View source for Voiced uvular trill

{{short description|Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ʀ⟩ in IPA}}
{{redirect|Uvular trill|the voiceless consonant|Voiceless uvular trill}}
{{Infobox IPA
|ipa symbol=ʀ
|ipa number=123
|decimal=640
|xsampa=R\
|kirshenbaum=r"
|braille=*
|braille2=r
|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x0280.svg
|imagesize=150px
}}

{{Infobox IPA
| above = Voiced uvular fricative trill
| ipa symbol = ʀ̝
}}The '''voiced uvular trill''' is a type of [[consonant]]al sound, used in some [[Speech|spoken]] [[language]]s. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|ʀ}}, a [[Small caps|small capital]] version of the [[Latin alphabet|Latin]] letter [[r]]. This consonant is one of several collectively called [[guttural R]].

==Features==
Features of the voiced uvular trill:

{{trill}} Unlike in tongue-tip trills, it is the uvula, not the tongue, that vibrates.{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=225}}
{{uvular}}
{{voiced}}
{{oral}}
{{central articulation}}
{{pulmonic}}

==Occurrence==
[[File:Uvular rhotics in Europe.png|thumb|upright=1.4|Distribution of [[Guttural R|guttural r]] (such as {{IPA|[ʁ ʀ χ]}}) in [[Europe]] in the mid-20th century.<ref>Map based on {{Harvcoltxt|Trudgill|1974|p=220}}</ref>
{{legend|#8A7248|not usual}}
{{legend|#A88A8E|only in some educated speech}}
{{legend|#B893CB|usual in educated speech}}
{{legend|#73488A|general}}]]

There are two main theories regarding the origination of the uvular trill in European languages. According to one theory, the uvular trill originated in Standard [[French language|French]] around the 17th century and spread to the standard varieties of [[German language|German]], [[Danish language|Danish]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], and some of those of [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] and [[Swedish language|Swedish]]. It is also present in other areas of Europe, but it is not clear if such pronunciations are due to French influence.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Trudgill|1974|p=221}}, citing {{Harvcoltxt|Moulton|1952}}, {{Harvcoltxt|Ewert|1963}}, and {{Harvcoltxt|Martinet|1969}}</ref> In most cases, varieties have shifted the sound to a [[voiced uvular fricative]] {{IPAblink|ʁ}} or a [[voiced uvular approximant]] {{IPAblink|ʁ|ʁ̞}}.

The other main theory is that the uvular R originated within Germanic languages by the weakening of the [[alveolar trill|alveolar R]], which was replaced by an imitation of the alveolar R (vocalisation).{{sfnp|Bisiada|2009}} Against the "French origin" theory, it is said that there are many signs that the uvular R existed in some German dialects long before the 17th century.{{sfnp|Bisiada|2009}}

