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{{Short description|Imperial Russian Army medical officer, Privy Councilor, and author  (1859–1920)}}
{{Infobox scientist
| birth_name        = Vasily Pavlovich Kravkov
| image             = Vasily Pavlovich Kravkov.jpg
| birth_date        = {{OldStyleDate|3 March|1859|20 February}}
| birth_place       = [[Ryazan]], [[Russian Empire]]
| death_date        = {{Death date and age|1920|7|13|1859|3|3|df=y}}
| death_place       = [[Moscow]], [[RSFSR]]
| nationality       = [[Russians|Russian]]
| fields            = [[military medicine]]
| alma_mater        = [[Imperial Military Medical Academy]]
| signature         = Vasily Kravkov's Signature.tif
| known_for         = author of diaries of the Russo-Japanese War and World War I
| awards            = [[Order of Saint Stanislaus (Imperial House of Romanov)|Order of Saint Stanislaus]] 3rd Class (1888)<br/>[[Order of St. Anna]] 3rd Class (1895)<br/>[[Order of Saint Stanislaus (Imperial House of Romanov)|Order of Saint Stanislaus]] 2d Class (1899)<br/>[[Order of St. Anna]] 2d Class (1903, since 1904 with Swords)<br/>[[Order of St. Vladimir]] 4th Class with Swords and Ribbon (1904)<br/>[[Order of St. Vladimir]] 3rd Class with Swords (1905)<br/>[[Order of Saint Stanislaus (Imperial House of Romanov)|Order of Saint Stanislaus]] 1st Class (1915)<br/>[[Order of St. Anna]] 1st Class (1915, since 1917 with Swords)
}}

'''Vasily Pavlovich Kravkov''' (Russian: Василий Павлович Кравков; {{OldStyleDate|4 March|1859|20 February}} – 13 July 1920) was an [[Imperial Russian Army]] medical officer, [[Privy Councillor (Russia)|Privy Councilor]] (1917), and author of diaries of the [[Russo-Japanese War]] and [[World War I]].

== Biography ==

Vasily Pavlovich Kravkov was born a fourth child in the family of a non-commissioned officer Pavel Alexeyevich Kravkov (1826–1910), who served as a senior clerk in the office of the Chief Enlistment Officer of the [[Ryazan Governorate]]. According to the family legend, the scientist's mother Evdokia (Avdotia) Ivanovna (1834–1891), before wedding a "[[Kaluga]] petty bourgeois", was an illegitimate daughter of [[Konstantin Kavelin]] (1818–1885), a famous Russian historian, jurist and sociologist, one of the ideologists of [[Russian liberalism]] at the age of the reforms of [[Alexander II of Russia|Alexander II]].

From 1871 to 1878, Kravkov attended the First [[Ryazan]] Gymnasium. In summer 1878 he left it with a silver medal and was admitted to the [[Imperial Military Medical Academy]] in [[Saint Petersburg]], where he studied from 1878 to 1883.

In November 1883, Kravkov joined military service as a junior physician of the 26th Mogilevsky Infantry Regiment, then at the end of the year was transferred to the 159th Guriysky Infantry Regiment. From 1884 to 1885 he was attached to the [[Orenburg]] Military Hospital.

In 1886, Kravkov was attached to the Orenburg Local Battalion where he served as a senior physician since 1887. Since February 1888 he served at the [[Kazan]] Military Hospital as a hospital physician.

In February 1888, Kravkov received a rank of Titular Councilor (IX grade of the Table of Ranks) with precedence since 1883, in May 1888 for long service he was promoted to Collegiate Assessor (VIII grade of the [[Table of Ranks]]) with precedence since 1886. In 1888 he also passed successfully the exams for the degree of the [[Doctor of Medicine]] at the [[Kazan University|Imperial Kazan University]].

In 1889 Kravkov was sent to the [[Imperial Military Medical Academy]] for "improvement in sciences". By the decree of the Academic Conference of 11 February 1891 Collegiate Assessor Kravkov, a senior physician of the 11th "Fanagoriysky" Grenadiers Regiment, was awarded with the degree of [[Doctor of Medicine]]. In March 1891 he was promoted to Court Councilor (VII grade of the [[Table of Ranks]]).

