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#REDIRECT [[Names of Poland#Lechia]] |
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[[File:Chronica Polonorum Lech & Czech.jpg|thumb|right|270px|Legendary brothers [[Lech, Czech and Rus|Lech and Czech]] in a 16<sup>th</sup> century Latin chronicle by Polish scholar [[Maciej Miechowita]]]] |
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'''Lechia''' is an ancient nationalistic [[name of Poland]], stemming from the legendary founder [[Lechites|''Lech'']] (a common first name today). |
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Lechina Empire is [[Phantasmagoria|phantasmagory]] of [[Polish nationalism|Polish nationalists]] who miss greatness of past Polish empire.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} It bases on one medieval chronicle where the author to please his prince described great past of Poles who fought against Alexander the Great and Ceasar.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} |
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== Lechina Empire Theory == |
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Most of Polish early history was forgotten due to the influence of the [[Catholic Church]].{{Sfn|Turchin|2009|pp=191–217}}{{Sfn|ancient|2016}} |
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[[Monk|Monks]] - medieval chroniclers - who decided what is worth to remember from early history of [[Poland]] and what should be forgotten.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} |
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First historical sources mention [[Slavs]] at [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] borders in nowadays [[Romania]]. Some other chronicles{{Sfn|Bideleux|Jeffries|1998}} mention that Goths were fighting with them somewhere between Romania and Crimea. What we know we reconstruct from various sources: Arab chronicles, [[:Category:Byzantine chronicles|Byzantine chronicles]], [[:Category:German chronicles|German chronicles]], [[Chronicle of Fredegar|Frank chronicles]] and above all [[Archaeology|archeology]] and recently [[Genetics|genetics.]] |
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This is popular among [[Pan-Slavism|panslavists]] and [[Polish nationalism|Polish nationalists]]. The basis for this are legends produced by medieval chronicler - [[Wincenty Kadłubek|Wincenty Kadlubek]] who was ordered to write down history of Poland by [[Pope Clement XIII]]. He did this task walking "extra mile" and described Poland's ancient origins. According to him Poles fought and repelled [[Alexander the Great]] invasion. This was quite popular practice in medieval ages and the chronicler received high reward from the house at Jedrzejow. |
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The [[Slavs]] start showing up in the historical record in the sixth century. [[Jordanes]] mentions them in his history of the Goths (ca. 550){{Sfn|C. Mierow|1997}}:<blockquote>Near the left ridge [of the [[Carpathian Mountains]]], which inclines toward the north, and beginning at the source of the [[Vistula]], the populous race of the [[Venethi]] dwell, occupying a great expanse of land. Though their names are now dispersed amid various clans and places, yet they are chiefly called [[Sclaveni]] and [[Antes (people)|Antes]]. The abode of the Sclaveni extends from the city of [<nowiki/>[[Noviodunum (castra)|Noviodunum]]] and the lake called Mursianus [Schenker suggests Mursianus refers to the delta of the [[Danube]] - rusoved] to the Danaster [<nowiki/>[[Dniester]]], and northward as far as the [[Vistula]]. The [[Antes (people)|Antes]], who are the bravest of these peoples dwelling in the curve of the [[Black Sea]], spread from the Danaster to the Danaper [<nowiki/>[[Dnieper]]] rivers that are many days' journey apart.{{Sfn|Kessler|Dawson|2020}}</blockquote>So, here we have the term ''[[Sclaveni]]'', which is a [[Hellenization|Hellenized]] version of the Slavic endonym *[[Slaveni|slavěni]]--Greek didn't like ''sl'' clusters, so they put in a /k/. The other two names are of less certain origin. ''[[Veneti]]'' belonged to a different tribe living around the [[Vistula]] in previous times. ''Antes'' was possibly the name of an [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] tribe which either became Slavicized or otherwise associated with the Slavs by their neighbors. Schenker suggests that the geographic distribution of these tribes "may prefigure the dialectal division of Slavic". |
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[[Vistula Veneti|Schenker]] gives several other 6th and early 7th century accounts of the Slavs<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Making of the Slavs}}</ref>, and the picture they paint is of a loosely-organized society ("they have lived of old under a democracy", according to [[Procopius of Sázava|Procopius]]; "they are independent, absolutely refusing to be enslaved or governed", according to the ''[[Strategicon|Strategikon]]''); they are a "sturdy people"; they are skilled at navigating rivers; and they have effective military tactics, favoring [[Javelin|javelins]], small shields, and [[Ambush|ambushes]]. |
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[[Mieszko I]] (and his name is a modern invention) - the first recorded by history ruler of Poland have never titled himself Dux Polonorum{{Sfn|torino|2015}} - the [[List of Polish monarchs|duke of Poland]]. However German chronicler [[Adam of Bremen]] did write in his chronicle that in year 992 died Misica dux Vandalorum.{{Sfn|łużyce|2016}} |
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The case of his son [[Bolesław I the Brave]] first christian ruler to become official European king.{{Sfn|Miladinov|2013|pp=183–314}} He was crowned for king once in year 1000 AD by Holy Roman Emperor [[Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto III]] and second time by [[List of archbishops of Gniezno and primates of Poland|archbishop of Gniezno]] with the permission of pope in year 1025. In the half of 14th century his descendant king [[Casimir III the Great]] ordered to exhume the grave of king Bolesław they found on stone table the inscription: REGNUM SCLAVORUM, GOTHORUM SIVE POLONORUM.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} So Bolesław did not use title of king of Poland but instead he titled himself "King of Slavs, Goths and Poles".{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} Who were the Poles if they were neither Slavs nor Goths and were listed as separate people? Maybe they were [[Sarmatians]] who lived on the territory of Poland together with [[Vandals]] before some of them left their land to attack Rome, Spain and finaly to found Vandalo-Sarmatian kingdom in Roman north Africa?{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} |
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The titulature of [[List of Polish monarchs|Polish kings]]. Until the end of XVII century all Polish kings used the title of "kings of Goths and Vandals. |