{{clear}}
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=2| Language
! Word
! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
! Meaning
! Notes
|-
| [[Afrikaans]]
| Parts of the former [[Cape Province]]{{sfnp|Donaldson|1993|p=15}}
| {{lang|af|'''r'''ooi|italic=yes}}
| {{IPA|[ʀoːi̯]}}
| 'red'
| May be a fricative {{IPAblink|ʁ}} instead.{{sfnp|Donaldson|1993|p=15}} See [[Afrikaans phonology]]
|-
| [[Arabic]]
| [[North Mesopotamian Arabic|North Mesopotamian]]
|{{lang|ar|قمر}}
| [ˈqʌmʌʀ]
| 'moon'
| Corresponds to [r, ɾ] in most other varieties. See [[Arabic phonology]]
|-
|[[Breton language|Breton]]
|[[Bro Gwened|Kerneveg]]
|{{lang|br|b'''r'''o}}
| [bʀoː]
|'country'
|Corresponds to [r~ʁ] in standard Breton. See [[Breton phonology]]
|-
| [[Catalan language|Catalan]]
| Some northern dialects{{sfnp|Wheeler|2005|pp=24}}
| {{lang|ca|[[Catalan orthography|có'''rr'''er]]|italic=yes}}
| {{IPA|[koˈʀe]}}
| 'to run'
| See [[Catalan phonology]]
|-
|rowspan=7| [[Dutch language|Dutch]]{{sfnp|Booij|1999|p=8}}{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|pp=42, 54, 77, 165, 199–200}}{{sfnp|Goeman|van de Velde|2001|pp=91–92, 94–97, 99–104}}{{sfnp|Verstraten|van de Velde|2001|pp=45–46, 51, 53–55, 58}}
| [[Limburg (Belgium)|Belgian Limburg]]{{sfnp|Verhoeven|2005|pp=243 and 245}}{{sfnp|Verstraten|van de Velde|2001|p=52}}
|rowspan=7| {{lang|nl|[[Dutch orthography|'''r'''ood]]|italic=yes}}
|rowspan=7| {{Audio-IPA|Nl-rood.ogg|[ʀoːt]}}
|rowspan=7| 'red'
|rowspan=4| More commonly a [[Uvular flap|flap]].{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=42}}  Uvular pronunciations appear to be gaining ground in the Randstad.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=209}} Realization of {{IPA|/r/}} varies considerably among dialects. See [[Dutch phonology]]
|-
| Central Netherlands{{sfnp|Verstraten|van de Velde|2001|p=54}}
|-
| [[Randstad]]{{sfnp|Verstraten|van de Velde|2001|p=54}}
|-
| Southern Netherlands{{sfnp|Verstraten|van de Velde|2001|p=54}}
|-
| [[Flemish Brabant]]{{sfnp|Verstraten|van de Velde|2001|p=52}} || rowspan="3" | More commonly a [[uvular tap|flap]].{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=42}} It is one of the least common realizations of {{IPA|/r/}} in these areas.{{sfnp|Verstraten|van de Velde|2001|pp=52 and 54}} See [[Dutch phonology]]
|-
| Northern Netherlands{{sfnp|Verstraten|van de Velde|2001|p=54}}
|-
| [[West Flanders]]{{sfnp|Verstraten|van de Velde|2001|p=52}}
|-
|rowspan=3| [[English language|English]]
| [[Cape Flats English|Cape Flats]]{{sfnp|Finn|2004|p=976}}
|rowspan=3| [[English orthography|'''''r'''ed'']]
|rowspan=3| {{IPA|[ʀɛd]}}
|rowspan=3| 'red'
| Possible realization of {{IPA|/r/}}; may be {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ɹ}} ~ {{IPAplink|ɹ̝}} ~ {{IPAplink|ɾ}} ~ {{IPAplink|r}}]}} instead.{{sfnp|Finn|2004|p=976}} See [[South African English phonology]]
|-
| [[English of Northumbria|Northumbrian dialect]]{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=236}}
| More often a [[Voiced uvular fricative|fricative]].{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=236}} Dialectal "[[Northumbrian Burr]]", mostly found in eastern [[Northumberland]], declining. See [[English phonology]]
|-
| [[Sierra Leonean English|Sierra Leonean]]{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=236}}
| More often a [[Voiced uvular fricative|fricative]].{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=236}}
