitamin E if you have a vitamin K deficiency or a history of liver failure. 
Consult your doctor before taking vitamin E if you have a history of any bleeding disorder such as peptic ulcers, hemorrhagic stroke, or hemophilia. 
Discontinue using vitamin E 1 month before any surgical procedure.
For more information see the Safety Appendix 
 
  --->

<!---
* 3-in-1 Joint
Formula®
3-in-1 Joint Formula® is a targeted formula that incorporates the latest clinical research with additional joint supporting nutrients. The nutrients in this formula support healthy joints in three distinct ways:

* Rebuild – The well-known ingredients of Glucosamine and Chondroitin are included in this formula at efficacious levels to help rebuild cartilage.* These ingredients, along with vitamins and botanicals, promote healthy tissue, helping to maintain joint structure and mobility.

* Lubricate – Glucosamine strengthens joint cartilage, and Chondroitin sulfate is an important structural component of cartilage supplying joint lubrication for the cushioning effect. These two nutrients work together with MSM, an organic form of sulfur, to promote flexibility.

*Soothe - [[Boswellia serrata]] is a traditional Indian herb also known as [[Indian frankincense]]. Boswellic acids in this plant have been researched to inhibit production of leukotrienes which may lead to discomfort.* Having strong joints is just one piece of the puzzle when it comes to mobility and comfort. Omega-3 oils work with other ingredients in this formula to lubricate tissues.
Beta-boswellic acid, keto-beta-boswellic acid and acetyl-keto-beta-boswellic acid (AKBA) have been indicated in apoptosis of cancer cells, particularly brain tumors and cells affected by leukemia or colon cancer.[2]

Acetyl-boswellic acids also exhibit anti-inflammatory behaviour by inhibiting leukotriene synthesis.[3] Specifically, it inhibits the activity of the enzyme 5-lipoxygenase through a non-redox reaction. Clinical trials[4][5] have investigated the effectiveness of boswellic acids in treating ulcerative colitis, but a study on chemically induced colitis in mouse models[6] showed little effectiveness. This latter study also linked large doses of boswellic acids to hepatotoxicity and increased lipid accumulation. Paradoxically, low doses of Boswellia serrata extract may have hepatoprotective effects.[7]

* Certainly osteoarthritis is in need of new safe analgesics, although many effective therapies that reduce pain such as muscle strengthening exercises, shock-absorbing footwear and weight loss have very few bad side effects  
<!---Professor Philip Monaghan: Arthritis Research Campaign--->
<!---*<[http://www.ayurvedicdietsolutions.com/Shallaki.php Shallaki Ayurveda Boswellia s]
--->
<!---* R-Thitex:
**  zinger officinale
**  piper chaba
**  plumbago zylanica
**  ferula assafotida
**  apium grevealens
**  brassic compaestris
**  cuminum robes
**  scindapsus officinalis
**  helenborus niger
**  aconitum
**  heterophyllum
**  cierdendron serratum
**  terminalia chebula
**  terminalia belerica
**  embelica officinalis
**  balsamo bendron mukul 
--->

== WikiProject India Newsletter, Volume IV, Issue 2 – July 2009 ==
{| class="plainlinks" style="width: 100%; background: transparent;"
| class="MainPageBG" style="width: 50%; border: 1px solid #cef2e0; background-color: #f5fffa; vertical-align: top;"|
{| cellpadding="2" cellspacing="5" style="vertical-align: top; background-color: #f5fffa; width: 100%;"
! <div style="margin: 0; background: #cef2e0; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 120%; font-weight: bold; border: 1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align: left; color: #000; padding-left: 0.4em; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em;">Project news</div>
|-
|style="color:#000"|<div style="float: right; margin-left: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a3bfb1; width: 195px;">[[File:India 1947 India Flag 3 and half annas.jpg|195px]]</div>A number of [[Outline of India|India-related articles]] have '''lost''' their '''[[Wikipedia:Featured articles|featured article]] status''', including [[Sikkim]] and [[Mumbai]]. The article about [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|Gandhi]] was also demoted for [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|referencing]] and [[Wikipedia:How to improve image quality|image quality]] issues. Since then, [[Mumbai]] has been [[Talk:Mumbai/GA1|brought back]] to good article status, thanks to the efforts of [[User:Kensplanet|Kensplanet]] and&nbsp;others.

[[Transport in India]] was promoted to '''[[Wikipedia:Good articles|good article]]''' status, thanks to the efforts of [[User:Rsrikanth05|Rsrikanth05]], [[User:SBC-YPR|SBC-YPR]] and [[User:GDibyendu|GDibyendu]].

Several new '''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Workgroups|workgroups]]''' have been formed: WikiProjects [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Railways in India|Railways in India]], [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Education in India|Education in India]] and [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Transport in India|Transport in India]]. Please join us if you're interested in those&nbsp;topics!
|-
! <div style="margin: 0; background: #cef2e0; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 120%; font-weight: bold; border: 1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align: left; color: #000; padding-left: 0.4em; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em;">To do...</div>
|-
| style="color: #000;" | The articles that have been selected for our latest '''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Collaborations of the month|collaborations of the month]]''' are [[history of Mumbai]], [[Indian Railways]], [[rail transport in India]], [[Indian general election, 2009]] and [[telecommunications in India]]. We need your help to improve&nbsp;them!

These India-related articles are currently on '''[[Wikipedia:Featured article review|featured article review]]''': [[Kerala]] ([[Wikipedia:Featured article review/Kerala/archive1|FAR]]), [[Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport]] ([[Wikipedia:Featured article review/Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport/archive1|FAR]]) and [[rail transport in India]] ([[Wikipedia:Featured article review/Rail transport in India/archive2|FAR]]). Would you allow these articles to lose their FA&nbsp;status?

'''[[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Takes Chennai|Wikipedia Takes Chennai]]'''&nbsp;– a scavenger hunt and free-content photography contest&nbsp;– has started in Chennai, along the same lines as [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Takes The City|Wikipedia Takes The&nbsp;City]].

We look forward to more contributions from you. To get started, go to the [[Wikipedia:Noticeboard for India-related topics|noticeboard]].&nbsp;[[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/to do|'''»''']]
|}
|class="MainPageBG" style="width: 50%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background-color:#f5faff; vertical-align:top"|
{| width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="5" style="vertical-align:top; background-color:#f5faff"
! <div style="margin: 0; background: #cedff2; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 120%; font-weight: bold; border: 1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align: left; color: #000; padding-left: 0.4em; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em;">From the editors...</div>
|-
| style="color: #000;" |[[:Category:Wikipedians in Bangalore|Wikipedians in Bangalore]] organised a [[Wikipedia:Meetup/Bangalore/Bangalore3|'''meetup''' on 5 July 2009]]; thanks to [[User:Tinucherian|Tinu Cherian]] for hosting the event! [http://www.arunram.net/blog/2009/07/wikipedians-meetup-in-bangalore/ Arunram] and [http://tinucherian.blogspot.com/2009/07/indian-wikipedians-meet-in-bangalore09.html Tinu Cherian] wrote extensively about the meetup, which was also covered by ''[http://en.wikizine.org/2009/07/year-2009-week-28-number-111.html Wikizine]'',  ''[http://www.headlinesindia.com/lifestyle-news/social-networking/indian-wikipedians-meet-in-bangalore-16714.html Headlines India]'' and ''[[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2009-07-06/News and notes|The Wikipedia Signpost]]''. Photos have been uploaded to [[:commons:Category:Bangalore Meetup 2009|Wikimedia Commons]]. [http://cis-india.org/author/sunil Sunil Abraham] from the [http://cis-india.org/ Centre for Internet and Society] has offered to help host such events in the future. All in all, the meetup was a great success. Watch out for the [[Wikipedia:Meetup/Bangalore/Bangalore4|next meetup]]!&nbsp;[[Wikipedia:Meetup/Bangalore|»]]

[[User:Nichalp|Nichalp]], an Indian [[Wikipedia:Bureaucrats|bureaucrat]] and major contributor to more than 23 India-related featured articles and lists, was [[User_talk:Nichalp#Paid_editing_and_Zithan|desysopped]] over allegations of '''[[Wikipedia:Paid editing|paid editing]]''' and using [[Wikipedia:Sock puppetry|sock puppets]]. An [[Wikipedia:Requests for comment/Paid editing|RfC about paid editing]] was opened as a result of this&nbsp;incident.

A prolific editor and [[Wikipedia:Administrators|administrator]], '''[[User:Bhadani|Bhadani]]''' is among the top ten Wikipedians by [[Wikipedia:List of Wikipedians by number of edits|number of edits]] across the English Wikipedia. Congratulations to Bhadani for also making the most number of edits among [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/List of Indian Wikipedians by number of edits|Indian&nbsp;Wikipedians]]!

Are you subscribed to [https://lists.wikimedia.org/mailman/listinfo/wikimediaindia-l wikimediaindia-l] to learn about the latest developments of forming the [[w:meta:Wikimedia India|Indian chapter of Wikimedia]]? Did you know that there are '''[[Wikipedia:IRC channels|IRC channels]]''' for Wikipedians interested in India like you? Check them out at {{IRC|wikipedia-in}} and&nbsp;{{IRC|wikimedia-in}}!

Wikipedia's '''[[Portal:India/Quiz|India quiz]]''' remains a hotspot of the community by continuing to attract old and new Wikipedians. You are invited to join in and have&nbsp;fun!

This is your newsletter, and you can be involved in the creation of the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Outreach/Newsletter/Newstips|next issue]]. Any and all contributions are welcome&nbsp;– so feel free to join in! Simply let yourself be known to any of the undersigned, or just [[Wikipedia:Be bold|start&nbsp;editing]]!

<div style="float: right;">— [[User:Ncmvocalist|Ncmvocalist]], [[User:RegentsPark|RegentsPark]],  ['''[[User:Sd31415|<span style="color: black;">sd</span>]]'''] and [[User:Tinucherian|'''<em style="font-family:Kristen ITC;color:#ff0000"> Tinu</em>''']] [[User talk:Tinucherian|'''<em style="font-family:Kristen ITC;color:#ff0000">Cherian </em>''']]<!-- Add your name if you edited this... --></div>{{-}}
<div style="margin: 0; font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: normal; font-size: 100%; border-top: 1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align: center; color: #000; margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"></div><center>''' [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India|Project]] · [[Portal:India|Portal]] · [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Members|Members]] · [[Wikipedia:Noticeboard for India-related topics|Noticeboard]] · [[Wikipedia talk:Noticeboard for India-related topics|Discussion]]<sup>[http://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia_talk:Noticeboard_for_India-related_topics&action=edit&section=new +]</sup>'''</center>
|}
|}
<small>To stop receiving this newsletter, or to receive it in a different format, please list yourself in the appropriate section [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_India/Outreach#Delivery_options|here]]. Delivered automatically by -- [[User:TinucherianBot|'''<em style="font-family:Kristen ITC;color:#ff0000"> Tinu</em>''']] [[User talk:TinucherianBot|'''<em style="font-family:Kristen ITC;color:#ff0000">Cherian BOT </em>''']] - 15:19, 18 July 2009 (UTC)</small>

       
== [[Bantva]] [[Bantva Manavadar |Manavadar]] Disambiguation and Improvement Project   ==
[[Bantva]], [[Manavadar]], [[ Bantva Manavadar  ]], [[ Sardargarh Bantva ]]

== Unicode In typesetting technical literature β.Unicode number for β is U+03B2, and with &beta; or &#946; the β is coded in HTML.  ==

In typesetting technical literature, it is a commonly made mistake to use the German letter ß as a replacement for the β. The two letters resemble each other superficially, but they are unrelated. This substitution looks extremely unprofessional to the eyes of German or Greek readers.
The Unicode number for β is U+03B2, and with &beta; or &#946; the β is coded in HTML. The internal version, ϐ, is encoded as U+03D0 in Unicode or &#976; in HTML. S

== Boxes & Tags ==
*How to Reference
To reference this article in your paper, please copy and paste the following text:
Katsuko S Furukawa, Masato Sato, Toshihiro Nagai Stephanie Ting, Joji Mochida and Takashi Ushida (2010). Scaffold-free Cartilage Tissue by Mechanical Stress Loading for Tissue Engineering, Tissue Engineering, Daniel Eberli (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-307-079-7, InTech,  Available from: http://www.intechopen.com/articles/show/title/scaffold-free-cartilage-tissue-by-mechanical-stress-loading-for-tissue-engineering 


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{{Missing information|places which produce more honey than Mexico or Corsica|date=November 2009}}
<!---{{Userboxtop|Boxes and Tags}}
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== Major Contributions ==
 
[[Ahmedabad BRTS|Ahmedabad BRTS]],
[[Gujarat_International_Finance_Tec-City| Gujarat International Finance Tec-City]],
[[Guhathakurta|Guhathakurta]],
[[Gaurav Path|Gaurav Path]],
[[GAGAN|GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation]],
[[Gogte_Institute_of_Technology|Gogte Institute of Technology]]--->
<!---
== Tools ==

{{unreferenced|date=July 2008}}

--->

<!--- https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=TOOLS_FOR_ARTICLE_WRITING_IN_WIKIPEDIA_BOXES_TABLES_COLOR_DEPICTION&action=edit&redlink=1 -->


*see in edit mode -under development - needs <!--- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations -->


<!---<ref name="Bhalla2015">{{cite book|author=A. S. Bhalla|title=Monuments, Power and Poverty in India: From Ashoka to the Raj|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=emATBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA151|date=30 March 2015|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-78453-087-7|page=151}}</ref> 

-->
<!---   
The table below shows the latest PPP and PPP [[per capita]] data for Commonwealth countries and territories of the member countries. Most figures (including for the world) are 2019 estimates from the [[International Monetary Fund]]. Other figures are estimates from ''[[The World Factbook]]'' of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (for GDP<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070613003104/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2001rank.html Field listing - GDP (PPP exchange rate)], [[CIA World Factbook]]</ref> and GDP per capita<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004710/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html GDP – per capita (PPP)], [[The World Factbook]], Central Intelligence Agency. Accessed on 5 July 2018.</ref>), and are noted beside the figures along with the year of estimate. 

Click on one of the small triangles in the headings to re-order the list according to that category.

'''Note:''' The figures for the dependent territories are slightly outdated (e.g. the GDP per capita figure for the Cayman Islands is from 2004), therefore they may not be easily compared with more recent figures for sovereign states.

[[File:Commonwealth countries by GDP (PPP).png|thumb|600px|Pie chart showing member countries by share of GDP (PPP) within the Commonwealth in 2018. Territories of member countries are not included.]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! data-sort-type="number" | Rank !! Country/Territory !! data-sort-type="number" | GDP (millions of Int$)<ref name="Country GDP">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2019&ey=2019&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=60&pr1.y=11&c=311%2C676%2C548%2C193%2C181%2C313%2C513%2C684%2C316%2C339%2C688%2C616%2C728%2C836%2C516%2C196%2C694%2C622%2C156%2C564%2C853%2C423%2C714%2C321%2C862%2C718%2C724%2C734%2C576%2C819%2C813%2C199%2C648%2C524%2C652%2C361%2C362%2C328%2C364%2C336%2C738%2C534%2C866%2C369%2C343%2C869%2C746%2C664%2C112%2C826%2C846%2C754%2C666&s=PPPGDP%2CNGDPRPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects|publisher=IMF|accessdate=14 April 2020}}
</ref> !! data-sort-type="number" | GDP per capita (Int$)<ref name="Country GDP"/>
|-style="font-weight:bold;background:#f0f0f0"
| – || {{noflag}} ''[[Gross world product|World]]'' || 141,859,625<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=46&pr.y=2&sy=2019&ey=2019&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=001&s=PPPGDP&grp=1&a=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, 2019 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=25 October 2019}}</ref> || 18,391{{efn|There have been no exclusive estimate for world average by IMF. For calculating 2019 data, total GDP estimate by IMF is divided by total population estimates by United Nations Population Prospects.<ref name="UN_WPP_2019">{{Cite web|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|title = "Overall total population" – World Population Prospects: The 2019 Revision |type = custom data acquired via website |publisher = [[United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs]], Population Division |website = population.un.org |access-date = 24 February 2020|format = xslx}}</ref>}}
|-
| 1 || {{flagicon|India}} [[Economy of India|India]] || 11,745,000|| 8,358
|-	
| 2 || {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Economy of the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]] || 3,131,199 || 40,881
|-
| 3 || {{flagicon|Canada}} [[Economy of Canada|Canada]] || 1,899,935 || 44,285
|-
| 4 || {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Economy of Australia|Australia]] || 1,364,835 || 46,601
|-
| 5 ||{{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Economy of Nigeria|Nigeria]] || 1,216,797 || 5,286
|-
| 6 ||{{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Economy of Pakistan|Pakistan]] || 1,202,091 || 5,126
|-
| 7 ||{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Economy of Malaysia|Malaysia]] || 1,078,537 || 28,706
|-
| 8 ||{{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Economy of Bangladesh|Bangladesh]] || 837,588 || 4,390
|-
| 9 ||{{flagicon|South Africa}} [[Economy of South Africa|South Africa]] || 809,034 || 12,007
|-
| 10 ||{{flagicon|Singapore}} [[Economy of Singapore|Singapore]] || 585,055 || 90,080
|-
| 11 ||{{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} [[Economy of Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]] || 304,826 || 12,133
|-
| 12 ||{{flagicon|Ghana}} [[Economy of Ghana|Ghana]] || 209,844 || 6,073
|-
| 13 ||{{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Economy of New Zealand|New Zealand]] || 206,225 || 35,744
|-
| 14 ||{{flagicon|Tanzania}} [[Economy of Tanzania|Tanzania]] || 191,631 || 2,970
|-
| 15 ||{{flagicon|Kenya}} [[Economy of Kenya|Kenya]] || 191,263 || 3,383
|-
| 16 ||{{flagicon|Uganda}} [[Economy of Uganda|Uganda]] || 104,756 || 2,297
|-
| 17 ||{{flagicon|Cameroon}} [[Economy of Cameroon|Cameroon]] || 100,884 || 3,453
|-
| 18 ||{{flagicon|Zambia}} [[Economy of Zambia|Zambia]] || 75,996 || 3,621
|-
| 19 ||{{flagicon|Trinidad and Tobago}} [[Economy of Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad and Tobago]] || 45,193 || 28,561
|-
| 20 ||{{flagicon|Botswana}} [[Economy of Botswana|Botswana]] || 44,133 || 16,202
|-
| 21 ||{{flagicon|Mozambique}} [[Economy of Mozambique|Mozambique]] || 40,600 || 1,138
|-
| 22 ||{{flagicon|Cyprus}} [[Economy of Cyprus|Cyprus]] || 36,268 || 36,149
|-
| 23 ||{{flagicon|Brunei}} [[Economy of Brunei|Brunei]] || 35,920 || 70,177
|-
| 24 ||{{flagicon|Papua New Guinea}} [[Economy of Papua New Guinea|Papua New Guinea]] || 34,257 || 3,477
|-
| 25 ||{{flagicon|Mauritius}} [[Economy of Mauritius|Mauritius]] || 31,663 || 21,822
|-
| 26 ||{{flagicon|Rwanda}} [[Economy of Rwanda|Rwanda]] || 30,346 || 2,141
|-
| 27 ||{{flagicon|Jamaica}} [[Economy of Jamaica|Jamaica]] || 27,867 || 8,461
|-
| 28 ||{{flagicon|Namibia}} [[Economy of Namibia|Namibia]] || 27,707 || 9,835
|-
| 29 ||{{flagicon|Malawi}} [[Economy of Malawi|Malawi]] || 25,167 || 1,083
|-
| 30 ||{{flagicon|Malta}} [[Economy of Malta|Malta]] || 22,982 || 41,386
|-
| 31 ||{{flagicon|Sierra Leone}} [[Economy of Sierra Leone|Sierra Leone]] || 13,079 || 1,476
|-
| 32 ||{{flagicon|Bahamas}} [[Economy of the Bahamas|Bahamas]] || 12,691 || 29,101
|-
| 33 ||{{flagicon|Eswatini}} [[Economy of Eswatini|Eswatini]] || 12,444 || 9,744
|-
| 34 ||{{flagicon|Fiji}} [[Economy of Fiji|Fiji]] || 10,868 || 10,605
|-
| 35 ||{{flagicon|Lesotho}} [[Economy of Lesotho|Lesotho]] || 7,403 || 3,156
|-
| 36 ||{{flagicon|Guyana}} [[Economy of Guyana|Guyana]] || 7,135 || 7,939
|-
| – ||''{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|Isle of Man}} [[Economy of the Isle of Man|Isle of Man]]''{{efn|The Isle of Man is a [[Crown Dependencies|Crown Dependency]] of the [[United Kingdom]].}} || 6,792{{efn|2015 estimate from the CIA World Factbook|name="e2015"}} || 84,600{{efn|2014 estimate from the CIA World Factbook|name="e2014"}}
|-
| 37 ||{{flagicon|Gambia}} [[Economy of the Gambia|Gambia]] || 6,448 || 2,397
|-
| – ||''{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|Bermuda}} [[Economy of Bermuda|Bermuda]]''{{efn|Bermuda is an [[British Overseas Territories|overseas territory]] of the [[United Kingdom]].}} || 6,127{{efn|2016 estimate from the CIA World Factbook|name="e2016"}} || 99,400{{efn|name="e2016"}}
|-
| – ||''{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|Jersey}} [[Economy of Jersey|Jersey]]''{{efn|The Bailiwick of Jersey is a [[Crown Dependencies|Crown Dependency]] of the [[United Kingdom]].}} || 5,569{{efn|name="e2016"}} || 56,600{{efn|name="e2016"}}
|-
| 38 ||{{flagicon|Barbados}} [[Economy of Barbados|Barbados]] || 5,434 || 16,519
|-
| 39 ||{{flagicon|Belize}} [[Economy of Belize|Belize]] || 3,520 || 7,564
|-
| – ||''{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|Guernsey}} [[Guernsey#Economy|Guernsey]]''{{efn|The [[Bailiwick of Guernsey]] is a [[Crown Dependencies|Crown Dependency]] of the [[United Kingdom]].}} || 3,465{{efn|name="e2015"}} || 52,500{{efn|name="e2014"}}
|-
| 40 ||{{flagicon|Seychelles}} [[Economy of Seychelles|Seychelles]] || 3,056 || 27,669
|-
| 41 ||{{flagicon|Antigua and Barbuda}} [[Economy of Antigua and Barbuda|Antigua and Barbuda]] || 2,735 || 25,620
|-
| 42 ||{{flagicon|Saint Lucia}} [[Economy of Saint Lucia|Saint Lucia]] || 2,606 || 12,652
|-
| – ||''{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|Cayman Islands}} [[Economy of the Cayman Islands|Cayman Islands]]''{{efn|The Cayman Islands are an [[British Overseas Territories|overseas territory]] of the [[United Kingdom]].}} || 2,507{{efn|name="e2014"}} || 43,800{{efn|2004 estimate from the CIA World Factbook}}
|-
| – ||''{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|Gibraltar}} [[Economy of Gibraltar|Gibraltar]]''{{efn|Gibraltar is an [[British Overseas Territories|overseas territory]] of the [[United Kingdom]].}} || 2,044{{efn|name="e2014"}} || 61,700{{efn|name="e2014"}}
|-
| 43 ||{{flagicon|Grenada}} [[Economy of Grenada|Grenada]] || 1,819 || 14,595
|-
| 44 ||{{flagicon|Saint Kitts and Nevis}} [[Economy of Saint Kitts and Nevis|Saint Kitts and Nevis]] || 1,729 || 26,695
|-
| 45 ||{{flagicon|Solomon Islands}} [[Economy of Solomon Islands|Solomon Islands]] || 1,476 || 2,010
|-
| 46 ||{{flagicon|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}} [[Economy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] || 1,375 || 10,873
|-
| 47 ||{{flagicon|Samoa}} [[Economy of Samoa|Samoa]] || 1,237 || 5,371
|-
| 48 ||{{flagicon|Vanuatu}} [[Economy of Vanuatu|Vanuatu]] || 862 || 2,581
|-
| 49 ||{{flagicon|Dominica}} [[Economy of Dominica|Dominica]] || 849 || 10,483
|-
| 50 ||{{flagicon|Tonga}} [[Economy of Tonga|Tonga]] || 650 || 5,662
|-
| – ||''{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|Turks and Caicos Islands}} [[Economy of the Turks and Caicos Islands|Turks and Caicos Islands]]''{{efn|The Turks and Caicos Islands are an [[British Overseas Territories|overseas territory]] of the [[United Kingdom]].}} || 632{{efn|2007 estimate from the CIA World Factbook|name="e2007"}} || 29,100{{efn|name="e2007"}}
|-
| – ||''{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|British Virgin Islands}} [[Economy of the British Virgin Islands|British Virgin Islands]]''{{efn|The British Virgin Islands are an [[British Overseas Territories|overseas territory]] of the [[United Kingdom]].}} || 500{{efn|2017 estimate from the CIA World Factbook|name="e2017"}} || 34,200{{efn|name="e2017"}}
|-
| – ||''{{flagicon|New Zealand}} {{flagicon|Cook Islands}} [[Economy of the Cook Islands|Cook Islands]]''{{efn|The Cook Islands are in free association with [[New Zealand]].}} || 299.9{{efn|name="e2016"}} || 16,700{{efn|name="e2016"}}
|-
| 51 ||{{flagicon|Kiribati}} [[Economy of Kiribati|Kiribati]] || 250 || 1,866
|-
| – ||''{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|Falkland Islands}} [[Economy of the Falkland Islands|Falkland Islands]]''{{efn|The Falkland Islands are an [[British Overseas Territories|overseas territory]] of the [[United Kingdom]].}} || 206.4{{efn|name="e2015"}} || 70,800{{efn|name="e2015"}}
|-
| – ||''{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|Anguilla}} [[Economy of Anguilla|Anguilla]]''{{efn|Anguilla is an [[British Overseas Territories|overseas territory]] of the [[United Kingdom]].}} || 175.4{{efn|2009 estimate from the CIA World Factbook}} || 12,200{{efn|2008 estimate from the CIA World Factbook}}
|-
| – ||''{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|Montserrat}} [[Economy of Montserrat|Montserrat]]''{{efn|Montserrat is an [[British Overseas Territories|overseas territory]] of the [[United Kingdom]].}} || 167.4{{efn|2011 estimate from the CIA World Factbook|name="e2011"}} || 34,000{{efn|name="e2011"}}
|-
| 52 ||{{flagicon|Nauru}} [[Economy of Nauru|Nauru]] || 117 || 7,856
|-
| 53 ||{{flagicon|Tuvalu}} [[Economy of Tuvalu|Tuvalu]] || 47 || 3,734
|-
| – ||''{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|Saint Helena}} {{flagicon|Ascension}} {{flagicon|Tristan da Cunha}} [[Economy of Saint Helena|Saint Helena]], [[Ascension Island#Economy|Ascension]] and [[Tristan da Cunha#Economy|Tristan da Cunha]]''{{efn|Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha is an [[British Overseas Territories|overseas territory]] of the [[United Kingdom]].}} || 31.1{{efn|Financial year of 2009/10 estimate from the CIA World Factbook|name="fe0910"}} || 7,800{{efn|name="fe0910"}}
|-
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}


== References ==
{{reflist}}

== See also ==
* [[List of countries by leading trade partners]]
* [[List of national and international statistical services]]

{{Commonwealth of Nations topics}}
{{GDP country lists}}
{{Commonwealth of Nations}}


[[Category:Commonwealth of Nations-related lists|GDP]]
[[Category:Lists of countries by GDP|UK, Commonwealth of Nations]]
[[Category:Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations|*GDP]]


