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Green tea#Extracts

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+#REDIRECT [[Green tea#Extracts]]
-{{Citation style|date=August 2009}}
-A '''green tea extract''' is a herbal derivative from green tea leaves (''[[Camellia sinensis]]''). Containing [[polyphenol antioxidant|antioxidant]] ingredients – mainly green tea [[Tea catechins|catechins]] (GTC) – green tea and its derivatives are sought-after amongst people who pursue health.
+{{R from merge}}
-== Types of green tea extracts ==
-'''Strong infusions'''
-:During the strong infusion green tea leaves are processed by soaking in the aqueous solution of alcohol (the aspect content is about 2% w/w).<ref name=Johnson/>
-'''Soft extracts'''
-:To obtain soft extracts, the solution made by strong infusion beforehand is further concentrated to 20–25% (the catechin content is about 20% w/w).<ref name=Johnson/>
-'''Dry extracts'''
-:After the strong infusions have been concentrated to 40–50% solids (the catechin content is above 25% w/w)，they are sprayed and then become dehydrated extract and powder.<ref name=Johnson/> The leftovers - water content, which is less than 5% w/w, and the extract - are usually processed as a powder containing inert processing aids to become suitable for a variety of uses (tablets, capsules, dry mixes, etc.).<ref name=Johnson/>
-'''Partly purified extracts'''
-:Further purification processes, for example, solvent extraction or column [[chromatography]] techniques, as well as new techniques such as membrane extraction and separation, are utilized in order to acquire a higher content of tea catechins.<ref name=Johnson/>
-They can also be called '''green tea polyphenols''' (GTP or GTPs). The category includes [[epigallocatechin gallate]] (EGCG), [[epigallocatechin]] (EGC), [[epicatechin gallate]] (ECG) and [[epicatechin]] (EC). Of which, EGCG accounts for more than 40% of the total content.
-== Chemistry and Biochemistry  ==
-=== Constituents ===
-The cardinal antioxidative ingredient in the green tea extract is green tea catechins (GTC), which comprise four major epicatechin derivatives; namely, epicatechin (EC), [[epigallocatechin]] (EGC), [[epicatechin gallate]] (ECG), and [[epigallocatechin gallate]] (EGCG).
-Other components include three kinds of [[flavonoid]]s, known as [[kaempferol]], [[quercetin]], and [[myricetin]].<ref>Committee on Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer, Assembly of Life Sciences, National Research Council, Diet, nutrition, and cancer, Washington: D.C National Academies Press, 1982, p. 286.</ref> A remarkably higher content of myricetin is detected in tea and its extracts than in many other plants, and this high concentration of myricetin may have some implications with the [[bioactivity]] of tea and its extracts.<ref name=Johnson/>
-[[Caffeine]] may be excluded in green tea extracts in order to avoid side-effects; caffeine-free green tea extract supplements are now available.<ref>E. Mindell, Earl Mindell's Vitamin Bible for the 21st Century, [S.l.] E-Rights/E-Reads, Ltd., 1999, p. 135.</ref>
-=== Chemical properties ===
-Green tea extract is 20 times more antioxidant-active than [[Vitamin C]]. The main attribution is supposed to be EGCG.<ref>A. Magaziner, The complete idiot's guide to living longer & healthier, New York: N.Y. Alpha Books, 2000, p. 61.</ref>
-In [[alkaline]] solutions (pH > 8) GTC (green tea catechins) is rather unstable; in [[acidic]] solutions (pH < 4), however, GTC shows excellent stability. The stability in alkaline solutions varies between four components of GTC in green tea extracts. Recent study demonstrates that EGCG and EGC is more unstable than EC and ECG in a basic solution, giving an explanation to the fact that EGCG and EGC do not circulate in the basic [[sodium phosphate]] buffer fluid of human body.<ref name=Zhu>Q.Y. Zhu, Antioxidative activities of green tea catechins, Hong Kong: The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Hong Kong), 1999, p. III.</ref>
-In a high temperature environment, GTC is not stable: an [[epimerization]] change is likely to occur, because heating results in the conversion from EGCG to GCG.<ref name=Zhu/> Thus it is considered inappropriate to infuse green tea or its extracts with overheated water.
-=== Biochemical properties ===
-The biochemical properties of green tea extracts can be generally divided into four aspects – [[antioxidant]], [[anticarcinogen]], [[anti-inflammatory]], and anti-radiation.<ref name=Johnson>I.T. Johnson & G. Williamson, Phytochemical functional foods, Cambridge, UK: Woodhead Publishing, 2003, pp. 135-145</ref><ref name=Zhen>Y.S. Zhen, Z.M. Chen, S.J. Cheng & M.L. Chen, Tea: bioactivity and therapeutic potential, London, UK: New York Taylor & Francis, 2002, pp. 121–225.</ref>
-Green tea extracts exhibit stronger antioxidant protection for human body than [[vitamin C]] and [[vitamin E]].<ref name=Murray>F. Murray, 100 super supplements for a longer life, Los Angeles: CA McGraw-Hill Professional, 2000, pp. 181–182.</ref> Scavenging effect of lipid free-radicals (one antioxidant property) of [[phenolic content in tea|polyphenols]] in green tea extracts can be clearly observed in experiments.<ref name=Zhen/> The ability of GTP in green tea extracts to eliminate lipid-derived free radicals is noticeably stronger (almost 50 times) than that of ginkgo biloba extracts.<ref name=Zhen/> Further investigations indicate that the boosting level of [[superoxide dismutase]] (SOD) and glutathione dismutase (GSHPx) may account for the inhibitory effect of GTC against lipid oxidation ([[rancidification]]).<ref name=Zhu/> It should be mentioned that from the antioxidant perspective, green tea extracts are, generally speaking, more effective than black tea extracts due to the better preservation of catechins.<ref name=Zhen/>
-Moreover, the anticarcinogenic property make the green tea extracts a hotspot in recent scientific researches. In many experiments, green tea extracts show inhibitory effects on cancer cells. In vitro assays, Catechin and caffeine, which are main components in green tea extracts, block the cell cycle of cancer cells ([[cytotoxicity]]) and induce programmed cell death<ref name=Johnson/>; in vivo, green tea extracts also inhibits [[prostatic carcinoma]] transplanted in nude mice.<ref name=Zhen/>
-In addition, green tea extracts also contain a wide-ranged anti-inflammatory characteristics, so it may be helpful in treating chronic inflammatory states.<ref name=Johnson/> The bactericidal activity against S.mutans is conspicuous in Japanese green tea extracts<ref name=Zhen/>, and the [[maltose]] level in mouth is consistently lower after drinking tea.<ref name=Johnson/> Therefore, green tea extracts may be effective in oral hygiene maintenance.
