Polycnemoideae: Difference between revisions
characters and genus info added |
ShortDescBot (talk | contribs) ShortDescBot adding short description "Subfamily of flowering plants" |
||
| (22 intermediate revisions by 12 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Short description|Subfamily of flowering plants}} |
|||
{{taxobox |
{{Automatic taxobox |
||
| ⚫ | |||
|image = Nitrophila occidentalis 2.jpg |
| image = Nitrophila occidentalis 2.jpg |
||
|image_caption = ''[[Nitrophila occidentalis]]'' |
| image_caption = ''[[Nitrophila occidentalis]]'' |
||
| ⚫ | |||
|regnum = [[Plant]]ae |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]] |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]] |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
|unranked_ordo = [[Core eudicots]] |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
|ordo = [[Caryophyllales]] |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
The '''Polycnemoideae''' are a small subfamily of plants in the family [[Amaranthaceae]], representing a basal evolutionary lineage. The few relictual species are distributed in Eurasia and North Africa, North America, and Australia. |
|||
|subfamilia = '''Polycnemoideae''' |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
'''Polycnemoideae''' is a subfamily of plants in the [[Amaranthaceae]] family. |
|||
== Description == |
== Description == |
||
The subfamily Polycnemoideae comprises small herbs |
The subfamily Polycnemoideae comprises small herbs; some species are weakly lignified and grow shrublike. The subfamily is distinguishable from all other members of [[Amaranthaceae]] by normal [[secondary growth]]. The alternate or [[opposite leaves]] are often linear or subulate. The [[stomata]] of the leaves are arranged in parallel to the midveins.<ref name="Kadereit" /> |
||
The bisexual flowers are sitting solitary in the axil of a [[bract]] and two [[bracteole]]s. The inconspicuous [[perianth]] is formed of chartaceous, scarious, white or pinkish [[tepal]]s. |
The bisexual flowers are sitting solitary in the axil of a [[bract]] and two [[bracteole]]s. The inconspicuous [[perianth]] is formed of chartaceous, scarious, white or pinkish [[tepal]]s. One to five stamens are present with their filaments united in a short but distinct filament tube (like in subfamily [[Amaranthoideae]]). [[Anther]]s are with only one lobe and two pollen sacs |
||
(bilocular, like in [[Gomphrenoideae]] |
(bilocular, like in subfamily [[Gomphrenoideae]]). In fruit, the tepals are never conspicuously modified.<ref name="Kadereit" /> |
||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
== Photosynthesis pathway == |
== Photosynthesis pathway == |
||
The Polycnemoideae are all [[C3 carbon fixation|C<sub>3</sub>-plants]]. This is |
The Polycnemoideae are all [[C3 carbon fixation|C<sub>3</sub>-plants]]. This is considered a primary character.<ref name="Kadereit" /> |
||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
Polycnemoideae began to diverge from Amaranthaceae s.str. in [[Eocene]]. At the edge from Eocene to [[Oligocene]], the subfamily split into a lineage on the [[Northern Hemisphere]], which was the ancestor of ''[[Polycnemum]]'', and a lineage predominantly occurring on the [[Southern Hemisphere]] with the ancestors of ''[[Nitrophila]]'', ''[[Hemichroa (plant)|Hemichroa]]'', and ''[[Surreya]]''. An [[antarctic]] connection of these southern ancestors is assumed. The genus [[Nitrophila]] developed in [[South America]] and dispersed later to North America. The genera of the subfamily diversified during [[Miocene]] and [[Pliocene]], with only a few rare species that seem to be relictual.<ref name="Masson" /> |
|||
== Systematics == |
== Systematics == |
||
[[File: |
[[File:Polycnemum arvense Sturm.png|thumb|''[[Polycnemum arvense]]'', Illustration]] |
||
The intrafamilial position of the Polycnemoideae has long been a matter of dispute. The taxon was recognized in 1827 as Tribus ''Polycnemeae'' within the |
