Jump to content

Extreme points of Earth: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Undid revision 968666904 by ItayMarMax (talk)
Tag: New redirect
 
(46 intermediate revisions by 36 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
#REDIRECT [[Extremes on Earth]] {{R from merge}}
{{short description|List of geographical locations that extend farther in one direction than any other location}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2008}}

This is a list of '''extreme points of Earth''', the geographical locations that are farther north or south than, higher or lower in elevation than, or farthest inland or out to sea from, any other locations on the [[landmass]]es, [[continent]]s or [[country|countries]].

For other lists of extreme points on Earth, including places that hold temperature and weather records, see [[Extremes on Earth]], [[Lists of extreme points]], and [[List of weather records]].

==Earth==
===Latitude and longitude===
* The '''northernmost point on Earth''' is the [[Geographic North Pole]], in the [[Arctic Ocean]].
** The '''[[Most northerly point of land|northernmost point on land]]''' is the northern tip of [[Kaffeklubben Island]], north of [[Greenland]] ({{Coord|83|40|N|29|50|W|type:landmark|name=northernmost point on land}}), which lies slightly north of [[Cape Morris Jesup]], Greenland ({{Coord|83|38|N|32|40|W|type:landmark|name=Cape Morris Jesup}}). Various shifting [[gravel bar]]s lie farther north, the most famous being [[Oodaaq]]. There has been other islands more northern such as [[83-42]] and [[ATOW1996]] but they are not confirmed as permanent.
* The '''southernmost point on Earth''' and the '''southernmost point on land''' is the [[South Pole#Geography|geographic South Pole]], which is on the [[continent]] of [[Antarctica]].
** The '''southernmost point of [[water]]''' is a bay on the [[Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf]] along the coast of Antarctica ({{Coord|83|S|59|W}}){{Citation needed|date=January 2020}} about {{cvt|100|km}} south of [[Berkner Island]], the southernmost island in the world. The '''southernmost point of [[ocean]]''' is located on the [[Gould Coast]] ({{Coord|84|30|S|150|0|W|type:landmark|name=southernmost point of ocean}});{{Citation needed|date=January 2020}}<ref>[http://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:0::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:5881 Gould Coast] US Geographic Survey.</ref> the '''southernmost point of [[open ocean]]''' is also part of the [[Ross Sea]], namely the [[Bay of Whales]] at 78°30'S, at the edge of the [[Ross Ice Shelf]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/place/Bay-of-Whales|title=Bay of Whales - former bay, Antarctica|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]}}</ref>
* The '''westernmost and easternmost points on Earth''', based on the east–west standard for describing [[longitude]], can be found anywhere along the [[180th meridian]] in [[Siberia]] (including [[Wrangel Island]]), Antarctica, or the three islands of [[Fiji]] through which the 180th meridian passes ([[Vanua Levu]]'s eastern peninsula, the middle of [[Taveuni]], and the western part of [[Rabi Island]]).
** Using the path of the [[International Date Line]], the '''westernmost point on land''' is [[Attu Island]], [[Alaska]], and the '''easternmost point on land''' is [[Caroline Island]], [[Kiribati]].<ref name=Kiribati group=note>[http://www.trussel.com/kir/dateline.htm A 1995 realignment of the International Date Line] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060628045504/http://trussel.com/kir/dateline.htm |date=28 June 2006 }} moved all of Kiribati to the Asian side of the Date Line, causing Caroline Island to be the easternmost. However, if the previous Date Line were followed, the easternmost point would be Tafahi Niuatoputapu, in the Tonga Islands chain.</ref>

===Elevation===
{{see also|List of elevation extremes by region|List of elevation extremes by country|Extremes on Earth}}

====Highest points====
[[File:Volcán Chimborazo, "El Taita Chimborazo".jpg|thumb|[[Chimborazo (volcano)|Chimborazo]] in [[Ecuador]] is the farthest point from Earth's centre.]]

* The '''highest point on Earth's surface''' measured from [[sea level]] is the summit of [[Mount Everest]] on the border of [[Nepal]] and [[China]]. While [[Mount Everest#Surveys|measurements of its height]] vary slightly, the elevation of its peak is usually given as {{cvt|8848|m|ft|0}} above sea level. It was first reached by Sir [[Edmund Hillary]] of [[New Zealand]] and Sherpa of Nepal [[Tenzing Norgay]] in 1953.
* The '''point farthest from Earth's centre''' is the summit of [[Chimborazo (volcano)|Chimborazo]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://geology.com/records/highest-mountain-in-the-world.shtml |title=Highest Mountain in the World |work=geology.com}}</ref> in [[Ecuador]], at {{cvt|6384.4|km|mi|1}} from Earth's centre; the peak's elevation relative to sea level is {{cvt|6263.47|m|ft|0}}.{{#tag:ref|The elevation given here was established by a [[GPS]] survey in February 2016. The survey was carried out by a team from the [[Institut de recherche pour le développement|French Research Institute for Development]], working in cooperation with the [[Ecuador]]ian Military Geographic Institute.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chimborazo, el volcán de Ecuador más alto que el Everest (si se mide desde el centro de la Tierra) |publisher=[[BBC Mundo]] |date=7 April 2016 |url=http://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias/2016/04/160407_por_que_chimborazo_ecuador_mas_lejos_centro_tierra_que_el_everest_dgm |access-date=2016-04-08}}</ref>|name="elev"|group="note"}} This is because Earth is an [[flattening|oblate]] [[spheroid]] rather than a perfect [[spherical Earth|sphere]]; it is [[equatorial bulge|wider]] at the [[Equator]] and narrower between the [[geographical pole|poles]]. Therefore, the summit of Chimborazo, which is near the Equator, is farther away from Earth's centre than the summit of Mount Everest is; the latter is {{cvt|2168|m|ft|1}} closer, at {{cvt|6382.3|km|mi|1}} from Earth's centre. [[Peru]]'s [[Huascarán]] (at {{cvt|6768|m|ft|0|disp=or}}) contends closely with Chimborazo, the difference in the mountains' heights being just {{cvt|23|m|ft|}}.
* The '''fastest point on Earth''' or, in other words, '''the point furthest from the axis of Earth''' is the summit of [[Cayambe (volcano)|Cayambe]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Klenke |first1=Paul |title=Distance to the Center of the Earth |url=https://www.summitpost.org/distance-to-the-center-of-the-earth/849764 |website=Summit Post |access-date=4 July 2018}}</ref> in Ecuador, at {{cvt|1675.89|km/h|mph|}} and {{cvt|6383.95|km|mi|}} from the axis. Like Chimborazo, which is the fourth fastest peak at {{cvt|1675.47|km/h|mph|}}, it is close to the Equator and takes advantage of the oblate spheroid [[figure of Earth]]. More importantly, however, it being so near the Equator means that the majority of its distance from Earth's centre goes into it being away from the axis. The importance of [[latitude]] becomes most apparent when one looks at the [[Challenger Deep]] (speed of {{cvt|1639.15|km/h|mph||disp=or}}) compared to Mount Everest (speed of {{cvt|1481.67|km/h|mph|disp=or}}).