-->


<!---   

== Current members ==
All dates below are provided by the Commonwealth of Nations Secretariat members list, and population figures are as of 1 February 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecommonwealth.org/Internal/142227/members|title=Members|publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat|access-date=15 February 2008}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" | [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
! scope="col" data-sort-type="date" |First Joined
! scope="col" | [[United Nations geoscheme|UN Region]]
! scope="col" | [[List of countries by United Nations geoscheme|UN Subregion]]
! scope="col" | Population<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://countrymeters.info/en/|title=World population - Countrymeters|access-date=6 March 2018}}</ref>
! scope="col" | [[Government|System of government]]
! scope="col" | Notes{{ref|1|[A]}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{flag|Antigua and Barbuda}}
| 1 November 1981
| [[Americas]]
| [[Caribbean]]
| align="right" |94,195
| [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Commonwealth realm]]
|
|-
! scope="row" | {{flag|Australia}}
| 19 November 1926
| [[Oceania]]
| [[Australasia|Australia and New Zealand]]
| align="right" |25,766,600
| [[Federation|Federal]] Commonwealth realm
| Australia was one of the original Dominions at the time of the [[Balfour Declaration of 1926]] and the [[Statute of Westminster 1931]], although the statute was not adopted in Australia until [[Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942|1942]] (with retroactive effect from 1939).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Templates/YearbookHomeInternal.asp?NodeID=138122|title=Australia|publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat|access-date=2008-02-15|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214114035/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Templates/YearbookHomeInternal.asp?NodeID=138122|archive-date=2008-02-14}}</ref> The ''[[Australia Act 1986]]'' eliminated the remaining possibilities for the UK to legislate with effect in Australia, for the UK to be involved in Australian government, and for an appeal from any Australian court to a British court.<ref>There is no equivalent provision as to the Commonwealth. However, for both the Commonwealth and the States, constitutional convention effectively excludes the monarch from any personal exercise of governmental power. The 1986 proclamation was an exception, approved by Australian ministers.</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | {{flag|Bahamas}}
| 10 July 1973
| [[Americas]]
| [[Caribbean]]
| align="right" |402,576
| Unitary Commonwealth realm
|
|-
! scope="row" | {{flag|Bangladesh}}
| 18 April 1972<ref>{{cite book|title=Secession|url=https://archive.org/details/secession00kohe|url-access=limited|last=Kohen|first=Marcelo G.|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-521-84928-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/secession00kohe/page/n159 122]}}</ref>
| [[Asia]]
| [[South Asia|Southern Asia]]
| align="right" |165,867,307
| Unitary [[Westminster system|Westminster]] [[republic]]
| Declared independence from [[Pakistan]] in 1971.<ref name="Wind of Change">{{cite web|url=http://www.commonwealthofnations.org/commonwealth/history|title=Wind of Change|date=2016|publisher=Commonwealth of Nations|access-date=2016-10-15}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | {{flag|Barbados}}
| 30 November 1966
| [[Americas]]
| [[Caribbean]]
| align="right" |286,618
| Unitary Westminster republic
| Barbados removed Elizabeth II as its head of state and [[Republicanism in Barbados|became a republic]] on 30 November 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Barbados to become a parliamentary republic by November 30|url=https://barbados.loopnews.com/content/barbados-become-parliamentary-republic-november-30|date=27 July 2021|website=Loop News Barbados|access-date=30 July 2021|quote=[...] we will make amendments to facilitate that transition to a new president to be sworn in on that day - November 30, 2021.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Barbados elects first ever president ahead of becoming republic|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-58993728|date=21 October 2021|publisher=[[BBC News]]|access-date=22 October 2021}}</ref> 
|-
! scope="row" | {{flag|Belize}}
| 21 September 1981
| [[Americas]]
| [[Central America]]
| align="right" |379,636
| Unitary Commonwealth realm
|
|-
! scope="row" | {{flag|Botswana}}
| 30 September 1966{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}
| [[Africa]]
| [[Southern Africa]]
| align="right" |2,377,831
| Unitary [[parliamentary republic with an executive presidency]]
|
|-
! scope="row" | {{flag|Brunei}}
| 1 January 1984
| [[Asia]]
| [[Southeast Asia|South-eastern Asia]]
| align="right" |439,022
| Unitary [[Islamic state|Islamic]] [[absolute monarchy]]
| 
|-
! scope="row" | {{flag|Cameroon}}
| 13 November 1995<ref>{{cite journal|last=Pondi |first=Jean-Emmanuel|date=October 1997|title=Cameroon and the Commonwealth of Nations |journal=[[The Round Table Journal|The Round Table]]|volume=86|issue=344|pages=563–570|doi=10.1080/00358539708454389}}</ref>
| [[Africa]]
| [[Central Africa|Middle Africa]]
| align="right" |24,836,674
| Unitary [[semi-presidential republic]]
| Most of the country was the formerly French [[League of Nations mandate|mandate]] territory (later [[United Nations trust territories|UN trust territory]]) of [[Cameroon|Cameroun]], which gained independence from [[France]] on 1 January 1960. It united with the much smaller former British mandate/trust territory of [[Southern Cameroons]], which gained independence from the [[United Kingdom]] on 1 October 1961.
|-
! scope="row" | {{flag|Canada}}
| 19 November 1926
| [[Americas]]
| [[Northern America]]
| align="right" |39,292,355 
| Federal Commonwealth realm
| Canada was the first among the several original Dominions at the time of the [[Balfour Declaration of 1926]] and the [[Statute of Westminster 1931]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/145152/history|title=Canada – History|publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat|access-date=15 February 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418032915/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/145152/history/|archive-date=18 April 2008}}</ref> Incorporated another original Dominion, [[Dominion of Newfoundland|Newfoundland]], on 31 March 1949.<ref name="Dominion status"/> The ''[[Canada Act 1982]]'' formally ended the "request and consent" provisions of the Statute of Westminster 1931 in relation to Canada, whereby the British parliament had a general power to pass laws extending to Canada at its own request.
|-
! scope="row" | {{flag|Cyprus}}{{ref|4|[D]}}
| 13 March 1961<ref>{{cite journal|last=McIntyre|first=W. David|author-link=W. David McIntyre|date=January 2000|title=Britain and the creation of the Commonwealth Secretariat|journal=[[Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History]]|volume=28|issue=1|pages=135–158|doi=10.1080/03086530008583082|s2cid=159673400}}</ref>
| [[Asia]]
| [[Western Asia]]
| align="right" |1,197,667
| Unitary [[presidential republic]]
| Gained independence from the [[United Kingdom]] on 16 August 1960. Britain retains military bases at [[Akrotiri and Dhekelia]]. [[Northern Cyprus]] is not recognised by the Commonwealth.
|-
! scope="row" | {{flag|Dominica}}
| 3 November 1978
| [[Americas]]
| [[Caribbean]]
| align="right" |72,975
| Unitary Westminster republic
| Dominica has always been a republic since independence.
|-
! scope="row" | {{flag|Eswatini}}
| 6 September 1968
| [[Africa]]
| [[Southern Africa]]
| align="right" | 1,336,933
| Unitary absolute monarchy
| Joined as Swaziland, subsequently changing its name to Eswatini on 19 April 2018.
|-
! scope="row" | {{flag|Fiji}}{{ref|2|[B]}}
| 10 October 1970
| [[Oceania]]
| [[Melanesia]]
| align="right" |909,024
| Unitary Westminster republic
| Left in 1987; rejoined in 1997; suspended on 6 June 2000;<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ingram|first=Derek|author-link=Derek Ingram (journalist)|date=July 2000|title=Commonwealth Update|journal=[[The Round Table Journal|The Round Table]]|volume=89|issue=355|pages=311–55|doi=10.1080/00358530050083406|s2cid=219626283}}</ref> suspension lifted on 20 December 2001;<ref name="Commonwealth Update Apr 2002">{{cite journal|last=Ingram|first=Derek|author-link=Derek Ingram (journalist)|date=April 2002|title=Commonwealth Update|journal=[[The Round Table Journal|The Round Table]]|volume=91|issue=364|pages=131–59|doi=10.1080/00358530220144148|s2cid=219627051}}</ref> again suspended on 8 December 2006 because of the [[2006 Fijian coup d'état]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ingram|first1=Derek|author-link=Derek Ingram (journalist)|date=February 2007|title=Commonwealth Update|journal=[[The Round Table Journal|The Round Table]]|volume=96|issue=388|pages=2–28|doi=10.1080/00358530701189734|last2=Soal|first2=Judith|s2cid=219623258}}</ref><ref>[http://www.thecommonwealth.org/news/34580/34581/213088/010909fijisuspended.htm Fiji suspended from the Commonwealth] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429161637/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/news/34580/34581/213088/010909fijisuspended.htm |date=2011-04-29 }}. Commonwealth Secretariat, 1 September 2009; retrieved 11 April 2011.</ref> Suspension lifted on 26 September 2014.
|-
! scope="row" | {{flag|Gabon}}{{ref|2|[B]}}
| 25 June 2022
| [[Africa]]
| [[Central Africa|Middle Africa]]
| align="right" | 2,233,272
| Unitary presidential republic
| Gained independence from [[France]] on 17 August 1960. The third (after [[Mozambique]] and [[Rwanda]]) to be admitted to the Commonwealth without any former colonial or constitutional links with the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Donmez |first1=Ahmet Emin |title=Gabon set to join British Commonwealth this year: President |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/gabon-set-to-join-british-commonwealth-this-year-president/2464136 |access-date=6 February 2022 |agency=Anadolu Agency |date=3 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | {{flag|Gambia}}
| 18 February 1965
| [[Africa]]
| [[West Africa|Western Africa]]
| align="right" | 2,155,958
| Unitary presidential republic
| Withdrew on 3 October 2013 citing "[[neocolonialism]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thecommonwealth.org/media/news/statement-commonwealth-secretary-general-kamalesh-sharma-gambia|title=Statement by Commonwealth Secretary-General Kamalesh Sharma on The Gambia|publisher=The Commonwealth|date=4 October 2013|access-date=6 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/03/gambia-quits-commonwealth-yahya-jammeh|title=Gambia quits the Commonwealth|work=The Guardian|date=2 October 2013|access-date= 5 October 2013}}</ref> Following the [[Gambian presidential election, 2016|election]] of [[Adama Barrow]] as President of Gambia in 2016, it submitted an application to rejoin the Commonwealth on 22 January 2018,<ref>{{cite news|title=The Gambia presents formal application to re-join the Commonwealth|url=http://thecommonwealth.org/media/news/gambia-presents-formal-application-re-join-commonwealth|access-date=24 January 2018|publisher=The Commonwealth|date=23 January 2018|format=Media Release}}</ref> and rejoined on 8 February 2018.<ref name=gambia>{{cite web|url=http://thecommonwealth.org/media/news/gambia-rejoins-commonwealth|title=The Gambia rejoins the Commonwealth|date=8 February 2018|publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | {{flag|Ghana}}
| 6 March 1957
| [[Africa]]
| [[West Africa|Western Africa]]
| align="right" | 29,088,849
| Unitary presidential republic
|
|-
! scope="row" | {{flag|Grenada}}
| 7 February 1974
| [[Americas]]
| [[Caribbean]]
| align="right" | 107,894
| Unitary Commonwealth realm
|
|-
! scope="row" | {{flag|Guyana}}
| 26 May 1966
| [[Americas]]
| [[South America]]
| align="right" | 773,808
| Unitary presidential republic
| 
|-
! scope="row" | {{flag|India}}
| 15 August 1947
| [[Asia]]
| [[South Asia|Southern Asia]]
| align="right" | 1,353,014,094
| Federal Westminster republic
| [[Political integration of India|Incorporated]] former [[French India]] ([[Chandannagar]] from 2 May 1950 and [[Pondicherry|Puducherry]], [[Karaikal]], [[Yanam]] and [[Mahé, India|Mahé]] from 1 November 1954), former [[Portuguese India]] ([[Goa]], [[Daman, India|Daman]] and [[Diu, India|Diu]] from 19 December 1961 and [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] formally from 1961) and [[Sikkim]] (from 16 May 1975).
|-
! scope="row" | {{flag|Jamaica}}
| 6 August 1962
| [[Americas]]
| [[Caribbean]]
| align="right" | 2,819,888
| Unitary Commonwealth realm
|
|-
! scope="row" | {{flag|Kenya}}
| 12 December 1963
| [[Africa]]
| [[East Africa|Eastern Africa]]
| align="right" | 49,167,382
| Unitary presidential republic
|
|-
! scope="row" | {{flag|Kiribati}}
| 12 July 1979
| [[Oceania]]
| [[Micronesia]]
| align="right" | 117,636
| Unitary parliamentary republic with an executive presidency
|
|-
! scope="row" | {{flag|Lesotho}}
| 4 October 1966
| [[Africa]]
| [[Southern Africa]]
| align="right" | 2,199,492
| Unitary Westminster monarchy{{ref|5|[E]}}
|
|-
! scope="row" | {{flag|Malawi}}
| 6 July 1964
| [[Africa]]
| [[East Africa|Eastern Africa]]
| align="right" | 18,558,768
| Unitary presidential republic
|
|-
! scope="row" | {{flag|Malaysia}}
| 31 August 1957<ref name="Federation of Malaya Independence Act">{{sourcetext|source=Federation of Malaya Independence Act 1957}}</ref><ref name="Malaysia Act 1963">{{sourcetext|source=Malaysia Act 1963}}</ref>
| [[Asia]]
| [[Southeast Asia|South-eastern Asia]]
| align="right" | 31,505,208
| Federal Westminster monarchy{{ref|5|[E]}}
| Joined as the [[Federation of Malaya]] in 1957; reformed as Malaysia on 16 September 1963 with its federation with [[Singapore in Malaysia|Singapore]] (which became a separate country on 9 August 1965), [[Crown Colony of North Borneo|North Borneo]], and [[Crown Colony of Sarawak|Sarawak]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/145165/history|title=Malaysia – History|publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat|access-date=15 February 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080203015006/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/145165/history/|archive-date=3 February 2008}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | {{flag|Maldives}}
| 9 July 1982
| [[Asia]]
| [[South Asia|Southern Asia]]
| align="right" | 515,696
| Unitary presidential republic
| Gained independence from the [[United Kingdom]] on 26 July 1965.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/145167/history|title=Maldives – History|publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat|access-date=15 February 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705060545/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/145167/history/|archive-date=5 July 2008}}</ref> A [[Special membership of the Commonwealth of Nations|special member]] from 9 July 1982 until 20 July 1985.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.maldiveshighcommission.org/?id_w=8|title=The Maldives and the Commonwealth|access-date=30 January 2009|publisher=Republic of Maldives|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203002638/http://www.maldiveshighcommission.org/?id_w=8|archive-date=3 December 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Withdrew on 13 October 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thecommonwealth.org/media/news/secretary-general-statement-maldives-decision-leave-commonwealth|title=Commonwealth Secretariat|date=2016-10-13|access-date=2016-10-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Safi|first=Michael|date=2016-10-13|title=Maldives quits Commonwealth over alleged rights abuses|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/13/maldives-quits-commonwealth-over-alleged-rights-abuses|access-date=2023-02-10|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Rejoined on 1 February 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/media/news/maldives-becomes-54th-member-commonwealth-family |title=Maldives becomes 54th member of Commonwealth family |website=The Commonwealth |date=1 February 2020 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | {{flag|Malta}}{{ref|6|[F]}}
| 21 September 1964
| [[Europe]]
| [[Southern Europe]]
| align="right" | 422,212
| Unitary Westminster republic
| Gained independence from the [[United Kingdom]] on 21 September 1964 as the [[State of Malta]]. Became a republic on 13 December 1974.
|-
! scope="row" | {{flag|Mauritius}}
| 12 March 1968
| [[Africa]]
| [[East Africa|Eastern Africa]]
| align="right" | 1,286,240
| Unitary Westminster republic
| Became a republic on 12 March 1992.
|-
! scope="row" | {{flag|Mozambique}}
| 13 November 1995<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ingram|first=Derek|author-link=Derek Ingram (journalist)|date=April 1996|title=Commonwealth Update|journal=[[The Round Table Journal|The Round Table]]|volume=85|issue=338|pages=153–165|doi=10.1080/00358539608454302}}</ref>
| [[Africa]]
| [[East Africa|Eastern Africa]]
| align="right" | 29,977,238
| Unitary semi-presidential republic
| Former dependency of [[Portuguese India]] until 1752. Gained independence from [[Portugal]] on 25 June 1975. The first country to be admitted to the Commonwealth without any former colonial or constitutional links with the United Kingdom.<ref name=rwandajoins/>
|-
! scope="row" | {{flag|Namibia}}
| 21 March 1990
| [[Africa]]
| [[Southern Africa]]
| align="right" | 2,600,857
| Unitary semi-presidential republic
| Gained independence from [[South Africa]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=132-1990|url=https://www.klausdierks.com/Chronology/132.htm|access-date=2023-02-10|website=www.klausdierks.com}}</ref> Includes [[Walvis Bay]] and the [[Penguin Islands]] transferred by South Africa at midnight 28 February 1994.
|-
! scope="row" | {{flag|Nauru}}{{ref|1|[B]}}
| 1 November 1968
| [[Oceania]]
| [[Micronesia]]
| align="right" | 10,387
| Unitary parliamentary republic with an executive presidency
| Gained independence on 31 January 1968 from joint trusteeship of [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]] and [[United Kingdom]]. A [[Special membership of the Commonwealth of Nations|special member]] from 1 November 1968 until 1 May 1999, when it became a full member,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/press/31555/34582/34786/nauru_accedes_to_full_membership_of_the_commonweal.htm |title=Nauru Accedes to Full Membership of the Commonwealth |access-date=30 January 2009 |publisher=[[Commonwealth Secretariat]] |date=12 April 1999 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426051802/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/press/31555/34582/34786/nauru_accedes_to_full_membership_of_the_commonweal.htm |archive-date=26 April 2009 }}</ref> before reverting to special status in January 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/145172/history|title=Nauru–History|publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat|access-date=15 February 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080903225217/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/145172/history/|archive-date=3 September 2008}}</ref> A full member again since June 2011.<ref name="RNZI_61413">{{cite news|date=26 June 2011|title=Nauru back as full Commonwealth member|work=[[Radio New Zealand International]]|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/197957/nauru-back-as-full-commonwealth-member|access-date=23 October 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724073148/https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/197957/nauru-back-as-full-commonwealth-member|archive-date=24 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | {{flag|New Zealand}}
| 19 November 1926
| [[Polynesia|Oceania]]
| [[Australasia|Australia and New Zealand]]
| align="right" | 4,609,755
| Unitary Commonwealth realm
| Granted nominal independence ([[Dominion]] status) on 26 September 1907. One of the original Dominions at the time of the [[Balfour Declaration of 1926]] and the [[Statute of Westminster 1931]], although the Statute was not adopted in New Zealand until [[Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947|1947]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/145173/history|title=New Zealand – History|publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat|access-date=15 February 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302072940/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/145173/history/|archive-date=2 March 2008}}</ref> Removed final links with the British Parliament in [[New Zealand Constitution Act 1986|1986]]. Removed the final link with the British legal system ([[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council]]) in [[Supreme Court Act 2003|2003]].
|-
! scope="row" | {{flag|Nigeria}}
| 1 October 1960
| [[Africa]]
| [[West Africa|Western Africa]]
| align="right" | 194,615,054
| Federal presidential republic
| Incorporated the former British mandate/trust territory of [[British Cameroon|Northern Cameroons]] on 31 May 1961. Suspended in 1995, suspension lifted in 1999.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/nigeria|title=Nigeria {{!}} The Commonwealth|website=thecommonwealth.org|language=en|access-date=2017-06-05}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | {{flag|Pakistan}}
| 14 August 1947{{ref|3|[C]}}
| [[Asia]]
| [[South Asia|Southern Asia]]
| align="right" | 229,494,441
| Federal Westminster republic
| Includes the city of [[Gwadar]], transferred from [[Muscat and Oman]] on 8 September 1958. Included [[Bangladesh]] (then known as [[East Pakistan]]) until 1971.<ref name="Wind of Change"/> Left Commonwealth in 1972, rejoined 1990, effective retroactively from October 1989; suspended in 1999, suspension lifted in 2004; again suspended in 2007,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/news/34581/172911/221107cmag.htm|title=Pakistan suspended from the Commonwealth|date=22 November 2007|publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825155648/http://thecommonwealth.org/news/34581/172911/221107cmag.htm|archive-date=25 August 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=15 June 2008}}</ref> suspension lifted in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/news/34580/34581/179063/120508cmag.htm|title=Commonwealth lifts Pakistan suspension|date=12 May 2008|publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120014337/http://thecommonwealth.org/news/34580/34581/179063/120508cmag.htm|archive-date=20 January 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=15 June 2008}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | {{flag|Papua New Guinea}}
| 16 September 1975
| [[Oceania]]
| [[Melanesia]]
| align="right" | 8,034,630
| Unitary Commonwealth realm
| Gained independence from [[Australia]].
|-
! scope="row" | {{flag|Rwanda}}
| 29 November 2009<ref name="rwanda">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/29/world/africa/29rwanda.html|title=Rwanda Joins the Commonwealth|author=Josh Kron|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=29 November 2009|access-date=29 November 2009}}</ref>
| [[Africa]]
| [[East Africa|Eastern Africa]]
| align="right" | 12,322,920
| Unitary presidential republic
| Gained independence from [[Belgium]] on 1 July 1962. The second country (after Mozambique) to be admitted to the Commonwealth without any former colonial or constitutional links with the United Kingdom.<ref name=rwandajoins>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8384930.stm|title=Rwanda becomes a member of the Commonwealth|publisher=BBC News|date=29 November 2009|access-date=29 November 2009}}</ref> Admitted despite the [[Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative]] (CHRI) finding that "the state of governance and [[human rights in Rwanda]] does not satisfy Commonwealth standards", and that it "does not therefore qualify for admission".<ref name=chri>{{Cite web|url=https://www.humanrightsinitiative.org/download/Rwanda%20application%20for%20membership.pdf|title=Rwanda's application for membership, Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative|access-date=27 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717172217/https://www.humanrightsinitiative.org/download/Rwanda%20application%20for%20membership.pdf|archive-date=17 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | {{flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}{{ref|1|[B]}}
| 19 September 1983
| [[Americas]]
| [[Caribbean]]
| align="right" | 56,632
| Federal Commonwealth realm
|
|-
! scope="row" | {{flag|Saint Lucia}}
| 22 February 1979
| [[Americas]]
| [[Caribbean]]
| align="right" | 189,000
| Unitary Commonwealth realm
|
|-
! scope="row" | {{flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}
| 27 October 1979
| [[Americas]]
| [[Caribbean]]
| align="right" | 109,501
| Unitary Commonwealth realm
| A [[Special membership of the Commonwealth of Nations|special member]] from 27 October 1979 until 1 June 1985.
|-
! scope="row" | {{flag|Samoa}}{{ref|2|[B]}}
| 28 August 1970
| [[Oceania]]
| [[Polynesia]]
| align="right" | 196,954
| Unitary Westminster republic
| Gained independence from [[New Zealand]] on 1 January 1962. Joined as Western Samoa, subsequently changing its name to Samoa on 4 July 1997.<ref>{{cite news|title=Constitution Amendment Act (No 2) 1997|url=http://www.paclii.org/ws/legis/num_act/caa21997295|access-date=27 November 2007}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | {{flag|Seychelles}}
| 29 June 1976{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}
| [[Africa]]
| [[East Africa|Eastern Africa]]
| align="right" | 98,248
| Unitary presidential republic
|
|-
! scope="row" | {{flag|Sierra Leone}}
| 27 April 1961
| [[Africa]]
| [[West Africa|Western Africa]]
| align="right" | 6,818,117
| Unitary presidential republic
|
|-
! scope="row" | {{flag|Singapore}}{{ref|2|[B]}}
| 9 August 1966
| [[Asia]]
| [[Southeast Asia|South-eastern Asia]]
| align="right" | 5,889,117
| Unitary Westminster republic
| Gained independence from the [[United Kingdom]] and joined Federation of [[Malaysia]] on 16 September 1963. Became independent on 9 August 1965.<ref>{{cite news|title=Road to Independence |publisher=AsiaOne |access-date=28 June 2006 |url=http://ourstory.asia1.com.sg/merger/merger.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013002423/http://ourstory.asia1.com.sg/merger/merger.html |archive-date=13 October 2013 }}</ref> While joining in 1966, the effective date is from its date of independence.<ref name="Singapore Act 1966">{{sourcetext|source=Singapore Act 1966}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | {{flag|Solomon Islands}}
| 7 July 1978
| [[Oceania]]
| [[Melanesia]]
| align="right" | 614,497
| Unitary Commonwealth realm
|
|-
! scope="row" | {{flag|South Africa}}
| 19 November 1926
| [[Africa]]
| [[Southern Africa]]
| align="right" | 56,007,479
| Unitary parliamentary republic with an executive presidency
| Granted nominal independence ([[Dominion]] status) on 31 May 1910. One of the original Dominions at the time of the [[Balfour Declaration of 1926]] and [[Statute of Westminster 1931]]. Left on 31 May 1961; rejoined 1 June 1994.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/south-africa|title=South Africa|publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat|access-date=2016-01-25}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | {{flag|Sri Lanka}}
| 4 February 1948
| [[Asia]]
| [[South Asia|Southern Asia]]
| align="right" | 20,979,811
| Unitary semi-presidential republic
| Joined as the [[Dominion of Ceylon]], subsequently changing its name in 1972.  Became a republic in 1972
|-
! scope="row" | {{flag|Tanzania}}
| 9 December 1961
| [[Africa]]
| [[East Africa|Eastern Africa]]
| align="right" | 57,790,062
| Unitary presidential republic
| [[Tanganyika (1961–1964)|Tanganyika]] joined the Commonwealth on 9 December 1961, with the island of [[Zanzibar]] following suit later. The two subsequently merged to form [[Tanzania]] on 26 April 1964.<ref name="Tanzania">{{cite web|url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/145193/history|title=Tanzania – History|publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat|access-date=15 February 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080903225028/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/145193/history/|archive-date=3 September 2008}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | {{flag|Togo}}{{ref|2|[B]}}
| 25 June 2022
| [[Africa]]
| [[West Africa|Western Africa]]
| align="right" | 8,608,444
| Unitary presidential republic
| The country was the formerly French and British [[League of Nations Mandate|mandate]] territory (later [[United Nations Trust Territories|UN trust territory]]) of [[Togoland]] after the [[First World War]] in 1919; [[British Togoland]] (which would be attached to the [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast]] in 1956 and become [[Ghana]] on 6 March 1957) and [[French Togoland]]. Independence of French Togoland as Togo from [[France]] on 27 April 1960.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/1535/Togo-HISTORY-BACKGROUND.html | title=Togo - History Background }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | {{flag|Tonga}}
| 4 June 1970
| [[Oceania]]
| [[Polynesia]]
| align="right" | 107,228
| Unitary [[constitutional monarchy]]
|
|-
! scope="row" | {{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}
| 31 August 1962
| [[Americas]]
| [[Caribbean]]
| align="right" | 1,376,801
| Unitary Westminster republic
| Granted nominal independence ([[British Dominions|Dominion]] status) on 31 August 1962. Became a [[Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations|republic within the Commonwealth]] on 1 August 1976 under the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago Constitution Act 1976, passed by the Parliament of Trinidad and Tobago.
|-
! scope="row" | {{flag|Tuvalu}}{{ref|1|[B]}}
| 1 October 1978
| [[Oceania]]
| [[Polynesia]]
| align="right" | 10,116
| Unitary Commonwealth realm
| A [[Special membership of the Commonwealth of Nations|special member]] from 1 October 1978 until 1 September 2000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/press/31555/34582/141646/tuvalu_accedes_to_full_membership_of_the_commonwea.htm|title=Tuvalu Accedes to Full Membership of the Commonwealth|access-date=30 January 2009|publisher=[[Commonwealth Secretariat]]|date=14 August 2000|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011110022/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/press/31555/34582/141646/tuvalu_accedes_to_full_membership_of_the_commonwea.htm|archive-date=11 October 2008}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | {{flag|Uganda}}
| 9 October 1962
| [[Africa]]
| [[East Africa|Eastern Africa]]
| align="right" | 42,288,962
| Unitary presidential republic
|
|-
! scope="row" | {{flag|United Kingdom}}
| 19 November 1926
| [[Europe]]
| [[Northern Europe]]
| align="right" | 65,746,853
| Unitary Commonwealth realm
| [[Balfour Declaration of 1926]] and the Parliament of the United Kingdom enacted the [[Statute of Westminster 1931]]. Has four individual nations within the UK: [[England]], [[Northern Ireland]], [[Scotland]], and [[Wales]].
|-
! scope="row" | {{flag|Vanuatu}}{{ref|1|[B]}}
| 30 July 1980
| [[Oceania]]
| [[Melanesia]]
| align="right" | 279,953
| Unitary Westminster republic
| Gained independence from joint rule ([[Condominium (international law)|condominium]]) of [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]].
|-
! scope="row" | {{flag|Zambia}}
| 24 October 1964{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}
| [[Africa]]
| [[East Africa|Eastern Africa]]
| align="right" | 17,470,471
| Unitary presidential republic
|
|}

{{note|1}}A. Unless otherwise noted, independence was gained from the United Kingdom on the date (shown in column 2) of joining the Commonwealth.<br />
{{note|2}}B. Not a member of the [[Commonwealth Foundation]].<br />
{{note|3}}C. Though Pakistan celebrates 14 August 1947 as its independence day, independence was officially granted at midnight, 15 August 1947. Therefore, its date of joining the Commonwealth would be 15 August 1947.<br />
{{note|4}}D. Geographically a part of [[Asia]], considered a [[Europe]]an country in [[political geography]].<br />
{{note|5}}E. Constitutional monarchy that operates under a Westminster system. The monarch is not the same individual as the [[monarchy of the United Kingdom|British monarch]], hence making it not a Commonwealth realm.<br />
{{note|6}}F. In [[geology]], the Maltese Islands is located on the [[African Plate]]. The island group lies approx. 200&nbsp;km south of the boundary between the African Plate and the [[Eurasian Plate]].<ref name=gal>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.annalsofgeophysics.eu/index.php/annals/article/viewFile/3053/3096 |title=Seismic history of the Maltese Islands and considerations on seismic risk: Earthquakes in Malta |last=Galea |first=Pauline |year=2007 |journal=Annals of Geophysics |volume=50|issue=6|pages=725–740|access-date=5 June 2015}}</ref> In [[political geography]], Malta is considered a European country.


-->

<!--- 
==Prospective members==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" | [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
! scope="col" | Applied
! scope="col" | [[United Nations geoscheme|UN Region]]
! scope="col" | [[List of countries by United Nations geoscheme|UN Subregion]]
! scope="col" | Population
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
! scope="row" | {{flag|Somaliland}}
| 2009 (as an observer)<ref name="Qaram">{{Cite web|title=Qaran News &#124; A Trusted Qaran News Source|url=https://qarannews.com/|access-date=2023-02-10|language=en-US}}</ref>
| [[Africa]]
| [[East Africa|Eastern Africa]]
| align=right| ~3,500,000{{ref|7|[G]}}
| Somaliland is an unrecognised self-declared sovereign state internationally recognised as a part of [[Somalia]]. It has applied to join the Commonwealth under [[observer status]].<ref name="Qaram"/> Its borders are approximate to those of [[British Somaliland]], which was a protectorate from 1884 to 1960.
|-
! scope="row" | {{flag|South Sudan}}
| 2011<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gurtong.net/ECM/Editorial/tabid/124/ctl/ArticleView/mid/519/articleId/5418/South-Sudan-Launches-Bid-to-Join-Commonwealth.aspx|title=South Sudan Launches Bid to Join Commonwealth|work=gurtong.net|access-date=27 October 2011|archive-date=11 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711061322/http://www.gurtong.net/ECM/Editorial/tabid/124/ctl/ArticleView/mid/519/articleId/5418/South-Sudan-Launches-Bid-to-Join-Commonwealth.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| [[Africa]]
| [[East Africa|Eastern Africa]]
| align=right| 13,670,642
|Gained independence from Britain as part of Sudan in 1956. Gained independence from Sudan in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-05-22|title=South Sudan on Track to Join Commonwealth Nations|url=http://shimronletters.blogspot.com/2011/05/south-sudan-on-track-to-join.html|access-date=2023-02-10|website=Shimron Letters}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | {{flag|Suriname}}<ref name="Suriname plans to join the Commonwealth">{{cite web|url=http://www.allvoices.com/contributed-news/12377129-suriname-plans-to-join-the-commonwealth |title=Welcome to Allvoices |work=allvoices.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625094503/http://www.allvoices.com/contributed-news/12377129-suriname-plans-to-join-the-commonwealth |archive-date=2013-06-25 }}</ref>
| 2012
| [[Americas]]
| [[South America]]
| align=right| 555,934
|English colony of [[Surinam (English colony)|Surinam]] from 1650 to 1667 and again controlled by the British from 1799 to 1816. Subsequently, a [[Surinam (Dutch colony)|Dutch colony]]. In 2012, Suriname announced plans to join the Commonwealth<ref name="Suriname eyeing membership of Commonwealth">{{cite web|url=http://www.stabroeknews.com/2012/news/regional/06/14/suriname-eying-membership-of-commonwealth-2|title=Suriname eying membership of Commonwealth|author=Staff Writer|work=Stabroek News|date=14 June 2012}}</ref> and the British government has made it a priority to provide guidance to Suriname in applying for Commonwealth membership.<ref name="Providing guidance">{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/priority/strengthening-guyana-s-participation-in-the-commonwealth-and-providing-guidance-to-suriname-as-it-considers-applying-for-membership|title=Strengthening Guyana's participation in the Commonwealth and providing guidance to Suriname as it considers applying for membership|work=www.gov.uk}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | {{flag|Burundi}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Burundi Applies to Join Commonwealth to Bolster Angolophone Ties|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-11-13/burundi-applies-to-join-commonwealth-to-bolster-angolophone-ties|website=Bloomberg.com|language=en|date=13 November 2013}}</ref>
| 2013
| [[Africa]]
| [[East Africa|Eastern Africa]]
| align=right| 10,524,117
|Gained independence from [[Belgium]] in 1962.
|-
! scope="row" | {{flag|Zimbabwe}}
| 2018<ref>{{cite news| url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/05/21/africa/zimbabwe-commonwealth-countries/index.html?no-st=1528838255 | work=CNN | first=Bukola | last=Adebayo | title=Zimbabwe applies to re-join Commonwealth, 15 years after leaving | date=21 May 2018}}</ref>
| [[Africa]]
| [[East Africa|Eastern Africa]]
|align=right| 16,150,362
|Under the presidency of [[Robert Mugabe]], Zimbabwe dominated Commonwealth affairs, creating acrimonious splits in the organisation. Zimbabwe was suspended in 2002 for breaching the [[Harare Declaration]].  In 2003, when the Commonwealth refused to lift the suspension, Zimbabwe withdrew from the Commonwealth. Since then, the Commonwealth has played a major part in trying to end the political impasse and return Zimbabwe to a state of normality. On 15 May 2018, President Mnangagwa submitted an application to rejoin the Commonwealth.
|-
|}

{{note|7}}G. The population figure is based on 2014 estimates.

-->

<!---  
Other states which have expressed an interest in joining the Commonwealth over the years or states which may be eligible to join the Commonwealth include: Bahrain,[65] Cambodia,[65] Egypt,[65] the Republic of Ireland,[65] Libya,[65] Nepal,[66][67] Sudan and Yemen.[68][69]
-->

== Patelurology2's help ==

{{TB|Patelurology2}}
{{TB|Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/( List of ) Alumni, Principals and Teachers of The Rajkumar College,Rajkot- RKCians}}

== [[WP:WikiProject Aviation/Contest/Submissions/Pateurology2]] ==

<br>[[File:Information.svg|30px]] Hello. I noticed you recently created {{#if:WikiProject Aviation/Contest/Submissions/Pateurology2|, the page [[:WikiProject Aviation/Contest/Submissions/Pateurology2]],|a page}} in the article space by mistake. This may have been a typographical error, but in case it was not, let me summarise what you did incorrectly. In Wikipedia, every page is in a [[WP:NAMESPACE|namespace]]. The namespace is ''by default'' "Article", otherwise known as "Main". You created your page in the articlespace, because you neglected or misspelled the namespace prefix "'''Wikipedia:'''" before the name of your page. Even as minute a detail as this can cause problems. In the future, please be careful of this. Don't worry about the page - I have moved it into the correct namespace, and marked the resultant redirect for deletion. If you have questions, please feel free to ask them on [[User talk:Intelligentsium|my talkpage]], or go to the [[WP:HD|help desk]]. Thank you. <font style="font-family:Monotype Corsiva">[[User:Intelligentsium|<span style="color:#013220">Intelligent</span>]]'''[[User_talk:Intelligentsium|<span style="color:Black">sium</span>]]'''</font> 02:19, 5 November 2009 (UTC)
:A moved the page to [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aviation/Contest/Submissions/Patelurology2]], fixing the spelling mistake in your username. I've also added you to the points board at [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aviation/Contest/History/2009]], and to the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aviation/Contest/Users]] template. - [[User:Trevor MacInnis|Trevor]] [[User talk:Trevor MacInnis|MacInnis]] [[Special:Contributions/Trevor MacInnis|<sup>contribs</sup>]] 19:50, 5 November 2009 (UTC)

== Aircraft redirects ==
Thank you for you help with aircraft articles but can I ask you not to create re-directs from aircraft type articles to the aircraft company as you have done with [[Short Biplane No. 1]] and others. The red link helps us to know which articles have not been created and creating the redirect as you have can be misleading. If you have any questions then please ask at [[WP:AIRCRAFT]], Thanks. [[User:MilborneOne|MilborneOne]] ([[User talk:MilborneOne|talk]]) 15:50, 8 November 2009 (UTC)

== Working page moved to your userspace ==

Hpwdy;  I stumbled across a 'working page' of yours that seemed to have founf its way into the main encyclopaedia.  I have moved it to [[User:Patelurology2/Article Preparation page for Alumni of Rajkumar College, Rajkot]] for you.  - [[User:Topbanana|TB]] ([[User talk:Topbanana|talk]]) 19:51, 12 December 2009 (UTC)

==[[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|Speedy deletion]] nomination of [[:( List of ) Alumni, Principals and Teachers of The Rajkumar College,Rajkot- RKCians]]==
[[Image:Ambox warning_pn.svg|48px|left]] A tag has been placed on [[:( List of ) Alumni, Principals and Teachers of The Rajkumar College,Rajkot- RKCians]], requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under [[WP:CSD#G11|section G11 of the criteria for speedy deletion]], because the page seems to be unambiguous advertising which only promotes a company, product, group, service or person and would need to be fundamentally rewritten in order to become an encyclopedia article. Please read [[Wikipedia:Spam|the guidelines on spam]] as well as [[Wikipedia:FAQ/Business]] for more information. You may also wish to consider using a Wizard to help you create articles - see the [[Wikipedia:Article wizard2.0|Article Wizard]]. 