In subsequent years Kravkov held posts of senior physician of the 137th Nezhinsky Infantry Regiment (1892–1895), of the [[Bryansk]] Local Arsenal (1895–1896), of the 138th Bolkhovsky Infantry Regiment (1896–1899). From 1899 to 1900 he was a senior physician of the Compounded Field Hospital of the 1st Brigade of the 35th Infantry Division of the XVII Army Corps in [[Ryazan]]. In 1901 he was promoted to State Councilor (V grade of the [[Table of Ranks]]).

From 1904 to 1905, Kravkov participated in the [[Russo-Japanese War]]. At the [[Battle of Liaoyang]] he worked for several days under the enemy fire. In 1906 he was promoted to Actual State Councilor (IV grade of the [[Table of Ranks]]).

From 1906 to 1908, Kravkov served in Moscow as a Corps physician, From 1908 to 1910, he was a physician of the 53rd and later 62nd Infantry Reserve Brigade in [[Yaroslavl]]. In 1910 he was transferred to the post of the XXV Army Corps physician and returned to [[Moscow]].

From 1914 to 1917, Kravkov participated in [[World War I]]. In August–September 1914 in the XXV Army Corps ([[5th Army (Russian Empire)|5th Army]], [[Southwestern Front (Russian Empire)|Southwestern front]]) he took part in the [[Battle of Galicia]], since September 1914 to December 1915 was the Cheef Assistant of the [[10th Army (Russian Empire)|10th Army]] Sanitary Department ([[Northwestern Front (Russian Empire)|Northwestern]], later [[Western Front (Russian Empire)|Western front]]), in December 1915 he was appointed XXXVII Army Corps doctor ([[12th Army (Russian Empire)|12th Army]], [[Northern Front (Russian Empire)|Northern front]]). Since April 1916 Vasily Kravkov served as a VII Siberian Army Corps doctor. In May 1917 he was promoted to Privy Councilor (III grade of the [[Table of Ranks]]) by the [[Russian Provisional Government|Provisional Government]]. In July 1917 he retired from the army and returned to [[Moscow]].

During the first years of the Soviet power Vasily Kravkov took part in the organization of the army medical bodies of the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]]. In October 1918 under his guidance an ambulatory care clinic of the Administration of Affairs of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic ([[Revvoyensoviet]]) was set up. He was in charge of it up to the autumn of 1919. Later he kept on cooperating with [[Red Army]] medical bodies.

5 July 1920 Vasily Kravkov was arrested by the [[Cheka|VcheKa]] accused of abuses in the registration of dismissals from the military conscription. 13 July 1920 he was sentenced to capital punishment by the Presidium of the [[Cheka|VCheKa]].

== Heritage ==
[[File:Vasily kravkov's diary.jpg|thumb|200px|Vasily Kravkov's diary. 1914]]
From 1880 to 1900, Kravkov published a number of works on certain problems of practical medicine. In 1910 in [[Yaroslavl]] his book ''Zaraznye faktory ludskogo zlopoluchiya'' (Infectious factors of human affliction) dedicated to the problems of health work and environment was issued.

Kravkov's war diaries are the most important part of his heritage from historic point of view. He left notes of the periods from 1904 to 1906 and 1914 to 1917. In 1919 Kravkov donated his manuscripts to the [[Rumyantsev Museum]] in [[Moscow]], now they are kept in the Department of personal funds of the [[Russian State Library]].

An important fragment of his diary of the [[Russo-Japanese War]] dealing with the [[Battle of Liaoyang]] (1904) was published in the ''Vremya i sudby'' almanac (1991). In 2014 appeared the first Russian edition of the abbreviated Kravkov's diary of [[World War I]] period.

== Memory ==
{{gallery
|File:Memorial kravkov ryazan.jpg|Vasily and [[Sergey Vasilyevich Kravkov|Sergey Kravkovs]] plaque in Ryazan's ulitsa [[Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin|Saltykova-Shchedrina]]
|File:Мемориальная доска в честь Кравковых.jpg|Plaque on house in Ryazan's ulitsa Lenina (former Astrakhanskaya) 
}}