=====Highest points attainable by transportation=====
* The '''highest point accessible...'''
**'''...by land vehicle''' is an elevation of {{cvt|6688|m|ft}} on [[Ojos del Salado]] in [[Chile]], which was reached by the Chilean duo of Gonzalo and Eduardo Canales Moya on 21 April 2007 with a modified [[Suzuki Samurai]], setting the high-altitude record for a four-wheeled vehicle.
** '''...by road (dead end)''' is on a mining road to the summit of [[Aucanquilcha]] in [[Chile]], which reaches an elevation of {{cvt|6176|m|ft|0}}. It was once usable by 20-tonne mining trucks.<ref>{{cite journal |last=McIntyre |first=Loren |title=The High Andes |journal=National Geographic |volume=171 |issue=4 |pages=422–460 |publisher=National Geographic Society |date=April 1987 |url=}} (includes description and photos of [[Aucanquilcha]] summit road and mine)</ref> The road is no longer usable. {{Coord|21.214|S|68.475|W|display=inline}}
** '''...by road (mountain pass)''' is disputed; there are a number of competing claims for this title due to the definition of "motorable pass" (i.e. a surfaced road or one simply passable by a vehicle):
*** The '''highest [[asphalt concrete|asphalted]] road''' crosses [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]]'s [[Semo La]] pass at {{cvt|5565|m|0}}. It is used by trucks and buses regularly.<ref name="icc">{{Cite web| title = ICC – Semo Khardung| author = Assumpció Térmens| website = viewfinderpanoramas.org| publisher = Institut Cartogràfic de Catalunya| date = 2006-03-20| accessdate = 2017-02-05| url = http://viewfinderpanoramas.org/ICCSemoKhardung.pdf| language = en}}</ref> The [[Ticlio]] pass, on the Central Road of Peru, is the highest surfaced road in the Americas, at an elevation of {{cvt|4818|m}}.
*** The '''highest unsurfaced road''' is claimed by several different roads. All are unsurfaced or gravel roads including the barely passable road to Umling, LA, {{cvt|17|km|mi}} west of [[Demchok]] in [[Ladakh]], [[India]], which reaches {{cvt|5800|m|0}} ("19,300 feet" according to a [[Border Roads Organisation]] sign there that recognizes it as the "World's Highest Motorable Pass"),<ref>{{Cite web|title = Battle for the Highest Motorable Road|publisher = Motoroids|accessdate = 2017-10-17|url = https://www.motoroids.com/features/battle-for-the-highest-motorable-road-which-pass-takes-you-closest-to-the-stars/|language = en}}</ref> and [[Mana Pass]], between India and [[Tibet]], which is crossed by a gravel road reaching {{cvt|5610|m|0}}. The heavily trafficked [[Khardung La]] in Ladakh lies at {{cvt|5359|m|0}}. A possibly motorable gravel road crosses [[Marsimik La]] in Ladakh at {{cvt|5582|m|0}}.
** '''...by train''' is [[Tanggula Pass]], located on the [[Qinghai–Tibet Railway|Qinghai–Tibet (Qingzang) Railway]] in the [[Tanggula Mountains]] of Qinghai/Tibet, [[China]], at {{cvt|5072|m|0}}. The [[Tanggula railway station]] is the world's highest railway station at {{cvt|5068|m|0}}. Before the Qingzang Railway was built, the highest railway ran between [[Lima]] and [[Huancayo]] in Peru, reaching {{cvt|4829|m|0}} at [[Ticlio]].<ref name="highest_railway">{{cite web |title=Destination Guides – World's highest railway, Peru – Wanderlust Travel Magazine |last=Bennett |first=Suzy |publisher=Wanderlust Magazine |url=<!-- http://www.wanderlust.co.uk/article.php?page_id=510 -->http://www.wanderlust.co.uk/magazine/articles/destinations/a-train-journey-through-the-peruvian-andes |date=October 2003 |accessdate=10 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725012753/http://www.wanderlust.co.uk/magazine/articles/destinations/a-train-journey-through-the-peruvian-andes |archive-date=25 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
** '''...by oceangoing vessel''' is a segment of the [[Rhine–Main–Danube Canal]] between the [[Hilpoltstein]] and [[Neumarkt (district)|Bachhausen]] locks in [[Bavaria]], Germany. The locks artificially raise the surface level of the water in the canal to {{cvt|406|m|0}} above mean sea level, higher than any other [[lock (water navigation)|lock]] system in the world, making it the highest point currently accessible by oceangoing commercial watercraft.
[[Image:La Rinconada Peru.jpg|thumb|[[La Rinconada, Peru|La Rinconada]], [[Peru]]]]
* The '''highest commercial airport''' is [[Daocheng Yading Airport]], [[Sichuan]], China, at {{cvt|4411|m|0}}.<ref name="reuters">{{cite news |title=China opens world's highest civilian airport |author=Ben Blanchard |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/09/16/us-china-airport-idUSBRE98F0AG20130916 |newspaper=Reuters |date=16 September 2013 |accessdate=16 September 2013}}</ref> The proposed [[Nagqu Dagring Airport]] in Tibet, if built, will be {{cvt|25|m|0}} higher at {{cvt|4436|m}}.
* The '''highest helipad''' is Sonam, [[Siachen Glacier]], India, at a height of {{cvt|6400|m|0}} above sea level.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/south/05/20/siachen.kashmir/ |work=CNN |title=Siachen: The world's highest cold war |date=20 May 2002 |accessdate=2 May 2010}}</ref>
* The '''highest permanent human settlement''' is [[La Rinconada, Peru]], {{cvt|5100|m|0}}, in the Peruvian [[Andes]].
* The '''farthest road from the Earth's centre''' is the [[Chimborazo#Huts|Road to Carrel Hut]] in the Ecuadorian [[Andes]], at an elevation of {{cvt|4850|m|0}} above sea level and a distance of {{cvt|6382.9|km|0}} from the centre of the Earth.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.summitpost.org/carrel-refuge/578539 |title=Carrel refuge. |work=summitpost.org}}</ref>

=====Highest geographical features=====
* The '''highest volcano''' is [[Ojos del Salado]] on the Argentina–Chile border. It has the highest summit, {{cvt|6893|m|0}}, of any [[volcano]] on Earth.
* The '''highest natural lake''' is an unnamed crater lake on [[Ojos del Salado]] at {{cvt|6390|m|0}},<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.andes.org.uk/peak-info-6000/ojos-del-salado-info.asp |title=Andes Website – Information about Ojos del Salado volcano, a high mountain in South America and the world's highest volcano |accessdate=18 January 2013}}</ref> on the Argentina side. Another candidate was [[Lhagba Pool]] on the northeast slopes of [[Mount Everest]], Tibet, at an elevation of {{cvt|6368|m|0}}, which has since dried up.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.highestlake.com/highest-lake-world.html#Lhagba |title=The Highest Lake in the World |accessdate=7 September 2007}}</ref>
* The '''highest navigable lake''' is [[Lake Titicaca]], on the border of Bolivia and Peru in the [[Andes]], at {{cvt|3812|m|ft|0}}.
* The '''highest glacier''' is the [[Khumbu Glacier]] on the southwest slopes of [[Mount Everest]] in Nepal, beginning on the west side of [[Lhotse]] at an elevation of {{cvt|7600|to|8000|m|-2}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/igsoc/agl/2002/00000034/00000001/art00060?crawler=true |title=ASTER measurement of supraglacial lakes in the Mount Everest region of the Himalaya: ''The main Khumbu Glacier is about 17 km long with elevations ranging from 4900m at the terminus to 7600m at the source''....The 7600m to 8000m elevations are also depicted on numerous detailed topographic maps |accessdate=24 November 2008}}</ref>
* The '''highest river''' is disputed; one candidate from many possibilities is the [[Ating Ho]], which flows into the [[Aong Tso]] (Hagung Tso), a large lake in Tibet, and has an elevation of about {{cvt|6100|m|0}} at its source at {{Coord|32|49|30|N|81|03|45|E|type:waterbody|name=Ating Ho (source)}}. A very large and high river is the [[Yarlung Tsangpo]] or upper [[Brahmaputra River]] in Tibet, whose main stem, the [[Maquan River]], has its source at about {{cvt|6020|m|0}} above sea level at {{Coord|30|48|59|N|82|42|45|E|type:waterbody_region:CN-54|name=Maquan River (source)}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.100gogo.com/bigben.htm |title=The Mystery of World's highest river and largest Canyon |accessdate=7 September 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070921032822/http://www.100gogo.com/bigben.htm |archivedate=21 September 2007 }}</ref> Above these elevations, there are no constantly flowing rivers since the temperature is almost always below freezing.
* The '''highest island''' is one of a number of islands in the [[Orba Co]] lake in Tibet, at an elevation of {{cvt|5209|m|0}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldislandinfo.com/SUPERLATIVESV2.html |title=Island Superlatives |accessdate=7 September 2007}}</ref>