|-
|colspan=2| [[French language|French]]{{sfnp|Grevisse|Goosse|2008|pp=22–36}}
| {{lang|fr|[[French orthography|'''r'''endez-vous]]|italic=yes}}
| {{Audio-IPA|Fr-Rendez-vous.ogg|[ʀɑ̃devu]}}
| 'rendezvous', 'appointment'
| Dialectal. More commonly an approximant or a fricative {{IPAblink|ʁ}}. See [[French phonology]]
|-
| [[German language|German]]
| [[Standard German|Standard]]{{sfnp|Hall|1993|p=89}}
| {{lang|de|[[German orthography|'''r'''ot]]|italic=yes}}
| {{audio|De-rot.ogg|lang=de|[ʀoːt]}}
| 'red'
| In free variation with a [[voiced uvular fricative]] and approximant. Can be realized as voiceless after voiceless consonants. See [[Standard German phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]
| {{lang|he|[[Hebrew alphabet|י'''ר'''וק]]|rtl=yes}}
| {{IPA|[jaˈʀok]}}
| 'green'
| May also be a [[Voiced uvular fricative|fricative]] or [[approximant consonant|approximant]]. See [[Modern Hebrew phonology]]
|-
| [[Italian language|Italian]]{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=225}}
| Some speakers{{sfnp|Canepari|1999|pp=98–101}}
| {{lang|it|[[Italian orthography|'''r'''a'''r'''o]]|italic=yes}}
| {{IPA|[ˈʀäːʀo]}}
| 'rare'
| Rendition alternative to the standard Italian [[alveolar trill]] {{IPAblink|r}}, due to individual [[Orthoepy|orthoepic]] defects and/or regional variations that make the alternative sound more prevalent, notably in [[South Tyrol]] (bordering with German-speaking Austria), [[Aosta Valley]] (bordering with France) and in parts of the [[Parma]] [[Province of Parma|province]], more markedly around [[Fidenza]]. Other alternative sounds may be a [[voiced uvular fricative]] {{IPAblink|ʁ}} or a [[labiodental approximant]] {{IPAblink|ʋ}}.{{sfnp|Canepari|1999|pp=98–101}} See [[Italian phonology]].
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Japreria language|Japreria]]
|''peŕo''
|{{IPA|[peʀo]}}
|'dog'<ref>{{Cite web |title=Picture Dictionary: Japreria Animals |url=http://www.native-languages.org/japreria_animals.htm |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=www.native-languages.org}}</ref>
|Contrasts with flap [ɾ], represented orthographically by ŕ.
|-
|colspan=2| [[Judaeo-Spanish]]
| {{lang|lad-Latn|muje'''r'''}}
| {{IPA|[muˈʒɛʀ]}}
| 'woman', 'wife'
|
|-
|rowspan=1| [[Low German|Low Saxon]] || [[Zwols]]<ref>The guttural r is used in some other cities in the Low Saxon area as well.</ref><ref>[https://www.dialectzinnen.ugent.be/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/F096_Zwolle.pdf Zuid-Drente en Noord-Overijssel. Zwolle.] Reeks Nederlandse Dialectatlassen  deel 14 (1982).</ref> || {{lang|sdz|p'''r'''iezen/p'''r'''ysen}} || {{IPA|[pʀi:zn̩]}} ||rowspan=1|'prices'||Only in the city and its immediate surroundings, not in the area surrounding Zwolle.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Luxembourgish language|Luxembourgish]]{{sfnp|Gilles|Trouvain|2013|pp=67–68}}
| {{lang|lb|'''R'''ou|italic=yes}}
| {{IPA|[ʀəʊ̯]}}
| 'silence'
| Prevocalic allophone of {{IPA|/ʀ/}}.{{sfnp|Gilles|Trouvain|2013|p=68}} See [[Luxembourgish phonology]]
|-
|rowspan=4| [[Occitan language|Occitan]]
| Eastern
| {{lang|oc-Latn|ga'''rr'''ic}}
| {{IPA|[ɡaʀi]}}
| 'oak'
| Contrasts with alveolar trill ({{IPA|[ɡari]}} 'cured')
|-
| [[Provençal dialect|Provençal]]
| {{lang|oc-Latn|pa'''r'''ts}}
| {{IPA|[paʀ]}}
| 'parts'
|rowspan=3| See [[Occitan phonology]]