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding <code>{{tl|hangon}}</code> to '''the top of [[:( List of ) Alumni, Principals and Teachers of The Rajkumar College,Rajkot- RKCians|the page that has been nominated for deletion]]''' (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on '''[[Talk:( List of ) Alumni, Principals and Teachers of The Rajkumar College,Rajkot- RKCians|the talk page]]''' explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for ''speedy'' deletion, if the page meets the criterion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the page does get deleted, you can contact [[:Category:Wikipedia administrators who will provide copies of deleted articles|one of these admins]] to request that they  [[Wikipedia:Userfication#Userfication_of_deleted_content|userfy]] the page or have a copy emailed to you. <!-- Template:Db-spam-notice --> <!-- Template:Db-csd-notice-custom --> [[User:Wifione|▒ Wirεłεşş ▒ Fidεłitұ ▒ Ćłâşş ▒ Θnε ▒]] [[User talk:Wifione|<sub style="font-size: 60%">―Œ</sub><sup style="margin-left:-3ex"> ♣Łεâvε Ξ мεşşâgε♣</sup>]] 19:47, 25 December 2009 (UTC)

== [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion|Articles for deletion]] nomination of [[:( List of ) Alumni, Principals and Teachers of The Rajkumar College,Rajkot- RKCians]] ==

<div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning pn.svg|42px]]</div>I have nominated [[( List of ) Alumni, Principals and Teachers of The Rajkumar College,Rajkot- RKCians]], an article that you created, for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]]. I do not think that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/( List of ) Alumni, Principals and Teachers of The Rajkumar College,Rajkot- RKCians]]. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time.{{-}}Please contact me if you're unsure why you received this message. <!-- Template:AFDWarning --> [[User:Tedder|tedder]] ([[User talk:Tedder|talk]]) 19:51, 29 December 2009 (UTC)

== [[( List of ) Alumni, Principals and Teachers of The Rajkumar College,Rajkot- RKCians]] redirect ==

I have reverted the edit that converted this page to a redirect. I suspect that it was done as a sort poor-man's deletion after I removed the speedy deletion tag. I don't see that such a redirect makes sense. Either the page should be brought up at [[WP:AFD]] and community consensus sought for the deletion, or it should be retained.

Many list-of-people articles limit themselves to "notable" people, in this case it would be "notable alumni". This is generally taken to mean people that have an article on Wikipedia, or who ought to or might have an article. You might want to consider recasting the list in this way.  

The notability and significance of this list is at best marginal by Wikipedia standards IMO. You may well see the list nominated for deletion at [[WP:AFD]], if it is, the outcome could go either way.  

I will add a link from the school article to the list.

Please not that admins have no greater authority as editors than any other editor, but it is always best to discuss rather than fight. The list talk page would be a good place to discuss such issues. [[User:DESiegel|DES]] [[User talk:DESiegel|<sup>(talk)</sup>]] 19:59, 29 December 2009 (UTC)

== [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/( List of ) Alumni, Principals and Teachers of The Rajkumar College,Rajkot- RKCians]] ==

*Admin Comment Note many of the "notable alumni" are simply bluelinks because they are piped to a city or name. For instance, [[Portland, Oregon|Tedder of Portland]]. tedder (talk) 21:37, 29 December 2009 (UTC)
**My Comment: Hoping this comment is appropriate and allowed Place name used for temporary link for the place which each of those are/were rulers/Kings of the place pending creation of specific page.

 
*....while numerous people in it are apparently notable enough to be included on Wikipedia, this is a rather trivial article and it would be more logical to create a Rajkumar College Alumni category instead, into which the relevant people can be added. KaySL (talk) 20:01, 29 December 2009 (UTC)
** My comment: Agree with title  Rajkumar College Alumni ( category ).

*Merge any missing notable alumni and list of principals back to Rajkumar College, Rajkot. The red linked people should not be merged. TerriersFan (talk) 22:21, 31 December 2009 (UTC)
**My comment:  Agree, red linked notables not be merged. This page was created to avoid the clutter on the main page of The [[Rajkumar College, Rajkot]]; page created after at least four pages were started under my Usepage feature. On starting of deletion proceedings other pages were started at same location; community effort will be largely by the Alumni; discussion mode on talk page will need to be used and the alumni will be informed about other instructional matters through talk page as well as Alumni E-mailgroup circuit.
  
*...if the college is notable enough for an article here -- and I think it is -- then a list of notable and somewhat notable alumni is a reasonable extension of that article. The page could be improved but I see no need to delete it. DES (talk) 20:30, 29 December 2009 (UTC)
** My comment: Improvements are being attempted to this page around general aspects of Alumni; intent for creation of this page was to separate the list from page save the most notable category which righly has been left by the first Admin on main page, so that clutter can be avoided and also link to    page preparation page under my userspace can be established; I infer that the latter cannot be linked as per guidelines?;it was de-linked by the first Admin. Anyway, Alumni capable of completion of these page will now have a started page ready to input; my first attempt months ago to start first page was met with Auto-deletion, then the Userspace feature came to attention; upto that time all the material gathered was somewhere else; casting a page gives avenue to completion someday; not all likely to be completed soon; inertia ruleth supreme and current limited manpower in background further help from all the Alumni will be needed considering Alumni In Memoriam; institution is 130 years old.
* See also talk pages of college and the list page for recent postings regarding above.
**[[User:Patelurology2/Article Preparation page for Alumni of Rajkumar College, Rajkot]]
**[[Rajkumar College, Rajkot]]
**[[( List of ) Alumni, Principals and Teachers of The Rajkumar College,Rajkot- RKCians]]

== Talkback ==

{{talkback|Wikipedia_talk:Articles_for_deletion/(_List_of_)_Alumni,_Principals_and_Teachers_of_The_Rajkumar_College,Rajkot-_RKCians|KaySL|ts=19:22, 5 January 2010 (UTC)}}
[[User:KaySL|KaySL]] ([[User talk:KaySL|talk]]) 19:22, 5 January 2010 (UTC)



== Color Box ==

HOW TO create a color box syntax -- see in edit mode

<!---  {{Quote box |width=30em | bgcolor=#ACE1AF |align=right  |quote=I promised myself that when I grew up and I was a man, I would try to do things just as good and noble as what Atticus had done for Tom Robinson.|salign=right
|source=—[[Scott Turow]]<ref>Murphy, pp. 196–197.</ref>}}  -->


<!--- | colors                  = Red and White {{Color box|Red}}{{Color box|White}}  -->  RED AND WHITE BOX

== "Bipolar" Heading and foot note construction of a Wikipedia's  Wikitable e.g. [http://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=ACE_inhibitor&action=edit&section=11 ACEI equivalents] ==

Bipolar refers to the heading of table at the top and at the bottom: comes handy if in a print run half the table is printed so that header or the trailer table info is sufficient to decipher the info

===ACEI equivalents===
The ACE inhibitors have different strengths with different starting dosages. Dosage should be adjusted according to the clinical response.
<ref>[http://www.tripanswers.org/answer.aspx?criteria=&tagtrail=%2fACE+Inhibitors%2fdose+equivalence%2fCardiovascular+disease%2f&qid=3447&src=0 What are the dose comparisons of all ACE inhibitors used in hypertension?] TripAnswers [[TRIP Database]], May 25, 2007.  Accessed 2009-11-21</ref>
<ref>Common Medication Conversions (Equivalents): [http://www.globalrph.com/aceinh.cgi Ace Inhibitors]. GlobalRPh.com. Accessed 2009-11-22.</ref>
<ref>[http://www.consumerreports.org/health/best-buy-drugs/ace-inhibitors.htm Treating High Blood Pressure and Heart Disease: the ACE Inhibitors]. Consumer Reports Health Best Buy Drugs. June 2009.</ref>
{| class=wikitable
|-
!colspan=6 | ACE inhibitors dosages for hypertension
|-
!colspan=2|  ||| ||colspan=3 |Dosage
|-
|colspan=6 | Note: [[List of abbreviations used in medical prescriptions#bis_in_die|bid]] = 2 times a day, [[List of abbreviations used in medical prescriptions#ter_in_die|tid]] = 3 times a day, d = daily <br>Drug dosages from Drug Lookup,  [https://online.epocrates.com/ Epocrates Online].
|-
!    Name || Equivalent daily dose  ||| || Start || Usual || Maximum
|-
| Benazepril || 10&nbsp;mg||| || 10&nbsp;mg || 20–40&nbsp;mg || 80&nbsp;mg
|-
| Captopril || 50&nbsp;mg (25&nbsp;mg bid) ||| || 12.5–25&nbsp;mg bid-tid || 25–50&nbsp;mg bid-tid || 450&nbsp;mg/d
|-
| Enalapril || 5&nbsp;mg  ||| || 5&nbsp;mg || 10–40&nbsp;mg || 40&nbsp;mg
|-
| Fosinopril || 10&nbsp;mg || ||| 10&nbsp;mg || 20–40&nbsp;mg || 80&nbsp;mg
|-
| Lisinopril || 10&nbsp;mg || ||| 10&nbsp;mg || 10–40&nbsp;mg || 80&nbsp;mg
|-
| Moexipril  || 7.5&nbsp;mg   || ||| 7.5&nbsp;mg || 7.5–30&nbsp;mg || 30&nbsp;mg
|-
| Perindopril || 4&nbsp;mg ||| || 4&nbsp;mg || 4–8&nbsp;mg || 16&nbsp;mg
|-
| Quinapril || 10&nbsp;mg || ||| 10&nbsp;mg || 20–80&nbsp;mg || 80&nbsp;mg
|-
| Ramipril  || 2.5&nbsp;mg  || ||| 2.5&nbsp;mg || 2.5–20&nbsp;mg || 20&nbsp;mg
|-
| Trandolapril  || 2&nbsp;mg || ||| 1&nbsp;mg || 2–4&nbsp;mg || 8&nbsp;mg
|-
|-
!    Name || Equivalent daily dose  ||| || Start || Usual || Maximum
|-
|colspan=6 | Note: [[List of abbreviations used in medical prescriptions#bis_in_die|bid]] = 2 times a day, [[List of abbreviations used in medical prescriptions#ter_in_die|tid]] = 3 times a day, d = daily <br>Drug dosages from Drug Lookup,  [https://online.epocrates.com/ Epocrates Online].
|-
!colspan=6 | ACE inhibitors dosages for hypertension
|}


===MH370 WIND SPEED ALONG STRAIGHT PATH 1941 TO 2241 AND 0011===
The WINDS have different strengths with different DIRECTIONS.WIND COMPONENT TAIL OR HEAD should be adjusted accordingly.

{| class=wikitable
|-
!colspan=6 | MH370 WIND SPEED ALONG STRAIGHT PATH 1941 TO 2241 AND 0011
|-
!colspan=2|  ||| ||colspan=3 |
|-
|colspan=6 | Note:
|-
!    TIME || WIND KNOTS  || |||WIND DIR || Wind component KNOTS ||SAT TO MH370 BTO||  || || interarc dist NautM || TITLE |||| AD HOC CONSENSUS 

*variously calculated by researchers.
*NO SUCH ASSUMPTION NEEDED 
*AND CAN BE SOLVED BY 
*QUADRATIC SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS.
*ONE SUCH DERIVED PATH=187 DEGREES
-SO, THE DIF BET PATH AND WIND DIR 
|-
| 19:41 || 23 || || 100 ||22.9685   ||11500  ||  ||   ||arc2-3 414.07346  ||  ||  || 87 ||  || 
|-
| 20:41 || 8  || || 90  ||  7.9404  ||11740  ||  ||   ||arc3-4 1794.31834  ||  ||  || 97 ||  || 
|-
| 21:41 || 10 || || 66  ||  8.5717  ||12780  ||  ||   ||arc4-5 3036.53874  ||  ||  || 121||  || 
|-
| 22:41 || 30 || || 260 ||-28.6891  ||14540  ||  ||   ||arc5-6 6038.57135  ||  ||  ||-73 ||  ||  
|-
| 00:11 || 49 || || 259 ||-46.6018  ||18040  ||  ||   ||arc 6-7 621.1102  ||  ||  ||-72 ||  || 
|-
!  TIME || WIND KNOTS   || || WIND DIR ||  ||  || TITLE || TITLE ||  ||   ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || 
|-
|colspan=6 | Note:
|-
!colspan=6 | MH370 WIND SPEED ALONG STRAIGHT PATH 1941 TO 2241 AND 0011
|}


** Wind component KNOTS *WIND sin DIFF FROM PATH *Search (bing.com)* e.g. 23 sin 87 - Search (bing.com) [https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=43&q=23+sin+87&cvid=72f8e65ae9cc485192e60006317d630b&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQBhhAMgYIAhAAGEDSAQkxMzM2NmowajGoAgCwAgA&FORM=ANNTA1&PC=U531 e.g. 23 sin 87 - Search (bing.com)]

== [[User:Patelurology2/Kolki disambiguation]] ==

[[User:Patelurology2/Kolki disambiguation]]

== Talkback ==

{{talkback|Rrburke|Prof. Lael Anson Best page.|ts=19:22, 30 January 2010 (UTC)}}
[[User:Rrburke|--Rrburke]]<sup><small>[[User talk:Rrburke|ekrubrR]]</small></sup> 19:22, 30 January 2010 (UTC)
== [[WP:NFCC|Non Free]] Images in your User Space == 
[[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Hey there Patelurology2, thank you for your contributions! I am a [[WP:BOT|bot]] alerting you that [[WP:NFCC|Non-free]] files are [[Wikipedia:NFCC#9|not allowed in the user or talk-space]]. I [http://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?diff=next&oldid=341209229 removed] some images that I found on [[User talk:Patelurology2]]. In the future, please refrain from adding fair-use images to your [[Help:Userspace_draft|user-space drafts]] or your [[Wikipedia:Talk_page|talk page]]. See a log of images removed today [[User:DASHBot/Logs/2010/February#February 02|here]], shutoff the bot [[User:DASHBot/image| here]] and report errors [[User talk:Tim1357|here]]. Thank you, -- [[User:DASHBot|DASHBot]] ([[User talk:DASHBot|talk]]) 04:33, 3 February 2010 (UTC)

==Aviation Contest==
Hi Patelurology2! This note is to inform you that your [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aviation/Contest|Aviation Contest]] submissions page has been archived from the previous round! You are now free to add submissions for this round! Note: This next round will run from January through February, so feel free to update your submission page with work from both months! Thanks, and happy editing! (Note: I will not be watching this space. If you have any questions, feel free to ask at the [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Aviation/Contest|Contest discussion page]]. -[[User:SidewinderX|SidewinderX]] ([[User talk:SidewinderX|talk]]) 14:11, 3 February 2010 (UTC)

== RKC Rajkot Alumni ==
{{Dynamic list}}
*[[User:Patelurology2/RKC Rajkot Alumni]]
*Alumni are requested to list notables in the format below; follow the example of the few visible entries, when you are inserting data. '''Use the link above to access the page for inserting entries'''. 
Signed:[[User:Patelurology2|Patelurology2]] ([[User talk:Patelurology2#top|talk]]) 18:07, 9 February 2010 (UTC)

{|class="wikitable "
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!width=20| Graduation Year 19/20
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|Arvind M Patel, MD, FACS, FICS
|1965
|Attending Urologist, R W Johnson Univ Hosp-UMDNJ, New Brunswick NJ USA
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<!--- <!--- {|class="wikitable"
!width=150|Name
!width=220|Degree
!width=100|Awarded

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!width=250| Name here   
!width=20| Graduation Year 19/20
!width=500| Occupation
   --->   

<!---[[Category:Lists of people by university in the United States|Kettering University]]

  
--->

== RKC category frame alumni page ==

<!---  

Contents [hide]
1 Armed forces 
1.1 Indian Air Force 
1.2 Pakistan Air Force 
1.3 Indian Army 
1.4 Pakistan Army 
1.5 Indian Navy 
2 Politicians 
2.1 India 
2.1.1 Prime Ministers 
2.1.2 Cabinet Ministers 
2.1.3 Members of Parliament 
2.1.4 Chief Ministers 
2.1.5 Members of legislative assemblies 
2.1.6 Revolutionaries 
2.2 Pakistan 
3 Government officials 
3.1 Secretaries of India 
3.2 Secretaries of Pakistan 
4 Diplomats 
4.1 Ambassadors of India 
4.2 Ambassadors of Pakistan 
4.3 Ambassadors of the United Kingdom 
4.4 Ambassadors of Nepal 
5 Commerce and finance 
5.1 Aerospace and airlines 
5.2 Chemicals and pharmaceuticals 
5.3 Consulting/Finance/Banking 
5.4 Manufacturing 
5.5 Oil industry and energy 
5.6 Tea 
5.7 Technology 
5.8 Tobacco 
5.9 TV and entertainment 
6 Writers 
7 Journalists 
8 Educationalists 
9 Academics 
10 Artists 
11 Designers 
12 Filmmakers 
13 Sportsmen 
14 Sources 
 
--->

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==[[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|Speedy deletion]] nomination of [[:( List of ) Alumni, Principals and Teachers of The Rajkumar College,Rajkot- RKCians]]==
[[Image:Ambox warning_pn.svg|48px|left]] A tag has been placed on [[:( List of ) Alumni, Principals and Teachers of The Rajkumar College,Rajkot- RKCians]] requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under [[WP:CSD#A3|section A3 of the criteria for speedy deletion]], because it is an article with no content whatsoever, or whose contents consist only of external links, a "See also" section, book references, category tags, template tags, interwiki links, a rephrasing of the title, or an attempt to contact the subject of the article. Please see [[Wikipedia:Stub#Essential information about stubs|Wikipedia:Stub]] for our minimum information standards for short articles. Also please note that articles must be on [[Wikipedia:Notability|notable]] subjects and should provide references to [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|reliable sources]] that [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verify]] their content. You may wish to consider using a Wizard to help you create articles - see the [[Wikipedia:Article wizard2.0|Article Wizard]]. 

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== WikiProject India Newsletter Volume V, Issue no. 1 - (June 2010)==

{| style="border-spacing:8px;margin:0px -8px" width="100%"
|class="MainPageBG" style="width: 55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background-color:#f5fffa; vertical-align:top;color:#000"|
{| width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="5" style="vertical-align:top; background-color:#f5fffa"
! <div style="margin: 0; background-color:#cef2e0; font-family: sans-serif; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding-left:0.4em; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em;">Project News </div>
|-
|style="color:#000"|
WP:IND Newsletter is back! It's been nearly a year since the last edition, but we hope to bring out issues on a more regular basis now. The India Wikiproject was set up to increasing coverage of India-related topics on Wikipedia, and over the past few months the focus has been on improving [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_India/Assessment|article quality]]. A number of the project's [[WP:FA|featured articles]] underwent [[WP:FAR|featured article reviews]] over the past year. Of these, [[Darjeeling]] and [[Flag of India]] survived the review process, while the rest were demoted. During the same period, [[Gangtok]], [[Harbhajan Singh]], Darjeeling and [[Mysore]] were featured on the main page respectively on August 20, September 17, November 6 and December 29, 2009. Meanwhile, articles on topics as diverse as [[Political history of Mysore and Coorg (1565–1760)]], [[Marwari horse]] and [[Iravan]] were promoted as featured articles, and respectively appeared on the main page on March 25, May 17 and May 28, 2010. Consequently, the number of FA-class articles under the project's scope dropped from 67 in August 2009 to 63 in June 2010. The number of [[WP:GA|good articles]], however, saw a more than 40% increase, from 91 to 130 during the same period, while the number of [[WP:FL|featured lists]] saw a 33% increase from 12 to 16.

Due to the recent policy changes regarding unreferenced [[CAT:BLP|Biographies of Living People]] (BLPs), an effort was started in January 2010 to source all unreferenced BLPs coming under Wikiproject India. 1200 such articles were identified initially and more were added to the list later. Due to the sourcing effort, the number of Indian unreferenced BLPs is down to [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/DashBot Unreferenced BLPs|565]] currently. During February-April 2010, There was a [http://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia_talk%3ANoticeboard_for_India-related_topics&action=historysubmit&diff=361437108&oldid=361415052 large scale disruption] of [[Kerala]] related articles by a [[Thrissur]] based IP vandal. Editing from a dynamic IP [[BSNL]] connection, the vandal changed dates of birth, death and ages of a number of [[Malayalam]] and [[Tamil]] film actors. Later he added a few international biographies to his list. He also marked some living people like [[Arvind Swamy]] as dead. A month long range block was imposed on his IP range two times and each time he came back to vandalise dates once the block expired. Currently the range has been blocked for three months till September 11, 2010.
|-
! <div style="margin: 0; background:#cef2e0; font-family: sans-serif; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding-left:0.4em; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em;">What's New?</div>
|-
| style="color:#000"|
*Three members of the project, [[User:Abecedare|Abecedare]], [[User:Tinucherian|Tinu Cherian]] and [[User:SpacemanSpiff|SpacemanSpiff]] received their [[Wikipedia:Administrators|sysop mops]] in October-December 2009. Congratulations!
*[[File:Sikh pilgrim at the Golden Temple (Harmandir Sahib) in Amritsar, India.jpg|thumb|450px|left|This picture, shot in India, won the [[Commons:Picture of the Year]] contest 2009. Translations of the description in Indian languages are solicited.]]
*Wikipedians in Bangalore have been organising [[WP:MBL|periodic meetups]] over the past year, in collaboration with the [http://www.cis-india.org Centre for Internet and Society]. The '''[[Wikipedia:Meetup/Bangalore/Bangalore16|next meetup]]''' is scheduled for July 18, 2010. Indian and other Wikipedians from all Wikipedias in various languages are welcome to attend.
|}
|class="MainPageBG" style="width: 45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background-color:#f5faff; vertical-align:top"|
{| width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="5" style="vertical-align:top; background-color:#f5faff"
! <div style="margin: 0; background-color:#cedff2; font-family: sans-serif; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding-left:0.4em; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em;">Current proposals and discussions</div>
|-
|style="color:#000"|

*'''Please add [[Wikipedia talk:Noticeboard for India-related topics]] to your watchlist in order to stay updated with the latest discussions regarding various aspects of the project.'''

*A discussion is underway [[Wikipedia_talk:Manual_of_Style_(dates_and_numbers)#Indian_number_names|here]] to reach a consensus regarding the use of Indian number names (''lakh'', ''crore'' etc.) in Wikipedia articles. Please participate and add your comments.

*Join the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/DashBot Unreferenced BLPs|effort to source]] and save unreferenced Indian BLPs.

*Some unintended vandalism is going on at the Assamese Wikipedia by the [[:as:বিশেষ:অৱদানবোৰ/Anshuman.jrt|sole active editor]]. This is a request for Assamese-conversant Wikipedians to [[Wikipedia_talk:Noticeboard_for_India-related_topics/Archive_43#Large_scale_misspelling_in_Assamese_wikipedia|help resolve the issue]].

*A discussion is in progress [[Talk:List_of_art_music_traditions#Move_proposal|here]] in order to determine whether non-Western (including Indian) forms of classical music should be referred to by the nomenclature of ''art music'' instead of ''classical music''. Please participate and add your comments.

* Watchlist the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Deletion sorting/India| Articles for Deletions page]] for India related discussions. Opinions from more Indian Wikipedians are required in many of the discussions.

*The [[World Classical Tamil Conference 2010]] is at present underway in [[Coimbatore]], and the Tamil Wikipedia is actively involved at the event. A detailed report will follow in the next issue.

*[[Wikimania#Wikimania_2010|Wikimania 2010]] is happening in Poland from July 7-11. Indian Wikipedians attending include [[User:Gurubrahma|Gurubrahma]], [[:ml:user:Shijualex|Shiju Alex]], [[:ta:user:Ravidreams|Ravidreams]] , [[:ml:User:Santhosh.thottingal|Santhosh Thottingal]], [[User:Tinucherian|Tinu Cherian]], WMF Board member [[Bishakha Datta]] and Advisory Board member Achal Prabala. We wish them all the best! More on their experiences in the next issue.

If you've just joined, add your name to the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_India/Members|Members section of WikiProject India]]. You'll get a mention in the next issue of the Newsletter and get it delivered as desired. Also, please include your own promotions and awards in future issues. Don't be shy!

Lastly, this is your newsletter and you can be involved in the creation of the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Outreach/(July 2010) Newsletter|next issue]] (Issue 2 – (July 2010)). Any and all contributions are welcome. Simply let yourself be known to any of the undersigned, or just start editing!
|-
! <div style="margin: 0; background:#cef2e0; font-family: sans-serif; font-weight:normal; font-size:100%%; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding-left:0.4em; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em;">Looking forward toward more contributions from you!</div>

|-
! <div style="margin: 0; background:#cef2e0; font-family: sans-serif; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding-left:0.4em; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em;">Complete To Do List</div>
|-
| style="color:#000"|
<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="padding: 0px; border-style: none; font-size: 100%;">
<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="padding: 0px; border-style: none;">
<div class="NavHead" style="Background:transparent; text-align: left;">Complete To Do List</div>
<div class="NavContent" style="text-align: left;">

{| cellpadding="3" style="background:none"
|<center>[[Image:Evolution-tasks-old.png|16px]] '''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject India|India-related tasks]] | [[Wikipedia:Notice board for India-related topics|Indian noticeboard]]'''</center>
<div align="right" class="noprint plainlinks"><small>[[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/to do|v]] &bull; <span class="editlink">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:WikiProject India/to do|action=edit}} e]</span> &bull; [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject India/to do|d]] &bull; [{{fullurl:Wikipedia:WikiProject India/to do|action=history}} h] &bull; [{{fullurl:Wikipedia:WikiProject India/to do|action=watch}} w] </small></div>

<!-- When you remove an item, please try to add another. -->
<!-- If you create an article from this section, and it's still a stub or needs copyediting, please move it to that section instead of removing it entirely. -->
<ul>
<li>
'''[[Wikipedia:Requested articles|Requests]]:'''
[[Counterfeiting of currency notes in India]],
[[Swami Bhaskaranand Saraswati]],
[[Akhand Pratap Singh]],
[[ Ravindra Gujjula]]
[[Irrigation in India]],
[[Asura (band)]],
[[Asian Variety Show]],
[[Cultural liberalism in India]],
[[India Export Tax]],
[[India Import Tax]],
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<small> This newsletter is automatically delivered by -- [[User:TinucherianBot|'''<em style="font-family:Kristen ITC;color:#ff0000"> Tinu</em>''']] [[User talk:TinucherianBot|'''<em style="font-family:Kristen ITC;color:#ff0000">Cherian BOT </em>''']] - 02:36, 1 July 2010 (UTC)</small>

==  Alumni of Indian Public Schools Conference ==

Alumni of Indian Public Schools Meet in New York.

Dec 4, 2009 ... New York. IT could easily have turned out ... At the first meet- ing of the Indian Public Schools' ... sul General of India in New York . RKCian in attendance.

Mr. Pramod Sharma who taught at the Doon School, Dehra Dun, Mayo College, Ajmer and also at ... Ajmer and the Chairman of the Indian Public Schools Conference. ... “I am very happy to be joining the excellent medical team at New York ... Meet Miss Mumbai. Model-Actress Tisca Arora-Chopra, who is currently seen as ...
iskaa.org/whatsnew.htm - Cached


Nov 18, 2009 ... Alumni of Indian Public Schools Meet in New York ... School, Doon School,Mayo College, Daly College and others met for a Unique Pan Public .. RKC Rajkot included

[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_xG97flJ9Rg Youtube of Alumni of Indian Public Schools Meet in New York, Nov 18, 2009]

[http://www.mosessinger.com/articles/files/TheIndianExpress.pdf Main sponsor Law firm's article for Alumni of Indian Public Schools Meet in New York, Nov 18, 2009]


[http://www.google.com/#hl=en&source=hp&q=+Alumni+of+Indian+Public+Schools+Meet+in+New+York&btnG=Google+Search&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&oq=&gs_rfai=&fp=d5d4deddb540e125 Other links in Google serach for  Alumni of Indian Public Schools Meet in New York]

== Mountain Travel, Acute Mountain Sickness ==

*[http://www.princeton.edu/~oa/safety/altitude.html Outdoor Action Guide to High Altitude: Acclimatization and Illnesses, by Rick Curtis, Director, Outdoor Action Program, Last Page update 07/07/1999]
*[http://www.indiamike.com/india/trekking-and-mountaineering-in-india-f89/coming-down-for-air-ams-manali-leh-you-better-acclimatize-t932/ Coming down for air...AMS (Manali-Leh)... you better acclimatize! article/weblog by ' vistet ']
*[http://www.indiamike.com/india/ladakh-and-zanskar-f31/manali-leh-mega-post-t14647/ Manali Leh]
* [http://www.travelblog.org/Asia/India/Himachal-Pradesh/Manali/blog-510067.html A Drop in Elevation : The Manali -Leh road is only open 3 months at most every year and is a major artery for ... He had a topographical map of the area and wanted to hike upto a ...]
* [http://lachalung.co.uk/skyhighride/schedule.php The schedule for cycling the road from Manali to Leh: This is the final day before we start on the Manali-Leh road, ... The arrival at Zingzingbar is one of relief - and it's also a nice spot for those wanting a ... Depending on the map you carry, this minor feature of a double humped 17000 .... does all the boasting about altitude that you might feel the need for.]
*[http://cycleforchange.wordpress.com/page/2/ Never underestimate the Himalayas: WWF assistance around Leh Manali]
* Rohtang Pass 13054ft, Nakee La 15547, La Chaling la 16616, Taklang La 17582, Leh 17582ft
* Highetst point on this hightest motorable road on earth is 39 Km beyond Leh : Leh to NUBRA VALLEY passes over KHARDUNG LA (the highest motorable road in the world) at 5602 M / 18,390 Ft, around 39 km from Leh.
*<!--- Snow and weather conditions for climbing major Alaska Range peaks are usually best from May through July. Colder minimum temperatures and strong northwest winds commonly occur in May. Late June and July are warmer but more unsettled. By late July, travel on the lower glaciers is made difficult by melting snow bridges over crevasses and by more inclement weather with heavier snowfall and increased avalanche danger. The highest success rates occur in June. April is an excellent month for many of the lower peaks with conditions often cold and clear while the winter extremes still linger on Denali and Mt. Foraker. The coldest weather on Denali is found from November through April with average temperatures ranging from -30F to -70F recorder at the 19,000 foot level. It is not uncommon to find it -50F at the 17,200 foot camp in early May.
*Winter climbing in Denali borders on the ridiculous more because of its unfathomable risks than because of its mountaineering challenge. Some of the world's best climbers have either disappeared or perished form literally being flash frozen! In winter months, the jet stream, +100mph (160 km/h), will often descend over the mountain's upper flanks. Combine this wind with the naturally caused venturi effect that doubles wind velocity in such areas as Denali Pass and you will find one of the most hostile environments on this planet. The combined effect of ferocious wind and extreme cold easily and routinely send the wind chill off the charts.

*(from the Denali park website).

 

*Please take time to read this excellent article (PDF, 100kb) South Districs Ranger Daryl R. Miller has written about the Alaskan outback. Do not underestimate the mountains or outback of Alaska. Published here with permission from Daryl
  --->

== Cycling In The UK & Portugal ==

* Cycling In The UK & Portugal
* [http://search.yahoo.com/search?p=bicycling+in+portugal&toggle=1&cop=mss&ei=UTF-8&fr=yfp-t-701 Bicycling in Portugal Google Search]
* [http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images?_adv_prop=image&fr=yfp-t-701&va=bicycling+in+portugal Bicycling in Portugal  ]
* [http://images.search.yahoo.com/images/view?back=http://search.yahoo.com/search%3Fei%3DUTF-8%26p%3Dbicycling%2Bin%2Bportugal&w=147&h=160&imgurl=www.bing.com/images/search%3Fq%3Dbicycling%2Bin%2Bportugal%23focal%3D83bf8e6448c7267bd0c746b14eaa6d2f%26furl%3Dhttp%253a%252f%252fimg65.imageshack.us%252fimg65%252f5097%252fportugalpicksho4.png&size=&name=search&rcurl=http://www.bing.com/images/search%3Fq%3Dbicycling%2Bin%2Bportugal%23focal%3D83bf8e6448c7267bd0c746b14eaa6d2f%26furl%3Dhttp%253a%252f%252fimg65.imageshack.us%252fimg65%252f5097%252fportugalpicksho4.png&rurl=http://www.bing.com/images/search%3Fq%3Dbicycling%2Bin%2Bportugal%23focal%3D83bf8e6448c7267bd0c746b14eaa6d2f%26furl%3Dhttp%253a%252f%252fimg65.imageshack.us%252fimg65%252f5097%252fportugalpicksho4.png&p=bicycling+in+portugal&type=&no=4&tt=108&oid=http://ts1.mm.bing.net/images/thumbnail.aspx%3Fq%3D221075474222%26id%3D385ba432bbec3461ab61a2f269f79616&tit=Tour+of+Portugal+discussion+...&sigr=15cbaq9lb&sigi=155vhdltk&sigb=11vft7l0v&fr=yfp-t-701 Bicycling in Portugal ]
* [http://bicycle-tours.gordonsguide.com/portugal.cfm Packaged cycling tours- many self-guided]
* [http://www.cyclingcountry.com/CycleTours/Portugal/Cycling_Holiday_Portugal.htm Cycling Portugal  ]
* [http://www.destination360.com/europe/portugal/bicycling Less Air in tire to cross travel over cobble stoned ancient area even in metropolis]
*[[Right- and left-hand traffic ]] UK to Portugal change in handedness to get accustomed to  *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-hand_traffic#Bicycles Handedness and Bicycles]
* [http://cyclepass.com/t_03_Portugal.html Essay type article more than cars // also about the trip described: Cars. You just can't get around them. Even in stories about bicycle travel they play a big role. Often there are too may of them, and at other times you have to use one, to get to the spot where you want to start riding your bike. That was the case in this case. I'll try to make it short, just a short factual description. But it bears including, because of the potential consequences. This is still a report about a bicycle tour. It just takes a little while to get to the bicycle part.]
* [http://jasonsalituri.com/Portugal2007b.htm Self Guided tour father & Son: 750 km may 26-June 9, 2007 southern Portugal from Lisbon]

== :Pub sch example ==

<!--- Yadavindra Public School, is located in Patiala, Punjab, India.
*[http://www.ypspatiala.in/ Yadavindra Public School, is located in Patiala, Punjab, India
 
 
  ]
Considered among the top rung of Indian Public Schools, Yadavindra Public School, Patiala popularly known as YPS Patiala, is an English Medium Co-Educational Boarding-cum-Day school founded in 1948 by the late H H Maharaja Yadavindra Singh.

Over the last six decades, YPS has grown to a student strength of 1600 and staff strength of 100.

The school prepares students for the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (Class X) and the Indian School Certificate (Class XII) Examinations conducted by the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations, New Delhi which is successor to the Local Examinations Syndicate of the Cambridge University (UK).