====Lowest points====

=====Lowest artificial points=====
* <!-- Kola borehole is drilled straight down; new borehole length records were mostly horizontal -->The '''lowest point underground''' ever reached was {{cvt|12262|m}} deep (SG-3 at the [[Kola Superdeep Borehole]]).
* The '''lowest human-sized point underground''' is {{cvt|3900|m}}<ref name="TauTonaExtended">{{cite news |title=TauTona, Anglo Gold – Mining Technology |url=http://www.mining-technology.com/projects/tautona_goldmine/ |publisher=SPG Media Group PLC |date=1 January 2009 |accessdate=2 March 2009}}</ref> below ground at the [[TauTona Mine]], [[Carletonville, Gauteng|Carletonville]], South Africa.
* The '''lowest (from sea level) artificially made point with open sky''' may be the [[Hambach surface mine]], Germany, which reaches a depth of {{cvt|293|m}} below sea level.
* The '''lowest (from surface) artificially made point with open sky''' may be the [[Bingham Canyon Mine|Bingham Canyon open-pit mine]], [[Salt Lake City]], United States, at a depth of {{cvt|1200|m}} below surface level.
*The '''lowest point underwater''' is the {{cvt|10685|m}}-deep (as measured from the [[subsea]] [[wellhead]]) [[oil well|oil and gas well]] drilled on the [[Tiber Oil Field]] in the [[Gulf of Mexico]]. The [[wellhead]] of this well was an additional {{cvt|1259|m}} underwater for a total distance of {{cvt|11944|m}} as measured from sea level.<ref name="Transocean Release">{{cite web|url=http://www.deepwater.com/fw/main/IDeepwater-Horizon-i-Drills-Worlds-Deepest-Oil-and-Gas-Well-419C151.html |title=Transocean's Ultra-Deepwater Semisubmersible Rig Deepwater Horizon Drills World's Deepest Oil and Gas Well |publisher=Transocean |accessdate=7 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100426171257/http://www.deepwater.com/fw/main/IDeepwater-Horizon-i-Drills-Worlds-Deepest-Oil-and-Gas-Well-419C151.html |archivedate=26 April 2010 |df=dmy }}</ref>{{Coord|28.736667|N|88.386944|W|display=inline}}

=====Lowest natural points=====
{{see also|List of places on land with elevations below sea level}}
* The '''lowest known point''' is [[Challenger Deep]], at the bottom of the [[Mariana Trench]], {{cvt|11034|m|0}} <!--- Using figure from Mariana Trench article --->below sea level.<ref>
{{cite web |url=http://www.rain.org/ocean/ocean-studies-challenger-deep-mariana-trench.html |title=Challenger Deep – the Mariana Trench |accessdate=30 July 2012}}</ref> Only six humans have reached the bottom of the trench: [[Jacques Piccard]] and [[U.S. Navy]] Lieutenant [[Don Walsh]] in 1960 aboard the [[bathyscaphe]] ''[[Bathyscaphe Trieste|Trieste]]'', filmmaker [[James Cameron]] in 2012 aboard ''[[Deepsea Challenger]]'', as well as Victor Vescovo, Patrick Lahey, and Jonathan Struwe aboard the ''[[Triton Submarines|DSV Limiting Factor]]'' in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fivedeeps.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/FDE-Challenger-Release-FINAL-5132019.pdf |title=Deepest Submarine Dive in History, Five Deeps Expedition Conquers Challenger Deep |work=fivedeeps.com |accessdate=May 13, 2019}}</ref>
* The '''lowest point underground''' is more than {{cvt|2000|m}} under the Earth's surface. For example, the altitude difference between the entrance and the deepest explored point (the maximum depth) of the [[Krubera Cave]] in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] is {{cvt|2191|+/-|20|m|ft}}. In 2012, Ukrainian cave diver [[Gennadiy Samokhin]] reached the lowest point, breaking the [[world record]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Klimchouck |first=Alexander |title=The deepest cave in the world (Krubera Cave) became 6 m deeper |url=http://www.speleogenesis.info/news/?id=213 |work=speleogenesis.info. |accessdate=10 August 2013}}</ref>
* The '''lowest point on land not covered by liquid water''' is the canyon under [[Denman Glacier]], with the bedrock being {{cvt|3,500|m|ft}} below sea level.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-50753113 |title=Denman Glacier: Deepest point on land found in Antarctica |newspaper=[[BBC News|BBC]] |author=Jonathan Amos |date=December 12, 2019 |access-date=December 13, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Mathieu Morlighem |author2=Eric Rignot |author3=Tobias Binder |author4=Donald Blankenship |author5=Reinhard Drews |author6=Graeme Eagles |author7=Olaf Eisen |author8=Fausto Ferraccioli |author9=René Forsberg |author10=Peter Fretwell |author11=Vikram Goel |author12=Jamin S. Greenbaum |author13=Hilmar Gudmundsson |author14=Jingxue Guo |author15=Veit Helm |author16=Coen Hofstede |author17=Ian Howat |author18=Angelika Humbert |author19=Wilfried Jokat |author20=Nanna B. Karlsson |author21=Won Sang Lee |author22=Kenichi Matsuoka |author23=Romain Millan |author24=Jeremie Mouginot |author25=John Paden |author26=Frank Pattyn |author27=Jason Roberts |author28=Sebastian Rosier |author29=Antonia Ruppel |author30=Helene Seroussi |author31=Emma C. Smith |author32=Daniel Steinhage |author33=Bo Sun |author34=Michiel R. van den Broeke |author35=Tas D. van Ommen |author36=Melchior van Wessem |author37=Duncan A. Young |title=Deep glacial troughs and stabilizing ridges unveiled beneath the margins of the Antarctic ice sheet |journal=[[Nature Geoscience]] |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-019-0510-8 |doi=10.1038/s41561-019-0510-8 |date=2019-12-12 |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=132–137 |access-date=2019-12-13}}</ref>
[[Image:Dead Sea-14.jpg|thumb|The shore of the [[Dead Sea]] in [[Israel]]]]
* The '''lowest point on dry land''' is the shore of the [[Dead Sea]], shared by [[Israel]], [[State of Palestine|Palestine]], and [[Jordan]], {{cvt|432.65|m|0}} below sea level. As the Dead Sea waters are receding, the water surface level drops more than 1 m per year.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dead Sea drying: A new low-point for Earth |date=17 June 2016 |first=Kevin |last=Connolly |publisher=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-36477284 |access-date=2018-10-01}}</ref>
* The '''point on the surface closest to the Earth's centre''' (interpreted as a natural surface of the land or sea that is accessible by a person) is the surface of the [[Arctic Ocean]] at the [[North Pole#Geographic North Pole|Geographic North Pole]] ({{cvt|6356.77|km|0|disp=or}}).
** The '''closest point on the ground''' (interpreted as a land surface or sea floor) is the bottom of the [[Litke Deep]], which is {{cvt|6351.61|km|0}} from the centre of the Earth.{{Citation needed|reason=[[Molloy Deep]] is deeper than Litke Deep, while existing roughly at the same latitude.|date=January 2020}} By comparison, the bottom of the deepest oceanic trench in the world, the [[Mariana Trench]] in the Pacific Ocean, is {{cvt|14.7|km|0}} farther from the centre of the Earth.

=====Lowest points attainable by transportation=====
* The '''lowest point accessible...'''
** '''...by road''', excluding roads in mines, is any of the roads alongside the [[Dead Sea]] in [[Israel]] and [[Jordan]], which are the lowest on Earth at {{cvt|418|m|0}} below sea level.
*** The '''lowest undersea highway tunnel''' is the [[Eiksund Tunnel]], in [[Norway]], at {{cvt|287|m|0}} below sea level.
** '''...by train''', excluding the tracks inside some [[South Africa]]n gold mines, which can be several thousand metres below sea level, is located in the [[Seikan Tunnel]] of [[Japan]] [[railroad]], at {{cvt|240|m|0}} below sea level. For comparison, the undersea [[Channel Tunnel]] between England and France reaches a depth of {{cvt|75|m|0}} below sea level.
The lowest [[railroad station]] was the Japanese [[Yoshioka-Kaitei Station]], at {{cvt|150|m|0}} below sea level, but it was closed in 2014.
The lowest railroad not inside a tunnel is {{cvt|120|m|0}} below sea level, at [[Beit She'an railway station]] in [[Israel]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2020}}
* The '''lowest airfield''' is the [[Bar Yehuda Airfield]], near [[Masada]], [[Israel]], at {{cvt|378|m|0}} below sea level.
* The '''lowest commercial airport''' is [[Atyrau Airport]], near [[Atyrau]], [[Kazakhstan]], at {{cvt|22|m|0}} below sea level, in the basin of the [[Caspian Sea]].