|-
| Southern [[Auvergnat dialect|Auvergnat]]
| {{lang|oc-Latn|ga'''r'''çon}}
| {{IPA|[ɡaʀˈsu]}}
|rowspan=2| 'son'
|-
| Southeastern [[Limousin dialect|Limousin]]
| {{lang|oc-Latn|fi'''lh'''}}
| {{IPA|[fʲiʀ]}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] || Southern [[Norwegian dialects|dialects]] || rowspan="2" | {{lang|no|'''r'''a'''r'''|italic=yes}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ʁ̞ɑːʁ̞]}} || rowspan="2" | 'strange' || rowspan="2" | Either an approximant or a fricative. See [[Norwegian phonology]]
|-
| Southwestern [[Norwegian dialects|dialects]]
|-
|rowspan=3| [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
| [[European Portuguese|European]]{{sfnp|Mateus|d'Andrade|2000|p=11}}
| {{lang|pt|[[Portuguese orthography|'''r'''arear]]|italic=yes}}
| {{IPA|[ʀɐɾiˈaɾ]}}
| 'to get scarcer'
| Alternates with other uvular forms and the older alveolar trill. See [[Portuguese phonology]]
|-
| [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Fluminense]]<ref name=gel>[http://www.gel.org.br/estudoslinguisticos/volumes/32/htm/comunica/ci133.htm Acoustic analysis of vibrants in Brazilian Portuguese] {{in lang|pt}}</ref>
| {{lang|pt|[[Portuguese orthography|me'''r'''cado]]|italic=yes}}
| {{IPA|[me̞ʀˈkadu]}}
| 'market', 'fair'
| Tendency to be replaced by fricative pronunciations. In [[Syllable#Coda|coda]] position, it is generally in free variation with {{IPAblink|x}}, {{IPAblink|χ}}, {{IPAblink|ʁ}}, {{IPAblink|ħ}} and {{IPAblink|h}} before non-voicing environments.
|-
| [[South Region, Brazil|Sulista]]<ref name=gel/>
| {{lang|pt|[[Portuguese orthography|'''r'''epolho]]|italic=yes}}
| {{IPA|[ʀe̞ˈpoʎ̟ʊ]}}
| 'cabbage'
| Alternates with the alveolar trill and {{IPAblink|h}} depending on the region. Never used in coda.
|-
| [[Romani language|Romani]]
| Some dialects
| {{lang|rom|[[Romani alphabets|'''rr'''om]]|italic=yes}}
| {{IPA|[ʀom]}}
| 'man'
| Allophone of a descendant of the Indic retroflex set, so often transcribed {{IPA|/ɽ/}}. A coronal flap, approximant or trill in other dialects; in some it merges with {{IPA|/r/}}
|-
| [[Selkup language|Selkup]]
| Northern dialects
| ӄа'''ӄр'''и
| {{IPA|[ˈqaʀlɪ̈]}}
| 'sledge'
| Allophone of {{IPA|/q/}} before [[liquid consonant|liquids]]
|-
| [[Sioux language|Sioux]]
| [[Lakota language|Lakota]]{{sfnp|Rood|Taylor|1996}}<ref>[http://www.lakhota.org Lakota Language Consortium] (2004). [http://www.lakhota.org/ALPHABET/alphabet.htm Lakota letters and sounds].</ref>|| '''''ǧ'''í''
| {{IPA|[ʀí]}}
| 'it's brown'
| Allophone of {{IPA|/ʁ/}} before {{IPA|/i/}}
|-
| [[Sotho language|Sotho]]
| Regional variant
| {{lang|st|mo'''r'''i'''r'''i|italic=yes}}
| {{IPA|[moʀiʀi]}}
| 'hair'
| Imported from French missionaries. See [[Sesotho phonology]]
|-
| [[Swedish language|Swedish]]
| [[South Swedish dialects|Southern]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|pp=225–226}}</ref>
| {{lang|pt|[[Swedish orthography|'''r'''äv]]|italic=yes}}
| {{IPA|[ʀɛːv]}}
| 'fox'
| See [[Swedish phonology]]
|-
| [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]]
| Standard<ref name="kleine">{{Harvcoltxt|Kleine|2003|p=263}}</ref>
| {{lang|yi|[[Yiddish orthography|בריק]]|rtl=yes}}
| {{IPA|[bʀɪk]}}
| 'bridge'
| More commonly a flap {{IPAblink|ʀ̆}}; can be alveolar {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ɾ}} ~ {{IPAplink|r}}]}} instead.<ref name="kleine"/> See [[Yiddish phonology]]
|}