YPS is a member of the Indian Public Schools' Conference and is affiliated to CISCE. 
*YPS has given rise to many achievers in Armed Forces, Business, Civil Services, Judiciary, Politics, Sports, Science & Technology and other fields.

A partial list of our eminent alumni can be viewed by visiting this page.  

YPS invites OYs to update their profile by visiting this section of the website.  You may also download this file which contains contact details of few AYOSA members.
 
 
The School has an active old students organization, members include erstwhile students of Aitchison College, Lahore. Students can opt for life membership on leaving school. The Association has regular get-togethers.
 
 
A key contribution of OYs is the School Hospital which was built by Old Students Association of Aitchison/Yadavindra (AYOSA) 
 
 
Aitchison Yadavindra Old Students Association' can be contacted on ayosapatiala@gmail.com.  Please visit  Ayosa Patiala  on Facebook (http://www.facebook.com) and interact with other alumni members. 
* 
 
Dear Alumni, 
Please fill in the following form and submit if you wish to make changes to your details available with YPS.
 
  
Data entry is compulsory for fields marked with * 
  
Name *  
Gender MaleFemale 
Date of Birth *  
Year of Joining *  
Year of Leaving *  
Examination Passed *  
House *  
Boarder/Day Scholar *  
Marital Status *  
No of Children  
Occupation *  
Achievements after 
leaving YPS *  
Present Address *  
City *  
Pincode *  
State *  
Country *  
Phone (Mobile) *  
Phone (Office) *  
Phone (Residence) *  
Email *  
Permanent Address *  
City *  
Pincode *  
State *  
Country *  
    
 
*[http://www.ypspatiala.in/update_status_01.asp Old Aitchisonians/Yadavindrians - Update Status - Step 1  ] 
 
 
    
 
 
  
 
     
      


*EMINENT YADAVINDRIANS 

 
Yadavindrians outshine all others when it comes to representation, be it Armed forces, politics, civil services or any other diverse fields. Even after four decades many of their track & field records remain unbeaten at the ‘All India Inter Public School Athletic meets’. A score of 13-0 win in hockey over a renowned public school in the hills is also a record of sorts.
 
 
Armed Forces 
 - Army  
 - Air Force  
IFS 
Civil Services 
IPS 
Educationists 
Judiciary 
Politics 
MLA's 
PCS & Allied Services 
Sports 
 - Unbeaten Inter House Athletics Record Holders 
 - Athletics 
 - Boxing 
 - Cricket 
 - Hockey 
 - Shooting 
Science & Technology 
 - IIT Graduates 
 - Doctors 
Prominent in Diverse Fields 
Limca Book of Records 
Religious 
Glamour World 
 
Armed Forces Top
 
 
 
   Army  Top
 
 
 
•Lt Gen R Kochar
•Lt Gen (Retd) HS Panag (Member Armed Forces Tribunal)
•Lt Gen (Retd) NS Brar (Member Armed Forces Tribunal)
•Maj Gen BS Grewal
•Maj Gen (Retd) CS Panag 
•Major Gen (Retd) JS Sidhu 
•Brig (Retd) HS Bath
•Brig (Retd) SS Sidhu
•Brig(retd) Daljit Singh Dhillon
•Brig (Retd) RS Sidhu
•Brig (Retd) Ashok Pathak 
•Brig Manvindra Singh Jaiswal, (author as well).
•Colonel(Retd) Harinder Singh Attari (First Yadavindra Gold medalist & School Captain 1951)
 
   Air Force Top
 
 
 
•Air Mshl (Retd) KD Singh
•Air Vice Mshl(Retd) Manpreet Singh Brar
•Air Vice Mshl (Dr) GS Joneja
 
IFS Top
 
 
 
•His Highness Maharaja Yadavindra Singh Ji, Ambassador to Italy 1955-56,Ambassador to The Netherlands 1971 to 1974.
•H.E , Sardar Swashpawan Singh, Indian Foreign Service (Retd) : Ambassador and Permanent Representative of India to the Offices of the United Nations in Geneva; Ambassador of India to Kuwait.
 
Civil Services Top
 
 
 
•Sardar Hardev Singh Chhina IAS (Retd) former Chief Secretary Punjab & an Aitchisonian
•Sardar Trilochan Singh IAS (Retd), former Chief Secretary, Haryana.
•Sardar SS Bedi IRS (Retd) Former Commissioner, Customs & Excise
•Mr.Ravi Bhushan Budhiraja IAS (Retd) Vice Chairman, Maharashtra State Services Tribunal
•Sardar Gurpartap Singh IRS (Retd) former Commissioner Income Tax
•Mr. Rajan Kashyap IAS (Retd) former Chief Secretary, Punjab
•Sardar Mandeep Singh Rai IRS (Retd)
•Mr Ajay Agnihotri IRS
•Sardar Gurnihal Singh Pirzada IAS 
•Sardar Rajdip Singh Puri IRS (Retd)
•Sardar KBS Sidhu IAS (Second in merit in all India Civil Services)
•Mr Madhukar Gupta IAS (Rajasthan Cadre)
•Shri Anirudh Tewari IAS
•Sardar Harjitinder Singh Grewal IAS
•Sardar Ajit Singh Pannu IAS 
•Sardar Parneet Singh Sachdeva IRS
•Sardar Aneet Singh Dullat GM, Indian Railway Traffic Services & IR TC
•Sardar GS Hira IRAS, Financial Controller, Kapurthala Coach Factory.
•Mr Jagjivan IRS
 
IPS Top
 
 
 
•Sardar MPS Aulakh IPS (Retd) former DGP,Punjab Cadre
•Sardar NPS Aulakh IPS (DGP, Punjab&NSG)
•Sardar Amarjot Singh Gill IPS (DGP Rajasthan) 
•Mr Dinkar Gupta (IPS) Punjab
•Dr Mandeep Singh Tuli IPS (Sikkim Cadre)
•Mr. Gyaneshwar Singh IPS ( HP Cadre)
 
Educationists Top
 
 
 
It was their dedication and sincere efforts which transformed our lives from what we came to what we are; we owe it to them and our alma mater. 
 
•Late Sardar SPS Brar
•Sardar Ajit Singh Jawanda , former Principal YPS
 
Judiciary Top
 
 
 
•Justice SS Sodhi (Former Chief Justice Allahabad High Court)
 
Politics Top
 
 
 
•Late Sardar Harcharan Singh Brar(Aitchisonian) Governor of Orissa & Haryana & Chief Minister of Punjab.
•Late Capt Kanwaljit Singh former finance minister of Punjab.
•Shri Pawan Kumar Bansal, four times MP & twice as Union Minister.
•Sardar Navjot Singh Sidhu three times MP, cricketer& a TV personality.
•Shri Vijayendra Singla MP 
 
MLA's Top
 
 
 
•Late S. Kirpal Singh Libra (MLA)
•Sardar Brijbhupinder Singh, former minister Punjab
•Sardar Hardeepinder singh Dhillon (MLA)
•Sardar Ajitinder Singh Mofar(MLA)
•Sardar Jeetmohinder Singh Sidhu(MLA)
•Sardar Bikramjit Singh Majithia(MLA)
•Sardar Raninder Singh, budding politician (son of Capt Amarinder Singh.)
 
PCS & Allied Services Top
 
 
 
•Mr.HMS Rosha- Commissioner Excise & Taxation
•Sardar Tejinderpal Singh Sidhu PCS
•Sardar KBS Mann PCS
•Capt YS Matta AETC
•Sardar Rajbachan Singh Sandhu PP (SP)
•Sardar Bhupinderjit Singh Virk PP (SP)
•Sardar Karminder Singh Brar, Punjab Legal Services
•Sardar Nareshinder Singh Boparai (Former Dy Advocate Gen Punjab)
•Sardar Amarjit Singh Gill, (Former MD Punjab land Mortgage Bank & Asst Registrar Coop Societies)
•Sardar Daljit Singh Mangat PCS
•Ms Jaswinder Kaur Sidhu PCS
•Mr Varinder Singh brar PP
•Mr. Bikramjit Singh Brar PP (National Boxing Champion)
•Sardar Rajinder Singh Sidhu Excise & Taxation
 
Sports Top
 
 
 
   Unbeaten Inter House Athletics Record Holders Top
 
 
 
Dawning the Yadavindra colors is considered most prestigious for the records measure up to the national records in many events. Many remain unbeaten even after over 40 years and the one in shot put covers half a century next year. Thus they rightfully deserve a place in our history.
 
 
Event Timing/Distance Holder House Year 
100 Mtrs 10.8 secs Late Sardar Sukhdev Singh Mann DRH 1966 
200 Mtrs 22.6 secs Col (Retd) RPS Brar DRH 1967 
400 Mtrs 51.5 secs Late Sardar Sukhdev Singh Mann DRH 1965 
800 Mtrs 2 min 4.7 secs Sardar Jaspal Singh Virk DRH 1983 
1500Mtrs 4 min 27.3 secs Sardar Jaspal Singh Virk DRH 1984 
110 Mtrs hurdles 15 secs Sardar Jugeshinder Singh DRH 1985 
Long Jump  6.42 mtrs Sardar Manjit Singh Sidhu DRH 1967 
High Jump 1.75 mtrs Sardar Gurpreet Singh Sekhon DRH 1969 
Triple Jump 15.5 mtrs Sardar Manjit Singh Sidhu  DRH 1965 
Pole Vault 3 mtrs 22.6 cms Sardar Harbans Singh Gill PH 1978 
Shot Put 12.46 mtrs Sardar Amardaljit Singh PH 1960 
Discuss Throw 39.07 mtrs Sardar Paramjit Singh Bahia MH 1968 
Javelin Throw 49.9 mtrs Sardar Harbans Singh Gill PH 1978 
 
 
   Athletics Top
 
 
 
•Jugeshinder Singh (1975-1986) Represented India whilst in school in 110 Mtrs hurdles at the World Junior Athletic Meet at Kuala Lumpur in June, 1986.

•Sikanderjeet Singh, Discus & Shot put
 
   Boxing Top
 
 
 
•Mr Bikramjit Singh Brar PP- National gold medalist
 
   Cricket Top
 
 
 
•Lt Col K Rai Singh, played for the first Indian cricket team post independence. Later ADC to HH Maharaja Yadavinder Singh Ji .
•Sardar Navjot Singh Sidhu (1968-82) Played cricket for India under 19 in 1981 & for Indian team from 1983 onwards.
•Late Shri Dhruv Pandove, World record holder, youngest to score a century in first class cricket at the age of 14 yrs& 294 days, 137 runs in a Ranji Trophy.

•Mr Ashutosh Kaushal(1977-81) Played cricket for India under 19 in 1981.
•Mr Reetinder Singh Sodhi (Captain - World cup winners India juniors team)
•Mr Parry Goel played for Indian team under 17 in UK
•Mr GS Chahal Played for Indian team under 17 in UK
 
   Hockey Top
 
 
 
•Sardar Surjit Singh Panesar (1955-57) Represented Kenya in hockey at three Olympics.
•Sardar Jagdeep Singh Phoolka (Member Indian Hockey team at Bangkok Asian Games 1966)
•Sardar Sukhbir Singh Grewal, represented Indian Hockey team as Centre forward for many years, later he was the National Coach for the Indian team

•Mr Jaswinder Wassan ( Member of Hong Kong hockey team )
 
   Shooting Top
 
 
 
•Raja Randhir Singh(1952-63)Represented India in shooting at five Olympics & five Asiads. Secretary General Indian Olympic Association. 
•Ms Harveen Sarao, International Shooter 10 mtrs Air Pistol , World universities Championship – Gold & Silver , World Championship-Bronze , Asian Games – Silver , SAF Games in Bangladesh-Gold.
 
Science & Technology Top
 
 
 
YPS has the highest representation in IITs, medical colleges & other renowned professional institutions; just a short list of some of our alumni who graduated from these institutions is as follows:
 
 
   IIT Graduates Top
 
 
 
•Mr. Balraj Singh DhillonChief Engineer(Retd) PSEB
•Mr. Prem Parkash Pangotra-IIT(Delhi)-1970
•Mr.Anupam Garg-1971,IIT(D)
•Mr.Anup K Jain,1971, IIT(D)
•Mr Anmol Singh Biring IIT- Delhi 
•Mr Harsh Puri-1972,IIT, Delhi
•Sardar Gurpreet Arora (School of Architecture, Ahmedabad)
 
   Doctors Top
 
 
 
•Dr Satbir Bakshi US Navy Dr Baljeet Singh Sidhu (USA),Orthopedican 
•Dr Gurdeep Jawal
•Dr Baljinder Singh Sidhu Eye Surgeon , Liverpool ,UK
•Dr Malkit Singh Kingra
•Dr IS Virdi (Thoracic Surgeon Apollo Hospital) First surgeon cleared to practice in three continents
•Dr Bhagwant Singh Ratta
•Dr Mandeep Singh Sethi
•Dr Tony Singh Ratta
•Dr Rajeev Agarwal, Orthopidiatian 
•Dr Mahesh Sehgal, USA
•Dr Mandeep Dhillon Surgeon &Senior Prof , Head of Dept Orthopedics- PGIMER CHD. 
•Dr Mandeep Singh Sidhu
•Dr Manpreet Singh Thind, plastic surgeon. 
•Dr Updesh Singh Bedi
 
Prominent in Diverse Fields Top
 
 
 
•Ms Parmeshwar Godrej
•Mr. Suresh Modi, Industrialist
•Mr IS Bhore , former VP UB group
•Mr Ravinder Singh Rekhi , former head Mcdonalds SE Asia
•Sardar Malvinder S Bhinder(Industrialist) MD, Agro Dutch
•Sardar Harmeet Singh Batra, Business. 
•Mr Jagdev S Gill- Owner Reebok SE Asia
•Ms Neelkamal Puri (Writer)
•Mr Roopinder Singh Sandhu, Asst Editor, the Tribune & a writer.
•Sardar Harbinder Singh Bhullar, lawyer Supreme Court 
•Ms Sugna Ramakumar Kapoor, Lawyer Supreme court
•Sardar Rajbrinder Singh Chahal, Lawyer High Court
•Mr Inder Singh Sidhu VP, CISCO, USA
•Mr Harinder Singh Grewal Country Head, Airtel.
•Mr.Mandeep Singh Butter (Bobby) CMD, IONNOR a highly successful IT company.
 
Limca Book of Records Top
 
 
 
•Ex-Wg Cdr MS Mander- For achievements in aviation.
 
Religious Top
 
 
 
•Baba Hardev Singh Ji of Nirankari sect 
 
Glamour World Top
 
 
  
•Mr Gugu Gill, film actor
•Mr Gulzar Inder Singh Chahal, Film actor
•Mr. Bikramjit singh Bhullar, Film director
•Mr.Harshmeep Singh Kang, Film actor
 
  
  
  
  
 
    --->

== WikiProject India Newsletter Volume V, Issue no. 2 - November 2010==

{| style="border-spacing:8px;margin:0px -8px" width="100%"
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! <div style="margin: 0; background-color:#cef2e0; font-family: sans-serif; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding-left:0.4em; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em;">English WikiProject News </div>
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After a missed issue, the WP:IND newsletter is back on track to being a regular bimonthly feature. The Indian WikiProject has seen plenty of online and off-line action, both in English as well as other Indian languages, and we now have a bigger, better format that intends to feature content and news from the English as well as other Indian language Wikipedias.

Reaching out to Indians has been the theme of the Indian Wikiproject over the past couple of months, aiming to involve a greater number of Indians in editing both the English and Indian language Wikipedias. To this end, efforts to set up [[meta:Wikimedia_India|the Indian chapter of Wikimedia]] have moved into their final stages, and registration of the society is currently pending. An effort is underway to push for "WikiMarathons" at meetups, where attendees will be encouraged to edit the English and/or Indian language Wikipedias. This is intended to popularise Wikipedia editing among the general public. In addition, a [https://github.com/srikanthlogic/WikipediaDYKTweeter bot] to post DYK's from the Indian Wikiproject to [http://twitter.com/dykindia Twitter] was created and launched by [[User:Logicwiki]].


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! <div style="margin: 0; background:#cef2e0; font-family: sans-serif; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding-left:0.4em; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em;">What's New?</div>
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Regrettably, the number of Featured Articles has dropped from 63 in June to 58 at the end of October 2010. Several FAs came up for review and were delisted, while [[Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India]] was saved. Meanwhile, [[Chalukya Dynasty]] appeared on the main page on July 9, 2010. Hearteningly, the number of Good Articles increased from 130 to 136 during the same period, while the number of Featured Lists remained constant at 16.

The [[Wikipedia:Bot_requests#Replacement_for_the_late_Article_Alert_Bot|source code for the Article Alert Bot is now available]] and the bot itself is expected to be up and running very shortly. This means that [[WP:INAA|article alerts for the Indian Wikiproject]] will again be available, enabling editors to easily keep track of developments in respect of reviews, nominations, deletions etc. 

The date change vandal mentioned briefly in the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Outreach/Newsletter/June 2010|previous issue]] made a reappearance when the range block on his IP range expired in September. Consequently the block was extended till September 2011.

In October there was a heated [http://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia_talk%3ANoticeboard_for_India-related_topics&action=historysubmit&diff=393196649&oldid=392948652 discussion] in the India project noticeboard regarding the copyright status of the Indian party symbols. The discussion was triggered by the deletion of [[User:Wikiality123|Wiki San Roze]]'s party symbol images by [[User:Hammersoft|Hammersoft]] as copyright violations. No resolution was reached, partly because of our inability to explain to Hammersoft how election symbols in India differ from party logos. Comments are requested from anyone with a background in Indian copyright law to clarify this issue.
 
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{{Wikipedia:WikiProject India/to do}}
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! <div style="margin: 0; background-color:#cef2e0; font-family: sans-serif; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding-left:0.4em; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em;">News from Indian-language Wikipedias</div>
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*The [http://bn.wikisource.org Bengali Wikisource], which contains the literary works of many prominent writers of Bengali language including Rabindranath Tagore, has crossed the 5,000 pages milestone. According to [[meta:Wikisource|List of Wikisource]] page, Bengali Wikisource is now at rank 21 among 56 Wikisource based on number of content pages.

[[File:Bala 026.jpg|thumb|right|The Tamil Wikipedia stall at the [[World Classical Tamil Conference 2010]] in [[Coimbatore]] in June 2010.]]
*The uploading of Tamil technical words donated by [[Tamil Virtual University]] to the [http://ta.wiktionary.org Tamil Wiktionary] was completed in October. The words were donated by the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] due to lobbying efforts by Tamil Wikipedians during the runup to the [[World Classical Tamil Conference 2010]] (WCTC) in June. Nearly 70,000 words were uploaded increasing the word count in Tamil Wiktionary from 1,20,000+ to 1,90,000+. This has brought Tamil to the 10th place (from 17) in the list of [http://s23.org/wikistats/wiktionaries_html.php largest wiktionaries] and has earned it a place in the [http://www.wiktionary.org Wiktionary front page logo]. In addition, Tamil Wikipedians set up a stall at  the WCTC and introduced Tamil Wiki projects to people from all walks of life.

[[File:2010-07-11-gdansk-by-RalfR-001.jpg|thumb|right|[[Jimmy Wales]] introduces the Malayalam Wikipedia CD of [[:ml:WP:Version 1|500 selected articles]] during his key note address at [[Wikimania 2010]] at Gdansk.]]

*The [[:hi:Wikipedia|Hindi Wikipedia]] and its sister wiki projects migrated to the new vector interface on September 1, 2010. In addition, Hindi is the first (and so far the only) Indian language to be incorporated into the [http://www.wikibhasha.com/ WikiBhasha] translation and contribution toolkit developed by [[Microsoft Research]].

*Malayalam wikimedian [[:ml:user:Santosh.thottingal|Santhosh Thottingal]] has developed a software (Wiki2CD) for the creation of the [[ml:വിക്കിപീഡിയ:Version_1|Malayalam Wikipedia CD]], which was launched in 2010. In addition, Santosh, along with fellow Malayalam wikimedian [[:ml:user:Shijualex|Shiju Alex]] coordinated a panel discussion at Wikimania 2010 on [https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/wikimania2010/wiki/Submissions/Creating_offline_version_of_Wiki_content_-_Solutions_and_Challenges creation of offline Wiki content]. 

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! <div style="margin: 0; background-color:#cedff2; font-family: sans-serif; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding-left:0.4em; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em;">Community news</div>
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[[File:Wikimeetup1 Delhi Sep2010 563.jpg|thumb|left|240px|The first meetup in Delhi on 22 September 2010.]]

[[WP:MMU1|Mumbai]] and [[WP:MDH1|Delhi]] held their first meetups in September, where Wikimedia Board members Barry Newstead and [[User:Bishdatta|Bishakha Datta]] met up with Wikipedians and other interested members of the public in these cities. A month later, [[WP:MHB1|Hyderabad]] also held its first meetup. 

[[File:Wikimeetup19_Blore_0540.JPG|thumb|left|240px|[[User:Arunram|Arun Ram]], [[:ml:user:Shijualex|Shiju Alex]] and Barry Newstead releasing the Wikimedia India community newsletter at the nineteenth Bangalore meetup on 24 September 2010.]] 

Wikipedians in Bangalore continued their tradition of meeting up regularly at the [http://www.cis-india.org/ Centre for Internet and Society], with the [[WP:MBL19|nineteenth meetup]] in September featuring Barry and Bishaka as attendees, and marking the release of the [[meta:File:Wikimedia India Community Newsletter 2010 September.pdf|community newsletter]]. Along with Delhi and Mumbai, Bangalore is reported to be one of the three cities in contention for the Indian office of the Wikipedia Foundation. 

[[File:Jimmy Wales Mumbai 31 October 2010.ogg|thumb|left|Jimmy Wales speech at the Mumbai Wikipedia Meetup #3 on 31 October 2010. Intro by [[User:Bishdatta]] & [[User:Arunram]]. (Recorded by [[User:AshLin]].)]]

Wikipedia founder [[User:Jimbo Wales|Jimmy Wales]] had an interaction with Wikipedians followed by a [http://www.slideshare.net/HeadStart/jimmy-wales-at-wikipedia-mumbai-meet-3 presentation] to members of the public at the [[WP:MMU2|third Wikipedia meetup in Mumbai]] on October 31, 2010.

The first [[WP:IWM1|Wikimarathon]], where Wikipedians and members of the public were encouraged to contribute to Wikimedia projects onsite, was held simultaneously at the meetups in [[WP:MBL21|Bangalore]] and [[WP:MCH2|Chennai]] on November 14, 2010. Wikipedians in [[Wikipedia:Meetup/Delhi/Delhi2|Delhi]] also held a meetup the same day. 

The Malayalam Wikipedia held several academies in different parts of Kerala over the past few months.

Wikimedia Foundation board member [[User:Bishdatta|Bishakha Datta]] and Indian Wikipedian [[User:Gurubrahma|Srinivas Gunta]] co-authored a panel presentation at Wikimania 2010 on the [https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/wikimania2010/wiki/Submissions/Wikimedia_Asia_Project Wikimedia Asia Project].

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! <div style="margin: 0; background-color:#cedff2; font-family: sans-serif; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding-left:0.4em; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em;">Current proposals and discussions</div>
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*'''Please add [[Wikipedia talk:Noticeboard for India-related topics]] to your watchlist in order to stay updated with the latest discussions regarding various aspects of the project.'''

*Two current [[WP:FA|featured articles]], [[2007 Samjhauta Express bombings]] and [[Economy of India]] have been nominated for reviews [[Wikipedia:Featured_article_review/2007_Samjhauta_Express_bombings/archive1|here]] and [[Wikipedia:Featured_article_review/Economy_of_India/archive2|here]] respectively. Contribute and help prevent these articles from being delisted! 

*[[Wikipedia_talk:Noticeboard_for_India-related_topics#Articles_about_India|This interesting discussion]]  on the quality of editing in India-related articles has been underway for on the noticeboard a few days. Feel free to join in and express your opinion.

*A [[Talk:Famine_in_India|series of discussions]] are underway on the [[WP:NPOV|neutrality]] of the [[Famine in India]] article. Please comment and help resolve the disputes.

*Join the [http://mail.wikipedia.org/mailman/listinfo/wikimediaindia-l Wikimedia India mailing list] and the [irc://irc.freenode.org/wikimedia-in IRC channel] for regular updates and discussions. Links to language-specific forums are available [[:meta:Wikimedia_India#Other_mailing_lists.2Fgroups.2Fnoticeboards|here]].

If you've just joined, add your name to the Members section of Wikipedia:WikiProject India. You'll get a mention in the next issue of the Newsletter and get it delivered as desired. Also, please include your own promotions and awards in future issues. Don't be shy!

Lastly, this is your newsletter and you can be involved in the creation of the next issue. Any and all contributions are welcome. Simply let yourself be known to any of the undersigned, or just start editing!
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[[User:SBC-YPR|SBC-YPR]], [[User:Sodabottle|Sodabottle]] (Editors)
[[User:Tinucherian|Tinucherian]] (Distributor)</div>
<br/>
''This newsletter incorporates content from the WikiMedia India Community Newsletter, September 2010.''
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{|cellpadding="2" cellspacing="5" style="vertical-align:top;background-color:#faf5ff;color:#000"
|style="color:#000; text-align:center"|''Although having the newsletter appear on everyone's userpage is desired, this may not be ideal for everyone.  If, in the future, you wish to receive a link to the newsletter, rather than the newsletter itself, you may mention it at [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_India/Outreach#Delivery_options| WikiProject India Outreach Department]]''
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<small> This newsletter is automatically delivered by [[User:Od Mishehu AWB]], operated by [[User:Od Mishehu|עוד&nbsp;מישהו]] [[User talk:Od Mishehu|Od&nbsp;Mishehu]] 09:58, 24 November 2010 (UTC)</small>

==  Translators needed for [[Wikipedia:Huggle/Whitelist]]  ==

* Translators needed for [[Wikipedia:Huggle/Whitelist]] 

I stumbled upon the following link associated with one of page under my page protection and just released ( at : http://www.google.com/search?q=User%3APatelurology2%2FThe+White+eagle&btnG=Search&hl=en ) as searched under Google and showed Huggle/Whitelist as a page where I was listed ( searched by control F function on a cryptic page). Seems this is a list of contributors who have been deemed to be non-vandals. This page and associated pages need translation in many languages and you can dissemenate this info.

[[Wikipedia:Huggle/Whitelist]] - Noted myself on Huggle White list on Jan 13, 2011

==[[Wikipedia:Proposed deletion|Proposed deletion]] of [[Expeditions of The Rajkumar College, Rajkot Students and Alumni]]==
[[Image:Ambox warning yellow.svg|left|link=|48px|]]

The article [[Expeditions of The Rajkumar College, Rajkot Students and Alumni]] has been [[Wikipedia:Proposed deletion|proposed for deletion]]&#32; because of the following concern:
:'''Not [[WP:GNG|notable]], see [[WP:VRS]], [[WP:FIRST]].'''

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be [[WP:DEL#REASON|deleted for any of several reasons]].

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the {{tlc|proposed deletion/dated}} notice, but please explain why in your [[Help:edit summary|edit summary]] or on [[Talk:Expeditions of The Rajkumar College, Rajkot Students and Alumni|the article's talk page]].

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing {{tlc|proposed deletion/dated}} will stop the [[Wikipedia:Proposed deletion|proposed deletion process]], but other [[Wikipedia:deletion process|deletion process]]es exist.  The [[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|speedy deletion]] process can result in deletion without discussion, and [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion|articles for deletion]] allows discussion to reach [[Wikipedia:Consensus|consensus]] for deletion.<!-- Template:PRODWarning --> <small><span style="border:1px solid;background:#00008B">[[User:Chzz|'''<span style="background:#00008B;color:white">&nbsp;Chzz&nbsp;</span>''']][[User talk:Chzz|<span style="color:#00008B;background-color:yellow;">&nbsp;►&nbsp;</span>]]</span></small> 20:49, 14 February 2011 (UTC)

== User:Patelurology2/Shushrusha Citizens' Co-operative Hospital, Shivaji Park, Mumbai ==

Hi. The draft as it currently stands is unacceptable because it is inherently promotional in tone. Were this moved to article space, the most likely scenario is that it would be [[WP:CSD|speedy deleted]] under criterion G11: unambiguous advertising or promotion. I suggest you look at articles for individual hospitals in [[:Category:Hospitals]] to get a better sense of the tone expected. Every article on this project needs to stick to the fundamental principles of [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|neutral point of view]] and a lot of work is necessary before the current draft satisfies these requirements. Furthermore, material should be [[Wikipedia:Attribution|attributable to a reliable published source]] that is independent of the subject. This is not the case in the first half of the current draft. Best, [[User:Pichpich|Pichpich]] ([[User talk:Pichpich|talk]]) 16:14, 3 May 2011 (UTC)


==Talk:Air France Flight 447==
Apology Patelurology2 but I have had to remove your last post at [[Talk:Air France Flight 447]] as it has stopped subsequent messages from displaying. If you would like to check the code and preview before you re-add it again, thanks. [[User:MilborneOne|MilborneOne]] ([[User talk:MilborneOne|talk]]) 13:31, 4 June 2011 (UTC)

== AF447 Integration of Time-line information from multiple sources ==

*''' Work in progress: pending addition of box(es) for source and reliability symbols before merginging mainly ACARS events inserted first but are separated enbloc.'''

Events are tagged to time of occurence; collation done from different source and listed events are from different time period; though, this difference has significance, it is not separated by the time of recognition of the event, e.g. before or after finding and studying the black boxes, would be a major demarcation. Respecting the postulating learned opinion at the time of expression of that opinion from whatever information is then available to formulate that opinion and is presented as was expressed at one time; the same opinion could change based on newly found information subsequently; sequential interpretation of this is needed on ongoing basis. Even as this investigation winds down to a conclusion, the said conclusion may be revisable in the future based on then available new information, technology etc akin to the concept of DNA analysis of modern era aiding reexamination of past investigations.
<!---http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2011/08/12/360681/airbus-clashes-with-pilots-over-af447-alarm.html   --->
<!---http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/blogs/space/index.jsp? plckController=Blog&plckScript=blogScript&plckElementId=blogDest&plckBlogPage=BlogViewPost&plckPostId=Blog:7a78f54e-b3dd-4fa6-ae6e-dff2ffd7bdbbPost:d44be61a-fdec-4bb1-942b-d472ee204e27 Aviation week:AF447 Contraversy ---> <!--- Beck Nader wrote:According to what I read, BEA recognizes the situation the crew faced was novel. Of course when you can train in a simulation hundreds of times things are simple to solve, although when they are new, strange (even odd) and your are dropping form the sky at 200 kilometers per hour and stalling without even knowing it than this is a real difficult or impossible situation to solve.
To me things got clearer, the computer logics of the A330 will stop the stall alarm if it considers the measurements it takes unrealiable, and will sound the alarm if the plane is stalling provided the measurements are reliable. What the French pilot unions are saying is that the crew of the AF447 flight, were inputting to the control system and getting no sound (possibly wrong inputs that could augment the stalling condition) but the computer system was not sounding because the measures were not considered reliable (airspeed basically). Then when the inputs by the crew were correct, the plane gained some control and the airspeed measures became reliable by the system and then the stall alarm sounded (so the correct input by the flying pilot would make the plane to regain some control but since the stall condition was present the alarm would sound given the crew the impression they were doing the wrong inputs and they were actually correct). These coupled with zero visibility, poor instrumentation available and no previous history of such situation, misled the pilots. Well that's what I have read and quite frankly makes sense to me.8/4/2011 3:07 PM CDT --->

<!--- http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/time-codes-cockpit-conversations-from-flight-af447s-final-minutes/article2115202/ Time codes: Cockpit conversations from Flight AF447’s final minutes   --->
<!--- http://www-das.uwyo.edu/~geerts/cwx/notes/chap08/supercooled.html
temperature range of around -5� to -12�C has the highest Liquid supercooled water content values  --->
<!--- http://www.irishcentral.com/news/Cockpit-terror-revealed-in-Air-France-A330-Airbus-recordings-126541623.html simple account --->
<!--- 2010 write up: 8 of these "bogus" Stall Warnings were between 35000ft and 6000ft, which is recoverable height.
4 of these "bogus" Stall Warning were between 35000ft, and 30000ft, which what would one want more, in terms of recovery?
Hmm, I somehow understand your frustration about this unfortunate systems behaviour, but by all means the Stall warnings were not bogus when they sounded. Even at that time the A/C was still deeply in a stall. Remember this was at Alpha > 30°. 
If you want to call something bogus it is the fact that they stopped above a certain AoA.
In this whole event I do not see a single bogus stall warning.
Even not the first ones. Looking at the FDR traces it is clear that at 1,6g the Stall AoA would surely be momentarily exceeded. That should happen somewhere above 1,4g at that speed / altitude.
Still I'm sure the logic for the stall warning will be an item which will be reviewed by Airbus and rightfully so.  --->
<!---http://www.bea.aero/docspa/2009/f-cp090601e3.en/pdf/f-cp090601e3.en.pdf BEA full Interim report 30 July 2011 (Including CVR transcripts)  --->
<!--- BEA full Interim report 30 July 2011 (Including CVR transcripts) [http://www.bea.aero/docspa/2009/f-cp090601e3.en/pdf/f-cp090601e3.en.pdf English version], [http://www.bea.aero/docspa/2009/f-cp090601e3/pdf/f-cp090601e3.pdf French version]    --->
<!---  [http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2011/08/04/360336/stall-warning-controversy-haunts-af447-inquiry.html Stall warning system confusion]--->
*<!---  [ http://countjustonce.com/af447/ Timeline table ] --->
<!---[ http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/aviation/crashes/the-final-minutes-of-air-france-447-5818470 ]  --->
<!--- [http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/aviation/crashes/are-the-pilots-of-air-france-447-to-blame-5818769 Blame the Pilots of Air France 447? Not So Fast: Read more: Are the Pilots of Air France 447 to Blame? - Plane Crash Forensics - Popular Mechanics   ] --->
<!--- [http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/aviation/crashes/the-final-minutes-of-air-france-447-5818470 The Final Minutes of Air France 447  ]  --->
<!--- [ http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/aviation/safety/air-france-flight-447s-black-box-how-it-works How It Works: Air France Flight 447's Black Boxes: Read more: Air France Flight 447 - How the Black Box Works - Popular Mechanics  ]  --->
<!--- [http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/aviation/crashes/4338827 How Plane Crash Forensics Lead to Safer Aviation: Read more: Air France Flight 447 - Plane Crash Forensics - Popular Mechanics   ]  --->
<!---Part II of above [http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/aviation/crashes/4338827-2 How Plane Crash Forensics Lead to Safer Aviation: part II :ad more: Air France Flight 447 - Plane Crash Forensics - Popular Mechanics ] --->
<!--- [http://www.flightglobal.com/blogs/flight-international/2011/05/af447-after-two-long-years-six.html#more Time line efforts by others]  --->
<!--- [http://www.civav.com/2635/af447-space-odyssey-2001-commonalities-diferences-man-versus-machine/ AF447 Space 0dessey 2001  ] --->
<!--- [http://gaussling.wordpress.com/2011/06/17/af447-accident-information-is-beginning-to-reveal-the-event/ the interaction of the crew with the automation and sensors]--->
<!--- [http://www.flyingmag.com/news/air-france-447-was-it-deep-stall  "At 2 h 10 min 51s, the stall warning was triggered again. The thrust levers were positioned in the TO/GA detent and the PF maintained nose-up inputs. The recorded angle of attack, of around 6 degrees at the triggering of the stall warning, continued to increase. The trimmable horizontal stabilizer (THS) passed from 3 to 13 degrees nose-up in about 1 minute and remained in the latter position until the end of the flight." ]--->
<!--- [http://fullcomment.nationalpost.com/2011/06/02/george-jonas-how-a-pilot-turned-air-france-flight-447-into-a-giant-brick/]  --->
<!---[http://countjustonce.com/af447/ After reviewing my original comments to you regarding the track of AF447, I have come to similar conclusions as you regarding the position of the aircraft at 0214z. Last week I created a webpage with my findings, which includes a fairly large chart with the track from 0200z to TASIL and estimated positions in 2 min intervals.  It is based on the Flight Plan FL350 at 0.80 Mach, with a comment in the final paragraph on what the outcome represents if the actual enroute GS was 453 Knots as widely reported. The page is hopefully designed so that "lay persons" will be able to understand what is described. If you get a chance (and you're agreeable), would you include the above link in your Analysis page where you mention my name.]--->
<!--- “It’s important to note that an accident is always the result of a chain of events,” Laffitte explained. He is convinced that blocked pitot tubes were the source of the flight’s problems. “The pitot tubes should never have malfunctioned. After that, we are faced with human decisions – " [http://www.france24.com/en/20110527-air-france-flight-rio-paris-pilots-crash-brazil-airbus  ] --->
<!---[ http://nycaviation.com/2011/05/initial-air-france-flight-447-black-box-info-raises-more-questions-than-answers-pilot/ ]  --->

<!--- http://alexledin.wordpress.com/2009/10/04/could-data-integration-have-saved-air-france-447/  --->
<!--- The aircraft departed from Rio de Janeiro-Galeão International Airport on 31 May 2009 at 19:03 local time (22:03 UTC), with a scheduled arrival at Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport approximately 11 hours later.[1] The last verbal contact with the aircraft was at 01:33 UTC, when it was near waypoint INTOL (1°21′39″S 32°49′53″W / 1.36083°S 32.83139°W / -1.36083; -32.83139), located 565 km (351 mi) off Natal, on Brazil's north-eastern coast. The crew reported that they expected to use airway UN873 and enter Senegalese-controlled airspace at waypoint TASIL (4°0′18″N 29°59′24″W / 4.005°N 29.99°W / 4.005; -29.99) within 50 minutes, and that the aircraft was flying normally at flight level 350 (a nominal altitude of 35,000 ft/11,000 m) and at a speed of 467 knots (865 km/h; 537 mph).[1] The aircraft left Brazil Atlantic radar surveillance at 01:48 UTC.