=====Lowest cities=====
[[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan]] is located {{cvt|28|m}} below sea level, which makes it the lowest-lying national capital in the world and also the largest city in the world located below sea level.

===Remoteness===

====Poles of inaccessibility====
{{main|Pole of inaccessibility}}
Each [[continent]] has its own [[Pole of inaccessibility#Continental poles of inaccessibility|continental pole of inaccessibility]], defined as the place on the continent that is farthest from any ocean. Similarly, each ocean has its own [[Pole of inaccessibility#Oceanic poles of inaccessibility|oceanic pole of inaccessibility]], defined as the place in the ocean that is farthest from any land.

=====Continental=====
* The '''most distant point from an ocean''' is the Eurasian Pole of Inaccessibility (or "EPIA") {{Coord|46|17|N|86|40|E|name=Continental Pole of Inaccessibility}}, in [[China]]'s [[Xinjiang]] region near the border with Kazakhstan. Calculations have shown that this point, located in the [[Dzoosotoyn Elisen Desert]], is {{cvt|2645|km}} from the nearest coastline. The nearest settlement to the EPIA is [[Suluk, Xinjiang|Suluk]] at {{Coord|46|15|N|86|50|E|name=Suluk}}, about {{cvt|11|km}} to the east.{{citation needed|date=March 2015}} A 2007 study suggests that the historical calculation of the EPIA failed to recognize the point where the [[Gulf of Ob]] joins the Arctic Ocean, and proposes instead that varying definitions of coastline could result in other locations for the EPIA:
** EPIA1, somewhere between {{Coord|44|17|N|82|11|E|name=EPIA1.1}} and {{Coord|44|29|N|82|19|E|name=EPIA1.2}}, is about {{cvt|2510|+/-|10|km}} from the nearest ocean.
** EPIA2, somewhere between {{Coord|45|17|N|88|08|E|name=EPIA2.1}} and {{Coord|45|28|N|88|14|E|name=EPIA2.2}}, is about {{cvt|2514|+/-|7|km}} from the nearest ocean.<ref name="PIA"/>
:If adopted, this would place the final EPIA roughly {{cvt|130|km}} closer to the ocean than the point that is currently agreed upon.<ref name="PIA">{{cite journal|doi=10.1080/14702540801897809 |volume=123 |issue=3 |pages=227–233 |last1=Garcia-Castellanos |first1=Daniel |first2=Umberto |last2=Lombardo |title=Poles of Inaccessibility: A Calculation Algorithm for the Remotest Places on Earth |journal=Scottish Geographical Journal |issn=1470-2541 |year=2007 |url=http://cuba.ija.csic.es/~danielgc/papers/Garcia-Castellanos,%20Lombardo,%202007,%20SGJ.pdf |publisher=Informa UK |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803055158/http://cuba.ija.csic.es/~danielgc/papers/Garcia-Castellanos%2C%20Lombardo%2C%202007%2C%20SGJ.pdf |archive-date=3 August 2014 }}</ref> Coincidentally, EPIA1, or EPIA2, and the most remote of the [[Pole of inaccessibility#Oceanic pole of inaccessibility|Oceanic Pole of Inaccessibility]] (specifically, the point in the [[South Pacific Ocean]] that is farthest from land) are similarly remote; EPIA1 is less than {{cvt|200|km}} closer to the ocean than the Oceanic Pole of Inaccessibility is to land.
* The continental poles of inaccessibility for the other continents are as follows:
** [[Africa]]: {{Coord|5.65|N|26.17|E|name=Continental Pole of Inaccessibility of Africa}},<ref name="PIA"/> close to the [[tripoint]] of the [[Central African Republic]], [[South Sudan]], and the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
** [[Australia (continent)|Australia]]: either {{Coord|23|2|S|132|10|E|name=Australian Pole of Inaccessibility}},<ref>[http://www.ga.gov.au/education/facts/dimensions/centre.htm Centre of Australia, States and Territories] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822124000/https://www.ga.gov.au/education/facts/dimensions/centre.htm |date=22 August 2008 }}, Geoscience Australia</ref> or {{Coord|23.17|S|132.27|E|name=Continental Pole of Inaccessibility of Australia}},<ref name="PIA"/> near [[Papunya]], [[Northern Territory]]
** [[North America]]: {{Coord|43.36|N|101.97|W|name=Pole of Inaccessibility North America}},<ref name="PIA"/> between [[Kyle, South Dakota]] and [[Allen, South Dakota]], [[United States]].
** [[South America]]: {{Coord|14.05|S|56.85|W|name=Continental Pole of Inaccessibility in South America}},<ref name="PIA"/> near [[Arenápolis]], [[Mato Grosso]], [[Brazil]]

=====Oceanic=====
* The '''most distant point from land''' is the Pacific pole of inaccessibility (also called "Point Nemo"), which lies in the [[South Pacific Ocean]] at {{Coord|48|52.6|S|123|23.6|W|type:landmark|name=Point Nemo}}, approximately {{cvt|2688|km|0}} from the nearest land (equidistant from [[Ducie Island]] in the [[Pitcairn Islands]] to the north, [[Motu Nui]] off [[Rapa Nui]] to the northeast, and Maher Island off [[Siple Island]] near [[Marie Byrd Land]], [[Antarctica]], to the south).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/nemo.html |title=Where is Point Nemo? |work=NOAA |accessdate=20 February 2015}}
</ref>

