View source for Zinc gluconate

{{chembox
| Verifiedfields = changed
| Watchedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 476996384
| ImageFile = Zinc gluconate structure.svg
| ImageSize = 300px
| IUPACName =
| OtherNames = zincum gluconicum
|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 391659
| InChI = 1/2C6H12O7.Zn/c2*7-1-2(8)3(9)4(10)5(11)6(12)13;/h2*2-5,7-11H,1H2,(H,12,13);/q;;+2/p-2/t2*2-,3-,4+,5-;/m11./s1
| InChIKey = WHMDKBIGKVEYHS-QFKJHGNTBI
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/2C6H12O7.Zn/c2*7-1-2(8)3(9)4(10)5(11)6(12)13;/h2*2-5,7-11H,1H2,(H,12,13);/q;;+2/p-2/t2*2-,3-,4+,5-;/m11./s1
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = WHMDKBIGKVEYHS-IYEMJOQQSA-L
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CASNo = 4468-02-4
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|changed|FDA}}
| UNII = U6WSN5SQ1Z
| PubChem = 20543
| EC_number = 224-736-9
| DrugBank = DB11248
| KEGG = D02390
| ChEBI = 29708
| ChEMBL = 3833377
| SMILES = [Zn+2].[O-]C(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO.[O-]C(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO
}}
|Section2={{Chembox Properties
| Formula = C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>14</sub>Zn
| MolarMass = 455.685 g/mol
| Appearance =
| Density =
| MeltingPtC = 172 to 175
| MeltingPt_notes = 
| BoilingPt =
| Solubility =
}}
|Section6={{Chembox Pharmacology
| ATCCode_prefix = A12
| ATCCode_suffix = CB02
}}
|Section7={{Chembox Hazards
| MainHazards =
| FlashPt =
| AutoignitionPt = 
 }}
}}
[[File:Zinc pills.jpg|thumb|Zinc gluconate dietary supplements]]
'''Zinc gluconate''' is the [[zinc]] [[salt (chemistry)|salt]] of [[gluconic acid]].  It is an [[ionic bond|ionic]] [[chemical compound|compound]] consisting of two [[anion]]s of gluconate for each zinc(II) [[cation]]. Zinc gluconate is a popular form for the delivery of zinc as a [[dietary supplement]] providing 14.35% elemental zinc by weight.

Gluconic acid is found naturally, and is industrially made by the [[fermentation (biochemistry)|fermentation]] of [[glucose]], typically by ''[[Aspergillus niger]]'', but also by other [[fungus|fungi]], e.g. ''[[Penicillium]]'', or by [[bacteria]], e.g. ''[[Acetobacter]]'', ''[[Pseudomonas]]'' and ''[[Gluconobacter]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Sumitra Ramachandran, Pierre Fontanille, Ashok Pandey and Christian Larroche|title=Gluconic Acid: A Review|journal=Food Technology and Biotechnology|volume=44|issue=2|pages=185–195|year=2006|url=http://www.ftb.com.hr/44/44-185.pdf|access-date=2006-12-06|archive-date=2018-03-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311100244/http://www.ftb.com.hr/44/44-185.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> In its pure form, it is a white to off-white powder. It can also be made by electrolytic oxidation,<ref>{{cite journal|author=Henk G.J. de Wilt|title=Part I: The oxidation of Glucose to Gluconic Acid|journal=Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev.|volume=11|issue=4|page=370|year=1972|doi=10.1021/i360044a002}}</ref> although this is a more expensive process. The advantages are a lower microbiological profile, and a more complete reaction, yielding a product with a longer shelf life.

