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About Me

My name is Mikayla and I'm currently an undergraduate student at Rice University pursuing a degree in psychology with a human rights focus. My interests include social injustice, racial equity, human rights, and the well being of children. Through enrollment in the fall 2019 and spring 2020 PJHC course, I was able to successfully expand the Child marriage in the United States and Juvenile delinquency articles. In the fall of 2020, I contributed to the 2020 PJHC BLM edit-a-thon. Currently, I am contributing to the 2021 BLM and AAPI Ally Edit-A-Thon. I am excited to continue to make information accessible through Wikipedia and learn about the root issues beneath today's social problems.

This user is a student editor in Rice_University/Poverty,_Justice,_and_Human_Capabilities_Section_1_(Fall_2019).

sandboxes

This user is a student editor in Rice_University/Human_Development_in_Local_and_Global_Communities_(Spring_2020).

sandboxes

This user is a member of WikiProject Women.

This user is a member of
WikiProject Human rights

This user is a member of
WikiProject Psychology.

This user is a member of
WikiProject Black Lives Matter.

Spring 2020 Project

In the spring of 2020, I revised the "Juvenile Delinquency" article. Here is a summary of my ideas for the article. I believe this subject requires more attention and the article themselves could use more organization, discussion on the delinquency center, and discussion on various contributing factors such as the School to Prison Pipeline. Overall, I want to make this article easier to read as well as more cohesive. In it's current state is seems very pieced together so I intend to reorganize and add information that will make it a better structured article. I will also spend time examining the causes of delinquency specifically in the realm of educational punishment. I am proposing the following revisions.

Juvenile Delinquency

- Add information in school to prison pipeline and the educational impacts

- Reorganize the article for a clearer line of thought

- Add information on delinquency centers and link this article to other relevant ones.

Suggested Outline:

Lead to be clarified, supported by more evidence, and restructured to reflect the updated article.

1 ~~Types~~Overview

2. Theories

2.1 Rational choice

2.2 Social disorganization

2.3 Strain

2.4 Differential association

2.5 Labeling

2.6 Social control

3. Personality Factors

3.1 Gender

3.2 Neurological

3.3 Psychological

4. Situational Factors

4.1 Family Environment

4.2 Peer Influence

4.3 School to Prison Pipeline

~~2 Risk factors~~

~~2.1 Individual risk factors~~

~~2.2 Gender~~

~~2.3 Family environment and peer influence~~

~~3 Applicable crime theories~~

~~3.1 Rational choice~~

~~3.2 Social disorganization~~

~~3.3 Strain~~

~~3.4 Differential association~~

~~3.5 Labeling~~

~~3.6 Social control~~

~~4 Mental/conduct disorders~~

5 Prevention

5.1 Punishment

5.2 Policies

~~6 Critique of risk factor research~~

7 Juvenile sex crimes

7.1 Prevalence data

7.2 Official record data

7.3 Males who commit sexual crimes

7.4 Juvenile sex crimes internationally

8 See also

9 References

10 Further reading

11 External links

Description of Work:

1. Lead

This section will be restructured to reflect the new layout of the article. Information that is currently unsupported such as “In recent years a higher proportion of youth have experienced arrests…” will be researched and then addressed according to the findings of that investigation. Overall, the lead will be molded after the structure of the article and give a brief overview of the topics addressed. Additional sources that will be added to the lead will most likely be similar to ones discussed in other sections.

2. Overview

Currently, there is not a cohesive explanation or framework for this article’s introduction of juvenile delinquency. I intend to take information from the “Types” and add statistics to reflect the current state of juvenile delinquency rates. This section will give a broad scope of the article and prepare the reader to delve into the specific causes and measures implemented to address this issue.

- Agnew, Robert. “Juvenile Delinquency: Causes and Control.” (2000).DOI: 10.2307/3211431 https://www.jstor.org/stable/3211431

- Kvaraceus, William Clement. Juvenile Delinquency. [1st ed.]. Washington: Dept. of Classroom Teachers, American Educational Research Association, of the National Education Association, 1958. Print.

- Lucas, G.N. (2018). Juvenile Delinquency. Sri Lanka Journal of Child Health 47.3: 191–192. Web.

- Shoemaker, Donald J. (2009) Juvenile Delinquency / Donald J. Shoemaker. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,. Print.

- Snyder, H. & Sickmund, M. (2006). "Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 2006 National Report". OJJDP Statistical Briefing Book: 93–96.