====Other places considered the most remote====
[[Image:Bouvet Island ISS017-E-16161 no text.JPG|thumb|[[Bouvet Island]]]]
* The '''most remote island''' is [[Bouvet Island]], a small, uninhabited island in the [[South Atlantic Ocean]] that is a [[dependencies of Norway|dependency]] of [[Norway]]. It lies at coordinates {{Coord|54|26|S|3|24|E|type:landmark|name=most remote island}}. The nearest land is the uninhabited [[Queen Maud Land]], [[Antarctica]], over {{cvt|1600|km|0}} to the south. The nearest inhabited lands are [[Gough Island]], {{cvt|1845|km|0}} away, [[Tristan da Cunha]], {{cvt|2260|km|0}} away, and the coast of [[South Africa]], {{cvt|2580|km|0}} away.
* The title for '''most remote inhabited island or archipelago''' (the farthest away from any other permanently inhabited place) depends on how the question is interpreted. If the south Atlantic island [[Tristan da Cunha]] (population about 300) and its dependency [[Gough Island]] (with a small staffed research post), which are {{cvt|399|km|0}} from each other, are considered part of the same archipelago, or if Gough Island is not counted because it has no permanent residents, then Tristan da Cunha is the world's most remote inhabited island/archipelago: the main island, also called Tristan da Cunha, is {{cvt|2434|km|0}} from the island [[Saint Helena]], {{cvt|2816|km|0}} from [[South Africa]], and {{cvt|3360|km}} from South America. It is {{cvt|2260|km|0}} away from uninhabited [[Bouvet Island]]. However, if Gough and [[Tristan da Cunha]] are considered separately, they disqualify each other, and the most remote inhabited island is [[Easter Island]] in the South Pacific Ocean, which lies {{cvt|2075|km|mi}} from [[Pitcairn Island]] (about 50 residents in 2013), {{cvt|2606|km|0}} from [[Rikitea]] on the island of [[Mangareva]] (the nearest town with a population over 500), and {{cvt|3512|km|mi}} from the coast of [[Chile]] (the nearest continental point and the country of which Easter Island is part). The [[Kerguelen Islands]] in the southern Indian Ocean are another contender, lying {{cvt|1340|km|mi}} from the small [[Alfred Faure]] scientific station in [[Île de la Possession]], but otherwise more than {{cvt|3300|km|mi}} from the coast of [[Madagascar]] (the nearest permanently inhabited place), {{cvt|450|km|0}} northwest of the uninhabited [[Heard Island]] and [[McDonald Islands]] (both a part of [[Australia]]), and {{cvt|1440|km|mi}} from the non-permanent scientific station located in [[Île Amsterdam]].
* The '''most remote city...'''
** '''...with a population in excess of one million from the nearest city with a population in excess of one million''' is [[Auckland]], [[New Zealand]]. The nearest city of comparable size or greater is [[Sydney]], [[Australia]], {{cvt|2168.9|km|mi}} away.<ref>[http://www.daftlogic.com/projects-google-maps-distance-calculator.htm Draft Logic – Google Maps Distance Calculator], accessed 4 September 2011</ref>
** '''...with a population in excess of one million from the nearest city with a population above 100,000''' is [[Perth]], Australia, located {{cvt|2138|km}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.travelmath.com/flying-distance/from/Perth,+Australia/to/Adelaide,+Australia |title=Flight Distance from Perth, Australia to Adelaide, Australia |work=travelmath.com}}</ref> away from [[Adelaide]], Australia.
** '''...with a population in excess of 100,000 from the nearest city of at least that population''' is [[Honolulu]], [[Hawaii]], United States. The nearest city of comparable size or greater is [[San Francisco]], {{cvt|3850|km}} away.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cityextremes.com/isolated.php |title=The Most Isolated Cities of the World |work=cityextremes.com}}</ref>
** '''...that is a national capital from the nearest national capital''' is a tie between [[Wellington]], New Zealand, and [[Canberra]], Australia, which are {{cvt|2326|km|0}} apart from each other.
* The '''most remote airport in the world''' from another airport is [[Mataveri International Airport]] (IPC) on [[Easter Island]], which has a single runway for military and public use. It is located {{cvt|2603|km|0}} from [[Totegegie Airport]] (GMR; very few flights) in the [[Gambier Islands]], [[French Polynesia]] and {{cvt|3759|km|0}} from [[Comodoro Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport|Santiago, Chile]] (SCL; a fairly large airport). In comparison, the airport at the [[Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station]] (NZSP) is not very remote at all, being located only {{cvt|1355|km|mi|0}} from [[Williams Field]] (NZWD) near [[Ross Island]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gcmap.com/mapui?P=IPC-SCL%2CIPC-GMR%2CNZWD-NZSP&DU=km |title=Great Circle Mapper |work=gcmap.com}}</ref><!--but is it the most remote airport from city/inhabited place, or if not, which one is? especially when compare to Tibet's 2nd highest airport at 2011.-->

====Farthest-apart cities====
The pairs of cities (with a population over 100,000) with the greatest distance between them ([[antipodes]]) are:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://furthestcity.com/ |title=Discover The Furthest City On Earth From Wherever You Live |work=furthestcity.com}}</ref>
#[[Rosario, Argentina]] to [[Xinghua, China]]: {{cvt|19996|km|0}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://furthestcity.com/city.php?ID=ROSARIO_ARGENTINA |title=What's the Farthest City and Country from Rosario, Argentina? |work=furthestcity.com}}</ref>
# [[Lu'an, China]] to [[Río Cuarto, Argentina]]: {{cvt|19994|km|0}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://furthestcity.com/city.php?ID=LIUAN_ANHUI_CHINA |title=What's the Farthest City and Country from Liu'an, Anhui, China? |work=furthestcity.com}}</ref>
# [[Cuenca, Ecuador]] to [[Subang Jaya, Malaysia]]: {{cvt|19989|km|0}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://furthestcity.com/city.php?ID=CUENCA_ECUADOR |title=What's the Farthest City and Country from Cuenca, Ecuador? |work=furthestcity.com}}</ref>
# [[Rancagua, Chile]] to [[Xi'an, China]]: {{cvt|19972|km|0}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://furthestcity.com/city.php?ID=RANCAGUA_CHILE |title=What's the Farthest City and Country from Rancagua, Chile? |work=furthestcity.com}}</ref>
#[[Yantai|Yantai, China]] to [[Tandil|Tandil, Argentina]]: 19,965 km (12,405 mi)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://furthestcity.com/city.php?ID=YANTAI_SHANDONG_CHINA|title=What's the Farthest City and Country from Yantai, Shandong, China?|website=furthestcity.com|access-date=2020-04-15}}</ref>
# [[Salamanca, Spain]] to [[Lower Hutt, New Zealand]]: {{cvt|19961|km|0}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://furthestcity.com/city.php?ID=SALAMANCA_SPAIN |title=What's the Farthest City and Country from Salamanca, Spain? |work=furthestcity.com}}</ref>
# [[Marbella, Spain]] to [[Auckland, New Zealand]]: {{cvt|19960|km|0}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://furthestcity.com/city.php?ID=MARBELLA_SPAIN |title=What's the Farthest City and Country from Marbella, Spain? |work=furthestcity.com}}</ref>
The pair of airports having scheduled flights having the greatest distance between them has been measured to be [[Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II International Airport]], which serves [[Palembang]], [[Indonesia]], and [[Benito Salas Airport]], which serves [[Neiva, Huila|Neiva]], [[Colombia]], located about 10,819&nbsp;nautical&nbsp;miles (20,037&nbsp;km)<!-- EACH TO 5-DIGIT PRECISION --> apart.<ref>[http://www.gcmap.com/mapui?P=plm-nva&PC=%23ff0000&RC=%23000080&DU=nm&SU=kts Great Circle Mapper] Access date: 2020-06-11</ref>

===Centre===
* Since the Earth is a [[spheroid]], its centre (the [[core of the Earth|core]]) is thousands of kilometres beneath its [[Crust (geology)|crust]]. On the surface, the '''centre of the standard geographic model''' as viewed on a traditional world map is the point 0°, 0° (the [[coordinates]] of zero degrees latitude by zero degrees longitude), which is located in the [[Atlantic Ocean]] approximately {{cvt|614|km}} south of [[Accra]], [[Ghana]], in the [[Gulf of Guinea]], at the intersection of the [[Equator]] and the [[IERS Reference Meridian|Prime Meridian]]. However, the selection for the Prime Meridian as the 0° longitude meridian is culturally and historically dependent and therefore arbitrary.
* The '''[[Centre of population#World|centre of population]]''', the place to which there is the shortest average route for every individual human being in the world, could also be considered a "centre of the world". This point is located in the north of the [[Indian subcontinent]], although the precise location has never been calculated and is constantly shifting due to changes in the distribution of the human population across the planet.

===Longest lines between two points===

====Along constant latitude====
{{unreferenced section|date=August 2012}}
* The '''longest continuous east–west distance on land''' is {{cvt|10726|km}} along the latitude 48°24'53"N, from the west coast of France ({{Coord|48|24|53|N|4|47|44|W}}) through [[Central Europe]], [[Ukraine]], [[Russia]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Mongolia]] and [[China]], to a point on the east coast of Russia ({{Coord|48|24|53|N|140|6|3|E}}).
* The '''longest continuous east–west distance at sea''' is {{cvt|22471|km}} along the latitude 55°59'S, south of [[Cape Horn]], [[South America]].
** The '''longest continuous east–west distance at sea between two continents''' is {{cvt|15409|km}} along the latitude 18°39'12"N, from the coast of [[Hainan]], China ({{Coord|18|39|12|N|110|15|9|E}}) across the [[Pacific Ocean]] to the coast of [[Michoacán]], [[Mexico]] ({{Coord|18|39|12|N|103|42|6|W}}).