   --->

<!--- Diagram of seat locations of 44 of the 51 people who were recovered during the 2009 recovery mission --->
<!---The aircraft was carrying 216 passengers and 12 aircrew in two cabins of service.[178][179] Among the 216 passengers were one infant, seven children, 82 women, and 126 men.[43] There were three pilots: 58-year-old flight captain Marc Dubois had joined Air France in 1988 and had approximately 11,000 flight hours, including 1,700 hours on the Airbus A330; the two first officers, 37-year-old David Robert and 32-year-old Pierre-Cedric Bonin, had over 9,000 flight hours between them. Of the 12 crew members, 11 were French and one Brazilian.[180]

 --->

<!--- On 6 June, five days after Flight 447 disappeared, it was reported that the Brazilian Air Force had located "bodies and debris" from the missing aircraft, after they had been spotted by a special search radar-equipped aircraft near the Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago.   --->

<!--- Authorities also corrected the misunderstanding about the earlier debris findings: except for the wooden pallet, the debris did come from Flight 447, but rescue aircraft and ships had made the search for possible survivors and bodies a priority, delaying the verification of the origins of the other recovered debris.[78]

 --->
<!--- On 8 June, search crews found and eventually recovered the Airbus' vertical stabilizer.[79]

By 17 June 2009, a total of 50 bodies had been recovered in two distinct groups more than 50 miles (80 km) apart.[80][81] Of the 50, 49 of these had been transported to shore,[81][82] first by the frigates Constituição and Bosísio to the islands of Fernando de Noronha and thereafter by plane to Recife for identification.[82][83][84][85] Another body was recovered on 16 June 2009.[81] On 17 June 2009, it was also reported that more than 400 pieces of debris from the plane had been recovered.[86] As of 23 June 2009, officials had identified 11 of the 50 bodies recovered from the crash site off the coast of Brazil, by using dental records and fingerprints. Of those identified, ten were Brazilian, although no names had been released.[87] On 25 June, Le Figaro reported that the bodies of the pilot, Marc Dubois, and a flight attendant had been retrieved and identified.[88] On 26 June, the Brazilian Military announced it had ended the search for bodies and debris, having recovered 51 bodies with the help of French vessels and French, Spanish and U.S. aircraft.

Following the end of the search for bodies, the search for the flight data recorder and the cockpit voice recorder, the "black boxes", continued 
 --->
<!--- On 3 April 2011, during Phase 4 of the search and recovery operation, a team led by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution discovered, by means of multibeam bathymetric sonar, significantly large portions of debris believed to be that of flight AF447. Further debris and bodies, still trapped in the partly intact remains of the aircraft's fuselage, were located in water depths of between 3,800 to 4,000 metres (2,100 to 2,200 fathoms; 12,000 to 13,000 ft). The debris was found to be lying in a relatively flat and silty area of the ocean floor (as opposed to the extremely mountainous topography that was originally believed to be AF447's final resting place). Other items found were engines, wing parts and the landing gear.[97]

The debris field was described as "quite compact", measuring some 200 by 600 metres (660 by 2,000 ft) and located a short distance to the north of where pieces of wreckage had been recovered previously, suggesting that the aircraft hit the water largely intact.[98] The French Ecology and Transportation Minister Nathalie Kosciusko-Morizet stated the bodies and wreckage would be brought to the surface and taken to France for examination and identification. It was not yet possible to quantify how many bodies had been discovered.[99] The French government chartered three vessels – the René Descartes, the Île de Sein,[100] and an American-based vessel, the Alucia,[101] which are normally used by telecommunications companies for deep-ocean cable-laying, to retrieve debris and bodies. An American Remora 6000 remotely operated vehicle and operations crew experienced in the recovery of aircraft for the United States Navy were on board the Île de Sein.[100][102][103]

 --->

<!--- The BEA announced that on 26 April, after a 12-hour dive by the Remora 6000, the flight data recorder chassis had been found, although without the crash-survivable memory unit,[104] which is the actual data storage medium.[105] On 1 May the memory unit was found and lifted on board the Île de Sein by the ROV.[106] According to the BEA's director Jean-Paul Troadec, the photos of the memory module showed that it had suffered little exterior corrosion, but it was not possible to say whether the memory chip remained readable. The plane's cockpit voice recorder was found at 2150 UTC (GMT) on 2 May 2011, and was raised and brought on board the Île de Sein the following day.[107]

On 7 May the flight recorders, under judicial seal, were taken aboard the French Navy patrol boat La Capricieuse for transfer to the port of Cayenne. From there they were transported by air to the BEA's office in Le Bourget near Paris for data download and analysis. One engine and the avionics bay, containing onboard computers, had also been raised.[108] On 5 May 2011, efforts to recover the bodies of passengers from the sea bed began. 51 bodies had been previously recovered from the sea.[40][109][110]

The BEA confirmed on 16 May that all the data from both the flight data recorder and the cockpit voice recorder had been successfully downloaded.[111] The data would be subjected to detailed in-depth analysis taking several weeks, after which another interim report would be released during the summer.[112] The download was completed in the presence of two Brazilian investigators of the Aeronautical Accidents Investigation and Prevention Center (CENIPA), two British investigators of the Air Accidents Investigation Branch (AAIB), two German investigators of the German Federal Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Investigation (BFU), one American investigator of the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), an officer of the French judicial police, and a court expert. The entire download was filmed and recorded.[112]


On 3 June, the last 27 bodies from the wreckage were recovered. With this, the number of bodies recovered from the wreckage reached 104 and the total number of recovered bodies was 154. The remaining 74 bodies from the flight would probably never be found.[113]

 --->

<!--- Findings from the flight data recorderOn 27 May 2011, the BEA released an update on its investigation,[140] describing the history of the flight as recorded by the flight data recorder. At 3 hour 55 minutes absolute time (time from planned departure), the captain woke the second pilot and said: "[...] he's going to take my place". After having attended the briefing between the two co-pilots, the captain left the cockpit to rest at 4 hours 1 minute 46 seconds. At 4 hours 6 minutes absolute time, the pilot warned the cabin crew that they were about to enter an area of turbulence. 4 minutes later, the pilots turned the plane slightly to the left and decreased its speed from Mach 0.82 to Mach 0.8 due to increased turbulence.

At 4 hours 10 minutes and 5 seconds absolute time, the autopilot and the auto-thrust systems disengaged. The pilot made a left nose-up input, as the plane began rolling to the right. The plane's stall warning sounded twice. 10 seconds later, the plane's recorded airspeed dropped sharply from 275 knots to 60 knots. The plane's angle of attack increased, and the plane started to climb. The left-side instruments then recorded a sharp rise in airspeed to 215 knots. This change was not displayed by the Integrated Standby Instrument System until a minute later (the right-side instruments are not recorded by the recorder). The pilot continued making nose-up inputs. The trimmable horizontal stabilizer (THS) moved from 3 to 13 degrees nose-up in about 1 minute, and remained in that latter position until the end of the flight.

At around 4 hours 11 minutes into the flight, the plane had climbed to its maximum altitude of around 38,000 feet. There, its angle of attack was 16 degrees, and the thrust levers were in the TO/GA detent (fully forward). At 4 hours 11 minutes 40 seconds, the captain re-entered the cockpit. The angle of attack had then reached 40 degrees, and the plane had descended to 35,000 feet with the engines running at almost 100% N1 (the rotational speed of the front intake fan, which delivers most of a turbofan engine's thrust). The stall warnings stopped, as all airspeed indications were now considered invalid due to the high angle of attack. Roughly 20 seconds later, the pilot decreased the plane's pitch slightly, air speed indications became valid and the stall warning sounded again. From there until the end of the flight, the angle of attack never dropped below 35 degrees. During the last minutes, the thrust levers were in the IDLE detent position. The engines were always working, and responsive to commands.

The recordings stopped at 4 hours 14 minutes and 28 seconds absolute time, or 3 hours 45 minutes after takeoff. At that point, the plane's ground speed was 107 knots, and it was descending at 10,912 feet per minute, with the engines' N1's at 55%. Its pitch was 16.2 degrees (nose up), with a roll angle of 5.3 degrees left. During its descent the plane had turned more than 180 degrees to the right to a compass heading of 270 degrees. The plane was stalled during its entire 3 minute 30 second descent from 38,000 feet.

While the incorrect airspeed data was the apparent cause of the disengagement of the autopilot, the reason why the pilots lost control of the aircraft remains a mystery, in particular because the pilot would normally try to lower the nose in case of stall.[166][167][168]. Multiple sensors provide the pitch (attitude) information and there was no indication any of them were malfunctioning [169].

 --->
<!---The aircraft was carrying 216 passengers and 12 aircrew in two cabins of service.[178][179] Among the 216 passengers were one infant, seven children, 82 women, and 126 men.[43] There were three pilots: 58-year-old flight captain Marc Dubois had joined Air France in 1988 and had approximately 11,000 flight hours, including 1,700 hours on the Airbus A330; the two first officers, 37-year-old David Robert and 32-year-old Pierre-Cedric Bonin, had over 9,000 flight hours between them. Of the 12 crew members, 11 were French and one Brazilian.[180]

 --->
<!---
In October 2011, a transcript of the voice recorder was leaked and published in the book ''Erreurs de Pilotage'' (Pilot Error) by Jean Pierre Otelli,<ref name="PM"/><ref>{{cite book|title=''Erreurs de pilotage : Tome 5'' (Pilot Error: Chapter 5)|author=Jean-Pierre Otelli|isbn=979-1090465039|publisher=Altipresse|year=2011}}
</ref>  According to the book, one of the co-pilots caused the accident by incorrectly pulling back on his stick when the aircraft went into a stall.<ref name=PM/> The BEA and Air France both condemned the release of this information however, calling it "sensationalized and unverifiable information" that "impairs the memory of the crew and passengers who lost their lives."<ref>{{cite news |title=AF447 pilot: 'Damn it, we're going to crash' |author=Dave Gilbert |date=October 14, 2011 |work=[[CNN]] |url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/10/14/world/americas/af447-transcript/index.html |accessdate=October 14, 2011}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" width=60% style="background: #fffaef; border: 1px dotted gray;"
|-
!style="background:#ffdead;" colspan="4"|Leaked transcript of cockpit voice recorder<ref name="PM"/>
|-
!Time
!Speaker
!French
!English translation
|-
|style="background:antiquewhite"|02:02:00
|colspan="3" style="background:antiquewhite" | The captain leaves the flight deck to take a nap, leaving the considerably lesser experienced of the two co-pilots in command.
|-
|02:03:44
|Bonin
|''La convergence inter tropicale… voilà, là on est dedans, entre 'Salpu' et 'Tasil.' Et puis, voilà, on est en plein dedans…''
|The [[Intertropical Convergence Zone|inter-tropical convergence]]... look, we're in it, between 'Salpu' and 'Tasil'.<ref group="Note">SALPU and TASIL are [[waypoint]]s</ref> And then, look, we're right in it... 
|-
|02:05:55
|Robert
|''Oui, on va les appeler derrière... pour leur dire quand même parce que...''
|Yes, let's call them in the back, to let them know... 
|-
|02:05:59
|Flight attendant
|''Oui? Marilyn.''
|Yes? Marilyn. 
|-
|02:06:04
|Bonin
|''Oui, Marilyn, c'est Pierre devant... Dis-moi, dans deux minutes, on devrait attaquer une zone où ça devrait bouger un peu plus que maintenant. Il faudrait vous méfier là.''
|Yes, Marilyn, it's Pierre up front... Listen, in 2 minutes, we're going to be getting into an area where things are going to be moving around a little bit more than now. You'll want to take care. 
|-
|02:06:13
|Flight attendant
|''D'accord, on s'assoit alors?''
|Okay, we should sit down then? 
|-
|02:06:15
|Bonin
|''Bon, je pense que ce serait pas mal… tu préviens les copains!''
|Well, I think that's not a bad idea. Give your friends a heads-up. 
|-
|02:06:18
|Flight attendant
|''Ouais, OK, j'appelle les autres derrière. Merci beaucoup.''
|Yeah, okay, I'll tell the others in the back. Thanks a lot. 
|-
|02:06:19
|Bonin
|''Mais je te rappelle dès qu'on est sorti de là.''
|I'll call you back as soon as we're out of it. 
|-
|02:06:20
|Flight attendant
|OK
|OK
|-
|02:06:50
|Bonin
|''Va pour les anti-ice. C'est toujours ça de pris.''
|Let's go for the anti-icing system. It's better than nothing. 
|-
|02:07:00
|Bonin
|''On est apparemment à la limite de la couche, ça devrait aller.''
|We seem to be at the end of the cloud layer, it might be okay. 
|-
|02:08:03
|Robert
|''Tu peux éventuellement le tirer un peu à gauche.''
|You can possibly pull it a little to the left. 
|-
|02:08:05
|Bonin
|Excuse-moi?
|Sorry, what? 
|-
|02:08:07
|Robert
|''Tu peux éventuellement prendre un peu à gauche. On est d'accord qu'on est en manuel, hein?''
|You can possibly pull it a little to the left. We're agreed that we're in manual, yeah? 
|-
|colspan="4" style="background:antiquewhite" | A gong sounds indicating that the autopilot has disconnected (because the pitot tubes have iced over).
|-
|02:10:06
|Bonin
|''J'ai les commandes.''
|I have the controls.
|-
|02:10:07
|Robert
|D'accord.
|Okay.
|-
|colspan="4" style="background:antiquewhite" | Bonin takes the aircraft into a steep climb; A chime alerts the crew that they are leaving their designated altitude.  This is followed by a stall warning and a loud warning sound called a "[[Cricket (warning sound)|cricket]]".
|-
|02:10:07
|Robert
|''Qu'est-ce que c'est que ça?''
|What's this? 
|-
|02:10:15
|Bonin
|''On n'a pas une bonne… On n'a pas une bonne annonce de vitesse.''
|There's no good... there's no good speed indication. 
|-
|02:10:16
|Robert
|''On a perdu les, les, les vitesses alors?''
|We've lost the, the, the speeds, then? 
|-
|colspan="4" style="background:antiquewhite" | The aircraft is climbing at 7,000&nbsp;ft per minute, slowing all the time until its speed is only {{convert|93|knot|km/h}}
|-
|02:10:27
|Robert
|''Faites attention à ta vitesse. Faites attention à ta vitesse.''
|Pay attention to your speed. Pay attention to your speed. 
|-
|02:10:28
|Bonin
|''OK, OK, je redescends.''
|Okay, okay, I'm descending. 
|-
|02:10:30
|Robert
|''Tu stabilises... ''
|Stabilize… 
|-
|02:10:31
|Bonin
|''Ouais.''
|Yeah. 
|-
|02:10:31
|Robert
|''Tu redescends... On est en train de monter selon lui… Selon lui, tu montes, donc tu redescends.''
|Descend... It says we're going up... It says we're going up, so descend. 
|-
|02:10:35
|Bonin
|''D'accord.''
|Okay. 
|-
|colspan="4" style="background:antiquewhite" |As the de-icing system takes effect, one of the pitot tubes starts working again, and the cockpit displays again show correct speed information
|-
|02:10:36
|Robert
|''Redescends!''
|Descend! 
|-
|02:10:37
|Bonin
|''C'est parti, on redescend.''
|Here we go, we're descending. 
|-
|02:10:38
|Robert
|''Doucement!''
|Gently!
|-
|colspan="4" style="background:antiquewhite" | Bonin decreases his backward pressure on the stick, and stall warnings stop as the airspeed increases
|-
|02:10:41
|Bonin
|''On est en… ouais, on est en "climb."''
|We're... yeah, we're in a climb. 
|-
|colspan="4" style="background:antiquewhite" | Bonin does not push the nose down.  Robert presses a button to call the captain.
|-
|02:10:49
|Robert
|''Putain, il est où... euh?''
|Damn it, where is he? 
|-
|02:10:55
|Robert
|''Putain!''
|Damn it! 
|-
|colspan="4" style="background:antiquewhite" | The other pitot tube starts working again; all aircraft systems are once again functional, and the pilots simply have to push the nose down to recover the aircraft from its stall.
|-
|02:11:03
|Bonin
|''Je suis en TOGA, hein?''
|I'm in [[Takeoff/Go-around switches|TOGA]], huh? 
|-
|colspan="4" style="background:antiquewhite" | Bonin is attempting to increase speed and climb as if taking off or aborting a landing, but he is at 37,500&nbsp;ft where this maneuver is inappropriate.
|-
|02:11:06
|Robert
|''Putain, il vient ou il vient pas?''
|Damn it, is he coming or not? 
|-
|colspan="4" style="background:antiquewhite" | The aircraft reaches its maximum altitude; with the nose up at 18 degrees, it begins to descend.
|-
|02:11:21
|Robert
|''On a pourtant les moteurs! Qu'est-ce qui se passe bordel? Je ne comprends pas ce que se passe.''
|We still have the engines! What the hell is happening? I don't understand what's happening. 
|-
|colspan="4" style="background:antiquewhite" | Crew resource management fails as Robert is unaware that Bonin is still pulling back hard on his stick as the two pilots' controls are not physically linked so that they move together.  Buffeting as the aircraft is falling makes it difficult to keep the wings level.
|-
|02:11:32
|Bonin
|''Putain, j'ai plus le contrôle de l'avion, là! J'ai plus le contrôle de l'avion!''
|Damn it, I don't have control of the plane, I don't have control of the plane at all! 
|-
|02:11:37
|Robert
|''Commandes à gauche!''
|Left seat taking control! 
|-
|colspan="4" style="background:antiquewhite" | The more senior co-pilot briefly takes control, but is unaware that the aircraft has stalled.  Bonin retakes control as the captain returns.
|-
|02:11:43
|Captain
|''Eh… Qu'est-ce que vous foutez?''
|What the hell are you doing? 
|-
|02:11:45
|Bonin
|''On perd le contrôle de l'avion, là!''
|We've lost control of the plane! 
|-
|02:11:47
|Robert
|''On a totalement perdu le contrôle de l'avion... On comprend rien... On a tout tenté...''
|We've totally lost control of the plane. We don't understand at all... We've tried everything
|-
|colspan="4" style="background:antiquewhite" | The aircraft is back at the correct altitude, but falling at 10,000&nbsp;ft per minute with an angle of attack of 41 degrees.  The pitot tubes are functional, but as the speed has fallen below {{convert|60|knot|km/h}} and the angle of attack is too great, the data is considered invalid and the stall warnings stop.
|-
|02:12:14
|Robert
|''Qu'est-ce que tu en penses? Qu'est-ce que tu en penses? Qu'est-ce qu'il faut faire?''
|What do you think? What do you think? What should we do? 
|-
|02:12:15
|Captain
|''Alors, là, je ne sais pas!''
|Well, I don't know! 
|-
|colspan="4" style="background:antiquewhite" |The captain urges Bonin to level the wings, which does not address the primary issue of the stall. The men discuss whether they are climbing or descending, before agreeing that they are indeed descending. As the plane approaches 10,000 feet, Robert tries to take back the controls, and pushes forward on the stick, however in "dual input" mode, the flight system averages his inputs with those of Bonin, who is still pulling back. The nose therefore remains up. 
|-
|02:13:40
|Robert
|''Remonte... remonte... remonte... remonte...''
|Climb... climb... climb... climb... 
|-
|02:13:40
|Bonin
|''Mais je suis à fond à cabrer depuis tout à l'heure!''
|But I've had the stick back the whole time! 
|-
|colspan="4" style="background:antiquewhite" |Bonin communicates for the first time that he has been pulling the stick back all the time. 
|-
|02:13:42
|Captain
|''Non, non, non... Ne remonte pas... non, non.''
|No, no, no... Don't climb... no, no. 
|-
|02:13:43
|Robert
|''Alors descends... Alors, donne-moi les commandes... À moi les commandes!''
|Descend, then... Give me the controls... Give me the controls! 
|-
|colspan="4" style="background:antiquewhite" | Bonin relinquishes control to Robert who for the first time is able to push the nose down to gather speed.  A ground proximity warning sounds at 2,000&nbsp;ft, and Bonin once again starts to pull back on the stick.
|-
|02:14:23
|Robert
|''Putain, on va taper... C'est pas vrai!''
|Damn it, we're going to crash... This can't be happening! 
|-
|02:14:25
|Bonin
|''Mais qu'est-ce que se passe?''
|But what's happening? 
|-
|02:14:27
|Captain
|''10 degrès d'assiette...''
|Ten degrees of pitch... 
|-
|colspan="4" style="background:antiquewhite" | End of recording
|}

Official analysis from the BEA of the transcript is yet to be published.
--->
<!---* With the advent of finding the data recorder, it is important to develop this section further as opposed to being superfluous as indicated before; objectively, as described above in a way by floating the links to official bulletin, as a start. Further scope includes, besides other things, the collation of all avaialble time line information with the flight data recorder information. Second by second collation with estimation of events that are predictable by approximation, where approriate, to occur after a event recorded in any form, whether ACARS, voice, external navigation tracking systems etc. This collation may involve table with time in one column and corresponding events and comments in the third and other parameters in other columns as deemed fit.
{{Dynamic list}} : further development needed...

<!---{|class="wikitable "
!width=25|Time Z : Use E for estimated time
!width=200|Events : Initially can keep one column, but logically separate columns for separate data source would be desirable.
!width=200|Comments

|-
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--->
<!---{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" width=60% style="background: #fffaef; border: 1px dotted gray;"
|-
!style="background:#ffdead;" colspan = 5 |ACARS Messages during final 4 minutes of flight. 
|-align = center | 
| Time (UTC) || Code<sup>1</sup> ||style="width:120px" | Message || Source and/or Meaning<ref name="07-02-2009 BEA Report"/> || align = center |Δt</br>sec 
|-
| align = center | 2:10:10 || align = center | 2210 020 || <small>AUTO FLT AP OFF</small> || Autoflight system - autopilot spontaneously shut off || align = center | 0
|-
| align = center | 2:10:16 || align = center | 2262 010 ||<small>AUTO FLT REAC W/S DET FAULT</small> || Autoflight system - ''unavailability of the reaction to wind shear detection function''<sup>6</sup> || align = center |-
|-
| align = center | 2:10:23 || align = center |  2791 005 ||<small>F/CTL ALTN LAW</small> || Flight control - ''switching'' [from normal law]'' to alternate flight control law.' || align = center | -
|-
| align = center | 2:10:29 <br/><br/>2:10:41 || align = center |  2283 002 <br/><br/> 2283 012 ||<small>FLAG ON CAPT PFD SPD LIMIT <br/><br/> FLAG ON F/O PFD SPD LIMIT</small> || ''Disappearance of the display of the characteristic speeds (in particular VLS'' [low speed limit] ''and green dot ''[most economical speed]'') on the Captain and First Officer ''[primary flight displays]'' PFDs, with display of the SPD LIM flag at the bottom of the speed scales.'' ''This message indicates the unavailability of the ''[flight management and guidance envelope computer]'' FMGEC’s characteristic speed calculation function.'' || align = center |-<sup>3</sup>
|-
| align = center | 2:10:34 || align = center Colspan = 2| <small>#0210/+2.98-30.59</small> || At 2:10 the the geographic coordinates of F=GZCP was N2.98 W30.59 || align = center |-<sup>3</sup>  
|-
| align = center | 2:10:47 || align = center | 2230 025 || <small>AUTO FLT A/THR OFF</small> || Autoflight system - autothrust spontaneously shut off || align = center |-
|-
| align = center | 2:10:54 || align = center | 3443 005 || <small>NAV TCAS FAULT</small> || Navigation system - ''indicates that the ''[Terrain crash avoidance system]'' TCAS is inoperative.''<sup>4</sup>|| align = center | -
|-
| align = center | 2:11:00 <br/><br/>2:11:15 || align = center | 2283 001 <br/><br/> 2283 011 || <small>FLAG ON CAPT PFD FD <br/><br/> FLAG ON F/O PFD FD</small> || ''Disappearance of the Flight Director on the PFDs, Captain and First Officer sides, and display of the red FD flag'' || align = center | -<sup>5</sup>
|-
| align = center | 2:11:21 || align = center | 2723 020 || <small>F/CTL RUD TRV LIM FAULT</small>  || ..''unavailability of the rudder deflection limitation calculation function. The limitation value remains frozen at the current value at the time of the failure.'' || align = center |-
|-style="background:#fffabf"
| align = center | 2:11:49 || align = center | 3411 15* || <small>EFCS2 1, EFCS1, AFS... PROBE-PITOT 1X2 / 2X3 / 1X3 (9DA), HARD</small> || ..''transmitted by the FCDC2 (EFCS2), means that the FCPCs (or PRIMs) triggered one of the speed monitoring processes: they have detected a decrease of more than 30 kt in one second of the “polled” speed value. The three ADRs were considered valid by the EFCS2 at the time the monitoring was triggered, because the prior rejection of an ADR would have generated a class 2 fault message and there would therefore have been an asterisk in front of the source. In this case, the “polled” value is the median value.'' Flight control systems are now operating under 'alterate law 2'. || align = center | 99
|-style="background:#fffabf"
| align = center | 2:11:55 || align = center | 2793 34* || <small>EFCS1 X2, EFCS2X... FCPC2 (2CE2)/ WRG:ADIRU1 BUS ADR1-2 TO FCPC2,HARD</small> || Source:Captain's Electronic Flight Control System (EFCS 1). ''indicates that'' [First Officer's flight control primary computer] ''FCPC 2 no longer considers as valid the information that is delivered to it by [[ADR]] 1 (via bus 2).''<sup>4</sup>  || align = center | -
|-
|align = center | 2:12:10<br/><br/>2:12:16 || align = center | 3412 001<br/><br/>3412 011  || <small>FLAG ON CAPT PFD FPV<br/><br/>FLAG ON F/O PFD FPV</small> || ''Disappearance of the FPV (bird) on the PFDs, Captain and First Officer sides, and display of the red FPV flag.''|| align = center | -<sup>5</sup>
|-
| align = center | 2:12:51 || align = center | 3410 400 ||<small>NAV ADR DISAGREE</small> || ''the EFCSs have rejected an ADR, and then identified an inconsistency between the two remaining ADRs on one of the monitored parameters.'' || align = center | 161 
|-style="background:#fffabf"
| align = center | 2:13:08 || align = center | 3422 00* ||<small>ISIS 1... ISIS(22FN - 10FC) SPEED OR MACH FUNCTION</small> || Source: integrated standby information system (ISIS). ''internal failure at the level of the CAS or Mach elaboration function'' or ''CAS or Mach values that are outside certain limits.''|| align = center | 178 
|-style="background:#fffabf"
| align = center | 2:13:14 || align = center | 3412 34* ||<small>IR2 1, EFCS1X, IR1, IR3... ADIRU2</small> || Source: inertia reference 2 (A component of the First Officer's ADIRU).<sup>4</sup> || align = center | -
|- 
|align = center | 2:13:45 || align = center | 2790 025 ||<small>F/CTL PRIM 1 FAULT</small> || Flight control - ''This message indicates that  FCPC1 (PRIM 1) has stopped functioning. This shutdown could be the result of a command or of a failure.'' || align = center | 215<sup>7</sup>
|- 
|align = center | 2:13:51 || align = center | 2790 004 ||<small>F/CTL SEC 1 FAULT</small> || Flight control - ''This message indicates that'' [Captain's flight control secondary computer] ''FCSC1 (SEC 1) has stopped functioning. This shutdown could be the result of a command or of a failure.'' || align = center |  -
|- 
|align = center | 2:14:14 || align = center | 3410 360 ||<small>MAINTENANCE STATUS ADR 2</small> || Source: First officer's Air data reference which is part of [[ADIRU]]-2 || align = center |  244
|-style="background:#fffabf" 
|align = center | 2:14:20 || align = center | 2283 34* ||<small>AFS 1... FMGEC1(1CA1), INTERMITTENT</small> || Autoflight system - an intermittent fault in the captain's flight manangement guidance envelope computer, occurs for less than 2.5 seconds.<sup>4</sup> || align = center |  - 
|- 
|align = center | 2:14:26 || align = center | 2231 002 ||<small>ADVISORY CABIN VERTICAL SPEED</small> || Cabin Airhandling system - ''Flashing of the cabin vertical speed indicator on the SD’s PRESS page.'' ..'' indicates a cabin altitude variation greater, as an absolute value, than 1,800 ft/min for five seconds.'' || align = center |  -
|-style="background:#fffabf"
|colspan = 5  |*Failures appear on gold background 
|- 
|colspan = 5 |<sup>1</sup><small>The last two numbers of the all codes, not shown, are "06" and refer to warnings or failures that occurred above 800ft MSL. The WN########## and FLR########## date and time stamps were removed as the times are given by the satellite that received the transmission from F-GZCP</small>.  <sup>2</sup><small>''The messages were at least five or six seconds apart, which can be explained by the limited rate of communication by satellite.''</small>  <sup>3</sup><small>''Note: A position report message (AOC type) was received at 2 h 10 min 34 s, between two maintenance messages''.</small> <sup>4</sup><small>According to BEA the message is not fully explained.</small> <sup>5</sup><small>''There are two possible reasons for the longer gaps: either the aircraft did not have any messages to transmit, or it no longer had the means for doing so (loss of satellite communication performance, for example).''</small>. <sup>6</sup><small>Italicised text are quotes from the 07-02-2009 BEA Interim report.</small><ref name="07-02-2009 BEA Report"/> <sup>7</sup><small>The ''gap observed between the message sent at 2 h 13 min 14 s and the one sent at 2 h 13 min 45 s is due, at least in part, to a temporary interruption in the communication link between the aircraft and the satellite''</small>
|}

  --->

<!---[[User:Patelurology2|Patelurology2]] ([[User talk:Patelurology2|talk]]) 14:03, 31 May 2011 (UTC)
This from a novice: Desirability of such collation of events to be commented on. If appropriate, go ahead with the development of the list modifying to the the best format. Recognising contributions of all who have toiled for this topic and is another call to work further.
[[User:Patelurology2|Patelurology2]] ([[User talk:Patelurology2|talk]]) 14:04, 31 May 2011 (UTC)
*The table seems to go to the bottom of the entire discussion page and hence will temporarily be outed.
[[User:Patelurology2|Patelurology2]] ([[User talk:Patelurology2|talk]]) 14:15, 31 May 2011 (UTC)

*Apology to Patelurology2 but I have had to remove his post that was at this point as it messed up the code and caused other non-related messages to be hidden. I could not find the errors as it appears to be more than one, so it really needs to be checked with a preview before it is re-added, thanks. [[User:MilborneOne|MilborneOne]] ([[User talk:MilborneOne|talk]]) 13:34, 4 June 2011 (UTC)
** Thanks. A tabular collation of the time events is needed and ACARS table by PBB666 would be a start; that table and a simplified version of plug-in data table will be presented as was on that post but without other contribution by PBB666 and me as in that post. This under anew section.