3. Situational Factors

This section will comprise of most of my work and have three subsections, Family Environment, Peer Influence, and School to Prison Pipeline. I will reorganize and update the current information from “Risk Factors” section. Currently the effect of family environment and peer influence are discussed together in a dense block of text. Separating them into two independent sections creates two distinct conversations on the situational factors surrounding juvenile delinquency. Additionally, I will create a new subsection focusing on the school to prison pipeline. The purpose of this section is to show how great an impact environment has on these minors’ decisions.

- Fowler, Deborah. “Texas’ School-to-Prison Pipeline: School Expulsion, The Path from Lockout to Dropout” (2010) Texas Appleseed http://www.njjn.org/uploads/digital-library/Texas-School-Prison-Pipeline-School-Expulsion_Texas-Appleseed_Apr2010.pdf

- Lawrence, Richard. (2007) “Special Theme Issue: School Crime and Juvenile Justice.” Criminal Justice Review 32.4: 337–338. Web.

- Heitzeg, N. (2016). The school-to-prison pipeline: education, discipline, and racialized double standards / Nancy A. Heitzeg. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger, an imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC.

- Schepers, D. (2017). Causes of the causes of juvenile delinquency: Social disadvantages in the context of situational action theory. European Journal of Criminology, 14(2), 143–159. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370816649622

4. Prevention

An evaluation of a social issue could not stand without a discussion of the current methods of addressing said problem. In the article currently, there is a high-level acknowledgement of prevention measures but it is not comprehensive enough for the importance of the article. I intend to create two subsections entitled “Punishment” and “Policies”. The “Punishment” subsection will focus on methods such as detention centers and legal repercussions as a punitive approach to the issue while the “Policies” section will discuss measures such as restorative justice, counseling, and educational support to address this trend.

- Howell, James C. (2009) Preventing and Reducing Juvenile Delinquency a Comprehensive Framework / James C. Howell. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, Calif. ;: SAGE

- Rosenbaum, Janet. (2018) “Educational and Criminal Justice Outcomes 12 Years After School Suspension”. Youth & Society. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F0044118x17752208

- Young, Susan et al. (2017) “Juvenile delinquency, welfare, justice and therapeutic interventions: a global perspective.” BJPsych bulletin vol. 41,1: 21-29. doi:10.1192/pb.bp.115.052274

- Fronius, Trevor, Hannah Persson, Sarah Guckenburg, Nancy Hurley, Anthony Petrosino (2016) “Restorative Justice in U.S. Schools: A Research Review” WestEd Justice & Prevention Research Center https://jprc.wested.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/RJ_Literature-Review_20160217.pdf

- Austin, James; Kelly Dedel Johnson; Ronald Weitzer (2005). "Alternatives to the Secure Detention and Confinement of Juvenile Offenders". OJJDP Juvenile Justice Bulletin (5): 1.

- Bahena, S. (2012). Disrupting the school-to-prison pipeline. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Educational Review.