-Green tea extracts show anti-radiation properties on white rats in [[radioactive]] isotope experiments.<ref name=Zhen/>
-Green tea extracts can enhance the effect of penicillin G against B.subtilis (Smeeton B. The synergy of green tea and penicillin G against bacillus subtilis. J App Pharm 2011 2(3) 197-200).
-== Dosage and Side-effects ==
-Green tea extract supplements are accessible over the counter in various forms.<ref name=Murray/> Standardized green tea extract is 90 percent total polyphenols, and 1 capsule equals 5 cups of tea.<ref>A.H. Pressman & S. Buff, The complete idiot's guide to vitamins and minerals, New York: New York Alpha Books, 1997, p. 283.</ref><ref>A. Bascom, Incorporating herbal medicine into clinical practice, Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company, 2002, p. 153.</ref>
-<br>For a green tea extract standardized for 80 percent polyphenols and 55 percent EGCG, a daily dose of 300 to 400&nbsp;mg green tea extracts is recommended.<ref name=Murray/> Some green tea extracts may have as little as 15 percent polyphenols, usually these are far less expensive. It should be kept in mind that the various components of unpurified green tea extracts have [[synergistic]] effects and therefore are better than any individual tea component.<ref name=Johnson/> Scientists also conclude that tea extracts are better taken between meals in order to avoid decreased iron absorption.
-An often overlooked aspect is the fact that EGCG has a poor bioavailability when taken orally; the absolute bioavailability of EGCG in CF-1 mice and Sprague-Dawley rats was found to be only 26.5 and 1.6%, respectively. The bioavailability for humans is assumed to be in the same range. <ref> Lambert, J. D., Lee, M. J., Lu, H., Meng, X., Ju, J., Hong, J., Seril, D. N., Sturgill, M. G. & Yang, C. S. (2003) Epigallocatechin-3-gallate is absorbed but extensively glucuronidated following oral administration to mice. J. Nutr. 133:4172-4127.  [http://jn.nutrition.org/content/133/12/4172.abstract?ijkey=d643e7404a3c123754b76b5ce7517e0bd741ab50&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha]</ref><ref>Chen, L., Lee, M. J., Li, H. & Yang, C. S. (1997) Absorption, distribution, elimination of tea polyphenols in rats. Drug Metab. Dispos. 25:1045-1050.  [http://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/25/9/1045.abstract?ijkey=bfc16dce7dfb6f17ee1c203591c384cbfdf49e52&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha]</ref>
-Though green tea extracts show potential anticancer capacity - under some conditions by working together with other drugs and suppressing multidrug resistance in cancer cells - they are not suggested for use alone as a chemotherapy agent for cancer treatment.<ref name=Zhen/>
-Excessive intake of green tea extracts containing caffeine has side effects<ref>B. Capon, Botany for gardeners: An introduction guide, Portland: Or. Timber Press, Inc.， 1990, p. 94.</ref>; an excessive concentration may act as a pro-oxidant to damage [[DNA]]<ref name=Johnson/> and produce undesirable side effects.<ref>{{cite PMID|21098339}}</ref>
-Additionally, use of green tea extracts has been linked to acute liver failure <ref> Molinari, Watt, Kruszyna, Nelson, Walsh, Huang, Nashan and Peltekian, Acture Liver Failure Induced by Green Tea Extracts: Case Report and Review of the Literature, Liver Transplantation, Vol. 12, Issue 12, 2006, p.1892-1895.  [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/lt.21021/pdf DOI 10.1002/lt]</ref>
-== Food additive and deodorant applications ==
-Because of the high antioxidant activity of green tea extracts, they are hopefully to be used as a kind of innovative food additive to preserve pork, chicken meat, vegetable oil, fish oil and fish flesh, food emulsions and animal fat.<ref name=Johnson/> This alternative antioxidant is suggested to be a healthier choice; a fairly successful instance may well be the application in Moon cake – the extracts both increase the shelf life and improve the flavor.<ref name=Johnson/>
-In addition, green tea extracts are a promising solution to prevent apple juice and other foods from microbial contamination.<ref name=Johnson/> Japanese scientists even have discovered that tea extracts can be developed as dyes that are not susceptible to microbial contamination and possess strong deodorant activity.<ref name=Johnson/>
-== References ==
-{{reflist}}
-== External links ==
-*[http://www-saps.plantsci.cam.ac.uk/records/rec281.htm Tea biochemistry]
-*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/08/070810194923.htm Review of a study on green-tea catechins]
-*[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/lt.21021/pdf]
-[[Category:Green tea]]
-[[Category:Polyphenol-enriched extracts]]