====Along constant longitude====
{{unreferenced section|date=August 2012}}
* The '''longest continuous north–south distance on land''' is {{cvt|7590|km}} along the meridian 99°1'30"E, from the northern tip of Siberia in the Russian Federation ({{Coord|76|13|6|N|99|1|30|E}}), through Mongolia, China, and [[Myanmar]], to a point on the south coast of [[Thailand]] ({{Coord|7|53|24|N|99|1|30|E}}).
** The longest in Africa is {{cvt|7417|km}} along the meridian 20°12'E, from the north coast of [[Libya]] ({{Coord|32|19|0|N|20|12|0|E}}), through [[Chad]], [[Central African Republic]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Angola]], [[Namibia]], and [[Botswana]], to the south coast of [[South Africa]] ({{Coord|34|41|30|S|20|12|0|E}}).
** The longest in South America is {{cvt|7098|km}} along the meridian 70°2'W, from the north coast of [[Venezuela]] ({{Coord|11|30|30|N|70|2|0|W}}), through [[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]], [[Peru]], and [[Chile]], to the southern tip of [[Argentina]] ({{Coord|52|33|30|S|70|2|0|W}}).
** The longest in North America is {{cvt|5813|km}} along the meridian 97°52'30"W, from northern [[Canada]] ({{Coord|68|21|0|N|97|52|30|W}}), through the [[United States]], to southern Mexico ({{Coord|16|1|0|N|97|52|30|W}}).
* The '''longest continuous north–south distance at sea''' is {{cvt|15986|km}} along the meridian 34°45'45"W, from the coast of Eastern Greenland ({{Coord|66|23|45|N|34|45|45|W}}) across the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the [[Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf]], on the coast of Antarctica ({{Coord|77|37|0|S|34|45|45|W}}). The longest in the Pacific Ocean is {{cvt|15883|km}} along the meridian 172°8'30"W, from the coast of Siberia ({{Coord|64|45|0|N|172|8|30|W}}) to the Ross Ice Shelf in Antarctica ({{Coord|78|20|0|S|172|8|30|W}}).
* The '''meridian that crosses the greatest total distance on land''' (disregarding intervening bodies of water) is still to be determined. It is likely located in the vicinity of 22°E, which is the longest integer meridian that fits that criterion, crossing a total of {{cvt|13035|km}} of land through Europe ({{cvt|3370|km|disp=or}}), Africa ({{cvt|7458|km|disp=or}}), and Antarctica ({{cvt|2207|km|disp=or}}). More than 65% of the meridian's length is located on land. The meridian that crosses Giza Great Pyramid (31°08'3.69"E) is {{cvt|855|km}} shorter.
** The next six longest integer meridians by total distance over land are, in order:
*** 23°E: {{cvt|12953|km}} through Europe ({{cvt|3325|km|disp=or}}), Africa ({{cvt|7415|km|disp=or}}), and Antarctica ({{cvt|2214|km|disp=or}})
*** 27°E: {{cvt|12943|km}} through Europe ({{cvt|3254|km|disp=or}}), Asia ({{cvt|246|km|disp=or}}), Africa ({{cvt|7223|km|disp=or}}), and Antarctica ({{cvt|2221|km|disp=or}})
*** 25°E: {{cvt|12875|km}} through Europe ({{cvt|3344|km|disp=or}}), Africa ({{cvt|7327|km|disp=or}}), and Antarctica ({{cvt|2204|km|disp=or}})
*** 26°E: {{cvt|12858|km}} through Europe ({{cvt|3404|km|disp=or}}), Africa ({{cvt|7258|km|disp=or}}), and Antarctica ({{cvt|2196|km|disp=or}})
*** 24°E: {{cvt|12794|km}} through Europe ({{cvt|3263|km|disp=or}}), Africa ({{cvt|7346|km|disp=or}}), and Antarctica ({{cvt|2185|km|disp=or}})
*** 28°E: {{cvt|12778|km}} through Europe ({{cvt|3039|km|disp=or}}), Asia ({{cvt|388|km|disp=or}}), and Africa ({{cvt|7117|km|disp=or}})

====Along any geodesic====
{{original research|section|date=June 2019}}
These are the longest [[geodesic|straight lines]] that can be drawn between any two points on the surface of the Earth and remain exclusively over land or water; the points need not lie on the same latitude or longitude.
* The '''longest continuous straight-line ([[great circle]]) path over land''' is between [[Jinjiang, Fujian]] and near [[Sagres, Portugal]], at {{convert|11241|km|abbr=on}}.<ref>[https://www.technologyreview.com/s/611012/computer-scientists-have-found-the-longest-straight-line-you-could-sail-without-hitting/ MIT Technology Review – Computer scientists have found the longest straight line you could sail without hitting land]</ref>

Along a line {{cvt|13573|km}} that begins on the West African coast near [[Greenville, Liberia|Greenville]], [[Liberia]] ({{Coord|5|2|51.59|N|9|7|23.26|W}}), goes across the [[Suez Canal]], and ends at the top of a peninsula approximately {{cvt|100|km}} northeast of [[Wenzhou]], China {{Coord|28|17|7.68|N|121|38|17.31|E}}.<ref>[http://www.gcmap.com/mapui?P=5%B02%26%238242%3B51.59%26%238243%3BN+9%B07%26%238242%3B23.26%26%238243%3BW+-+28%B017%26%238242%3B7.68%26%238243%3BN+121%B038%26%238242%3B17.31%26%238243%3BE%0D%0A&MS=bm&DU=mi (Map from gcmap)]</ref>
** The longest continuous straight-line land distance solely within continental [[Africa]] is {{cvt|8,402|km}}, along a line that begins just east of [[Tangier]], [[Morocco]] and ends {{cvt|100|km}} east of [[Port Elizabeth]], [[South Africa]]. This line passes through Morocco, [[Algeria]], [[Mali]], [[Niger]], [[Nigeria]], [[Cameroon]], [[Equatorial Guinea]], [[Gabon]], [[Republic of the Congo]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Angola]], [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]] and South Africa.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}
** The longest continuous straight-line land distance solely within continental [[Asia]] is {{cvt|10,152|km}}, along a line that begins on the [[India]]n coast near [[Kanyakumari]] and ends at the [[Bering Sea]] coast of the [[Chukchi Peninsula]] in [[Russia]]. This line passes through India, [[Nepal]], [[China]], [[Mongolia]] and Russia.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}
** The longest continuous straight-line land distance solely within continental [[Europe]] (defining the [[Ural Mountains]] as the border between Europe and Asia) is {{cvt|5,325|km}}, along a line that begins at [[Cape St. Vincent]], [[Portugal]] and ends at the Urals, near the town of [[Perm, Russia]]. This line passes through Portugal, [[Spain]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Poland]], [[Lithuania]], [[Belarus]] and Russia.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}
** The longest continuous straight-line land distance solely within continental [[North America]] is {{cvt|7,602|km}}, along a line that begins at [[Point Hope, Alaska]], [[United States]] and ends {{cvt|34|km}} southwest of the town of [[Salina Cruz]], [[Mexico]]. This line passes through [[Alaska]], [[Canada]], [[Contiguous United States]] and Mexico.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}
** The longest continuous straight-line land distance solely within continental [[South America]] is {{cvt|7,248|km}}, along a line that begins {{cvt|10|km}} northeast of [[Puerto Cumarebo]], [[Venezuela]] and ends {{cvt|80|km}} south of the town of [[Punta Arenas]], [[Chile]]. This line passes through Venezuela, [[Colombia]], [[Brazil]], [[Peru]], Chile and [[Argentina]].{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}
** The longest continuous straight-line land distance solely within continental [[Australia (continent)|Australia]] is {{cvt|4,053|km}}, along a line that begins at the southern end of [[Cape Range National Park]] in [[Western Australia]] and ends at the town of [[Byron Bay]] in [[New South Wales]].{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}
* There are several possible candidates for the '''longest continuous straight-line distance in any direction at sea''', as there are many possible ways to travel along a great circle for more than the [[antipodes|antipodic]] length of {{cvt|19840|km}}. Some examples of such routes would be:
** From the south coast of [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]] province somewhere near Port of [[Karachi, Pakistan|Karachi]], [[Pakistan]] ({{Coord|25|25|N|66|25|E}}) across the [[Arabian Sea]], southwest through the Indian Ocean, near [[Comoros]], passing Namaete Canyon, near the South African coast, across the South Atlantic Ocean, then west across [[Cape Horn]], then northwest across the Pacific Ocean, near [[Easter Island]], passing the [[Antipodes|antipodal point]] near [[Amlia]] island, through the South [[Bering Sea]] and ending somewhere on the northeast coast of [[Kamchatka]], near [[Ossora]] ({{Coord|59|38|N|163|24|E}}). This route is {{cvt|32040|km}} long.<ref>[http://www.gcmap.com/mapui?P=25%B025%27N+66%B025%27E+-+59%B038%27S+16%B036%27W+-+25%B025%27S+113%B035%27W+-+59%B038%27N+163%B024%27E%0D%0A (Map from gcmap)]</ref> This route was confirmed to be the longest (at about 32090&nbsp;km) given map data at a 1.8&nbsp;km level of resolution.<ref name="ChabukswarMukherjee">{{cite journal | last1 = Chabukswar| first1 = Rohan| last2 = Mukherjee| first2 = Kushal| authorlink = | title = Longest Straight Line Paths on Water or Land on the Earth| journal = | volume = | issue = | pages = | location = | date = 2018-04-09| issn = | doi = | id = | arxiv=1804.07389| accessdate = | bibcode = 2018arXiv180407389C}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/04/ocean-path-will-take-you-longest-straight-line-journey-earth|title=This ocean path will take you on the longest straight-line journey on Earth|author=David Shultz|date=2018-04-30|publisher=Science Magazine}}</ref>
** From the south coast of [[Hormozgan]] province, [[Iran]] ({{Coord|25|35|N|58|22|E}}) across the [[Gulf of Oman]], southeast across the Arabian Sea, passing south of [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]], near the Antarctic coast, then northeast across the South Pacific Ocean, passing the [[Antipodes|antipodal point]] and ending on the southwest coast of [[Mexico]] somewhere near [[Ciudad Lázaro Cárdenas]] ({{Coord|17|57|N|101|57|W}}). This route is {{cvt|25267|km}} long.<ref>[http://www.gcmap.com/mapui?P=25%B035%27N+58%B022%27E+-+17%B057%27S+78%B003%27E+-+25%B035%27S+121%B038%27W+-+17%B057%27N+101%B057%27W (Map from gcmap)]</ref>
** From [[Invercargill]], New Zealand ({{Coord|46|37|S|168|59|E}}) across [[Cape Horn]], then off the coast of [[Brazil]] close to [[Recife]], passing north of [[Cape Verde]], passing the [[Antipodes|antipodal point]] and ending somewhere on the southwest coast of [[Ireland]] ({{Coord|52|09|N|6|34|W}}). This route is {{cvt|20701|km}} long.<ref>[http://www.gcmap.com/mapui?P=46%B037%27S+168%B059%27E+-+52%B009%27S+173%B026%27E+-+46%B037%27N+11%B001%27W+-+52%B009%27N+6%B034%27W%0D%0A (Map from gcmap)]</ref>