Past Projects

During the fall of 2019, I revised the “Child Marriage in the US” article on Wikipedia. I chose this topic because it is closely related to the legal career path I’m pursuing. As one interested in child advocacy law, I think it is important for the public to know more about the prevalence and history of issues such as child abuse and specifically child marriages. I have observed and experienced a vast ignorance on cases specifically in the US and I believe that the first step in addressing those abuses is through awareness and knowledge. I revised this page to be more accessible for the general public by reorganizing and simplifying the existing information as well as expanding the content concerning causes for child marriages and the effects that it may have on those affected. For information on my edits, feel free to visit my sandbox.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+== About Me ==
-My name is Mikayla and I'm currently a student at [[Rice University]] pursuing a degree in psychology with a human rights focus. My interests include social injustice, human rights, and the well being of children. I am excited to further expand literature on those subjects through Wikipedia and learn about the root issues beneath today's social problems. {{dashboard.wikiedu.org student editor | course = [[Wikipedia:Wiki_Ed/Rice_University/Poverty,_Justice,_and_Human_Capabilities_Section_1_(Fall_2019)]] | slug = Rice_University/Poverty,_Justice,_and_Human_Capabilities_Section_1_(Fall_2019) }}
-{{User WP Women}}
+My name is Mikayla and I'm currently an undergraduate student at [[Rice University]] pursuing a degree in psychology with a human rights focus. My interests include social injustice, racial equity, human rights, and the well being of children. Through enrollment in the fall 2019 and spring 2020 PJHC course, I was able to successfully expand the [[Child marriage in the United States]] and [[Juvenile delinquency]] articles. In the fall of 2020,  I contributed to the 2020 PJHC BLM edit-a-thon. Currently, I am contributing to the 2021 BLM and AAPI Ally Edit-A-Thon. I am excited to continue to make information accessible through Wikipedia and learn about the root issues beneath today's social problems. {{dashboard.wikiedu.org student editor | course = [[Wikipedia:Wiki_Ed/Rice_University/Poverty,_Justice,_and_Human_Capabilities_Section_1_(Fall_2019)]] | slug = Rice_University/Poverty,_Justice,_and_Human_Capabilities_Section_1_(Fall_2019) }}{{dashboard.wikiedu.org student editor | slug = Rice_University/Human_Development_in_Local_and_Global_Communities_(Spring_2020) }}{{User WP Women}}
 {{Template:User WP Human rights}}
 {{Wikipedia:WikiProject Psychology/Userbox}}
+{{User WikiProject BLM}}
+== Spring 2020 Project ==
+In the spring of 2020, I revised the [[Juvenile delinquency|"Juvenile Delinquency"]] article. Here is a summary of my ideas for the article.  I believe this subject requires more attention and the article themselves could use more organization, discussion on the delinquency center, and discussion on various contributing factors such as the School to Prison Pipeline.  Overall, I want to make this article easier to read as well as more cohesive. In it's current state is seems very pieced together so I intend to reorganize and add information that will make it a better structured article. I will also spend time examining the causes of delinquency specifically in the realm of educational punishment. I am proposing the following revisions.
+'''[[Juvenile delinquency|Juvenile Delinquency]]'''
+- Add information in school to prison pipeline and the educational impacts
+- Reorganize the article for a clearer line of thought
+- Add information on delinquency centers and link this article to other relevant ones.
+<u>'''Suggested Outline:'''</u>
+<ins>Lead to be clarified, supported by more evidence, and restructured to reflect the updated article. </ins>
+       <s>Types</s><ins>Overview</ins>
+<ins>2. Theories</ins>
+<ins>2.1     Rational choice</ins>
+<ins>2.2     Social disorganization</ins>
+<ins>2.3     Strain</ins>
+<ins>2.4     Differential association</ins>
+<ins>2.5     Labeling</ins>
+<ins>2.6     Social control</ins>
+<ins>3. Personality Factors</ins>
+<ins>3.1 Gender</ins>
+<ins>3.2 Neurological</ins>
+<ins>3.3 Psychological </ins>
+<ins>4. Situational Factors </ins>
+<ins>4.1 Family Environment</ins>
+<ins>4.2 Peer Influence</ins>
+<ins>4.3 School to Prison Pipeline </ins>
+<s>2        Risk factors</s>
+<s>2.1     Individual risk factors</s>
+<s>2.2     Gender</s>
+<s>2.3     Family environment and peer influence</s>
+<s>3        Applicable crime theories</s>
+<s>3.1     Rational choice</s>
+<s>3.2     Social disorganization</s>
+<s>3.3     Strain</s>
+<s>3.4     Differential association</s>
+<s>3.5     Labeling</s>
+<s>3.6     Social control</s>
+<s>4        Mental/conduct disorders</s>
+       Prevention
+<ins>5.1 Punishment</ins>
+<ins>5.2 Policies </ins>
+<s>6        Critique of risk factor research</s>
+       Juvenile sex crimes
+.1     Prevalence data
+.2     Official record data
+.3     Males who commit sexual crimes
+.4     Juvenile sex crimes internationally
+       See also
+       References
+     Further reading
+     External links
+'''<u>Description of Work:</u>'''
+'''1.    Lead'''