== Awards ==

* [[Order of Saint Stanislaus (Imperial House of Romanov)|Order of St. Stanislaus]] 3rd Class (1888)
* [[Order of St. Anna|Order of Saint Anna]] 3rd Class (1895)
* [[Order of Saint Stanislaus (Imperial House of Romanov)|Order of St. Stanislaus]] 2d Class (1899)
* [[Order of St. Anna|Order of Saint Anna]] 2d Class (1903, since 1904 with Swords)
* [[Order of St. Vladimir|Order of Saint Vladimir]] 4th Class with Swords and Ribbon (1904)
* [[Order of St. Vladimir|Order of Saint Vladimir]] 3rd Class with Swords (1905)
* [[Order of Saint Stanislaus (Imperial House of Romanov)|Order of St. Stanislaus]] 1st Class (1915)
* [[Order of St. Anna|Order of Saint Anna]] 1st Class (1915, since 1917 with Swords)

== Family ==

In 1892 Vasily Kravkov married Elena Alexeyevna Lukina (1870 – c. 1922), from the family of hereditary gentry of [[Ryazan Governorate]]. His son [[Sergey Vasilyevich Kravkov]] (1893-1951) was a Soviet psychologist and psychophysiologist. His daughter was Elizaveta Vasilyevna Kravkova (1895-1972).

Vasily Kravkov's brother was [[Nikolai Kravkov]] (1865-1924), a prominent Russian pharmacologist. His another brother was [[Sergey Pavlovich Kravkov]] (1873-1938), Professor of [[Saint Petersburg University]], one of the first Russian soil scientists.

His nephew was [[Maximilian Kravkov|Maximilian Alexeyevich Kravkov]] (1887-1937), a Soviet Siberian writer.

== Works (Russian) ==

* Кравков В.П. К вопросу об участии лимфатических желёз и костного мозга в острой малярийной инфекции / В.П. Кравков // Русская медицина. – 1885. –  №45. – С. 782–784.
* Кравков В.П. Чего нужно ожидать от прогресса оперативной хирургии в деле экстракции зубов / В.П. Кравков // Зубоврачебный вестник. – 1886. –  №10. – С. 36-37.
* Кравков В.П. Предварительные сообщение о желудочном пищеварении при болезни почек / В.П. Кравков // Больничная газета Боткина. – 1890. –  №30.
* Кравков В.П. К вопросу о деятельности желудка в течении затяжных заболеваний почек: дис…. д-ра медицины / В.П. Кравков. – СПб, 1891.
* Кравков В.П. К казуистике малярийных нефритов / В.П. Кравков // Больничная газета Боткина. – 1894. – №45. 
* Кравков В.П. Фибринозная пневмония в войсках рязанского гарнизона за минувшую зиму и весну / В.П. Кравков // Военно – медицинский журнал. – 1894. –  №1. – С. 12-14.
* Кравков В.П. Случай гнойного воспаления печени на почве малярийного заболевания / В.П. Кравков // Медицинское обозрение. – 1894. –  № 9. – С. 324-325.
* Кравков В.П. О результатах кожного втирания гваякола и креозота у лихорадящих больных / В.П. Кравков // Врач. – 1894. – №16. – С. 541-543.
* Кравков В.П. К вопросу о реабилитации военно-санитарного строя / В.П. Кравков // Русский инвалид. – 1903. – №105. – С.1063-1065.
* Кравков В.П. Заразные факторы людского злополучия и рациональные нормы практической постановки мер личной, общественной и правительственной борьбы с ними /В.П. Кравков.  –  Ярославль, 1910. – 500 с.
* Кравков В.П. Записки о семейной жизни: 1907-1914. / В.П. Кравков - М.: Книга по требованию, 2014. - 122 с. - {{ISBN|978-5-5189-6683-3}}.
* Кравков В.П. Великая война без ретуши. Записки корпусного врача / В.П. Кравков. - М.: Вече, 2014 - 416 с. - {{ISBN|978-5-4444-2223-6}}.