====Along any truly straight line====
{{original research|section|date=May 2019}}
As distinct from all the aforementioned geodesic lines, which may appear straight but are actually arcs of great circles projected on the spheroidal surface of the earth and, accordingly, are not truly straight but rather curving lines, authentically straight lines can be projected through the interior of the earth between almost any two points on the surface of the earth (some extreme topographical situations being the rare exceptions). If a line projected from the summit of [[Cayambe (volcano)|Cayambe]] in [[Ecuador]] (see [[#Highest_points|highest points]]) to the axial centre of the earth is extended to its antipode on the island of [[Sumatra]], then the resulting diametrical line would be the longest truly straight line that could be produced anywhere on earth. As the variable circumference of the earth approaches {{convert|25,000|mi|order=flip}}, such a maximum "diametrical" or "antipodal" line would be on the order of {{convert|8,000|mi|order=flip}} long.

==By region==
===Afro-Eurasia===
*[[Extreme points of Afro-Eurasia]]
**[[Extreme points of Africa|Africa]]
**::{{hlist|[[Geography of Algeria#Extreme points|Algeria]]
| [[Geography of Angola#Extreme points|Angola]]
| [[Geography of Benin#Extreme points|Benin]]
| [[Geography of Botswana#Extreme points|Botswana]]
| [[Geography of Burkina Faso#Extreme points|Burkina Faso]]
| [[Geography of Burundi#Extreme points|Burundi]]
| [[Geography of Cameroon#Extreme points|Cameroon]]
| [[Geography of Cape Verde#Extreme points|Cape Verde]]
| [[Geography of Central African Republic#Extreme points|Central African Republic]]
| [[Geography of Chad#Extreme points|Chad]]
| [[Geography of Comoros#Extreme points|Comoros]]
| [[Geography of the Democratic Republic of the Congo#Extreme points|Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
| [[Geography of the Republic of the Congo#Extreme points|Republic of Congo]]
| [[Geography of Côte d'Ivoire#Extreme points|Côte d'Ivoire]]
| [[Geography of Djibouti#Extreme points|Djibouti]]
| [[Geography of Egypt#Extreme points|Egypt]]
| [[Geography of Equatorial Guinea#Extreme points|Equatorial Guinea]]
| [[Geography of Eritrea#Extreme points|Eritrea]]
| [[Extreme points of Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]
| [[Geography of Gabon#Extreme points|Gabon]]
| [[Geography of the Gambia#Extreme points|Gambia]]
| [[Geography of Ghana#Extreme points|Ghana]]
| [[Geography of Guinea#Extreme points|Guinea]]
| [[Geography of Guinea-Bissau#Extreme points|Guinea-Bissau]]
| [[Geography of Kenya#Extreme points|Kenya]]
| [[Geography of Lesotho#Extreme points|Lesotho]]
| [[Geography of Liberia#Extreme points|Liberia]]
| [[Geography of Libya#Extreme points|Libya]]
| [[Geography of Madagascar#Extreme points|Madagascar]]
| [[Geography of Malawi#Extreme points|Malawi]]
| [[Geography of Mali#Extreme points|Mali]]
| [[Geography of Mauritania#Extreme points|Mauritania]]
| [[Geography of Mauritius#Extreme points|Mauritius]]
| [[Geography of Morocco#Extreme points|Morocco]]
| [[Geography of Mozambique#Extreme points|Mozambique]]
| [[Geography of Namibia#Extreme points|Namibia]]
| [[Geography of Niger#Extreme points|Niger]]
| [[Geography of Nigeria#Extreme points|Nigeria]]
| [[Geography of Rwanda#Extreme points|Rwanda]]
| [[Geography of São Tomé and Príncipe#Extreme points|São Tomé and Príncipe]]
| [[Geography of Senegal#Extreme points|Senegal]]
| [[Geography of Seychelles#Extreme points|Seychelles]]
| [[Geography of Sierra Leone#Extreme points|Sierra Leone]]
| [[Geography of Somalia#Extreme points|Somalia]]
| [[Geography of South Africa#Extreme points|South Africa]]
| [[Geography of Sudan#Extreme points|Sudan]]
| [[Geography of South Sudan#Extreme points|South Sudan]]
| [[Geography of Swaziland#Extreme points|Swaziland]]
| [[Geography of Tanzania#Extreme points|Tanzania]]
| [[Geography of Togo#Extreme points|Togo]]
| [[Geography of Tunisia#Extreme points|Tunisia]]
| [[Geography of Uganda#Extreme points|Uganda]]
| [[Geography of Western Sahara#Extreme points|Western Sahara]]
| [[Geography of Zambia#Extreme points|Zambia]]
| [[Geography of Zimbabwe#Extreme points|Zimbabwe]]}}
** [[Extreme points of Eurasia|Eurasia]]
***[[Extreme points of Asia|Asia]]
***:{{hlist| [[Geography of Afghanistan#Extreme points|Afghanistan]]
| [[Geography of Armenia#Extreme points|Armenia]]
| [[Extreme points of Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]]
| [[Extreme points of Bangladesh|Bangladesh]]
| [[Extreme points of Bhutan|Bhutan]]
| [[Geography of Cambodia#Extreme points|Cambodia]]
| [[Extreme points of China|China]]
| [[Geography of Georgia (country)#Extreme points|Georgia]]
| [[Extreme points of India|India]]
| [[Extreme points of Indonesia|Indonesia]]
| [[Extreme points of Iran|Iran]]
| [[Geography of Israel#Extreme points|Israel]]
| [[Extreme points of Japan|Japan]]
| [[Extreme points of Jordan|Jordan]]
| [[Extreme points of Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]]
| [[Geography of Kyrgyzstan#Extreme points|Kyrgyzstan]]
| [[Geography of Laos#Extreme points|Laos]]
| [[List of extreme points of Malaysia|Malaysia]]
| [[Geography of the Maldives#Extreme points|Maldives]]
| [[Extreme points of Mongolia|Mongolia]]
| [[Geography of Myanmar#Extreme points|Myanmar]]
| [[Geography of Nepal#Extreme points|Nepal]]
| [[Geography of North Korea#Extreme points|North Korea]]
| [[Extreme points of Pakistan|Pakistan]]
| [[Extreme points of the Philippines|Philippines]]
| [[Extreme points of Russia|Russia]]
| [[List of extreme points of Singapore|Singapore]]
| [[Extreme points of South Korea|South Korea]]
| [[Extreme points of Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]]
| [[Extreme points of Taiwan|Taiwan]]
| [[Geography of Tajikistan#Extreme points|Tajikistan]]
| [[Extreme points of Thailand|Thailand]]
| [[Extreme points of Turkey|Turkey]]
| [[Extreme points of Turkmenistan|Turkmenistan]]
| [[Geography of Uzbekistan#Extreme points|Uzbekistan]]
| [[Geography of Vietnam#Extreme points|Vietnam]] }}
***[[Extreme points of Europe|Europe]]
***: {{hlist| [[Extreme points of the European Union|European Union]]
| [[Extreme points of Albania|Albania]]
| [[Extreme points of Andorra|Andorra]]
| [[Extreme points of Austria|Austria]]
| [[Extreme points of Belarus|Belarus]]
| [[Extreme points of Belgium|Belgium]]
| [[Extreme points of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
| [[Extreme points of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]
| [[Extreme points of Croatia|Croatia]]
| [[Extreme points of the Czech Republic|Czech Republic]]
| [[Extreme points of Denmark|Denmark]]
| [[Extreme points of Estonia|Estonia]]
| [[Extreme points of Finland|Finland]]
| [[Extreme points of France|France]]
| [[Extreme points of Germany|Germany]]
| [[Extreme points of Greece|Greece]]
| [[Extreme points of Hungary|Hungary]]
| [[Extreme points of Iceland|Iceland]]
| [[Extreme points of Ireland|Ireland]]
| [[Extreme points of Italy|Italy]]
| [[Geography of Kosovo#Extreme points|Kosovo]]
| [[Extreme points of Latvia|Latvia]]
| [[Extreme points of Liechtenstein|Liechtenstein]]
| [[Extreme points of Lithuania|Lithuania]]
| [[Extreme points of Luxembourg|Luxembourg]]
| [[Extreme points of Malta|Malta]]
| [[Extreme points of Moldova|Moldova]]
| [[Extreme points of Monaco|Monaco]]
| [[Extreme points of Montenegro|Montenegro]]
| [[Extreme points of the Netherlands|Netherlands]]
| [[Extreme points of North Macedonia|North Macedonia]]
| [[Extreme points of Norway|Norway]]
| [[Extreme points of Poland|Poland]]
| [[Extreme points of Portugal|Portugal]]
| [[Extreme points of Romania|Romania]]
| [[Extreme points of Russia|Russia]]
| [[Extreme points of San Marino|San Marino]]
| [[Extreme points of Serbia|Serbia]]
| [[Extreme points of Slovakia|Slovakia]]
| [[Extreme points of Slovenia|Slovenia]]
| [[Extreme points of Spain|Spain]]
| [[Extreme points of Sweden|Sweden]]
| [[Extreme points of Switzerland|Switzerland]]
| [[Extreme points of Ukraine|Ukraine]]
| [[Extreme points of the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]
| [[Extreme points of Vatican City|Vatican City]] }}

