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#REDIRECT [[Trinity Southwest University#Archaeology]]
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{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Steven Collins (archaeologist)|timestamp=20210921205139|year=2021|month=September|day=21|substed=yes|help=off}}
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[[File:Tall_el-Hammam_Excavation-Jordan_Valley.jpg|thumb|right|Tall el-Hammam Excavation Project map near the Sowayma area of the Jordan River Valley.]]


{{Rcat shell|
'''Steven Collins''' (born September 11, 1950) is an American [[Biblical inerrancy|inerrantist]] [[biblical archaeologist]] known for claiming to have discovered the site of the biblical city of [[Sodom and Gomorrah|Sodom]] at [[Tall el-Hammam]] in Jordan.
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== Career ==
Collins is associated with two institutions of higher education: [[Trinity Southwest University]] in [[Albuquerque, New Mexico]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Faculty & Administration|url=https://trinitysouthwest.com/faculty-administration/|access-date=September 25, 2021|publisher=[[Trinity Southwest University]]}}</ref> which is [[unaccredited]]; and [[Veritas International University]], which is accredited by the [[Transnational Association of Christian Colleges and Schools]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Graduate/Post Graduate Faculty|url=http://viu.ves.edu/graduate-post-graduate/}}</ref> Both institutions have official doctrines committing them to [[biblical inerrancy]] and the [[historicity of the Bible]].<ref>[http://trinitysouthwest.com/doctrinal-position/ Doctrinal Position], Trinity Southwest University website, accessed March 10, 2012</ref><ref>{{cite news|year=2009|title=Accreditation Standards|publisher=Transnational Association of Christian Colleges and Schools|url=http://www.tracs.org/files/accreditation_standards.pdf|access-date=2008-12-26}} page 80 also see: "Biblical Creation. Special creation of the existing space-time universe and all its basic systems and kinds of organisms in the six literal days of the creation week." on page 81</ref>