== See also ==
* [[Index of phonetics articles]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
{{refbegin|2}}
*{{citation
|last=Bisiada
|first=Mario
|year=2009
|title=[R] in Germanic Dialects — Tradition or Innovation?
|journal=Vernacular
|volume=1
|pages=84–99
|url=https://kar.kent.ac.uk/33787/
}}
*{{citation
|last=Booij
|first=Geert
|year=1999
|title=The phonology of Dutch
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|isbn=0-19-823869-X
}}
*{{citation
|last=Canepari
|first=Luciano
|year=1999
|orig-year=1992
|title=Il MªPi – Manuale di pronuncia italiana
|trans-title=Handbook of Italian Pronunciation
|language=it
|edition=2 
|location=Bologna
|publisher=Zanichelli
|isbn=88-08-24624-8
}}
* {{Citation
|last1=Collins
|first1=Beverley
|last2=Mees
|first2=Inger M.
|year=2003
|orig-year=First published 1981
|title=The Phonetics of English and Dutch
|edition=5th
|place=Leiden
|publisher=Brill Publishers
|isbn=9004103406
}}
* {{citation
|last=Donaldson
|first=Bruce C.
|year=1993
|title=A Grammar of Afrikaans
|chapter=1. Pronunciation
|publisher=[[Mouton de Gruyter]]
|pages=1–35
|isbn=9783110134261
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ftzioRvJzTUC
}}
* {{citation
|last=Ewert
|first=A.
|year=1963
|title=The French Language
|place=London
|publisher=Faber
}}
* {{citation
|last=Finn
|first=Peter
|editor-last=Schneider
|editor-first=Edgar W.
|editor2-last=Burridge
|editor2-first=Kate
|editor3-last=Kortmann
|editor3-first=Bernd
|editor4-last=Mesthrie
|editor4-first=Rajend
|editor5-last=Upton
|editor5-first=Clive
|year=2004
|title=A handbook of varieties of English
|chapter=Cape Flats English: phonology
|volume=1: Phonology
|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter
|pages=964–984
|isbn=3-11-017532-0
}}
* {{citation
|last1=Gilles
|first1=Peter
|last2=Trouvain
|first2=Jürgen
|year=2013
|title=Luxembourgish
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=43
|issue=1
|pages=67–74
|doi=10.1017/S0025100312000278
|doi-access=free
}}
* {{Cite book
|last1=Goeman
|first1=Ton
|last2=van de Velde
|first2=Hans
|chapter=Co-occurrence constraints on {{IPA|/r/|cat=no}} and {{IPA|/ɣ/|cat=no}} in Dutch dialects
|pages=91–112
|editor-last2=van Hout
|editor-first2=Roeland
|editor-last1=van de Velde
|editor-first1=Hans
|year=2001
|title='r-atics
|journal=Rapport d'Activités de l'Institut des Langues Vivantes et de Phonétique
|publisher=Etudes & Travaux
|place=Brussels
|issn=0777-3692
|chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254818745
}}
* {{citation
|last1=Grevisse
|first1=Maurice
|author-link=Maurice Grevisse
|last2=Goosse
|first2=André
|author-link2=André Goosse
|year=2008
|title=Le Bon Usage
|edition=14th 
|publisher=De Boeck et Larcier
}}
*{{citation
|last=Hall
|first=Tracy Alan
|year=1993
|title=The phonology of German {{IPA|/ʀ/|cat=no}}
|journal=Phonology
|volume=10
|issue=1
|pages=83–105
|doi=10.1017/S0952675700001743
|jstor=4615428
|s2cid=195707076
}}
* {{citation
|last=Kleine
|first=Ane
|year=2003
|title=Standard Yiddish
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=33
|issue=2
|pages=261–265
|doi=10.1017/S0025100303001385
|doi-access=free
}}
* {{SOWL}}
* {{citation
|last=Martinet
|first=A.
|year=1969
|title=Le Français sans fard
|place=Paris
|publisher=Presses Universitaires
}}
* {{Citation
|last1=Mateus
|first1=Maria Helena 
|last2=d'Andrade
|first2=Ernesto 
|year= 2000
|title=The Phonology of Portuguese
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|isbn=0-19-823581-X
}}
*{{citation
|last=Moulton
|first=W.G.
|year=1952
|title=Jacob Böhme's uvular r
|journal=Journal of English and Germanic Philology
|volume=51
|pages=83–89
}}
*{{citation
 |last1        = Rood
 |first1       = David S.
 |last2        = Taylor
 |first2       = Allan R.
 |year         = 1996
 |chapter      = Sketch of Lakhota, a Siouan Language, Part I
 |title        = Handbook of North American Indians
 |volume       = 17
 |publisher    = Smithsonian Institution
 |chapter-url  = http://lakxotaiyapi.freecyberzone.com/sk1.htm
 |pages        = 440–482
 |access-date  = 2014-11-14
 |archive-url  = https://archive.today/20120712000000/http://lakxotaiyapi.freecyberzone.com/sk1.htm
 |archive-date = 2012-07-12
 |url-status   = dead
}}
*{{citation
|last=Trudgill
|first=Peter
|author-link=Peter Trudgill
|year=1974
|title=Linguistic change and diffusion: Description and explanation in sociolinguistic dialect
|journal=Language in Society
|volume=3
|issue=2
|pages=215–246
|doi=10.1017/S0047404500004358
|s2cid=145148233
}}
* {{citation
|last=Verhoeven
|first=Jo
|year=2005
|title=Belgian Standard Dutch
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=35
|issue=2
|pages=243–247
|doi=10.1017/S0025100305002173
|doi-access=free
}}
* {{Cite book
|last1=Verstraten
|first1=Bart
|last2=van de Velde
|first2=Hans
|chapter=Socio-geographical variation of {{IPA|/r/|cat=no}} in standard Dutch
|pages=45–61
|editor-last2=van Hout
|editor-first2=Roeland
|editor-last1=van de Velde
|editor-first1=Hans
|year=2001
|title='r-atics
|journal=Rapport d'Activités de l'Institut des Langues Vivantes et de Phonétique
|publisher=Etudes & Travaux
|place=Brussels
|issn=0777-3692
|chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254818745
}}
*{{citation
|last=Wheeler
|first=Max W.
|year=2005
|title=The Phonology Of Catalan
|place=Oxford
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|isbn=978-0-19-925814-7
}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{phoible|ʀ}}

{{IPA navigation}}
{{LetterR}}

[[Category:Trill consonants]]
[[Category:Uvular consonants]]
[[Category:Pulmonic consonants]]
[[Category:Oral consonants]]
[[Category:Central consonants]]