===The Americas===
*[[Extreme points of the Americas]]
**[[Extreme points of North America|North America]]
**::{{hlist| [[Extreme points of Canada|Canada]] <!--
-->([[Extreme points of Canadian provinces|provinces]], <!--
-->[[Extreme communities of Canada|communities]])
| [[Extreme points of Greenland|Greenland]]
| [[Extreme points of Mexico|Mexico]]
| [[Extreme points of the United States|United States]] <!--
-->([[Extreme points of U.S. states|states]], <!--
-->[[Extreme points of New England|New England]]) }}
***[[Extreme points of Central America|Central America]]
***: {{hlist| [[Geography of Belize#Extreme points|Belize]]
| [[Geography of Costa Rica#Extreme points|Costa Rica]]
| [[Geography of El Salvador#Extreme points|El Salvador]]
| [[Geography of Guatemala#Extreme points|Guatemala]]
| [[Geography of Honduras#Extreme points|Honduras]]
| [[Geography of Nicaragua#Extreme points|Nicaragua]]
| [[Geography of Panama#Extreme points|Panama]] }}
***[[Extreme points of the Caribbean|The Caribbean]]
***: {{hlist |[[Extreme points of Cuba|Cuba]]
| [[Geography of Jamaica#Extreme points|Jamaica]] }}
**[[Extreme points of South America|South America]]
**:: {{hlist| [[Extreme points of Argentina|Argentina]]
| [[Geography of Bolivia#Extreme points|Bolivia]]
| [[Extreme points of Brazil|Brazil]]
| [[Extreme points of Chile|Chile]]
| [[Extreme points of Colombia|Colombia]]
| [[Geography of Ecuador#Extreme points|Ecuador]]
| [[Geography of French Guiana#Extreme points|French Guiana]]
| [[Geography of Guyana#Extreme points|Guyana]]
| [[Extreme points of Paraguay|Paraguay]]
| [[Extreme points of Peru|Peru]]
| [[Geography of Suriname#Extreme points|Suriname]]
| [[Extreme points of Uruguay|Uruguay]]
| [[Geography of Venezuela#Extreme points|Venezuela]] }}

===Oceania===
*[[Extreme points of Oceania]]
*::: {{hlist| [[Extreme points of Australia|Australia]]
| [[Geography of Fiji#Extreme points|Fiji]]
| [[Geography of Guam#Extreme points|Guam]]
| [[Extreme points of Indonesia|Indonesia]]
| [[Geography of Kiribati#Extreme points|Kiribati]]
| [[Geography of the Marshall Islands#Extreme points|Marshall Islands]]
| [[Geography of Federated States of Micronesia#Extreme points|Micronesia]]
| [[Geography of Nauru#Extreme points|Nauru]]
| [[Extreme points of New Zealand|New Zealand]]
| [[Geography of Niue#Extreme points|Niue]]
| [[Extreme points of the Northern Mariana Islands|the Northern Mariana Islands]]
| [[Geography of Palau#Extreme points|Palau]]
| [[Extreme points of Papua New Guinea|Papua New Guinea]]
| [[Geography of Tuvalu#Extreme points|Tuvalu]] }}

===Antarctica===
*[[Extreme points of Antarctica]]

===Arctic===
*[[Extreme points of the Arctic]]

==See also==
* [[Extremes on Earth]]
* [[List of Solar System extremes]]
* [[List of countries by northernmost point]]
* [[List of countries by southernmost point]]
* [[List of northernmost items]] (city, capital, island, etc.)
* [[List of southernmost items]] (city, capital, island, etc.)
* [[List of elevation extremes by country]]
* [[List of elevation extremes by region]]
* [[List of highest towns by country]]
* [[Extreme points of the Commonwealth of Nations]]
* [[Lists of extreme points]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Records}}
{{Earth}}

[[Category:Extreme points of Earth| ]]
[[Category:Lists of extreme points|Earth]]

Latest revision as of 06:13, 21 February 2021

Redirect to:

  • From a merge: This is a redirect from a page that was merged into another page. This redirect was kept in order to preserve the edit history of this page after its content was merged into the content of the target page. Please do not remove the tag that generates this text (unless the need to recreate content on this page has been demonstrated) or delete this page.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Extreme_points_of_Earth&oldid=1008034194"