==Tall el-Hammam==
Since 2005, Collins has directed excavations at [[Tall el-Hammam]] in Jordan, a [[Bronze Age]] settlement which he argues was the biblical city of [[Sodom and Gomorrah|Sodom]].<ref>{{cite web|year=2021|title=Tall el-Hammam, Jordan|url=https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/dig/tall-el-hammam-2/|access-date=September 25, 2021|publisher=[[Biblical Archaeology Society]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last = Collins|first = Steven|title = Sodom: The Discovery of a Lost City|journal = [[Bible and Spade]]|publisher = [[Associates for Biblical Research]]|volume = 20|issue = 3|year = 2007|page = 72|url = https://www.galaxie.com/article/bspade20-3-03|url-access = subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last = Collins|first = Steven|title = A Response to Bryant G. Wood's Critique of Collins' Northern Sodom Theory|journal = [[Biblical Research Bulletin: The Academic Journal of Trinity Southwest University]]|issn = 1938-694X|publisher = [[Trinity Southwest University|TSU Press]]|volume = 7|issue = 7|year = 2007|page = 27|url = https://trinitysouthwest.com/product/response-bryant-g-woods-critique-collins-northern-sodom-theory/|url-access = subscription|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090815164929/http://www.biblicalresearchbulletin.com/uploads/BRB-2007-7-Collins-Response_to_Wood.pdf|archive-date = August 15, 2009}}</ref> He has written several books on the theory,<ref>{{cite book|last=Collins|first=Steven|title=The Search for Sodom and Gomorrah|publisher=[[Trinity Southwest University|TSU Press]]|year=2014|isbn=9780615910086}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Collins|first1=Steven|title=The Tall Al-Hammam Excavations, Volume 1|last2=Kobs|first2=Carroll M.|last3=Luddeni|first3=Michael C.|publisher=[[Pennsylvania State University Press]]|year=2015|isbn=9781575063690}}</ref> which has been extensively cover in the media.<ref>{{cite magazine|date=June 6, 2012|title=Archaeologists Return to Excavate Possible Site of Biblical Sodom|url=http://popular-archaeology.com/issue/june-2012/article/archaeologists-return-to-excavate-possible-site-of-biblical-sodom|url-status=dead|magazine=[[Popular Archaeology]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018125830/http://popular-archaeology.com/issue/june-2012/article/archaeologists-return-to-excavate-possible-site-of-biblical-sodom|archive-date=October 18, 2016|access-date=August 1, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|date=September 2012|title=Archaeologists Excavate Massive Ancient Gateway in Jordan|url=http://popular-archaeology.com/issue/september-2012/article/archaeologists-excavate-massive-ancient-gateway-in-jordan|url-status=dead|magazine=[[Popular Archaeology]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016052656/http://popular-archaeology.com/issue/september-2012/article/archaeologists-excavate-massive-ancient-gateway-in-jordan|archive-date=16 October 2015|access-date=August 1, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|date=September 28, 2015|title=Possible site of ancient Sodom yields more finds|url=https://popular-archaeology.com/article/possible-site-of-ancient-sodom-yields-more-finds/|magazine=[[Popular Archaeology]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181208091856/https://popular-archaeology.com/article/possible-site-of-ancient-sodom-yields-more-finds/|archive-date=December 8, 2018|access-date=September 25, 2021}}</ref> Other [[biblical archaeologists]] have rejected the identification because it is inconsistent with [[biblical literalist chronology]];<ref name="Govier">{{cite journal|last=Govier|first=Gordon|date=April 2008|title=Looking Back: Claims to new Sodom locations are salted with controversy|url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2008/april/5.15.html|journal=[[Christianity Today]]|volume=52|issue=4|page=15|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418031354/http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2008/april/5.15.html|archive-date=April 18, 2008|access-date=September 25, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Merrill">{{cite journal|last=Merrill|first=Eugene H.|year=2012|title=Texts, Talls, and Old Testament Chronology: Tall Hammam as a Case Study|url=https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/wp-content/uploads/MerrillRebuttal.pdf|journal=[[ARTIFAX &ndash; the Bible Archaeology News Magazine]]|publisher=The [[Institute for Biblical Archaeology]] and the [[Near East Archaeological Society]]|volume=27|issue=4|pages=20–21|authorlink=Eugene H. Merrill (academic)}}</ref><ref name="Bolen">{{cite web|last=Bolen|first=Todd|date=February 27, 2013|title=Arguments Against Locating Sodom at Tall el-Hammam|url=http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-sites-places/biblical-archaeology-sites/arguments-against-locating-sodom-at-tall-el-hammam/|access-date=July 3, 2013|publisher=[[Biblical Archaeology Society]]}}</ref> according to ''[[Christianity Today]]'', "few archaeologists outside of those working on the excavation team believe that Tall el-Hammam is Sodom."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Govier|first=Gordon|date=2021-09-24|title=Sodom Destroyed by Meteor, Scientists Say. Biblical Archaeologists Not Convinced.|url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/news/2021/september/sodom-meteor-biblical-archaeology-tall-el-hammam-airburst.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-26|website=Christianity Today|language=en}}</ref> Collins' response to these criticisms include a book, ''The Kikkar Dialogues'', which presents conversations he has had with other biblical archaeologists.<ref>{{cite book|last=Collins|first=Steven|title=The Kikkar Dialogues|publisher=[[Trinity Southwest University|TSU Press]]|year=2014|isbn=9780615909998}}</ref>