[[User:Patelurology2|Patelurology2]] ([[User talk:Patelurology2|talk]]) 16:32, 6 June 2011 (UTC)
  --->
<!---Site           = Near waypoint TASIL, Atlantic Ocean<ref name="07-02-2009 BEA Report"/>
| Coordinates    = {{Coord|2.9|-30.6|type:event|display=inline,title}} (last known position)<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.bea.aero/fr/enquetes/vol.af.447/metron.search.analysis.pdf|title=Search Analysis for the Location of the AF447 Underwater Wreckage|publisher=Metron Scientific Solutions|location=Reston, Virginia|author=Lawrence D. Stone, Colleen Keller, Thomas L. Kratzke, Johan Strumpfer|date=2011-02-20}}</ref> --->

<!--- The last verbal contact with the aircraft was at 01:33 UTC, when it was near waypoint INTOL (1°21′39″S 32°49′53″W / 1.36083°S 32.83139°W / -1.36083; -32.83139), located 565 km (351 mi) off Natal, on Brazil's north-eastern coast. The crew reported that they expected to use airway UN873 and enter Senegalese-controlled airspace at waypoint TASIL (4°0′18″N 29°59′24″W / 4.005°N 29.99°W / 4.005; -29.99) within 50 minutes, and that the aircraft was flying normally at flight level 350 (a nominal altitude of 35,000 ft/11,000 m) and at a speed of 467 knots (865 km/h; 537 mph).[1] The aircraft left Brazil Atlantic radar surveillance at 01:48 UTC.--->


{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" width=60% style="background: #fffaef; border: 1px dotted gray;"
|-
!style="background:#ffdead;" colspan = 5 | AF447 Collation & Integration of Time-line information from multiple sources. 
|- align=center 
|
{{Dynamic list}} : further development needed...
{|class="wikitable"
!width=25|Time Z UTC : Use E for estimated time
!width=200|Events : Initially can keep one column, but logically separate columns for separate data source would be desirable.
!width=200|Comments
|-
|22:29
|Departed Rio de Janeiro-Galeão International Airport on 31 May 2009 at 19:03 local time (22:03 UTC), with a scheduled arrival at Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport approximately 11 hours later.[1]: take-off weight 232.8 t (for a MTOW of 233t), including 70.4 t fuel.
| [http://www.vancouversun.com/news/Last+moments+flight+AF447+before+crash/4849221/story.html vancoursun], [http://www.bea.aero/fr/enquetes/vol.af.447/point.enquete.af447.27mai2011.en.pdf BEA timeline]
|-
|1:30-0210
|On 11 Jun 2009 11:37:35 -0700 (PDT)written by Rick as follows: BEA posted a reconstructed flight path: 
[http://www.bea.aero/anglaise/actualite/af447/reconstitued.flight.path.jpg reconstructed flight path]
Reverse engineered a couple of the locations using Google Earth:
0130Z  157.1 nm, 471 kts 
0150Z   77.4 nm, 464 kts 
0200Z   75.7 nm  454 kts 
0210Z 
"could use this to revise your extrapolated positions. could never find the source of the 0214Z position that was in Aviation Herald - now think it was wrong all along. The 0210Z in the BEA flight plan is a very close match to the SAR map final location posted in your forum (Crash location). So the SAR teams have been using the BEA 0210Z location all along. It looks like AF447 flew straight into this storm." 
0130Z -   1 39.500'S  32 59.000'W 
0150Z -   0 39.943'N  31 45.392'W 
0200Z -   1 48.654'N  31 9.109'W 
0210Z -   2 57.192'N  30 35.309'W 
|[http://www.weathergraphics.com/tim/af447/comments.shtml weathergraphics On 11 Jun 2009 11:37:35 -0700 (PDT) by Rick ]
|-
|01:33 
|last verbal contact 
|near waypoint INTOL (1°21′39″S 32°49′53″W / 1.36083°S 32.83139°W / -1.36083; -32.83139), located 565 km (351 mi) off Natal, on Brazil's north-eastern coast.
|-
|
|The crew reported that they expected to use airway UN873 and enter Senegalese-controlled airspace at waypoint TASIL (4°0′18″N 29°59′24″W / 4.005°N 29.99°W / 4.005; -29.99) within 50 minutes, and that the aircraft was flying normally at flight level 350 (a nominal altitude of 35,000 ft/11,000 m) and at a speed of 467 knots (865 km/h; 537 mph).[1]
|
|-
|01:48
|left Brazil Atlantic radar surveillance at 01:48
|
|-
|01:50-01:58
|Air France Flight 447 crossed through an area of tropical showers and/or weak thunderstorms with weak to moderate updrafts and a high likelihood of turbulence. The flight penetrated one cell at about 0150 UTC and then entered a cluster of cells beginning at 0158 UTC.
|[http://www.weathergraphics.com/tim/af447/ weathergraphics.com]
|-
|01:51
|AF447 crossed through three key thunderstorm clusters: a small one around 0151Z, a new rapidly growing one at about 0159Z, and finally a large multicell convective system (MCS) around 0205-0216Z.   At 0200Z- according to AF aircraft transmission, entered a "thunderous zone with strong turbulence." 
|[http://www.weathergraphics.com/tim/af447/comments.shtml Don H----------- (Retired Air Force Physical Scientist) 16 Jun 2009 20:40:07 -0500 ]
|- 
|01:50-01:58
|Differential cloud tops and temperatures along the route: Satellite-derived cloud top temperatures along the route of flight
|[http://www.weathergraphics.com/tim/af447/weathergraphics.com weathergraphics.com  ]
|-
|1:55
|Captain woke the second co-pilot and said "[…] he’s going to take my place". takes 4 min Est. to cockpit ? walking distance path? -the same path the Captain will take on return, possibly in half the time or sooner becauase of urgency, with attitude pitch changed: see later
|[http://www.bea.aero/fr/enquetes/vol.af.447/point.enquete.af447.27mai2011.en.pdf BEA timeline]
|-
|1:59:32-2:01:46
|Captain attended the briefing between the two co-pilots, during which the PF said, in particular "the little bit of turbulence that you just saw[…] we should find the same ahead […] we’re in the cloud layer unfortunately we can’t climb much for the moment because the temperature is falling more slowly than forecast" and that "the logon with Dakar failed". The Captain left the cockpit.
|[http://www.bea.aero/fr/enquetes/vol.af.447/point.enquete.af447.27mai2011.en.pdf BEA timeline]
|-
|01:59
|AF447 crossed through three key thunderstorm clusters: a small one around 0151Z, a new rapidly growing one at about 0159Z, and finally a large multicell convective system (MCS) around 0205-0216Z.   At 0200Z- according to AF aircraft transmission, entered a "thunderous zone with strong turbulence." 
|[http://www.weathergraphics.com/tim/af447/comments.shtml Don H----------- (Retired Air Force Physical Scientist) 16 Jun 2009 20:40:07 -0500 ]
|-
|2:00E
|ORARO Waypoint FL350 Mach 0.82 :weight and balance 205 tonnes and 29% resp, Autopilot 2 and auto-thrust were '''engaged'''. 
|[http://www.bea.aero/fr/enquetes/vol.af.447/point.enquete.af447.27mai2011.en.pdf BEA time line]
|-
|02:05-02:16
|AF447 crossed through three key thunderstorm clusters: a small one around 0151Z, a new rapidly growing one at about 0159Z, and finally a large multicell convective system (MCS) around 0205-0216Z.   At 0200Z- according to AF aircraft transmission, entered a "thunderous zone with strong turbulence." 
|[http://www.weathergraphics.com/tim/af447/comments.shtml Don H----------- (Retired Air Force Physical Scientist) 16 Jun 2009 20:40:07 -0500 ] 
|-
|02:06:04
|The PF called the cabin crew, telling them to watch out because turbulence was coming up. "It'll move about a bit more than at the moment," he said....in about 2 min later 
|[http://www.vancouversun.com/news/Last+moments+flight+AF447+before+crash/4849221/story.html vancoursun], [http://www.bea.aero/fr/enquetes/vol.af.447/point.enquete.af447.27mai2011.en.pdf BEA timeline]
|-
|2:08:07
|The PNF said "you can maybe go a little to the left" and the plane began a slight turn to the left. Turbulence increased slightly and the crew decided to reduce speed. 
|[http://www.vancouversun.com/news/Last+moments+flight+AF447+before+crash/4849221/story.html vancoursun]
|-
|2:10
|The suspected zone of strongest cells was reached at 0208 UTC, which corresponds with the beginning of a track deviation, and another cell appeared to be reached at 0210 UTC, which corresponded with the time of autopilot disconnect. The flight was suspected to be within areas of showers and precipitation up until the time of impact, and the descent below FL250 into the critical -10 to -20 deg C zone probably involved some degree of clear icing on control surfaces, though it is uncertain whether this affected recovery of the aircraft, especially due to the short accumulation time that would be involved. 
|[http://www.weathergraphics.com/tim/af447/ weathergraphics.com ]<!--- Tropical storm complexes identical to or stronger than this one have probably been crossed hundreds or thousands of times over the years by other flights without serious incident, including ascents and descents through critical icing zones in tropical showers. My original conclusion from June 2011 is still unchanged: turbulence and possibly icing creating an initial problem that led to a failure cascade. Whether that final weak link was human or machine error is beyond my area of expertise and is best left for the experts at BEA. You can continue on to their AF447 page here for the latest developments.[http://www.weathergraphics.com/tim/af447/weathergraphics.com ] --->
|-
|2:10:05
|The autopilot and auto-thrust disengaged and the PF said, "I have the controls." The airplane began to roll to the right and the PF tried to raise the nose up and to the left. The stall warning sounded twice in a row. Recorded parameters show a sharp fall in speed. 
|[http://www.vancouversun.com/news/Last+moments+flight+AF447+before+crash/4849221/story.html vancoursun]
|-
|2:10:10 
|ACARS starts;AUTO FLT AP OFF
|
|-
|2:10:16
|The PNF said "so, we've lost the speeds" then "alternate law . . . " The plane started to climb. The PF tried to bring the nose down and rolled alternatively left and right. 
|[http://www.vancouversun.com/news/Last+moments+flight+AF447+before+crash/4849221/story.html vancoursun]
|-
|>2:10:16E-<2:10:50E
|Note 1: The angle of attack is the angle between the airflow and longitudinal axis of the airplane.
This information is not presented to pilots.
Note 2 : In alternate or direct law, the angle-of-attack protections are no longer available but a
stall warning is triggered when the greatest of the valid angle-of-attack values exceeds a certain
threshold.
The airplane’s pitch attitude increased progressively beyond 10 degrees and the plane started
to climb. The PF made nose-down control inputs and alternately left and right roll inputs. The
vertical speed, which had reached 7,000 ft/min, dropped to 700 ft/min and the roll varied
between 12 degrees right and 10 degrees left. The speed displayed on the left side increased
sharply to 215 kt (Mach 0.68). The airplane was then at an altitude of about 37,500 ft and the
recorded angle of attack was around 4 degrees.
|[http://www.bea.aero/fr/enquetes/vol.af.447/point.enquete.af447.27mai2011.en.pdf BEA timeline  ]
|-
|2:10:23 
|F/CTL ALTN LAW Flight control 
|''switching'' [from normal law]'' to alternate flight control law.''

|-
|2:10:29 -2:10:41 
|FLAG ON CAPT PFD SPD LIMIT- FLAG ON F/O PFD SPD LIMIT
|''Disappearance of the display of the characteristic speeds (in particular VLS'' [low speed limit] ''and green dot ''[most economical speed]'') on the Captain and First Officer ''[primary flight displays]'' PFDs, with display of the SPD LIM flag at the bottom of the speed scales.'' ''This message indicates the unavailability of the ''[flight management and guidance envelope computer]'' FMGEC’s characteristic speed calculation function.''
|-
|2:10:34 
| At 2:10 the the geographic coordinates of F=GZCP was N2.98 W30.59 
|
|-
|2:10:34E
| The last two numbers of the all codes, not shown, are "06" and refer to warnings or failures that occurred above 800ft MSL. The WN########## and FLR########## date and time stamps were removed as the times are given by the satellite that received the transmission from F-GZCP.  <sup>2</sup><small>''The messages were at least five or six seconds apart, which can be explained by the limited rate of communication by satellite.''</small>  <sup>3</sup><small>''Note: A position report message (AOC type) was received at 2 h 10 min 34 s, between two maintenance messages''.</small> <sup>4</sup><small>According to BEA the message is not fully explained.</small> <sup>5</sup><small>''There are two possible reasons for the longer gaps: either the aircraft did not have any messages to transmit, or it no longer had the means for doing so (loss of satellite communication performance, for example).''</small>. <sup>6</sup><small>Italicised text are quotes from the 07-02-2009 BEA Interim report.</small><ref name="07-02-2009 BEA Report"/> <sup>7</sup><small>The ''gap observed between the message sent at 2 h 13 min 14 s and the one sent at 2 h 13 min 45 s is due, at least in part, to a temporary interruption in the communication link between the aircraft and the satellite''</small>
| 
|-
|2:10:47 
|AUTO FLT A/THR OFF- Autoflight system - autothrust spontaneously shut off 
|
|-
|02:10:50
|The PNF tried several times to call the captain back. 
|[http://www.vancouversun.com/news/Last+moments+flight+AF447+before+crash/4849221/story.html vancoursun]
|-
|02:10:51
|The stall warning was triggered again. The PF continued trying to pull the nose up. Altitude reached its maximum of about 38,000 ft. The thrust levers were positioned
in the TO/GA detent and the PF maintained nose-up inputs. The recorded angle of attack, of
around 6 degrees at the triggering of the stall warning, continued to increase. The trimmable
horizontal stabilizer (THS) passed from 3 to 13 degrees nose-up in about 1 minute and
remained in the latter position until the end of the flight.
Around fifteen seconds later, the speed displayed on the ISIS increased sharply towards 185 kt;
it was then consistent with the other recorded speed. The PF continued to make nose-up
inputs. The airplane’s altitude reached its maximum of about 38,000 ft, its pitch attitude and
angle of attack being 16 degrees.
Note: The inconsistency between the speeds displayed on the left side and on the ISIS lasted a little less
than one minute.
|[http://www.vancouversun.com/news/Last+moments+flight+AF447+before+crash/4849221/story.html vancoursun],[http://www.bea.aero/fr/enquetes/vol.af.447/point.enquete.af447.27mai2011.en.pdf BEA timeline]
|-
|2:10:51
|"At 2 h 10 min 51s, the stall warning was triggered again. The thrust levers were positioned in the TO/GA detent and the PF maintained nose-up inputs. The recorded angle of attack, of around 6 degrees at the triggering of the stall warning, continued to increase. The trimmable horizontal stabilizer (THS) passed from 3 to 13 degrees nose-up in about 1 minute and remained in the latter position until the end of the flight."by ...Insider : a sign name & further in link
|[http://www.flyingmag.com/news/air-france-447-was-it-deep-stall Air-france-447-was-it-deep-stall]  
|-
|>2:10:50E-<2:11:40E
|Captain walks to the cockpit: feeling the pitch/attitude, deceleration/acceleration, descent/ascent: equilalent info of the said seat of the pants feel. Time walked or in upright postion to cockpit ( once out of bed )?estimate but actual BEA estimate needed.
|actual BEA estimate needed: Captain walks in 2:11:40 see below
|-
|2:10:54 
|NAV TCAS FAULT- Navigation system - ''indicates that the ''[Terrain crash avoidance system]'' TCAS is inoperative.''
|
|-
|2:11:00 -2:11:15 
|FLAG ON CAPT PFD FD- FLAG ON F/O PFD FD|
| ''Disappearance of the Flight Director on the PFDs, Captain and First Officer sides, and display of the red FD flag'' 
|-
|2:11:21 
|F/CTL RUD TRV LIM FAULT
| ..''unavailability of the rudder deflection limitation calculation function. The limitation value remains frozen at the current value at the time of the failure.'' 
|-
|02:11:40
|The captain re-entered the cockpit. In the following seconds, all the recorded speeds became invalid and the stall warning stopped. The altitude was about 35,000 ft but the plane was descending at about 10,000 ft per minute. 
|[http://www.vancouversun.com/news/Last+moments+flight+AF447+before+crash/4849221/story.html vancoursun]
|-
|2:11:49 
|EFCS2 1, EFCS1, AFS... PROBE-PITOT 1X2 / 2X3 / 1X3 (9DA), HARD
| ..''transmitted by the FCDC2 (EFCS2), means that the FCPCs (or PRIMs) triggered one of the speed monitoring processes: they have detected a decrease of more than 30 kt in one second of the “polled” speed value. The three ADRs were considered valid by the EFCS2 at the time the monitoring was triggered, because the prior rejection of an ADR would have generated a class 2 fault message and there would therefore have been an asterisk in front of the source. In this case, the “polled” value is the median value.'' Flight control systems are now operating under 'alterate law 2'. 
|-
|2:11:55
|EFCS1 X2, EFCS2X... FCPC2 (2CE2)/ WRG:ADIRU1 BUS ADR1-2 TO FCPC2,HARD
| Source:Captain's Electronic Flight Control System (EFCS 1). ''indicates that'' [First Officer's flight control primary computer] ''FCPC 2 no longer considers as valid the information that is delivered to it by [[ADR]] 1 (via bus 2).''

|-
|02:12:02
|The PF said "I don't have any more indications," and the PNF said "we have no valid indications."  At that moment, the thrust levers were in the IDLE detent and the
engines’ N1’s were at 55%.( see below: Around fifteen seconds later, the PF made pitch-down inputs. In the following moments, the angle of attack decreased, the speeds became valid again and the stall warning sounded again.)(|[http://www.vancouversun.com/news/Last+moments+flight+AF447+before+crash/4849221/story.html vancoursun],[ http://www.bea.aero/fr/enquetes/vol.af.447/point.enquete.af447.27mai2011.en.pdf BEA timeline](Cvr:Around fifteen seconds later, the PF pulled the nose down. The angle of attack decreased, the speeds became valid again and the stall warning sounded again )
|-
|2:12:10 - 2:12:16
|FLAG ON CAPT PFD FPV-FLAG ON F/O PFD FPV
| ''Disappearance of the FPV (bird) on the PFDs, Captain and First Officer sides, and display of the red FPV flag.''
|-
|02:12:17E
|Around fifteen seconds later, the PF pulled the nose down. The angle of attack decreased, the speeds became valid again and the stall warning sounded again. 
|[http://www.vancouversun.com/news/Last+moments+flight+AF447+before+crash/4849221/story.html vancoursun]

|-
| 2:12:51 
|NAV ADR DISAGREE
| ''the EFCSs have rejected an ADR, and then identified an inconsistency between the two remaining ADRs on one of the monitored parameters.''
|-
|2:13:08 
|ISIS 1... ISIS(22FN - 10FC) SPEED OR MACH FUNCTION- Source: integrated standby information system (ISIS). 
|''internal failure at the level of the CAS or Mach elaboration function'' or ''CAS or Mach values that are outside certain limits.''
|-
|2:13:14 
|IR2 1, EFCS1X, IR1, IR3... ADIRU2- Source: inertia reference 2 (A component of the First Officer's ADIRU).
|
|-
|2:13:14-2:13:45
|gap between reports 
|''gap observed between the message sent at 2 h 13 min 14 s and the one sent at 2 h 13 min 45 s is due, at least in part, to a temporary interruption in the communication link between the aircraft and the satellite''
|- 

|02:13:32
|The PF said the plane's altitude was nearing 10,000 feet. About 15 seconds later, simultaneous inputs by both pilots on the sidesticks were recorded and the PF said "go ahead, you have the controls." '''Last words in Cvr'''  [http://www.vancouversun.com/news/Last+moments+flight+AF447+before+crash/4849221/story.html vancoursun]
|-
|2:13:45
|F/CTL PRIM 1 FAULT- Flight control 
| ''This message indicates that  FCPC1 (PRIM 1) has stopped functioning. This shutdown could be the result of a command or of a failure.''
|-
|2:13:51
|F/CTL SEC 1 FAULT- Flight control
| ''This message indicates that'' [Captain's flight control secondary computer] ''FCSC1 (SEC 1) has stopped functioning. This shutdown could be the result of a command or of a failure.''
|- 
|2:14:14
|MAINTENANCE STATUS ADR 2-Source: First officer's Air data reference which is part of [[ADIRU]]-2
|
|-
|2:14:20 
|FMGEC1(1CA1), INTERMITTENT- Autoflight system - an intermittent fault in the captain's flight manangement guidance envelope computer, occurs for less than 2.5 seconds.
| 
|- 
|2:14:26 
|ADVISORY CABIN VERTICAL SPEED- Cabin Airhandling system - ''Flashing of the cabin vertical speed indicator on the SD’s PRESS page.''
|'' indicates a cabin altitude variation greater, as an absolute value, than 1,800 ft/min for five seconds.''
|-
|02:14:28 
|The recordings stopped.The last recorded values were a vertical speed of
-10,912 ft/min, a ground speed of 107 kt, pitch attitude of 16.2 degrees nose-up, roll angle of
5.3 degrees left and a magnetic heading of 270 degrees. 
|[http://www.vancouversun.com/news/Last+moments+flight+AF447+before+crash/4849221/story.html vancoursun]
|-
|02.15E 
|LH507 report regarding St. Elmo’s fire phenomena and
other airplanes OAT data. At 02.15 UTC the thunderstorm activity was heavy enough to
produce for example more ice particles
|[http://www.zmne.hu/aarms/docs/Volume9/Issue2/pdf/02.pdf AARMS TECHNOLOGY: Vol. 9, No. 2 (2010) 217–227:Received: June 28, 2010: The accident of AF-447 flight – analysis and reconstruction of weather situation along the flight path: ZSOLT BOTTYÁN, MÁTYÁS PALIK:Miklós Zrínyi National Defence University, Department of Air Traffic Controller and Pilot’s Training, Szolnok, Hungary]
|- 
|2:15:23 E[http://msquair.wordpress.com/2010/01/28/the-af-447-cabin-vertical-speed-advisory/ Cabin verticle speed advisory]
|Wreckage found and subsequent Black boxes found nearby
| 00°55′1″N 29°20′7″W / 0.91694°N 29.33528°W / 0.91694; -29.33528Coordinates: 00°55′1″N 29°20′7″W / 0.91694°N 29.33528°W / 0.91694; -29.33528 
Archipelago Arquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo 
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|2:23:E
|ETA TASIL- ENTRY POINT IN Senegalese-controlled airspace
|The last verbal contact with the aircraft was at 01:33 UTC, when it was near waypoint INTOL (1°21′39″S 32°49′53″W / 1.36083°S 32.83139°W / -1.36083; -32.83139), located 565 km (351 mi) off Natal, on Brazil's north-eastern coast. The crew reported that they expected to use airway UN873 and enter Senegalese-controlled airspace at waypoint TASIL (4°0′18″N 29°59′24″W / 4.005°N 29.99°W / 4.005; -29.99) within 50 minutes
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<!---The data. The basic data is as follows (2):
•cabin maximum descent rate  - 750 ft/min  (FCOM)
•cabin cruise altitude - 8000 ft (FCOM)
•Flight level - FL 350 (35,000 ft)  (BEA Report)
•safety valve diff pressure  - 1 psi (2.03625437 inHg)  (FCOM)
•ACARS 1st msg ‘AUTO FLT AP OFF’ time – 2:10:10  (BEA Report)
•ACARS last msg ’CABIN VERTICAL SPEED’- 2:14:26  (BEA Report)
•Cabin press advisory delay - 5 seconds  (BEA report)
[http://msquair.wordpress.com/2010/01/28/the-af-447-cabin-vertical-speed-advisory/ Cabin verticle speed advisory]As the last cabin speed advisory was generated 5 seconds after the safety valve actuation this would indicate that, again assuming a continued near constant descent rate of 6,718 ft/min, the aircraft would have impacted the ocean approximately 57 seconds after the last ACARS transmission.---><!--- rate of descent cannot be constant, but should be acclerating due to gravitational effect, at least in part.Comment by Patelurology2---> 

<!---[http://www.vancouversun.com/news/Last+moments+flight+AF447+before+crash/4849221/story.html  ]    May 31, 2009, 22:29GMT — Take-off. 


June 1, 01:55 — The captain woke the second co-pilot, said "He's going to take my place" and left the cockpit. 


02:06:04 — The PF called the cabin crew, telling them to watch out because turbulence was coming up. "It'll move about a bit more than at the moment," he said. 


2:08:07 — The PNF said "you can maybe go a little to the left" and the plane began a slight turn to the left. Turbulence increased slightly and the crew decided to reduce speed. 


From 2:10:05 — The autopilot and auto-thrust disengaged and the PF said, "I have the controls." The airplane began to roll to the right and the PF tried to raise the nose up and to the left. The stall warning sounded twice in a row. Recorded parameters show a sharp fall in speed. 
<!--- At the time of the event, the two co-pilots were seated in the cockpit and the Captain was resting. The latter returned to the cockpit about 1 min 30 after the disengagement of the autopilot. 
2:10:16 — The PNF said "so, we've lost the speeds" then "alternate law . . . " The plane started to climb. The PF tried to bring the nose down and rolled alternatively left and right. 


From 02:10:50 — The PNF tried several times to call the captain back. 


02:10:51 — The stall warning was triggered again. The PF continued trying to pull the nose up. Altitude reached its maximum of about 38,000 ft. 


02:11:40 — The captain re-entered the cockpit. In the following seconds, all the recorded speeds became invalid and the stall warning stopped. The altitude was about 35,000 ft but the plane was descending at about 10,000 ft per minute. 


02:12:02 — The PF said "I don't have any more indications," and the PNF said "we have no valid indications." 


Around fifteen seconds later, the PF pulled the nose down. The angle of attack decreased, the speeds became valid again and the stall warning sounded again. 


02:13:32 — The PF said the plane's altitude was nearing 10,000 feet. About 15 seconds later, simultaneous inputs by both pilots on the sidesticks were recorded and the PF said "go ahead, you have the controls." 


02:14:28 — The recordings stopped. 

Read more: http://www.vancouversun.com/news/Last+moments+flight+AF447+before+crash/4849221/story.html#ixzz1QE2Uu3vM  ---->

<!--- David Kaminski-Morrow on May 27, 2011 9:09 PM | Permalink | Comments (10) | TrackBacks (0) |ShareThis 
France's Bureau d'Enquetes et d'Analyses has released details of the final few minutes of flight AF447, following the two-year recovery effort to retrieve the Airbus A330's flight-data and cockpit-voice recorders. Presented here are the main sections of the BEA's statement (in bold) and an explanation of the significance of each point:

 

01:35:46

The controller asked the crew to maintain FL350 and to give their estimated time at TASIL.

Flight AF447 is told to keep cruising at 35,000ft and inform Brazilian air traffic control when it expects to reach the waypoint 'TASIL' - the entry point into Senegalese airspace, where responsibility for watching over the flight will transfer to the control centre in Dakar.

01:55

The Captain woke the second co-pilot and said "[...] he's going to take my place".

On a long flight it is normal practice to carry an extra pilot to allow one of the crew - the captain in this case - to rest. Of the two pilots left in charge, one had 4,479h on A330/340s, and was the most experienced of the three on the A330 in terms of flight time, although all of the captain's time on the type had been in command.

 

01:59:32-02:01:46

The Captain attended the briefing between the two co-pilots, during which the PF said, in particular "the little bit of turbulence that you just saw [...] we should find the same ahead [...] we're in the cloud layer unfortunately we can't climb much for the moment because the temperature is falling more slowly than forecast" and that "the logon with Dakar failed".

The pilot flying the A330 highlights the relatively high air temperature outside the aircraft. Higher temperatures mean the air is less dense and reduces the ability of the wing to generate lift, meaning the aircraft would be unable to sustain flight at a higher altitude.

The pilot also mentions that the aircraft has been unable to connect with Dakar air traffic control ahead of crossing the airspace boundary between Brazil and Senegal. This absence of contact, close to the transfer point, may be significant in the context of the subsequent failure to realise that AF447 had gone missing.

 

02:08:07

The airplane began a slight turn to the left, the change in relation to the initial route being about 12 degrees. The level of turbulence increased slightly and the crew decided to reduce the speed to about Mach 0.8.

Probably to avoid an area of heavier turbulence, about which they were aware, the crew deviated from the flightpath. The A330 nevertheless encountered turbulence and the crew chose to slow the aircraft from Mach 0.82 to Mach 0.8. This is normal practice when penetrating storm clouds, in order to prevent the aircraft's speed from slipping outside of design limits in rough air.

 

02:10:05

The autopilot then auto-thrust disengaged and the PF said "I have the controls".

Investigators have not confirmed why the autopilot and autothrust disengaged, although this is a normal response of the A330 if its computers detect inconsistency in the airspeed data received from the pitot tubes on the nose.

The airplane began to roll to the right and the PF made a left nose-up input. The stall warning sounded twice in a row.

While the pilot appears to have rolled the aircraft to the left, to counter a roll to the right, he also pulled the aircraft's nose upwards - for reasons yet to be explained. This would have put the A330 into a climb, but the aircraft already had little flexibility to climb higher, because of the temperature, and the slower speed would have further reduced the lift available from the wings. The stall warning was the first indication that the A330 was struggling to maintain lift.

The recorded parameters show a sharp fall from about 275 kt to 60 kt in the speed displayed on the left primary flight display (PFD), then a few moments later in the speed displayed on the integrated standby instrument system (ISIS).

On the captain's side of the aircraft - his seat occupied by a relief pilot - the airspeed on the cockpit display suddenly appeared to fall. This also occurred to the backup, or standby, display. These readings did not necessarily mean the aircraft had actually slowed to 60kt; the displays are fed information from the pitot tubes on the nose, and a blockage in the tubes - from ice, for example - could have generated useless data in the airspeed computers.

 

02:10:16

The PNF said "so, we've lost the speeds" then "alternate law [...]".

The non-flying pilot realises that the airspeed information is unreliable and that the aircraft has switched, as designed, to following less rigid flight control laws. Critically these laws no longer automatically protect the aircraft from reaching high angles of attack, at which it risks stalling.

The airplane's pitch attitude increased progressively beyond 10 degrees and the plane started to climb. The PF made nose-down control inputs and alternately left and right roll inputs. The vertical speed, which had reached 7,000 ft/min, dropped to 700 ft/min and the roll varied between 12 degrees right and 10 degrees left. The speed displayed on the left side increased sharply to 215 kt (Mach 0.68). The airplane was then at an altitude of about 37,500 ft and the recorded angle of attack was around 4 degrees.

Positioned increasingly nose-up, the A330 climbs rapidly by 2,500ft - the investigators have not clarified whether the climb was intentional - but the pilot then reduces the climb by pushing the control sidestick nose-down.

The captain's displayed airspeed suddenly leaps to 215kt. It is unclear whether this figure is reliable; if it is, the aircraft has slowed dramatically.

 

02:10:50

The PNF tried several times to call the Captain back.

The non-flying pilot appears to consider the situation serious enough to warrant recalling the captain.

 

02:10:51

The stall warning was triggered again. The thrust levers were positioned in the TO/GA detent and the PF maintained nose-up inputs. The recorded angle of attack, of around 6 degrees at the triggering of the stall warning, continued to increase.

The A330's angle of attack is too high, and the aircraft is losing the battle to sustain lift, as demonstrated by the stall alarm, yet the pilot is still keeping the nose pointing upwards - in apparent contradiction to a basic principle of flight: escaping a stall requires the nose to be pushed down, in order to regain a smooth, fast airflow over the wings.

Even though the crew pushes the engines to full power, the high altitude probably renders this ineffective. The resulting thrust is still not enough for the heavy aircraft to generate enough lift in the thinner air.

At the time Air France's procedures for an A330 stall alarm required pilots to increase thrust immediately, to take-off/go-around power, and reduce pitch attitude. Airbus and other airframers have since drawn up different procedures to prioritise reducing angle of attack rather than powering out of a stall.

The trimmable horizontal stabilizer (THS) passed from 3 to 13 degrees nose-up in about 1 minute and remained in the latter position until the end of the flight. Around fifteen seconds later, the speed displayed on the ISIS increased sharply towards 185 kt; it was then consistent with the other recorded speed. The PF continued to make nose-up inputs. The airplane's altitude reached its maximum of about 38,000 ft, its pitch attitude and angle of attack being 16 degrees.

The aircraft automatically trims itself to correspond with the nose-up attitude. In the meantime the standby airspeed indicator's reading suddenly rises, bringing it into line with the reading on the captain's display; the two speeds have been inconsistent for less than a minute.

Despite the stall condition the flying pilot still holds the nose of the aircraft upwards.

 

02:11:40

The Captain re-entered the cockpit. During the following seconds, all of the recorded speeds became invalid and the stall warning stopped.

The altitude was then about 35,000 ft, the angle of attack exceeded 40 degrees and the vertical speed was about -10,000 ft/min. The airplane's pitch attitude did not exceed 15 degrees and the engines' N1's were close to 100%. The airplane was subject to roll oscillations that sometimes reached 40 degrees. The PF made an input on the sidestick to the left and nose-up stops, which lasted about 30 seconds.