The intrafamilial position of the Polycnemoideae has long been a matter of dispute. The taxon was recognized in 1827 as Tribus ''Polycnemeae'' within the family Chenopodiaceae by [[Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier|Dumortier]] ''(In Florula Belgica)''. Later, it was treated as belonging to the family Amaranthaceae in 1849 by [[Alfred Moquin-Tandon|Moquin-Tandon]] (in ''Prodromus systematis naturalis...''. Vol 13). [[Oskar Eberhard Ulbrich]] raised it to subfamilial level in 1934, again within Chenopodiaceae (in ''Engler & Prantl: Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien. Vol 16c''). Today, both families are included in Amaranthaceae ''s.l.''<ref name="Kadereit" /> |
||
Phylogenetic research |
[[Phylogenetic]] research has revealed the Polycnemoideae represent a basal lineage of evolution within the family Amaranthaceae.<ref name="Kadereit" /> |
||
The Polycnemoideae |
The Polycnemoideae comprise only one tribe, Tribus Polycnemeae,<ref name="GRIN" /> with four genera and 13 species:<ref name="Masson" /> |
||
| ⚫ | |||
* Tribus [[Polycnemeae]]<ref name="GRIN" />, with 3 genera: |
|||
** ''[[Hemichroa pentandra]]'' |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
* ''[[Nitrophila]]'' S.Watson - niterwort, with opposite leaves, and stigmas papillous only on the inside, 4 species in North, Middle and South America:<ref name="Masson" /> |
|||
** ''[[Nitrophila atacamensis]]'' (Phil.) Ulbr. |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
** ''[[Nitrophila australis]]'' Chodat & Wilczek |
|||
** ''[[Nitrophila mohavensis]]'' Munz & J.C. Roos - Amargosa niterwort |
|||
** ''[[Nitrophila occidentalis]]'' (Moq.) S. Watson - western niterwort, boraxweed |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
** ''[[Polycnemum arvense]]'' L. - field needleleaf, soft needleleaf |
|||
** ''[[Polycnemum fontanesii]]'' Durieu & Moq. |
|||
** ''[[Polycnemum heuffelii]]'' Láng |
|||
** ''[[Polycnemum majus]]'' A. Braun ex Bogenh. - giant needleleaf |
|||
** ''[[Polycnemum perenne]]'' Litv. |
|||
** ''[[Polycnemum verrucosum]]'' Láng - warty needleleaf |
|||
* ''[[Surreya]]'' R. Masson & G. Kadereit, two species in Australia:<ref name="Masson" /> |
|||
** ''[[Surreya diandra]]'' (R. Br.) R. Masson & G. Kadereit (Syn. ''Hemichroa diandra'' R. Br.) |
|||
** ''[[Surreya mesembryanthema]]'' (R. Br.) R. Masson & G. Kadereit (Syn. ''Hemichroa mesembryanthema'' R. Br.) |
|||
== References == |
== References == |
||
| ⚫ | Gudrun Kadereit, Thomas Borsch, K. Weising, and Helmut Freitag (2003): ''Phylogeny of Amaranthaceae and Chenopodiaceae and the evolution of C<sub>4</sub> photosynthesis''. - In: ''Int. J. Plant Sci.'' 164(6): p.959–986. |
||
<references> |
<references> |
||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
<ref name="Masson">Rüdiger Masson & Gudrun Kadereit (2013): Phylogeny of Polycnemoideae (Amaranthaceae): Implications for biogeography, character evolution and taxonomy. ''Taxon'' 62 (1): 100-111. [http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/iapt/tax/2013/00000062/00000001/art00009]</ref> |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
</references> |
</references> |
||
== External links == |
|||
[[Category:Amaranthaceae]] |
|||
{{Commons category|Polycnemoideae}} |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
{{Wikispecies|Polycnemoideae}} |
|||
* [http://www.tropicos.org/Name/100385753 Polycnemoideae at Tropicos] |
|||
{{Taxonbar|from=Q15930818}} |
|||
[[de:Polycnemeae]] |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
Latest revision as of 02:27, 29 April 2021
| Polycnemoideae | |
|---|---|
| |
| Nitrophila occidentalis | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Caryophyllales |
| Family: | Amaranthaceae |
| Subfamily: | Polycnemoideae Ulbr. |
| Genera | |
|
4 genera, see text | |
The Polycnemoideae are a small subfamily of plants in the family Amaranthaceae, representing a basal evolutionary lineage. The few relictual species are distributed in Eurasia and North Africa, North America, and Australia.