Collins and his colleagues claim that Tall el-Hammam was destroyed in a sudden catastrophe, based on the discovery of burnt brick, melted pottery and [[Geophysics|geophysical]] signatures of high temperatures.<ref name="Gerson">{{cite magazine|last=Gerson|first=Ian|date=June 5, 2014|title=Making the Case for Sodom|url=http://popular-archaeology.com/issue/06052014/article/making-the-case-for-sodom|url-status=dead|magazine=[[Popular Archaeology]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008202835/http://popular-archaeology.com/issue/06052014/article/making-the-case-for-sodom|archive-date=October 8, 2017|access-date=May 14, 2017}}</ref><ref name="meteor">{{cite news|last=Beamon <!--- According to http://nia.ecsu.edu/ur/1516/2016lecompte_swindell/ --->|first=Cindy|date=May 11, 2016|title=Signs of a Cosmic Blast: Local researchers find evidence of fiery end for Sodom in Bible|newspaper=[[Elizabeth City Daily Advance|The Daly Advance]]|url=https://www.dailyadvance.com/features/local/local-researchers-find-evidence-of-fiery-end-for-sodom-in-bible/article_eb697598-4e16-5137-b01b-5e994fef51ff.html|access-date=May 14, 2017}}</ref> In a 2021 paper, they argued that this was a [[meteor air burst]] similar to the [[Tunguska event]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bunch|first1=Ted E.|last2=LeCompte|first2=Malcolm A.|last3=Adedeji|first3=A. Victor|last4=Wittke|first4=James H.|last5=Burleigh|first5=T. David|last6=Hermes|first6=Robert E.|last7=Mooney|first7=Charles|last8=Batchelor|first8=Dale|last9=Wolbach|first9=Wendy S.|last10=Kathan|first10=Joel|last11=Kletetschka|first11=Gunther|date=2021-09-20|title=A Tunguska sized airburst destroyed Tall el-Hammam a Middle Bronze Age city in the Jordan Valley near the Dead Sea|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=18632|doi=10.1038/s41598-021-97778-3|pmid=34545151|pmc=8452666|issn=2045-2322}}</ref>

==Books==
*{{cite book|title = Championing the Faith: A Layman's Guide to Proving Christianity's Claims|first = Steven|last = Collins|publisher = [[Hensley Publishing]]|year = 1991|isbn = 9781563220302}}
*{{cite book|title = Let My People Go!: Using Historical Synchronisms to Identify the Pharaoh of the Exodus|first = Steven|last = Collins|publisher = [[Trinity Southwest University|TSU Press]]|year = 2012|isbn = 9780615687940}}
*{{cite book|title = Tall El-Hammam Excavation Project Field Manual|first1 = Carroll M.|last1 = Kobs|first2 = Steven|last2 = Collins|first3 = Phillip|last3 = Silvia|publisher = [[Trinity Southwest University|TSU Press]]|year = 2013|isbn = 9780615891828}}
*{{cite book|first = Steven|last = Collins|title = Christian Discipleship : Fulfilling the Great Commission in the 21st Century|date = 2013|publisher = [[Trinity Southwest University|TSU Press]]|isbn = 9780615874487}}
*{{cite book|title = The Search for Sodom and Gomorrah|first = Steven|last = Collins|publisher = [[Trinity Southwest University|TSU Press]]|year = 2014|isbn = 9780615910086}}
*{{cite book|title = The Kikkar Dialogues|first = Steven|last = Collins|publisher = [[Trinity Southwest University|TSU Press]]|year = 2014|isbn = 9780615909998}}
*{{cite book|title = The Tall Al-Hammam Excavations, Volume 1: An Introduction to Tall al-Hammam: Seven Seasons (2005–2011) of Ceramics and Eight Seasons (2005–2012) of Artifacts from Tall al-Hammam|first1 = Steven|last1 = Collins|first2 = Carroll M.|last2 = Kobs|first3 = Michael C.|last3 = Luddeni|publisher = [[Pennsylvania State University Press]]|year = 2015|isbn = 9781575063690}}
*{{cite book|title = Discovering the City of Sodom: The Fascinating, True Account of the Discovery of the Old Testament's Most Infamous City|first1 = Steven|last1 = Collins|first2 = Latayne C.|last2 = Scott|publisher = [[Simon and Schuster]]|year = 2016|isbn = 9781451684384}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.tallelhammam.com/ official website of the Tall el-Hammam Excavation Project]
{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Collins, Steven}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century American archaeologists]]
[[Category:Education in Albuquerque, New Mexico]]
[[Category:Evangelicalism in New Mexico]]
[[Category:American educators]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Livias]]

Latest revision as of 14:39, 2 October 2021

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