== References ==

*{{in lang|ru}} Головко Н.Г. Ровесница Советской Армии. // Центральная поликлиника № 1 Министерства обороны СССР. 50 лет. 1918-1968 гг. Материалы юбилейной врачебной научно-практической конференции. - Москва, 1968 – С 3.
*{{in lang|ru}} Поддубный М.В. Корпусный врач В. П. Кравков и его дневник Первой мировой войны. // Военно-медицинский журнал, т.336, No 2, 2015 - C. 85-88
*{{in lang|ru}} Российский М.А. 10-я Армия в Восточной Пруссии. Зимние операции 1914–1915 гг. в дневниках В.П. Кравкова // Известия лаборатории древних технологий, No 4 (13), 2014 - C. 45 - 72.
*{{in lang|ru}} Российский М.А. Дневники В.П. Кравкова за 1914–1917 гг. как исторический источник // Великая война: сто лет / под ред. М. Ю. Мягкова, К. А. Пахалюка. — М. ; СПб. : Нестор-История, 2014, с. 237-250, 302-322
*{{in lang|ru}} Российский М.А. Первая мировая война глазами доктора Кравкова. // История без купюр: от прошлого к настоящему. – М.: Международная жизнь (специальный выпуск), 2013, с. 89-137
*{{in lang|ru}} Российский М.А. Рига в 1916 году: взгляд русского военного врача. // Baltfort, No 4 (29), декабрь 2014 - C. 58 -68
*{{in lang|ru}} Российский М.А. «Смерть какого-то проходимца Распутина заслонила… все события фронта и тыла; и это — в момент великой трагедии, решающей судьбы русского народа!» Первая мировая война в дневниках В.П. Кравкова // Военно-исторический журнал, No 6, июнь 2015 - C. 63 - 69.
*{{in lang|ru}} Свет милосердия. Дневник участника русско-японской войны (1904-1905) дивизионного врача В.П. Кравкова // Время и судьбы. «Военные мемуары». Вып. 1. - М., «Воениздат» 1991. - С. 259–286.
*{{in lang|ru}} Узбекова Д.Г. Кравковы: два поколения ученых из Рязани / Д.Г.Узбекова – М.:Вече, 2014 – 352 с. {{ISBN|978-5-4444-1806-2}}
*{{in lang|ru}} Узбекова Д.Г. В.П. Кравков - военный санитарный врач Русской императорской армии (К 100-летию начала Первой мировой войны // Проблемы социальной гигиены, здравоохранения и истории медицины, №4, 2014 - с. 51-54.

== External links ==

*{{in lang|ru}} Российский М.А. (2014) [http://hero1914.com/velikaya-vojna-glazami-doktora-v-p-kravkova/ Великая война глазами доктора В.П. Кравкова]
*{{in lang|ru}} Российский М.А. (2014) [https://web.archive.org/web/20140808045003/http://rv.ryazan.ru/news/2014/08/01/30511.html Летописец Первой мировой войны. Из Рязани. Дневники Василия Кравкова стали историческим документом]
*{{in lang|ru}} Российский М.А. (2014) [http://www.inion.ru/index.php?page_id=528 7-й Сибирский армейский корпус в июньском наступлении 1917 года (по материалам личного фонда В.П. Кравкова в НИОР РГБ).]
*{{in lang|ru}} Назаров О.Г. (2014) [http://www.lgz.ru/article/-40-6482-15-10-2014/nagaya-pravda/ Нагая правда]
*{{in lang|ru}} Назаров О.Г. (2014) [http://www.solidarnost.org/articles/articles_4898.html Первый год Первой мировой глазами военного врача]
*{{in lang|ru}} [http://school10-rzn.ru/o-shkole/istoricheskaya-spravka Историческая справка, семья Кравковых]
*{{in lang|ru}} [http://www.kultpro.ru/item_368/ Русская армия в Галицийской битве. Из дневников военного врача В.П. Кравкова, август-сентябрь 1914 г.]
*{{in lang|ru}} [http://rv-ryazan.ru/news/34911.html В память о знаменитой династии]
*{{in lang|ru}} [http://www.rzn.info/news/2014/11/25/chtoby-otkryt-memorial-nuyu-dosku-vydayuschimsya-ryazanskim-vracham-kravkovym-priglasili-ih-potomkov-i-prinesli-stul.html В Рязани открыли мемориальную доску выдающимся врачам Кравковым]
*{{in lang|ru}} [http://mediaryazan.ru/news/detail/268330.html В Рязани открыли памятную доску Василию Павловичу и Сергею Васильевичу Кравковым]
*{{in lang|ru}} [http://rv-ryazan.ru/news/34893.html Книга уроженца г. Рязани В. П. Кравкова «Великая война без ретуши. Записки корпусного врача» была представлена в областной библиотеке имени Горького]
*{{in lang|ru}} Сизова И. В. (2014) [http://rv-ryazan.ru/news/35978.html Откровенно. Тайный советник – о великой войне]

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Kravkov, Vasily}}
[[Category:1859 births]]
[[Category:1920 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Ryazan]]
[[Category:Military doctors from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Memoirists from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Russian military personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 3rd class]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 2nd class]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th class]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd class]]
[[Category:S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy alumni]]