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From history we known that both [[Vandals]] and [[Sarmatians]] lived on the territory of Poland.{{Weasel inline|date=June 2021}} However from modern genetic studies{{Weasel inline|date=June 2021}} we also know that during last 3000 years people who lived on the territory of Poland were moreless the same as those who live there now.{{Sfn|Grochowalski|2020}} Several waves of migrants came to Poland and several waves left it but looks like both the invaders and migrants were too few to change genetic history of the whole population.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} |
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The root syllable of the legendary founder [[Lechites|''Lech'']] survives in several [[languages of Europe]], of Central Asia and the Middle East in names designating Poland, for example: |
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* ''Leasir'' in [[Old Norse language|Old Norse]] |
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* ''Lenkija'' in [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] |
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* ''Lehia'' in [[Romanian language|Romanian]] |
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* ''Lengyelország'' in [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] |
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* ''Lehastan'' in [[Armenian language|Armenian]] |
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* ''Lehistan'' in [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]], [[Gagauz language|Gagauz]], [[Kumyk language|Kumyk]] and [[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Turkish]] |
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* ''Ləhistan/Löhüstan'' (لهستان) in [[Azerbaijani language|Middle Azerbaijani]] |
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* ''Lahestan/Lehestan'' (لهستان) in [[Persian language|Persian]] |
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* ''Lähistan'' (لەھىستان) in [[Uighur language|Uighur]] |
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* ''Läxstan'' in [[Tatar language|Tatar]], [[Bashkir language|Bashkir]] and [[Siberian Tatar language|Siberian Tatar]] |
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* ''Liachistan'', ''Liachija'', ''Lech Jer'', ''Liach'', ''Liach Bijligi'' in [[Karaim language|Karaim]] |
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According to legend, the name derives from the first ruler of Poland, [[Lech, Czech, and Rus|Lech]]. See [[name of Poland]] and [[Lechites]] for details. It is also the root of the term ''[[Lechitic languages]]''. |
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Several Polish sports organizations have adopted the name ''Lechia''. The best-known example is [[Lechia Gdańsk]]. Other examples include [[Lechia Lwów]] and [[Lechia Zielona Góra]]. In the [[Polish People's Republic]], the [[Nivea]] branch located in [[Poznań]] was named the Pollena-Lechia Cosmetics Factory (''Fabryka Kosmetyków Pollena-Lechia''). |
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== See also == |
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* [[Lech, Czech and Rus]] |
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* [[Lechitic languages]] |
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== Footnotes == |
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{{reflist}} |
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== References == |
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=== Books === |
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* {{Cite book|last=Miladinov|first=Marina|title=Saints of the Christianization Age of Central Europe (Tenth-Eleventh Centuries)|publisher=[[Central European University Press]]|year=2013|isbn=978-615-5225-20-8|editor-last=Klaniczay|editor-first=Gábor|chapter=Life of the Five Brethren by Bruno of Querfurt}} |
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*{{Cite book|last=Bideleux|first=Robert|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Vzw8CHYQobAC&redir_esc=y|title=A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change|last2=Jeffries|first2=Ian|publisher=[[Psychology Press]]|year=1998}} |
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*{{Cite book|last=C. Mierow|first=Charles|url=http://people.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/jordgeti.html|title=THE ORIGIN AND DEEDS OF THE GOTHS|publication-date=22 April 1997}} |
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=== Journals === |
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* {{Cite journal|last=Turchin|first=Peter|year=2009|title=A theory for formation of large empires|journal=[[Journal of Global History]]|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|volume=4|doi=10.1017/S174002280900312X}} |
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* {{Cite journal|last=Grochowalski|first=Łukasz|date=23 October 2020|year=2020|editor-last=Cruciani|editor-first=Fulvio|title=Y-Chromosome Genetic Analysis of Modern Polish Population|url=https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fgene.2020.567309|journal=[[Frontiers in Genetics]]|volume=11|doi=10.3389/fgene.2020.567309|issn=1664-8021}} |
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=== Websites === |
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* {{Cite web|last=ancient|first=origins|date=14 September 2016|title=The Hidden Story of Poland: What Happened to the Forgotten Kingdom of Lechia?|url=https://www.ancient-origins.net/history/hidden-story-poland-what-happened-forgotten-kingdom-lechia-006648|url-status=live}} |
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* {{Cite web|last=torino|date=7 August 2015|title=Were There Vandals in Poland? – Part I|url=http://www.jassa.org/?p=3072|url-status=live}} |
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* {{Cite web|last=łużyce|date=15 July 2016|title=MISICA DUX VANDALORUM- MIESZKO KSIĄŻE WANDALI|url=https://www.salon24.pl/u/lusatia/720779,misica-dux-vandalorum-mieszko-ksiaze-wandali,2|url-status=live}} |
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* {{Cite web|last=Kessler|first=Peter|last2=Dawson|first2=Edward|date=13 November 2020|title=Barbarian Europe - Origins of the Slavs|url=https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesEurope/BarbarianSlavs01.htm|url-status=live}} |
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[[Category:History of Poland]] |
[[Category:History of Poland]] |
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[[Category:Alternative names of European places]] |
[[Category:Alternative names of European places]] |
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[[Category:Lechites]] |
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Latest revision as of 13:50, 8 November 2021
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