+This section will be restructured to reflect the new layout of the article. Information that is currently unsupported such as “In recent years a higher proportion of youth have experienced arrests…” will be researched and then addressed according to the findings of that investigation. Overall, the lead will be molded after the structure of the article and give a brief overview of the topics addressed. Additional sources that will be added to the lead will most likely be similar to ones discussed in other sections.
+'''2.    Overview'''
+Currently, there is not a cohesive explanation or framework for this article’s introduction of juvenile delinquency. I intend to take information from the “Types” and add statistics to reflect the current state of juvenile delinquency rates. This section will give a broad scope of the article and prepare the reader to delve into the specific causes and measures implemented to address this issue.
+-         Agnew, Robert. “Juvenile Delinquency: Causes and Control.” (2000).DOI: 10.2307/3211431 <nowiki>https://www.jstor.org/stable/3211431</nowiki>
+-         Kvaraceus, William Clement. ''Juvenile Delinquency.'' [1st ed.]. Washington: Dept. of Classroom Teachers, American Educational Research Association, of the National Education Association, 1958. Print.
+-         Lucas, G.N. (2018). Juvenile Delinquency. ''Sri Lanka Journal of Child Health'' 47.3: 191–192. Web.
-== Current Project ==
-I am interested in revising the “[[Child marriage in the United States|Child Marriage in the US]]” article on Wikipedia. I am interested in this topic because it is closely related to the legal career path I’m pursuing. As one interested in child advocacy law, I think it is important for the public to know more about the prevalence and history of issues such as child abuse and specifically child marriages. I have observed and experienced a vast ignorance on cases specifically in the US and I believe that the first step in addressing those abuses is through awareness and knowledge. For information on my editing plans, feel free to visit my sandbox.
+-         Shoemaker, Donald J. (2009) ''Juvenile Delinquency / Donald J. Shoemaker.'' Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,. Print.
+-         Snyder, H. & Sickmund, M. (2006). "Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 2006 National Report". OJJDP Statistical Briefing Book: 93–96.
+'''3.    Situational Factors'''
-Child Marriage:
--	Berman, Cassandra N. “American Child Bride: A History of Minors and Marriage in the United States by Nicholas L. Syrett (Review).” Journal of the Early Republic 38, no. 3 (Fall 2018): 578–80. doi:10.1353/jer.2018.0065.
+This section will comprise of most of my work and have three subsections, Family Environment, Peer Influence, and School to Prison Pipeline. I will reorganize and update the current information from “Risk Factors” section. Currently the effect of family environment and peer influence are discussed together in a dense block of text. Separating them into two independent sections creates two distinct conversations on the situational factors surrounding juvenile delinquency. Additionally, I will create a new subsection focusing on the school to prison pipeline. The purpose of this section is to show how great an impact environment has on these minors’ decisions.
--	Koski, Alissa, and Jody Heymann. “Child Marriage in the United		 States: How Common Is the Practice, And Which Children Are at Greatest Risk?” Perspectives on Sexual & Reproductive Health 50, no. 2 (June 2018): 59–65. doi:10.1363/psrh.12055.
+-         Fowler, Deborah. “Texas’ School-to-Prison Pipeline: School Expulsion, The Path from Lockout to Dropout” (2010) Texas Appleseed <nowiki>http://www.njjn.org/uploads/digital-library/Texas-School-Prison-Pipeline-School-Expulsion_Texas-Appleseed_Apr2010.pdf</nowiki>
--	Wolfhurst, Elaine. “Child brides call on U.S. states to end 'legal rape” Reuters  Oct 24, 2018 https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-childmarriage-reform/child-brides-call-on-us-states-to-end-legal-rape-idUSKCN1MZ024. Accessed 26 September 2019.
+-         Lawrence, Richard. (2007) “Special Theme Issue: School Crime and Juvenile Justice.” ''Criminal Justice Review'' 32.4: 337–338. Web.
--	Burns, Camellia. “Why Domestic Institutions Are Failing Child Brides: A Comparative Analysis of India’s and the United States’ Legal Approaches to the Institution of Child Marriage.” Tulane Journal of International & Comparative Law 23, no. 1 (Winter 2014): 151–76.
+-         Heitzeg, N. (2016). ''The school-to-prison pipeline: education, discipline, and racialized double standards'' / Nancy A. Heitzeg. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger, an imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC.
--	Raj, Anita, Lotus McDougal, Jay G. Silverman, and Melanie L. A.		 Rusch. “Cross-Sectional Time Series Analysis of Associations between Education and Girl Child Marriage in	Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Pakistan, 1991-2011.” PLoS ONE 9, no. 9 (September 2014): 1–9.	doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0106210.
+-         Schepers, D. (2017). Causes of the causes of juvenile delinquency: Social disadvantages in the context of situational action theory. ''European Journal of Criminology'', ''14''(2), 143–159. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370816649622</nowiki>