All of its lift having been sapped, the aircraft virtually free-falls from its peak altitude of 38,000ft. With its nose still pitched up, and the pilot still giving nose-up commands, it drops at 180km/h on a steep trajectory downwards. Although the A330's engines are operating at high power, the stall attitude prevents restoration of smooth airflow over the wings. The stall warning had only stopped because the system ignored the extreme readings being generated by the aircraft's predicament.

 

02:12:02

The PF said "I don't have any more indications", and the PNF said "we have no valid indications". At that moment, the thrust levers were in the IDLE detent and the engines' N1's were at 55%. Around fifteen seconds later, the PF made pitch-down inputs. In the following moments, the angle of attack decreased, the speeds became valid again and the stall warning sounded again.

At this point, shortly after the captain re-entered the cockpit, comes the first indication of an attempt to unstall the aircraft, as the pilot starts pushing the nose down. The engines are throttled back to idle power, possibly to aid the rescue by reducing the tendency for thrust at lower altitude to pitch the aircraft up. The decrease in angle of attack and the return of valid speeds - which in turn bring back the stall warning - suggest the beginning of a recovery.

 

02:13:32

The PF said "we're going to arrive at level one hundred". About fifteen seconds later, simultaneous inputs by both pilots on the sidesticks were recorded and the PF said "go ahead you have the controls". The angle of attack, when it was valid, always remained above 35 degrees.

The A330 descends towards 10,000ft. The pilot surrenders control to another member of the crew - not necessarily the captain - but the angle of attack is still excessive and the aircraft is still falling rapidly.

 

02:14:28

AF447 runs out of altitude and time. Having failed to recover from the stall, it pancakes onto the ocean surface at 200km/h and disintegrates.

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10 Comments
 By Nik
on June 1, 2011 9:39 AM | Reply 
We now have to learn from this accident.

Misjudged situation caused other crash such as probe icing on take off that led to an indicated airspeed rising rapidly and the crew failing to recognise the discrepancy of the indicator pulled the plane to stall. This accident is used for icing danger awareness training.

The issue are for the airline training: 

- Why a fully trained crew failed to understand the stalled situation and how to prepare crews to face abnormal attitude with partial instrument panel at high altitude.

- Could any additional technical solution (incidence indicator) have helped the crew?

And issue for the manufacturer:

- Did the PNF see what the PF stick inputs were (I doubt it)? Is sidestick without feedback a relevant option for future aircraft?

Finally and above anything to my point of view:

There have been similar airspeed indication incident on the same type in other company within the preceding few months and every time the crew reported difficulty to maintain flightpath. Did the manufacturer give adequate feedback to airlines, and if so, did the airlines take any action to inform the crew so they can get prepared with this kind of situation ahead (that's finally the main purpose of the pilot job: get prepared for dramatic situation that will certainly never happen).

 By Anton Beeckman
on June 3, 2011 5:52 PM | Reply 
The BEA report, released on May 27 2011, states: “The trimmable
horizontal stabilizer (THS) passed from 3 to 13 degrees nose-up in about 1 minute and
remained in the latter position until the end of the flight.” 

With regard to these THS data, can you answer the following questions:

1. Is it correct that this would always happen automatically, or are there factors not mentioned, that would imply the THS was set manually?

2. If the THS setting did happen automatically, was the pilot’s manual nose-up stick input, the only factor leading to the (nose-up) auto-trim action? Or, put differently: were there no other factors to be taken into account with regard to the THS position ?

3. Suppose the THS got stuck (not necessarily mechanically speaking, but rather “software-stuck”) in the nose-up 13 deg. position, what chances would the crew have had, if they had pushed the sticks in the full nose-down position ? In other words, if the aircraft found itself in a fully stalled position, would it have been possible to recover from the stall, with a THS in a 13 deg nose-up position ?

Thanks in advance for your answers.

 By David Kaminski-Morrow
on June 3, 2011 7:09 PM | Reply 
1. Is it correct that this would always happen automatically, or are there factors not mentioned, that would imply the THS was set manually?

While there is no formal confirmation over the THS behaviour, auto-trim would have been functioning and manual trim is rare. Probability overwhelmingly favours a scenario in which the auto-trim brought the THS into the 13deg position automatically - in the same way that there was a full-up auto-trim of the THS in the Perpignan A320 accident on 27 Nov 2008:

http://www.bea.aero/docspa/2008/d-la081127.en/pdf/d-la081127.en.pdf

It's worth reading this report to see the similarities - and differences - to AF447. Manual trim is hardly ever required and there is no indication that the THS was trimmed manually.

2. If the THS setting did happen automatically, was the pilot’s manual nose-up stick input, the only factor leading to the (nose-up) auto-trim action? Or, put differently: were there no other factors to be taken into account with regard to the THS position ?

My understanding is that the auto-trim responds to the pilot's pitch input.

3. Suppose the THS got stuck (not necessarily mechanically speaking, but rather “software-stuck”) in the nose-up 13 deg. position, what chances would the crew have had, if they had pushed the sticks in the full nose-down position ? In other words, if the aircraft found itself in a fully stalled position, would it have been possible to recover from the stall, with a THS in a 13 deg nose-up position ?

Again, I'd refer you to the Perpignan A320 crash analysis by the BEA. The THS in that case would have responded if the elevators had been driven past their neutral position - but that did not happen.

"The nose down commands applied by the Captain on the sidestick brought the elevators, due to the load factor, to the neutral position, without however pushing them to the stops. Consequently, the trimmable stabilizer did not move even though the flight control law was normal." (p49)

"The elevators must go beyond the neutral position before the auto trim function adjusts the position of the stabilizer." (p49)


 By Alex Erochenko
on June 4, 2011 2:21 AM | Reply 
First of all, blessings for all lives lost in that tragic accident. I can immagine those 4 minutes seemed like 4 hours for the pilots.

It is evident that they had a clear case of "unreliable airspeed" and followed by a stall down to the ocean. You have to do extensive reseach to judge in the right manner what happened, everything indicates that the pilots did not recognize in time what went on in order to apply immediately the Unreliable Airspeed procedure which at that altitude and heavy G weight does not leave room for error plus if you add turbulence to it (report says had none).

THS operates automatically on the 'bus, you pull back on the sidestick and there it trims to attain the new attitude since this is automatic.

The fly-by-wire protections were lost, so the case is the plane can trim itself to the stall if you keep putting back presure.

Anyways, what it really suspicious to me is that all 3 ADR (air data ref) units failed to give the right indications the pitot heaters work with 110V heating elements that heat-up the probes to the point in which the metal color turns kind of violet showing how hot they can get at altitude.

So, ice on all the probes... impossible you have like 4 different ones: 1 for ADR#1, 1 for ADR#2, 1 for ADR#3, the last one for the ISIS (Standby attitude indicator altimeter & airspeed) one sistem could eventually fail.

All 4, hard to believe.. by the way.. all of these systems are digitally controlled the only old fashioned one is the ISIS, I believe (mechanical, like normal airspeed indicator in a small plane).

There have been cases in which a similar situation happened and pressing the "probe-window heat button" saved the day.

Probe window heat is automatic, you never mess with that button unless the window and pitots are iced up on a cold morning, first flight of the day...

Otherwise, when the PF sets the throttles to TOGA or FLEX for takeoff the electrical anti-icing kicks on for the remainder of the flight. So, this system was automatically turned on but for some strange reason many times when you have strange speed indication, if you turn this one switch to 'on' it tells something to the computers controlling the anti-ice for the probes and window that normalizes airpeed indications (even though they are already being heated from takeoff).

I am not trying to say that I know what happened, this is just an input from exprience of other pilots have had.
I strongly believe the onboard computers threw something that was not really happening, the system believed it and that's why the autopilot renders the plane to the pilots.

 By Anton Beeckman
on June 4, 2011 8:24 AM | Reply 
Many thanks for your clear answers !

 By AirBoss
on June 15, 2011 2:56 AM | Reply 
What was the Centre of Gravity (% MAC) at time of the incident, was the tail trim tank in use, and was there any attempt to pump it dry and in so doing move the C of G forward?

 By David Kaminski-Morrow
on June 15, 2011 9:56 AM | Reply 
There has been no final figure on the centre of gravity.

But the interim report into the accident gave a balance of 23.3% of the MAC, for a forward limit of 22.7% and an aft limit of 36.2% at take-off.

After take-off the fuel control system automatically adjusts the centre of gravity using the trim tank - there has been no suggestion that this did not occur on AF447.

Investigators have previously estimated that, shortly before the accident, the balance would have been 37.3-37.8%, which was "within the limits of the operating envelope".

There has been no indication of any abnormal action involving pumping fuel from the trim tank.

 AirBoss replied to David Kaminski-Morrow
on June 15, 2011 12:52 PM | Reply 
Thanks, David. 38% MAC being the limit, that's close, if "within the limits...". 

 By H. Bennett
on June 17, 2011 10:17 PM | Reply 
With the wing stalled, and the tailplane at +13 degrees relative to datum, would it not be even more deeply stalled, and the elevator completely ineffective? The classic condition for a "deep stall" (tailplane within "shadow" of stalled wing) perhaps need not necessarily be present for an irrecoverable situation to exist. Or am I just hopelessly out of date?

 By Private Pilot
on June 20, 2011 3:01 AM | Reply 
The initial crash report draws no conclusions, but it's fairly clear that pilot error was a fundamental cause, due to improper reaction to the stall warning horn. The pilot pulled the nose up repeatedly and according to the report, maintained the nose up attitude (due to control inputs) for the entire 4 minute duration of the rapid descent.

This sounds like the same pilot error that was made by the Continental Connection pilot landing in Buffalo .... he overpowered the stick shaker to pull the nose up when the stall warning sounded, causing an aggravated stall at just 1,000 feet. 

It's hard to believe that 3 experienced pilots could make such a basic mistake and not correct it over a 4 minute period, yet that's what the report implies.


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   --->
**The last two numbers of the all codes, not shown, are "06" and refer to warnings or failures that occurred above 800ft MSL. The WN########## and FLR########## date and time stamps were removed as the times are given by the satellite that received the transmission from F-GZCP.  <sup>2</sup><small>''The messages were at least five or six seconds apart, which can be explained by the limited rate of communication by satellite.''</small>  <sup>3</sup><small>''Note: A position report message (AOC type) was received at 2 h 10 min 34 s, between two maintenance messages''.</small> <sup>4</sup><small>According to BEA the message is not fully explained.</small> <sup>5</sup><small>''There are two possible reasons for the longer gaps: either the aircraft did not have any messages to transmit, or it no longer had the means for doing so (loss of satellite communication performance, for example).''</small>. <sup>6</sup><small>Italicised text are quotes from the 07-02-2009 BEA Interim report.</small><ref name="07-02-2009 BEA Report"/> <sup>7</sup><small>The ''gap observed between the message sent at 2 h 13 min 14 s and the one sent at 2 h 13 min 45 s is due, at least in part, to a temporary interruption in the communication link between the aircraft and the satellite''</small>





{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" width=60% style="background: #fffaef; border: 1px dotted gray;"
|-
!style="background:#ffdead;" colspan = 5 |ACARS Messages during final 4 minutes of flight. 
|-align = center | 
| Time (UTC) || Code<sup>1</sup> ||style="width:120px" | Message || Source and/or Meaning<ref name="07-02-2009 BEA Report"/> || align = center |Δt</br>sec 
|-
| align = center | 2:10:10 || align = center | 2210 020 || <small>AUTO FLT AP OFF</small> || Autoflight system - autopilot spontaneously shut off || align = center | 0
|-
| align = center | 2:10:16 || align = center | 2262 010 ||<small>AUTO FLT REAC W/S DET FAULT</small> || Autoflight system - ''unavailability of the reaction to wind shear detection function''<sup>6</sup> || align = center |-
|-
| align = center | 2:10:23 || align = center |  2791 005 ||<small>F/CTL ALTN LAW</small> || Flight control - ''switching'' [from normal law]'' to alternate flight control law.'' || align = center | -
|-
| align = center | 2:10:29 <br/><br/>2:10:41 || align = center |  2283 002 <br/><br/> 2283 012 ||<small>FLAG ON CAPT PFD SPD LIMIT <br/><br/> FLAG ON F/O PFD SPD LIMIT</small> || ''Disappearance of the display of the characteristic speeds (in particular VLS'' [low speed limit] ''and green dot ''[most economical speed]'') on the Captain and First Officer ''[primary flight displays]'' PFDs, with display of the SPD LIM flag at the bottom of the speed scales.'' ''This message indicates the unavailability of the ''[flight management and guidance envelope computer]'' FMGEC’s characteristic speed calculation function.'' || align = center |-<sup>3</sup>
|-
| align = center | 2:10:34 || align = center Colspan = 2| <small>#0210/+2.98-30.59</small> || At 2:10 the the geographic coordinates of F=GZCP was N2.98 W30.59 || align = center |-<sup>3</sup>  
|-
| align = center | 2:10:47 || align = center | 2230 025 || <small>AUTO FLT A/THR OFF</small> || Autoflight system - autothrust spontaneously shut off || align = center |-
|-
| align = center | 2:10:54 || align = center | 3443 005 || <small>NAV TCAS FAULT</small> || Navigation system - ''indicates that the ''[Terrain crash avoidance system]'' TCAS is inoperative.''<sup>4</sup>|| align = center | -
|-
| align = center | 2:11:00 <br/><br/>2:11:15 || align = center | 2283 001 <br/><br/> 2283 011 || <small>FLAG ON CAPT PFD FD <br/><br/> FLAG ON F/O PFD FD</small> || ''Disappearance of the Flight Director on the PFDs, Captain and First Officer sides, and display of the red FD flag'' || align = center | -<sup>5</sup>
|-
| align = center | 2:11:21 || align = center | 2723 020 || <small>F/CTL RUD TRV LIM FAULT</small>  || ..''unavailability of the rudder deflection limitation calculation function. The limitation value remains frozen at the current value at the time of the failure.'' || align = center |-
|-style="background:#fffabf"
| align = center | 2:11:49 || align = center | 3411 15* || <small>EFCS2 1, EFCS1, AFS... PROBE-PITOT 1X2 / 2X3 / 1X3 (9DA), HARD</small> || ..''transmitted by the FCDC2 (EFCS2), means that the FCPCs (or PRIMs) triggered one of the speed monitoring processes: they have detected a decrease of more than 30 kt in one second of the “polled” speed value. The three ADRs were considered valid by the EFCS2 at the time the monitoring was triggered, because the prior rejection of an ADR would have generated a class 2 fault message and there would therefore have been an asterisk in front of the source. In this case, the “polled” value is the median value.'' Flight control systems are now operating under 'alterate law 2'. || align = center | 99
|-style="background:#fffabf"
| align = center | 2:11:55 || align = center | 2793 34* || <small>EFCS1 X2, EFCS2X... FCPC2 (2CE2)/ WRG:ADIRU1 BUS ADR1-2 TO FCPC2,HARD</small> || Source:Captain's Electronic Flight Control System (EFCS 1). ''indicates that'' [First Officer's flight control primary computer] ''FCPC 2 no longer considers as valid the information that is delivered to it by [[ADR]] 1 (via bus 2).''<sup>4</sup>  || align = center | -
|-
|align = center | 2:12:10<br/><br/>2:12:16 || align = center | 3412 001<br/><br/>3412 011  || <small>FLAG ON CAPT PFD FPV<br/><br/>FLAG ON F/O PFD FPV</small> || ''Disappearance of the FPV (bird) on the PFDs, Captain and First Officer sides, and display of the red FPV flag.''|| align = center | -<sup>5</sup>
|-
| align = center | 2:12:51 || align = center | 3410 400 ||<small>NAV ADR DISAGREE</small> || ''the EFCSs have rejected an ADR, and then identified an inconsistency between the two remaining ADRs on one of the monitored parameters.'' || align = center | 161 
|-style="background:#fffabf"
| align = center | 2:13:08 || align = center | 3422 00* ||<small>ISIS 1... ISIS(22FN - 10FC) SPEED OR MACH FUNCTION</small> || Source: integrated standby information system (ISIS). ''internal failure at the level of the CAS or Mach elaboration function'' or ''CAS or Mach values that are outside certain limits.''|| align = center | 178 
|-style="background:#fffabf"
| align = center | 2:13:14 || align = center | 3412 34* ||<small>IR2 1, EFCS1X, IR1, IR3... ADIRU2</small> || Source: inertia reference 2 (A component of the First Officer's ADIRU).<sup>4</sup> || align = center | -
|- 
|align = center | 2:13:45 || align = center | 2790 025 ||<small>F/CTL PRIM 1 FAULT</small> || Flight control - ''This message indicates that  FCPC1 (PRIM 1) has stopped functioning. This shutdown could be the result of a command or of a failure.'' || align = center | 215<sup>7</sup>
|- 
|align = center | 2:13:51 || align = center | 2790 004 ||<small>F/CTL SEC 1 FAULT</small> || Flight control - ''This message indicates that'' [Captain's flight control secondary computer] ''FCSC1 (SEC 1) has stopped functioning. This shutdown could be the result of a command or of a failure.'' || align = center |  -
|- 
|align = center | 2:14:14 || align = center | 3410 360 ||<small>MAINTENANCE STATUS ADR 2</small> || Source: First officer's Air data reference which is part of [[ADIRU]]-2 || align = center |  244
|-style="background:#fffabf" 
|align = center | 2:14:20 || align = center | 2283 34* ||<small>AFS 1... FMGEC1(1CA1), INTERMITTENT</small> || Autoflight system - an intermittent fault in the captain's flight manangement guidance envelope computer, occurs for less than 2.5 seconds.<sup>4</sup> || align = center |  - 
|- 
|align = center | 2:14:26 || align = center | 2231 002 ||<small>ADVISORY CABIN VERTICAL SPEED</small> || Cabin Airhandling system - ''Flashing of the cabin vertical speed indicator on the SD’s PRESS page.'' ..'' indicates a cabin altitude variation greater, as an absolute value, than 1,800 ft/min for five seconds.'' || align = center |  -
|-style="background:#fffabf"
|colspan = 5  |*Failures appear on gold background 
|- 
|colspan = 5 |<sup>1</sup><small>The last two numbers of the all codes, not shown, are "06" and refer to warnings or failures that occurred above 800ft MSL. The WN########## and FLR########## date and time stamps were removed as the times are given by the satellite that received the transmission from F-GZCP</small>.  <sup>2</sup><small>''The messages were at least five or six seconds apart, which can be explained by the limited rate of communication by satellite.''</small>  <sup>3</sup><small>''Note: A position report message (AOC type) was received at 2 h 10 min 34 s, between two maintenance messages''.</small> <sup>4</sup><small>According to BEA the message is not fully explained.</small> <sup>5</sup><small>''There are two possible reasons for the longer gaps: either the aircraft did not have any messages to transmit, or it no longer had the means for doing so (loss of satellite communication performance, for example).''</small>. <sup>6</sup><small>Italicised text are quotes from the 07-02-2009 BEA Interim report.</small><ref name="07-02-2009 BEA Report"/> <sup>7</sup><small>The ''gap observed between the message sent at 2 h 13 min 14 s and the one sent at 2 h 13 min 45 s is due, at least in part, to a temporary interruption in the communication link between the aircraft and the satellite''</small>
|}

==AF447 - meshing BEA timeline and ACARS together==
Let me clarify my comments on AF447 talk page. I dont think the two should be meshed together. The FDRs and FVRs should not be meshed together either. The reason is that the ACARS in reporting errors in both the sensor and ADIRU system at the basal level of computational systems of the AC. The data on the FDR is often  unreliable as a result. There are several sources of data, some data that was obtained from the external ports (e.g. pitots) is unreliable. The BEA reports gives us information that the aircraft could not distinquish a true stall situation (AOA too high) relative to false stall. The pilots statements are reliable indicators of the state of aircraft. There are several perplexing statements in that report. With alternate law and direct law the copilot dialed that trim elevation to the maximum setting and continued the pull back the aircraft (this would have changed the horizontal G-forces substantially).

ACARS is reporting, not the direction of the error, but that something unexpected happened that needed to be looked into later. Some of these were equipment failures if not temporary under the environment that they were subjected. The data recorder is not actively filtering out bad data, but the pilots are seeing both good and bad data. At a couple of points they remark they have lost all indicators, and we should take that as they say it, the altimeter may have been reported properly on the recorder (i dont know if this is GPS or altimeter data), but the pilots may have been seeing something else. The pilots actions are not in accord with the flight data, they appear to be responding do a different set of circumstance of which we are not aware of. Indicators of this are the fact that the aircraft is trimmed to max (can only occur under direct law), and the stick is constantly being nosed-up, even when downsticking cause the stall horn, indicating that pilots were trying to intentionally dissipating alot of kinetic and thermodynamic energy in the aircraft manually, to do a belly flop on the atlantic. Either they were completely unaware of the deceleration and loss of altitude, as the report superficially suggests or something else, unreported, had happened to the aircraft. The critical thing is that if we take the BEA FDR at face value the aircraft slowed from 540 MPH to 120 MPH in approximately 40 seconds that is a 0.45 g horizontal deceleration that would not be missed by the pilots unless something else explains this. Thus the deceleration was either intentional or the speed data was never accurate until close to hitting the atlantic. As for the altimeter data, I don't know if the BEA is reporting GPS or pressure altimetry. They do report a GS close to the ground, but  IAS = GS at sea level and 0 winds, whereas GPS AS (GS) is GS at all
levels.

The most important thing that will be confusing to the reader, it appears and is interpreted by the BEA that the aircraft is in a permanent stall (from 38,000 feet to the point it crashed); however the stall horn only sounds occasionally. It appears to be the case because the stall indicator is dependent on a minimum IAS of 60 knts, and at a AOA of 40 degrees, even with unblocked pitot tubes the AC was incapable or producing a consistent stall signal. Thus multiple interpretive signals are not reporting accurately to the FDR.

Personally I would not put alot into a comprehensive table until the BEA can reconcile the ACARS, VDR, FDR and pilot actions.[[User:Pdeitiker|PB666]]&nbsp;[[User_talk:Pdeitiker#References|<sup>yap</sup>]] 01:14, 24 June 2011 (UTC)

== In prog ==

<!---[[Babi Dynasty  ]]
* Baba
I
Jabril-b-Mirjai
I
Yahya Khan
I
Usman Khan
I
Ismail Khan
I
Abdul Rahimat Khan
I
Mir Khan
I
Karim Khan
I
Adil Khan
I
Usman Khan 
I
Bahadur Khanji Babi
(with whom we treat)

Bahadur Khanji Babi, son of Usman Khan, a native of Afghanistan, who migrated to India and entered the Mughal service and received the hereditary title of Babi (confidential) in 1554 from Emperor Humayun, for services against the Rana of Chittor. Appointed to an Imperial mansab of 800 zat and 350 sowar by Emperor Shah Jahan before 1637, prom. to 500 sowar before 1647, Thanadar of Tharad 1630. He d. 1654, having had issue, six sons

*The Babi dynasty was founded in 1735 by Muhammed Sher Khan Babi (ruled 1748–1758). Nawabs of this dynasty went on to rule over Junagadh in modern Gujarat, from the 18th century until Indian independence in 1947.

The Babi are a clan of the Yusufzai tribe of Pashtuns,[1] descended specifically from the tribe's Usmankhel sept. They entered India from Afghanistan under the leadership of Usman Khan Babi, a follower of the Mughal emperor Humayun. Usman's son, Sher Khan Babi, arrived in Kathiawar in the train of Prince Murad Baksh, the Imperial Viceroy.[2]

His descendants ruled over the princely states of Radhanpur and Balasinor, and the small states of Bantva, Manavadar and Sardargarh.

[http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150173465648213 facebook page on this topic]

The Balasinor family is a junior branch of the Babi dynasty of Junagadh. Balasinor was separated from the other family domains by Nawab Bahadur Khanji I of Junagadh in 1748, for his younger son Sardar Muhammad Khan, and willed to him at his death in 1758
1758 - 17.. Muhammad Khanji Bahadur Khanji
17.. - .... Jamiyat Khanji Muhammad Khanji
.... - 1820 Salabat Khanji Jamiyat Khanji 
1820 - 1822 Abid Khanji
1822 - 1831 Jalal Khanji (Edal Khanji) 
1831 - 1882 Zorawar Khanji 
1831 - 1841 Shri Yamuna Bibi Sahiba (f) -Regent
1882 - 1899 Munawar Khanji Zorawar Khanji 
1899 - 1945 Jamiyat Khanji Munawar KhanjI
1899 - 1915 .... -Regent
1945 - 1947 Muhammad Salabat Khan II
1945 - 1947 .... -Regent
--->

== Scratch Pads ==
* Digvijaysinhji Polish links:


<!---360 User talk:Patelurology2 568523 20121220042603 [[User:Tim.landscheidt/Sandbox/Long pages]] > 140,000 bytes   --->



<!---In progress as seen on User:Finlayson*[[/F-XX fighter]] - Text for F-15, F-4, etc
*[[/helos]] - Text for various helicopter articles
*[[/Sikorsky S-xx]] - Text for some Sikorsky helo articles

*[[/Su-XX]] - Text for Su-35, MiG-29, Mi-28, Ka-50/52, An-112KC
*[[/CH-xx]] - Text for CH-47, CH-53, Joint Heavy Lift/Joint Future Theater Lift program(s)--->
Nine plants had considerable evidence of therapeutic effect, viz:see in edit mode
<!---  
* Nine plants had considerable evidence of therapeutic effect, viz.,[[ A. officinalis]], [[Calendula officinalis]],[[Centella asiatica]],[[Echinacea purpurea]],[[ Passiflora incarnata]], [[Punica granatum]], [[Vaccinium macrocarpon]], [[Vaccinium myrtillus]], [[Valeriana officinalis]].

* Of these, PCTs other than oleanolic and ursolic acid that have received considerable attention are boswellic acid (from [[frankincense]], the resin of [[Boswellia serrata]]);[[ Commelina communis ]]?>[http://www.treatingglioblastoma.com/supplements/asiatic_acid.htm  ]  [[asiatic acid]][http://www.wikigenes.org/e/chem/e/119034.html ] (from [[gotu kola]], the aerial part of [[Centella asiatica]], and [[betulinic acid ]](from [[birch]] trees, the bark of [[Betula]] spp.). Their pharmacology is similar to that of oleanolic and ursolic acid. For example, all are being investigated for anti-inflammatory and potential anticancer effects. 


[[Boswellic acid]]
SOURCES OF [[Oleanolic acid ]]AND[[ Ursolic acid]]
Chinese natural products manufacturers are now making high concentrations of oleanolic acid and ursolic acid for formulation in various internal and topical remedies. The technical extracts contain from 25% to 99% pure compound. By contrast, standard herb extracts (e.g., hot water extracts) have up to 2.0-2.5% of ursolic or oleanolic acid (commonly obtained from holy basil, Ocimum sanctum, a common ingredient in Ayurvedic formulas). Plants rich in ursolic acid include [[Salvia fruticosa | Greek sage  ]] ,[[oleander]], [[rosemary]], [[lavender]], and [[thyme]] (each having at least 1% ursolic acid in the leaf or whole plant
--->
*Ayurveda
<!--- Herbal Cystone Ingredients: Each Herbal Cystone tablet contains – 
Exts. Shilapuspha (Didymocarpus pedicellata)                               130mg 
         Pasanabheda (Saxifraga ligulata Syn. Bergenia ligulata / ciliata)  8mg
         Manjishtha (Rubia cordifolia)                                               32mg 
         Nagarmusta (Cyperus scariosus)                                          32mg 
         Apamarga (Achyranthes aspera)                                          32mg 
         Gojiha (Onosma bracteatum)                                               32mg
         Sahadevi (Vernonia cinerea)                                                32mg
Pdrs.  Shilajeet (Purified)                                                             26mg
         Hajrul yahood bhasma                                                         32mg

Herbal Cystone Tablets Usage: Herbal Cystone tablets are useful when the following symptoms are displayed:
1.      Urolithiasis:
·   Oxalate stones
·   Phosphate stones
·   Uric acid and urate stones
·   Crystalluria
·   Prevents post-operative recurrence of stones
·   Mixed crystals - glycolic acids

2.      As an adjuvant in:
·   Urinary tract infections
·   Urinary tract infections during pregnancy
·   Non-specific urethritis
·   Cystitis, pyelitis
·   Burning micturition
·   Gout and hyperuricemia

3.      Urinary incontinence in women
4.      Sialolithiasis
  --->
[[Shilapuspha]] ([[Didymocarpus pedicellata]])                              
[[Pasanabheda]] ([[Saxifraga ligulata]] Syn. [[Bergenia ligulata]] / [[Bergenia ciliata)]] 
[[Manjishtha]] ([[Rubia cordifolia]])                                          
[[Nagarmusta]] ([[Cyperus scariosus]])                                        
[[Apamarga]] ([[Achyranthes aspera]])                               
[[Gojiha]] ([[Onosma bracteatum]])                                               
[[Sahadevi]] ([[Vernonia cinerea]])                                                
Pdrs.[[Shilajeet]] (Purified)                                                             
[[Hajrul yahood bhasma]]                                                         

--->

mcolors: <!--- |colours = {{color box|red}}   {{color box|yellow}}   {{color box|blue}}   {{color box|white}}   {{color box|green}}
  --->
**************
{| style="margin: 1em auto; text-align: center"
|-
| style="width:14em" | [[Red]]
| style="width: 4em" | [[Orange (colour)|Orange]]
| style="width: 4em" | [[Yellow]]
| style="width: 4em" | [[Green]]
| style="width: 4em" | [[Blue]]
| style="width: 4em" | [[Indigo]]
| style="width: 4em" | [[Violet (colour)|Violet]]
|-
| {{color box|#ff0000}}
| {{color box|#ff8000}}
| {{color box|#ffff00}}
| {{color box|#008000}}
| {{color box|#0000ff}}
| {{color box|#4B0082}}
| {{color box|#9400D3}}
|-
| colspan="7" | ''The seven main colours''
|}

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_colors
{| style="margin: 1em auto; text-align: center"
|-
| style="width: 14em" | [[Red]]
| style="width: 4em" | [[Orange (colour)|Orange]]
| style="width: 4em" | [[Yellow]]
| style="width: 4em" | [[Green]]
| style="width: 4em" | [[Blue]]
| style="width: 4em" | [[Indigo]]
| style="width: 4em" | [[Violet (colour)|Violet]]
|-
| {{color box|#ff0000}}
| {{color box|#ff8000}}
| {{color box|#ffff00}}
| {{color box|#008000}}
| {{color box|#0000ff}}
| {{color box|#4B0082}}
| {{color box|#9400D3}}
|-
| colspan="7" | ''The seven main colours''
|}
use table system for badges:see in edit mode