Description
[edit]The subfamily Polycnemoideae comprises small herbs; some species are weakly lignified and grow shrublike. The subfamily is distinguishable from all other members of Amaranthaceae by normal secondary growth. The alternate or opposite leaves are often linear or subulate. The stomata of the leaves are arranged in parallel to the midveins.[1]
The bisexual flowers are sitting solitary in the axil of a bract and two bracteoles. The inconspicuous perianth is formed of chartaceous, scarious, white or pinkish tepals. One to five stamens are present with their filaments united in a short but distinct filament tube (like in subfamily Amaranthoideae). Anthers are with only one lobe and two pollen sacs (bilocular, like in subfamily Gomphrenoideae). In fruit, the tepals are never conspicuously modified.[1]
Photosynthesis pathway
[edit]The Polycnemoideae are all C3-plants. This is considered a primary character.[1]
Distribution and evolution
[edit]The Polycnemoideae are distributed in the temperate regions of Eurasia (central and southern Europe, northwestern Africa, Central Asia), North America, and Australia.[1]
Polycnemoideae began to diverge from Amaranthaceae s.str. in Eocene. At the edge from Eocene to Oligocene, the subfamily split into a lineage on the Northern Hemisphere, which was the ancestor of Polycnemum, and a lineage predominantly occurring on the Southern Hemisphere with the ancestors of Nitrophila, Hemichroa, and Surreya. An antarctic connection of these southern ancestors is assumed. The genus Nitrophila developed in South America and dispersed later to North America. The genera of the subfamily diversified during Miocene and Pliocene, with only a few rare species that seem to be relictual.[2]
Systematics
[edit]
The intrafamilial position of the Polycnemoideae has long been a matter of dispute. The taxon was recognized in 1827 as Tribus Polycnemeae within the family Chenopodiaceae by Dumortier (In Florula Belgica). Later, it was treated as belonging to the family Amaranthaceae in 1849 by Moquin-Tandon (in Prodromus systematis naturalis.... Vol 13). Oskar Eberhard Ulbrich raised it to subfamilial level in 1934, again within Chenopodiaceae (in Engler & Prantl: Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien. Vol 16c). Today, both families are included in Amaranthaceae s.l.[1]
Phylogenetic research has revealed the Polycnemoideae represent a basal lineage of evolution within the family Amaranthaceae.[1]
The Polycnemoideae comprise only one tribe, Tribus Polycnemeae,[3] with four genera and 13 species:[2]
- Hemichroa R.Br., with alternate, linear, succulent leaves, and stigmas papillous all around: only one species in Australia:[2]
- Nitrophila S.Watson - niterwort, with opposite leaves, and stigmas papillous only on the inside, 4 species in North, Middle and South America:[2]
- Nitrophila atacamensis (Phil.) Ulbr.
- Nitrophila australis Chodat & Wilczek
- Nitrophila mohavensis Munz & J.C. Roos - Amargosa niterwort
- Nitrophila occidentalis (Moq.) S. Watson - western niterwort, boraxweed
- Polycnemum L., with alternate, subulate, non-succulent leaves, and stigmas papillous all around. 6 species in Eurasia (central and southern Europe, northwestern Africa, Central Asia):[2]
- Polycnemum arvense L. - field needleleaf, soft needleleaf
- Polycnemum fontanesii Durieu & Moq.
- Polycnemum heuffelii Láng
- Polycnemum majus A. Braun ex Bogenh. - giant needleleaf
- Polycnemum perenne Litv.
- Polycnemum verrucosum Láng - warty needleleaf
- Surreya R. Masson & G. Kadereit, two species in Australia:[2]
- Surreya diandra (R. Br.) R. Masson & G. Kadereit (Syn. Hemichroa diandra R. Br.)
- Surreya mesembryanthema (R. Br.) R. Masson & G. Kadereit (Syn. Hemichroa mesembryanthema R. Br.)
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f Gudrun Kadereit, Thomas Borsch, K. Weising, and Helmut Freitag (2003): Phylogeny of Amaranthaceae and Chenopodiaceae and the evolution of C4 photosynthesis. - In: Int. J. Plant Sci. 164(6): p. 959–986.
- ^ a b c d e f Rüdiger Masson & Gudrun Kadereit (2013): Phylogeny of Polycnemoideae (Amaranthaceae): Implications for biogeography, character evolution and taxonomy. Taxon 62 (1): 100-111. [1]
- ^ Polycnemoideae, Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) Online Database
External links
[edit]