--       "Child Marriages: 39,000 Every Day – More than 140 million girls will marry between 2011 and 2020". www.un.org. 7 March 2013. Retrieved 26 September 2018.
--	Dinwiddie S, Heath AC, Dunne MP, et al. (January 2000). "Early sexual abuse and lifetime psychopathology: a co-twin-control study". Psychological Medicine. 30 (1): 41–52. doi:10.1017/S0033291799001373. PMID 10722174.
+'''4.    Prevention'''
--	Messman-Moore, T. L.; Long, P. J. (2000). "Child Sexual Abuse and Revictimization in the Form of Adult Sexual Abuse, Adult Physical Abuse, and Adult Psychological Maltreatment". Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 15 (5): 489–502. doi:10.1177/088626000015005003.
+An evaluation of a social issue could not stand without a discussion of the current methods of addressing said problem. In the article currently, there is a high-level acknowledgement of prevention measures but it is not comprehensive enough for the importance of the article. I intend to create two subsections entitled “Punishment” and “Policies”. The “Punishment” subsection will focus on methods such as detention centers and legal repercussions as a punitive approach to the issue while the “Policies” section will discuss measures such as restorative justice, counseling, and educational support to address this trend.
--	Bulik CM, Prescott CA, Kendler KS (November 2001). "Features of childhood sexual abuse and the development of psychiatric and substance use disorders". The British Journal of Psychiatry. 179 (5): 444–9. doi:10.1192/bjp.179.5.444. PMID 11689403.
+-         Howell, James C.  (2009) ''Preventing and Reducing Juvenile Delinquency a Comprehensive Framework'' / James C. Howell''.'' 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, Calif. ;: SAGE
--	Kamler, Erin Michelle (2013). "Negotiating Narratives of Human Trafficking: NGOs, Communication and the Power of Culture". Journal of Intercultural Communication. 42: 73–90. doi:10.1080/17475759.2012.728147.
+-         Rosenbaum, Janet. (2018) “Educational and Criminal Justice Outcomes 12 Years After School Suspension”. Youth & Society. <nowiki>http://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F0044118x17752208</nowiki>
--	Romans SE, Martin JL, Anderson JC, O'Shea ML, Mullen PE (January 1995). "Factors that mediate between child sexual abuse and adult psychological outcome". Psychological Medicine. 25 (1): 127–42. doi:10.1017/S0033291700028154. PMID 7792348.
+-         Young, Susan et al. (2017) “Juvenile delinquency, welfare, justice and therapeutic interventions: a global perspective.” BJPsych bulletin vol. 41,1: 21-29. doi:10.1192/pb.bp.115.052274
--        Amin, Sajeda, M. Niaz Asadullah, Sara Hossain, and Zaki Wahhaj. “Eradicating Child Marriage in the Commonwealth: Is Investment in Girls’ Education Sufficient?” Round Table 106, no. 2 (April 2017): 221–23. doi:10.1080/00358533.2017.1299461.
+-         Fronius, Trevor, Hannah Persson, Sarah Guckenburg, Nancy Hurley, Anthony Petrosino (2016) “Restorative Justice in U.S. Schools: A Research Review” WestEd Justice & Prevention Research Center <nowiki>https://jprc.wested.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/RJ_Literature-Review_20160217.pdf</nowiki>
--       Makhlouf, Medha D. “Theorizing the Immigrant Child: THE		 CASE OF MARRIED MINORS.” Brooklyn Law Review 82, no.		 4 (Summer 2017): 1603–50.
+-         Austin, James; Kelly Dedel Johnson; Ronald Weitzer (2005). "Alternatives to the Secure Detention and Confinement of Juvenile Offenders". OJJDP Juvenile Justice Bulletin (5): 1.
--       Misunas, Christina, Colleen Murray Gastón, and Claudia Cappa.		 “Child Marriage among Boys in High-Prevalence				 Countries: An Analysis of Sexual and Reproductive Health		 Outcomes.” BMC International Health & Human Rights 19, no.		 1 (August 16, 2019): N.PAG. doi:10.1186/s12914-019-0212-8.
+-         Bahena, S. (2012). ''Disrupting the school-to-prison pipeline''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Educational Review.
--       Schuman, Rachel L. “State Regulations Are Failing Our Children:		 An Analysis of Child Marriage Laws in the United States.”		 William & Mary Law Review 60, no. 6 (May 2019): 2337–74.
+<br />
--	Kempadoo, Kamala (2015-01-02). "The Modern-Day White (Wo)Man's Burden: Trends in Anti-Trafficking and Anti-Slavery Campaigns". Journal of Human Trafficking. 1 (1): 8–20. doi:10.1080/23322705.2015.1006120. ISSN 2332-2705.
+== Past Projects ==
+During the fall of 2019, I revised the “[[Child marriage in the United States|Child Marriage in the US]]” article on Wikipedia. I chose this topic because it is closely related to the legal career path I’m pursuing. As one interested in child advocacy law, I think it is important for the public to know more about the prevalence and history of issues such as child abuse and specifically child marriages. I have observed and experienced a vast ignorance on cases specifically in the US and I believe that the first step in addressing those abuses is through awareness and knowledge. I revised this page to be more accessible for the general public by reorganizing and simplifying the existing information as well as expanding the content concerning causes for child marriages and the effects that it may have on those affected. For information on my edits, feel free to visit my sandbox.