<!---
==Dietary sources of Vit E== use table system for badges
:{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="2"| mg/(100&nbsp;g)<br /><ref group=note>{{cite web |url=http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/search/ |title=USDA Nutrient Data Laboratory}} In notes 2–11, USDA NDL Release 24 numbers are given as mg/(100&nbsp;g). Low and high values vary some by raw versus cooked and by variety.</ref> || rowspan="2"|Some foods with vitamin E content<ref name=sheet/>
|-
! low||high
|-
| colspan=2|150 ||align=left | [[Wheat germ oil]]
|-
| colspan=2| 41||align=left | [[Sunflower oil]]
|-
| colspan=2|34||align=left |  [[Safflower]] oil
|-
| 15||26||align=left |  Nuts and nut oils, such as [[almond]]s and [[hazelnut]]s<ref group=note>26 almonds, 15 hazelnuts</ref>
|-
| colspan=2|15||align=left |  [[Palm oil]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Wolfram Alpha|url=http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=palm+oil+100ml|publisher=http://www.wolframalpha.com}}</ref>
|-
| 1.5||3.4||align=left |  High-value green, leafy vegetables: [[spinach]], [[turnip]], [[beet]] greens, [[collard]] greens, and [[dandelion#Culinary use|dandelion]] greens<ref group=note>Spinach (2.0 raw, 2.1 cooked), turnip (2.9 raw, 1.9 cooked), beet (1.5 raw, 1.8 cooked), collard (2.3 raw, 0.88 cooked), and dandelion greens (3.4 raw, 2.4 cooked)</ref>
|-
| colspan=2|2.1||align=left |  [[Avocados]]
|-
| 1.1||1.5||align=left |  [[Asparagus]]<ref group=note>1.1 raw, 1.5 cooked</ref>
|-
| colspan=2|1.5||align=left |  [[Kiwifruit]] (green)
|-
| 0.78||1.5||align=left |  [[Broccoli]]<ref group=note>0.78 raw, 1.5 cooked</ref>
|-
| 0.8||1||align=left |  Pumpkin<ref group=note>1. raw, 0.8 cooked</ref>
|-
| 0.26||0.94||align=left |  [[Sweet potato]]<ref group=note>0.26 raw, 0.94 boiled</ref><ref group=note>0.94 mg/(100&nbsp;g) corresponds to 1.6&nbsp;kg of boiled sweet potatoes per day of the recommended intake for adults. The desired amount of vitamin E ÷ food's E value = amount of food.  Thus, (15 (mg/day))÷((0.94 mg)/(100 g)) = (15 (<strike>mg</strike>/day))*((100 g)/(0.94 <strike>mg</strike>)) = (15*100 g)/(0.94 day) ≈ 1596 g/day ≈ 1.6&nbsp;kg/day.{{or|date=December 2011}}</ref>
|-
|  colspan=2 |0.9||align=left |  [[Mangoes]]
|-
| 0.54||0.56||align=left |  Tomatoes<ref group=note>0.54 raw, 0.56 cooked</ref>
|-
| 0.36||0.44||align=left |  [[Sebastidae|Rockfish]]<ref group=note>0.36 raw, 0.44 cooked</ref>
|-
| colspan=2 |0.3||align=left |  [[Papayas]]
|-
| 0.13||0.22||align=left |  Low-value green, leafy vegetables: lettuce<ref group=note>Lettuce (0.18 iceburg, 0.22 green leaf, 0.13 romaine, 0.15 red leaf, 0.18 butterhead)</ref>
|}
--->
<!---
*****
:{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="2"| mg/(100&nbsp;g)<br /><ref group=note>{{cite web |url=http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/search/ |title=USDA Nutrient Data Laboratory}} In notes 2–11, USDA NDL Release 24 numbers are given as mg/(100&nbsp;g). Low and high values vary some by raw versus cooked and by variety.</ref> || rowspan="2"|Some foods with vitamin E content<ref name=sheet/>
|-
! low||high
|-
| colspan=2|150 ||align=left | [[Wheat germ oil]]
|-
| colspan=2| 41||align=left | [[Sunflower oil]]
|-
| colspan=2|34||align=left |  [[Safflower]] oil
|-
| 15||26||align=left |  Nuts and nut oils, such as [[almond]]s and [[hazelnut]]s<ref group=note>26 almonds, 15 hazelnuts</ref>
|-
| colspan=2|15||align=left |  [[Palm oil]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Wolfram Alpha|url=http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=palm+oil+100ml|publisher=http://www.wolframalpha.com}}</ref>
|-
| 1.5||3.4||align=left |  High-value green, leafy vegetables: [[spinach]], [[turnip]], [[beet]] greens, [[collard]] greens, and [[dandelion#Culinary use|dandelion]] greens<ref group=note>Spinach (2.0 raw, 2.1 cooked), turnip (2.9 raw, 1.9 cooked), beet (1.5 raw, 1.8 cooked), collard (2.3 raw, 0.88 cooked), and dandelion greens (3.4 raw, 2.4 cooked)</ref>
|-
| colspan=2|2.1||align=left |  [[Avocados]]
|-
| 1.1||1.5||align=left |  [[Asparagus]]<ref group=note>1.1 raw, 1.5 cooked</ref>
|-
| colspan=2|1.5||align=left |  [[Kiwifruit]] (green)
|-
| 0.78||1.5||align=left |  [[Broccoli]]<ref group=note>0.78 raw, 1.5 cooked</ref>
|-
| 0.8||1||align=left |  Pumpkin<ref group=note>1. raw, 0.8 cooked</ref>
|-
| 0.26||0.94||align=left |  [[Sweet potato]]<ref group=note>0.26 raw, 0.94 boiled</ref><ref group=note>0.94 mg/(100&nbsp;g) corresponds to 1.6&nbsp;kg of boiled sweet potatoes per day of the recommended intake for adults. The desired amount of vitamin E ÷ food's E value = amount of food.  Thus, (15 (mg/day))÷((0.94 mg)/(100 g)) = (15 (<strike>mg</strike>/day))*((100 g)/(0.94 <strike>mg</strike>)) = (15*100 g)/(0.94 day) ≈ 1596 g/day ≈ 1.6&nbsp;kg/day.{{or|date=December 2011}}</ref>
|-
|  colspan=2 |0.9||align=left |  [[Mangoes]]
|-
| 0.54||0.56||align=left |  Tomatoes<ref group=note>0.54 raw, 0.56 cooked</ref>
|-
| 0.36||0.44||align=left |  [[Sebastidae|Rockfish]]<ref group=note>0.36 raw, 0.44 cooked</ref>
|-
| colspan=2 |0.3||align=left |  [[Papayas]]
|-
| 0.13||0.22||align=left |  Low-value green, leafy vegetables: lettuce<ref group=note>Lettuce (0.18 iceburg, 0.22 green leaf, 0.13 romaine, 0.15 red leaf, 0.18 butterhead)</ref>
|}
--->


*****

********* intake table simpler badge skeleton:see in edit mode
<!---
==Recommended daily intake==
The Food and Nutrition Board at the [[Institute of Medicine]] (IOM) of the US [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]] reported the following dietary reference intakes for vitamin E:<ref name=sheet /><ref>{{Cite book|author=Institute of Medicine. Food and Nutrition Board. |title=Dietary Reference Intakes: Applications in Dietary Assessment |location=Washington, DC |publisher=National Academy Press |year=2000 |page=289 |oclc=45618946}}</ref>

:{| class=wikitable style="text-align:left;"
|-
! align=center|mg/day||Age
|-
!colspan=2 |Infants
|-
| align=center |4||0 to 6 months
|-
| align=center|5||7 to 12 months
|-
!colspan=2 |Children
|-
| align=center|6||1 to 3 years
|-
| align=center|7||4 to 8 years
|-
| align=center|11||9 to 13 years
|-
!colspan=2 |Adolescents and adults
|-
| align=center|15||14 and older
|}

One [[International unit|IU]] of vitamin E is defined as equivalent to either: 0.67&nbsp;mg of the natural form, RRR-α-tocopherol, also known as d-α-tocopherol; or 0.45&nbsp;mg of the synthetic form, all-rac-α-tocopherol, also known as dl-α-tocopherol.<ref name=sheet />
--->

<!---| colors                  = Red and White {{Color box|Red}}{{Color box|White}} -->  RED WHITE BOX see in edit mode
work copy below
  
:{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"
|-
! align=center|Boys||||||||Girls
|-
!colspan=10 |KG
|-
| align=center |Gohilwar||Halar||Jhalawar||Sorath||Gohilwar||Halar||Jhalawar||Sorath

|-
!colspan=12 |Prep
|-
| align=center |Gohilwar||Halar||Jhalawar||Sorath||Gohilwar||Halar||Jhalawar||Sorath
|-
!colspan=12 |Junior
|-
| align=center |Gohilwar||Halar||Jhalawar||Sorath||Gohilwar||Halar||Jhalawar||Sorath
|-
!colspan=12 |Senior
|-
| align=center |Gohilwar||Halar||Jhalawar||Sorath||Gohilwar||Halar||Jhalawar||Sorath
|}


*********
*Comparison of Dietary Fats in development
http://www.ontariocanolagrowers.ca/Publications/dietarychart.pdf
DIETARY FAT Fatty acid content normalized to 100 per cent
Safflower oil
Sunflower oil
Corn oil
Olive oil
Soybean oil
Peanut oil
Cottonseed oil
Lard*
Beef tallow*
Palm oil
Butterfat*
Coconut oil
7% 21% 11% 61%
10% 76% Trace 14%
12% 71% 1% 16%
13% 57% 29%
15% 9% 75%
15% 54% 8% 23%
19% 33% 48%
27% 54% 19%
43% 9% 47%
48% 49%
51% 10% 39%
68% 28%
91% 7%
Trace
Trace
Trace
1%
2%
3%
2%
1%
1%
1%
1% 

***** Kolki
<!---
{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = Kolki
| native_name             = 
| native_name_lang        = 
| other_name              = 
| nickname                = 
| settlement_type         = village
| image_skyline           = 
| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = 
| pushpin_map             = India Gujarat
| pushpin_label_position  = right
| pushpin_map_alt         = 
| pushpin_map_caption     = Location in Gujarat, India
| latd                    =  21° 47' 0"
| latm                    = 
| lats                    = 
| latNS                   = N
| longd                   = 70° 13' 0"
| longm                   = 
| longs                   = 
| longEW                  = E
| coordinates_display     = inline,title
| subdivision_type        = Country
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1       = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_type2       = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2       = [[Rajkot district|Rajkot]]
| established_title       = 
| established_date        = 
| founder                 = 
| named_for               = 
| parts_type              = [[Taluka]]s
| parts                   = 
| government_type         = 
| governing_body          = Kolki Gram Panchayat
| unit_pref               = Metric
| area_footnotes          = 
| area_rank               = 
| area_total_km2          = 15.12
| elevation_footnotes     = 
| elevation_m             = 13
| population_total        = 67890
| population_as_of        = 2010
| population_rank         = 
| population_density_km2  = 16000
| population_demonym      = 
| population_footnotes    = 
| demographics_type1      = Languages
| demographics1_title1    = Official
| demographics1_info1     = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1               = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1             = +5:30
| postal_code_type        = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code             = 394230
| area_code_type          = Telephone code
| area_code               = 0261
| registration_plate      = GJ-5
| blank1_name_sec1        = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1        = 664/1000 males [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank2_name_sec1        = Civic agency
| blank2_info_sec1        = Sachin Development Authority
| website                 = 
| footnotes               = 
}}  --->

<!--- 
http://www.maplandia.com/india/gujarat/rajkot/kolki/
detailed map of Kolki and near places
Welcome to the Kolki google satellite map! This place is situated in Rajkot, Gujarat, India, its geographical coordinates are 21° 47' 0" North, 70° 13' 0" East and its original name (with diacritics) is Kolki. See Kolki photos and images from satellite below, explore the aerial photographs of Kolki in India. Kolki hotels map is available on the target page linked above. --->

== WikiProject India Tag & Assess 2012 Contest ==

Hello friends, we are a number of editors from WikiProject India have got together to assess the many thousands of articles under the stewardship of the project, and we'd love to have you, a fellow member, join us. These articles require [[WP:ASSESS|assessment]], that is, the addition of a WikiProject template to the talk page of an article, assessing it for quality and importance and adding a few extra parameters to it.

As of March 11, 2012, 07:00 UTC, WikiProject India has 95,998 articles under its stewardship. Of these 13,980 articles are completely unassessed (both for class and importance) and another 42,415 articles are unassessed for importance only. Accordingly, a [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Assessment/Tag & Assess 2012|Tag & Assess 2012]] drive-cum-contest has begun from March 01, 2012 to last till May 31, 2012.

If you are new to assessment, you can learn the minimum about how to evaluate from [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Assessment/Tag & Assess 2012/Guide - Part 1|Part One of the Assessment Guide]].
[[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Assessment/Tag & Assess 2012/Guide - Part 2|Part Two of the Guide]] will help you learn to employ the full functionality of the talk page template, should you choose to do so.

You can sign up on the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Assessment/Tag & Assess 2012|Tag & Assess page]]. There are a number of awards to be given in recognition of your efforts. Come & join us to take part in this exciting new venture. You'll learn more about India in this way.

{{User0|ssriram_mt}} & {{User0|AshLin}} (Drive coordinators)

<small> Delivered per [//en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Bot_requests&oldid=481419438#Message_to_take_part_in_Assessment_Drive request] on [[Wikipedia:Bot requests]]. [[User:Thehelpfulbot|<span style="color:red;">'''The'''</span>]][[User_talk:Thehelpfulone|<span style="color:black;"> '''Helpful'''</span>]][[Special:Contributions/Thehelpfulbot|<span style="color:red;"> '''Bot'''</span>]] 01:29, 12 March 2012 (UTC) </small>

== Wiki Med ==

Hi<p>I'm contacting you because, as a participant at [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Medicine|Wikiproject Medicine]], you may be interested in a new non-profit organization we're forming at [[:m:WikiMed]]. Our purpose is to help improve the range and quality of free online medical content, and we'll be working with like-minded organizations, such as the World Health Organization, professional and scholarly societies, medical schools, governments and NGOs - including [[Translators Without Borders]]. </p><p>Hope to see you there! [[User:Anthonyhcole|Anthonyhcole]] ([[User talk:Anthonyhcole|talk]]) 04:20, 20 December 2012 (UTC)</p>

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* see the article page for comment as the page is being created and see the contents in edit mode
[[User:Patelurology2|Patelurology2]] ([[User talk:Patelurology2#top|talk]]) 22:22, 24 January 2016 (UTC)

==[[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|Speedy deletion]] nomination of [[:User:Patelurology2/Toiip]]==
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A tag has been placed on [[:User:Patelurology2/Toiip]], requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under [[WP:CSD#G11|section G11 of the criteria for speedy deletion]], because the page seems to be unambiguous advertising which only promotes a company, product, group, service or person and would need to be fundamentally rewritten in order to become encyclopedic. Please read [[Wikipedia:Spam|the guidelines on spam]] and [[Wikipedia:FAQ/Organizations]] for more information. 

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may '''contest the nomination''' by [[:User:Patelurology2/Toiip|visiting the page]] and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be removed without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with [[Wikipedia:List of policies|Wikipedia's policies and guidelines]]. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the deleting administrator. <!-- Template:Db-spam-notice --> <!-- Template:Db-csd-notice-custom --> <span class="smallcaps" style="font-variant:small-caps;">[[User:Northamerica1000|North America]]<sup>[[User talk:Northamerica1000|<span style="font-size:x-small;">1000</span>]]</sup></span> 10:40, 18 January 2016 (UTC)

* see the article page for comment as the page is being created and see the contents in edit mode
[[User:Patelurology2|Patelurology2]] ([[User talk:Patelurology2#top|talk]]) 22:20, 24 January 2016 (UTC)

==MfD nomination of [[User:Patelurology2/Toiip]]==
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* see the article page for comment as the page is being created and see the contents in edit mode

[[User:Patelurology2|Patelurology2]] ([[User talk:Patelurology2#top|talk]]) 22:21, 24 January 2016 (UTC)

== [[WP:ACE2016|ArbCom Elections 2016]]: Voting now open! ==

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The [[WP:ARBCOM|Arbitration Committee]] is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the [[Wikipedia:Arbitration|Wikipedia arbitration process]]. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose [[WP:BAN|site bans]], [[WP:TBAN|topic bans]], editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Policy|arbitration policy]] describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.

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== Re-initiating INCOTM ==

It's been almost an year since "[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_India/Collaborations_of_the_month|Indian collaboration of the month]]" was active. Firstly we need to restart this as soon as possible for development of India-related articles to greater heights. The [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_India/Collaborations_of_the_month/Members|members page]] was blanked, where many of them are inactive. This mass message is to all the members of WikiProject India, about this and interested editors interested will [https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_India/Collaborations_of_the_month/Members&action=edit&section=3 sign up]. After this message gets delivered, we'll wait for 7 days before we start a discussion under a thread on the collaboration's talk page, among the members. The discussion will include what to clean-up of sub-pages, a new set of guidelines for smooth and uninterrupted functioning of the collaboration etc. Please keep all the discussions under this thread only, so that it will easier for future reference.  [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 00:19, 23 March 2017 (UTC)
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== Wikigraphists Bootcamp (2018 India) ==

Greetings, 

It is being planned to organize Wikigraphists Bootcamp in India, please fill out the survey form to help the organizers. Your responses will help organizers understand what level of demand there is for the event (how many people in your community think it is important that the event happens). At the end of the day, the participants will turn out to have knowledge to create drawings, illustrations, diagrams, maps, graphs, bar charts etc. and get to know to how to tune the images to meet the QI and FP criteria. '''For more information and link to survey form, please visit [[:m:Talk:Wikigraphists Bootcamp (2018 India)|Talk:Wikigraphists Bootcamp (2018 India)]]'''. [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 12:45, 15 January 2018 (UTC)
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In 2017 - 2018, the Wikimedia Foundation and Google working in close coordination with the Centre for Internet and Society (CIS), Wikimedia India chapter (WMIN) and user groups will pilot a program encouraging Wikipedia communities to create locally relevant and high-quality content in Indian languages. This program (Code name: Project Tiger) will:
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:(b) Sponsor a language-based contest that aims to address existing Wikipedia content gaps.

The objective of the program is to provide laptops and internet stipends for existing editors who need support to contribute more actively. 50 basic model Acer Chromebooks and Internet stipends for 100 contributors are available for distribution. Provided resources are the sole property of the beneficiaries and should be used for the betterment of the movement. 

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*'''Apply at: [[:m:Supporting Indian Language Wikipedias Program#Apply for support|Supporting Indian Language Wikipedias Program#Apply for support]]'''
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== Project Tiger Writing Contest ==

In 2017 – 2018, the [[Wikimedia Foundation]] and Google working in close coordination with the [[Centre for Internet and Society (India)|Centre for Internet and Society]] (CIS), [[:m:WMIN|Wikimedia India Chapter]] (WMIN) and user groups from India, are piloting a program encouraging Wikipedia communities to create locally relevant and high-quality content in Indian languages. This program will (a) support active and experienced Wikipedia editors through the donation of laptops and stipends for internet access and (b) sponsor a language-based contest that aims to address existing Wikipedia content gaps. 

Phase (a) has been completed, during which active contributors were awarded laptops and internet stipends. Phase (b) will be a contest in which editors will come together and develop a writing contest focused on content gaps. Each month three individual prizes will be awarded to each community based on their contribution for the month. The prizes worth 3,000 INR, 2000 INR, and 1,000 INR, will be awarded to the top contributors for each month. The contest started at March 1, 2018, 0:00, and will end at May 31, 2018, 23:59 (IST). Useful links are as follows:

*Sign up at: [[Wikipedia:Project Tiger Writing Contest/Participants]]
*List of the articles can be referred at: [[Wikipedia:Project Tiger Writing Contest/Topics]]
*Submit/report your articles/contributions at: <span class="plainlinks">https://tools.wmflabs.org/fountain/editathons/project-tiger-2018-en</span>
*For more details, rules, FAQ etc. kindly refer: [[Wikipedia:Project Tiger Writing Contest]]

Looking forward your participation, all the best. [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) ''on behalf of'' [[User:Krishna Chaitanya Velaga|Krishna Chaitanya Velaga]] ([[User_talk:Krishna Chaitanya Velaga|talk]]&nbsp;&bull;&#32;[[Special:EmailUser/Krishna_Chaitanya_Velaga|mail]]) ''at'' 22:21, 21 March 2018 (UTC).
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== ''The WikiEagle'' - January 2022 ==


{|width=100% style="border:2px solid #87CEEB; color:black; background-color:#F0FFFF;"
|[[File:Wikiwings2.png|center|200px]]
|-
|style="padding:0px 2em; font-size:42px; text-align:center; font-family:Times New Roman;"|The WikiEagle
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|The [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aviation|<span style="color:#008080;">WikiProject Aviation</span>]] Newsletter
|}
{|{{#ifeq:{{ROOTPAGENAME}}|WikiProject Aviation||class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"}} border=1 width=100% style="border:2px solid SkyBlue; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#white;"
!colspan=2 style="color:black; background-color:#87CEEB; padding:5px;"|Volume I &#8212; Issue 1
|-
|colspan=2 style="text-align:center; padding:5px;"|[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aviation|Aviation Project]]{{•}}[[Wikipedia Talk:WikiProject Aviation|Project discussion]]{{•}}[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aviation/Members|Members]]{{•}}[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aviation/Assessment|Assessment]]{{•}}[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aviation/Outreach|Outreach]]{{•}}[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aviation/WikiEagle|''The WikiEagle'']]
|-
|colspan=2 style="padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"|<span style="font-size:22px;">'''''Announcements'''''</span>
----
*After over a decade of silence, the WikiProject Aviation newsletter is making a comeback under the name ''The WikiEagle''.  This first issue was sent to all active members of the project and its [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aviation#Sub-projects|sub-projects]].  If you wish to continue receiving ''The WikiEagle'', you can add your username to the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aviation/WikiEagle/Subscribe|mailing list]].  For now the newsletter only covers general project news and is run by only one editor.  If you wish to help or to become a columnist, please [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Aviation/WikiEagle|let us know]].  If you have an idea which you believe would improve the newsletter, please share it; suggestions are welcome and encouraged.
*On 16 December, [[Wikipedia:Reliable_sources/Noticeboard/Archive 361#RfC: Reliability of theaerodrome.com|an RfC was closed]] which determined ''theaerodrome.com'' to be an unreliable source.  The website, which is [https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?search=insource%3A%22theaerodrome.com%22&ns0=1 cited over 1,500 articles], mainly on WWI aviation, as of the publishing of this issue.
*''Luft46.com'' has been added to the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aviation/Resources#Problematic sources|list of problematic sources]] after [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Aviation/Resources#Luft'46 and The Aerodrome|this discussion]].
*The [[Jim Lovell]] article was '''[[Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Jim Lovell/archive1|promoted]]''' to ''Featured Article'' status on 26 December after being nominated by {{Noping|Hawkeye7}}.
*The [[Raymond Hesselyn]] article was '''[[Talk:Raymond Hesselyn/GA1|promoted]]''' to ''Good Article'' status on 4 December after being nominated by {{Noping|Zawed}}.
*The [[Supermarine Sea King]] article was '''[[Talk:Supermarine Sea King/GA1|promoted]]''' to ''Good Article'' status on 22 December after being nominated by {{Noping|Amitchell125}}.
*The [[William Hodgson (RAF officer)]] article was '''[[Talk:William Hodgson (RAF officer)/GA1|promoted]]''' to ''Good Article'' status on 26 December after being nominated by {{Noping|Zawed}}.

|-
|style="padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"|<span style="font-size:22px;">'''Members'''</span>
----
'''New Members'''
*{{Noping|KingAviationKid}} (Joined on 17 December)
*{{Noping|PatrickChiao}} (Joined on 22 December)
*{{Noping|Wp9097}} (Joined on 16 December)
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|Number of active members: 386.
Total number of members: 921.}}
----
<span style="font-size:22px;">'''Closed Discussions'''</span>
----
[[File:Cscr-featured.svg|20px]] '''Featured Article assessment'''
*[[Jim Lovell]] ([[Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Jim Lovell/archive1|discussion]]) – Closed as '''promoted''' on 26 December 2021

[[File:Symbol support vote.svg|20px]] '''Good Article assessment'''
*[[HAL Tejas]] ([[Talk:HAL Tejas/GA3|discussion]]) – Closed as '''not promoted''' on 30 December 2021
*[[William Hodgson (RAF officer)]] ([[Talk:William Hodgson (RAF officer)/GA1|discussion]]) – Closed as '''promoted''' on 26 December 2021
*[[Supermarine Sea King]] ([[Talk:Supermarine Sea King/GA1|discussion]]) – Closed as '''promoted''' on 22 December 2021
*[[Raymond Hesselyn]] ([[Talk:Raymond Hesselyn/GA1|discussion]]) – Closed as '''promoted''' on 4 December 2021

[[File:Symbol delete vote.svg|20px]] '''Deletion'''
*[[Timeline of Berlin Brandenburg Airport's construction]] ([[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Timeline of Berlin Brandenburg Airport's construction|discussion]]) – Closed as '''delete and redirect''' on 30 December 2021
*[[Evergreen International Airlines Flight 17]] ([[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Evergreen International Airlines Flight 17|discussion]]) – Closed as '''keep''' on 25 December 2021

[[File:Symbol move vote.svg|20px]] '''Requested moves'''
*[[Akbarpur (Ambedkar Nagar) Airstrip]] → [[Akbarpur Airstrip]] ([[Talk:Akbarpur Airstrip#Requested move 23 December 2021|discussion]]) – Closed as '''moved''' on 30 December 2021
*[[1983 Avensa Douglas DC-9 crash]] → [[Avensa Flight 007]] ([[Talk:Avensa Flight 007#Requested move 5 December 2021|discussion]]) – Closed as '''moved''' on 30 December 2021
*[[Garuda Indonesia Flight 035]] → [[Garuda Indonesian Airways Flight 035]] ([[Talk:Garuda Indonesia Flight 035#Requested move 28 December 2021|discussion]]) – '''Withdrawn''' on 28 December 2021

|width=50% style="padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"|<span style="font-size:22px;">'''Article Statistics'''</span><br/><span style="font-size:12px;">This data reflects values from DMY.</span>
----
{| class="ratingstable wikitable plainlinks"  style="text-align: right;"
|-
! colspan="3" class="ratingstabletitle" | Aviation pages by quality
|-
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: bottom" | '''Quality'''

|-
! style="text-align: center;" | '''Total'''
|-
| {{FA-Class|category=Category:FA-Class_aviation_articles}}
|| '''[https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Aviation/articles?quality=FA-Class 142]'''
|-
| {{FL-Class|category=Category:FL-Class_aviation_articles}}
|| '''[https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Aviation/articles?quality=FL-Class 15]'''
|-
| {{A-Class|category=Category:A-Class_aviation_articles}}
|| '''[https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Aviation/articles?quality=A-Class 56]'''
|-
| {{GA-Class|category=Category:GA-Class_aviation_articles}}
|| '''[https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Aviation/articles?quality=GA-Class 505]'''
|-
| {{B-Class|category=Category:B-Class_aviation_articles}}
|| '''[https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Aviation/articles?quality=B-Class 4,573]'''
|-
| {{C-Class|category=Category:C-Class_aviation_articles}}
|| '''[https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Aviation/articles?quality=C-Class 11,878]'''
|-
| {{Start-Class|category=Category:Start-Class_aviation_articles}}
|| '''[https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Aviation/articles?quality=Start-Class 15,082]'''
|-
| {{Stub-Class|category=Category:Stub-Class_aviation_articles}}
|| '''[https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Aviation/articles?quality=Stub-Class 18,754]'''
|-
| {{List-Class|category=Category:List-Class_aviation_articles}}
|| '''[https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Aviation/articles?quality=List-Class 2,539]'''
|-
| {{Category-Class|category=Category:Category-Class_aviation_articles}}
|| '''[https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Aviation/articles?quality=Category-Class 11,638]'''
|-
| {{Disambig-Class|category=Category:Disambig-Class_aviation_articles}}
|| '''[https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Aviation/articles?quality=Disambig-Class 653]'''
|-
| {{File-Class|category=Category:File-Class_aviation_articles}}
|| '''[https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Aviation/articles?quality=File-Class 2,713]'''
|-
| {{Portal-Class|category=Category:Portal-Class_aviation_articles}}
|| '''[https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Aviation/articles?quality=Portal-Class 629]'''
|-
| {{Project-Class|category=Category:Project-Class_aviation_articles}}
|| '''[https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Aviation/articles?quality=Project-Class 89]'''
|-
| {{Redirect-Class|category=Category:Redirect-Class_aviation_articles}}
|| '''[https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Aviation/articles?quality=Redirect-Class 1,518]'''
|-
| {{Template-Class|category=Category:Template-Class_aviation_articles}}
|| '''[https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Aviation/articles?quality=Template-Class 2,489]'''
|-
| {{NA-Class|category=Category:NA-Class_aviation_articles}}
|| '''[https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Aviation/articles?quality=NA-Class 66]'''
|-
| {{Assessed-Class}}
|| '''[https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Aviation/articles?quality=Assessed-Class 73,339]'''
|-
| {{Unassessed-Class|category=Category:Unassessed_aviation_articles}}
|| '''[https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Aviation/articles?quality=Unassessed-Class 1]'''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | '''Total'''
|| '''[https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Aviation/articles 73,340]'''
|-
{{User:WP 1.0 bot/WikiWork|project=Aviation|export=table}}
|-
|}
|-
|colspan=2 style="padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"|<span style="font-size:22px;">'''New/Ongoing Discussions'''</span>
----
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}

[[File:Cscr-candidate.svg|20px]] '''Featured Article review'''
*'''[[D. B. Cooper]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Featured article review/D. B. Cooper/archive1|discussion]]) – Since 14 December 2021

[[File:Symbol a class.svg|20px]] '''A-class Article assessment'''
*[[Granville Gee Bee Model A]] ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aviation/Assessment/Granville Gee Bee Model A|discussion]]) – Since 21 April 2020
*[[List of aviation shootdowns and accidents during the Iraq War]] ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aviation/Assessment/List of aviation shootdowns and accidents during the Iraq War|discussion]]) – Since 22 February 2010

[[File:Symbol support vote.svg|20px]] '''Good Article assessment'''
*'''[[Romanian Air Corps]]''' ([[Talk:Romanian Air Corps/GA1|discussion]]) – Since 25 December 2021
*[[Jean Batten]] ([[Talk:Jean Batten/GA1|discussion]]) – Since 2 October 2021

[[File:Symbol merge vote.svg|20px]] '''Merger proposals'''
*[[List of astronauts by name]] → [[List of astronauts by year of selection]] ([[Talk:List of astronauts by year of selection#Merge from List of astronauts by name|discussion]]) – Since 10 August 2021
*[[List of cosmonauts]] → [[List of space travelers by nationality]] ([[Talk:List of space travelers by nationality#Merge from List of cosmonauts|discussion]]) – Since 10 August 2021
*[[List of space travelers by name]] → [[List of space travelers by nationality]] ([[Talk:List of space travelers by nationality#Merge from List of space travelers by name|discussion]]) – Since 10 August 2021
*[[Holidays Czech Airlines]] → [[Czech Airlines]] ([[Talk:Czech Airlines#Proposed merge of Holidays Czech Airlines into Czech Airlines|discussion]]) – Since 23 June 2021
*[[Bendix Aviation]] → [[Bendix Corporation]] ([[Talk:Bendix Corporation#Merger Proposal|discussion]]) – Since 30 May 2021
*[[Airport Movement Area Safety System]] → [[Airport Surface Surveillance Capability]] ([[Talk:Airport Surface Surveillance Capability#Merger Proposal|discussion]]) – Since 29 May 2021
*[[ASDE-X]] → [[Airport Surface Surveillance Capability]] ([[Talk:Airport Surface Surveillance Capability#Merger Proposal|discussion]]) – Since 28 May 2021

[[File:Symbol split vote.svg|20px]] '''Splitting proposals'''
*[[Family Airlines]] ([[Talk:Family Airlines#Proposed article split for Avatar Airlines content|discussion]]) – Since 23 November 2021
*[[2021 Kabul airport attack]] ([[Talk:2021 Kabul airport attack#Splitting proposal|discussion]]) – Since 24 September 2021
*[[List of military aircraft of the United States]] ([[Talk:List of military aircraft of the United States#Splitting proposal|discussion]]) – Since 16 August 2021
*[[Braniff International Airways]] ([[Talk:Braniff International Airways#History of Braniff International Airways|discussion]]) – Since 8 September 2019

{{Col-2}}
[[File:Symbol delete vote.svg|20px]] '''Deletion'''
*'''[[List of maiden voyages]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of maiden voyages (2nd nomination)|discussion]]) – Since 29 December 2021

[[File:Symbol move vote.svg|20px]] '''Requested moves'''
*'''[[Hot-air balloon]] → [[Hot air balloon]]''' ([[Talk:Hot-air balloon#Requested move 30 December 2021|discussion]]) – Since 30 December 2021
*'''[[Aeropostal Alas de Venezuela Flight 108]] → [[Aeropostal Alas de Venezuela Flight 109]]''' ([[Talk:Aeropostal Alas de Venezuela Flight 108#Requested move 28 December 2021|discussion]]) – Since 28 December 2021
*'''[[Garuda Indonesia Flight 150]] → [[Garuda Indonesian Airways Flight 150]]''' ([[Talk:Garuda Indonesia Flight 035#Requested move 28 December 2021|discussion]]) – Since 28 December 2021
*'''[[Garuda Indonesia Flight 206]] → [[Garuda Indonesian Airways Flight 206]]''' ([[Talk:Garuda Indonesia Flight 035#Requested move 28 December 2021|discussion]]) – Since 28 December 2021
*'''[[Garuda Indonesia Flight 708]] → [[Garuda Indonesian Airways Flight 708]]''' ([[Talk:Garuda Indonesia Flight 035#Requested move 28 December 2021|discussion]]) – Since 28 December 2021
*'''[[Garuda Indonesia Flight 892]] → [[Garuda Indonesian Airways Flight 892]]''' ([[Talk:Garuda Indonesia Flight 035#Requested move 28 December 2021|discussion]]) – Since 28 December 2021
*'''[[TWA Flight 800]] → [[TWA Flight 800 (1996)]]''' ([[Talk:TWA Flight 800#Requested move 27 December 2021|discussion]]) – Since 27 December 2021
*'''[[Dynamic Airways Flight 405]] → [[Dynamic International Airways Flight 405]]''' ([[Talk:Dynamic Airways Flight 405#Requested move 26 December 2021|discussion]]) – Since 26 December 2021
*'''[[CommutAir Flight 4281]] → [[CommutAir Flight 4821]]''' ([[Talk:CommutAir Flight 4281#Requested move 25 December 2021|discussion]]) – Since 25 December 2021
*'''[[Thai Airways]] → [[Thai Airways International]]''' ([[Talk:Thai Airways#Requested move 13 December 2021|discussion]]) – Since 13 December 2021
*'''[[Thai Airways fleet]] → [[Thai Airways International fleet]]''' ([[Talk:Thai Airways#Requested move 13 December 2021|discussion]]) – Since 13 December 2021
*'''[[List of Thai Airways destinations]] → [[List of Thai Airways International destinations]]''' ([[Talk:Thai Airways#Requested move 13 December 2021|discussion]]) – Since 13 December 2021

[[File:Symbol question.svg|20px]] '''Did you know'''
*'''[[Ravish Malhotra]]''' ([[Template:Did you know nominations/Ravish Malhotra|discussion]]) – Since 30 December 2021
*'''[[Alexander Tahy]]''' ([[Template:Did you know nominations/Alexander Tahy|discussion]]) – Since 26 December 2021
*'''[[Veronica Volkersz]]''' ([[Template:Did you know nominations/Veronica Volkersz|discussion]]) – Since 6 December 2021
*'''[[Rudolf Szepessy-Sokoll]]''' ([[Template:Did you know nominations/Rudolf Szepessy-Sokoll|discussion]]) – Since 3 December 2021
{{Col-end}}
----
<span style="font-size:22px;">'''On The Main Page'''</span>
----
'''Did you know...'''
*... that the [[Aerobatics|aerobatic]] demonstration aircraft used by '''[[SoloTürk]]''' is also used in military operations of the [[Turkish Air Force]]? ''(24 December)''
|-
|colspan=2 style="padding:5px; font-size:12px;"|
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[[File:Information orange.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Please do '''not''' introduce [[WP:LINK|links]] in actual articles to [[WP:User pages|user pages]] or [[WP:Sandbox|sandboxes]], as you did at [[Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu]] and [[Karnik]]. Since these pages have not been accepted as articles, user pages, sandboxes and drafts are not suitable for linking in articles. and such links are contrary to the [[MOS:DRAFTNOLINK|Manual of Style]]. These links have been deleted, please do not re-add any such links, thank you - [[User:Arjayay|Arjayay]] ([[User talk:Arjayay|talk]]) 14:27, 2 February 2022 (UTC)

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