==Zinc gluconate and the common cold==
Zinc gluconate has been used in [[zinc and the common cold|lozenges for treating the common cold]]. However, controlled trials with lozenges which include [[zinc acetate]] have found it has the greatest effect on the duration of colds.<ref name=Eby2004>{{cite journal|url = http://george-eby-research.com/html/common-cold.pdf|last = Eby|first = George A.|year = 2004|title = Zinc lozenges: cold cure or candy? Solution chemistry determinations|journal = [[Biosci. Rep.]]|volume = 24|issue = 1|pages = 23–39|pmid = 15499830|doi = 10.1023/B:BIRE.0000037754.71063.41|pmc = 7087920|citeseerx = 10.1.1.498.6625|access-date = 2013-10-31|archive-date = 2013-10-29|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131029213933/http://george-eby-research.com/html/common-cold.pdf|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1 = Hemilä|first1 = Harri|last2 = Petrus|first2 = Edward J.|last3 = Fitzgerald|first3 = James T.|last4 = Prasad|first4 = Ananda|title = Zinc acetate lozenges for treating the common cold: An individual patient data meta-analysis|journal = [[Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol.]]|volume = 82|issue = 5|pages = 1393–1398|doi = 10.1111/bcp.13057|year = 2016|pmid =  27378206|pmc = 5061795}}</ref>  Zinc has also been administered nasally for treating the common cold, but has been reported to cause [[anosmia]] in some cases.<ref>{{cite journal|journal = [[American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy|Am. J. Rhinol.]]|year = 2004|volume = 18|issue = 3|pages = 137–141|title = Anosmia after intranasal zinc gluconate use|last1 = Jafek|first1 = Bruce W.|last2 = Linschoten|first2 = Miriam R.|last3 = Murrow|first3 = Bruce W.|url = http://www.george-eby-research.com/anosmia/jafek-zicam-anosmia.pdf|pmid = 15283486|doi = 10.1177/194589240401800302|s2cid = 12554540}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1 = Alexander|first1 = Thomas H.|last2 = Davidson|first2 = Terence M.|title = Intranasal zinc and anosmia: The zinc-induced anosmia syndrome|journal = [[The Laryngoscope]]|year = 2006|volume = 116|issue = 2|pages = 217–220|url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7306169|pmid = 16467707|doi = 10.1097/01.mlg.0000191549.17796.13|s2cid = 39830031}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal = [[Journal of Primary Health Care|J. Prim. Health Care]]|year = 2009|volume = 1|issue = 2|pages = 134–139|title = Is intranasal zinc effective and safe for the common cold? A systematic review and meta-analysis|last1 = D'Cruze|first1 = Hubert|last2 = Arroll|first2 = Bruce|last3 = Kenealy|first3 = Tim|url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/45535007|doi = 10.1071/HC09134|pmid = 20690364|doi-access = free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal = [[Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg.]]|year = 2010|volume = 136|issue = 7|pages = 673–676|doi = 10.1001/archoto.2010.111|title = The Bradford Hill criteria and zinc-induced anosmia: A causality analysis|last1 = Davidson|first1 = Terence M.|last2 = Smith|first2 = W. M.|url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/297312265|pmid = 20644061|doi-access = free}}</ref>

==Safety concerns==
<!-- This section, [[Zinc gluconate#Safety concerns]], is direct-linked to by the [[Homeopathy]] article in a discussion of Zicam. Please do not change the section title without fixing the link-->

Instances of anosmia (loss of smell) have been reported with intranasal use of some products containing zinc gluconate. In September 2003, [[Zicam]] faced lawsuits from users who claimed that the product, a nasal gel containing zinc gluconate and several inactive ingredients, negatively affected their sense of smell and sometimes taste. Some plaintiffs alleged experiencing a strong and very painful burning sensation when they used the product. Matrixx Initiatives, Inc., the maker of Zicam, responded that only a small number of people had experienced problems and that anosmia can be caused by the common cold itself. In January 2006, 340 lawsuits were settled for $12 million.<ref>[http://zicam.vanosteen.com/ zicam.vanosteen.com] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070622070819/http://zicam.vanosteen.com/ |date=June 22, 2007 }}</ref>

The U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) considers zinc gluconate to be [[generally recognized as safe]] (GRAS) when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice, although this does not constitute a finding by the FDA that the substance is a useful dietary supplement.<ref>{{cite web|title=Title 21, Part 182 Substances Generally Recognized as Safe (21CFR182)|website=United States [[Code of Federal Regulations]]|publisher=[[Food and Drug Administration]], [[Department of Health and Human Services]]|url =http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_03/21cfr182_03.html|access-date=2007-07-09}}</ref> On 16 June 2009 the FDA "warned consumers to stop using and discard three zinc-containing Zicam intranasal products. The products may cause a loss of sense of smell. ... FDA is concerned that the loss of sense of smell may be permanent."<ref name="fda.gov">{{cite web |url=http://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm166931.htm |title=Warnings on Three Zicam Intranasal Zinc Products |website=www.fda.gov |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090617182326/http://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm166931.htm |archive-date=17 June 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm167065.htm |title=FDA Advises Consumers Not to Use Certain Zicam Cold Remedies |website=www.fda.gov |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090617185322/http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm167065.htm |archive-date=17 June 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Matrixx responded that the FDA's allegations were "unfounded and misleading", citing a lack of evidence from [[Scientific control|controlled]] tests that Zicam causes anosmia.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/06/16/zicam.fda.warning/index.html|work=CNN|title=FDA warns against using 3 popular Zicam cold meds|access-date=2010-04-29|date=2009-06-16}}</ref> In its warning, the FDA stated, "This warning does not involve oral zinc tablets and lozenges taken by mouth. Dietary zinc is also not subject to this warning."<ref name="fda.gov"/>

==Veterinary use==
A zinc gluconate-based product, also containing [[arginine]], is used as a veterinary [[chemical castration]] drug. For dogs, the product is injected directly into the testicles.<ref name="Macpherson 2012">{{cite book|editor1-last=Macpherson|editor1-first=CNL|editor2-last=Meslin|editor2-first=F-X|editor3-last=Wandeler|editor3-first=AI|title=Dogs, zoonoses and public health|date=2012|publisher=CABI|location=Wallingford, Oxfordshire|isbn=9781845938352|page=265|edition=2nd|chapter=Chemosterilants}}</ref> It has been sold under various brand names, including [[Neutersol]] and Esterilsol.<ref name="Macpherson 2012"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{ATC|A12|CB02}}

{{Dietary supplement}}
{{Mineral supplements}}

[[Category:Dietary supplements]]
[[Category:Gluconates|zinc]]
[[Category:Zinc compounds|gluconate]]