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{{Short description|Vascular plant species of the archipelago of Svalbard}} |
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There are 164 [[vascular plant]] species on the [[Norway|Norwegian]] [[island]] of [[Svalbard]], not including [[alga]]e, [[moss]]es, [[lichen]]s. For an island so far north, it is an astonishing variety. Because of the harsh climate and the short growing season, all the plants are slow growing. They seldom grow higher than 10 cm. |
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There are over 190 [[vascular plant]] species on the [[Norway|Norwegian]] Arctic [[archipelago]] of [[Svalbard]]. This figure does not include [[alga]]e, [[moss]]es, and [[lichen]]s, which are [[non-vascular plant]]s. For an island so far north, this number of species constitutes an astonishing variety of plant life. Because of the harsh climate and the short growing season, all the plants are slow growing. They seldom grow higher than {{cvt|10|cm|in|0}} |
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In some areas, especially in warmer valleys, the plants produce carpets of blossoms. |
In some areas, especially in warmer valleys, the plants produce carpets of blossoms. Svalbard has been divided into four vegetation zones. |
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==Plant species== |
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[[Image:Arctic bell-heather.jpg|thumb|180px|right|[[Cassiope tetragona|Arctic bell-heather]]]][[Image:hawkweed1.jpg|thumb|130px|right|[[Saxifraga hieracifolia|Hawkweed-leaved saxifrage]]]][[Image:knotweed1.jpg|thumb|130px|right|[[Polygonum viviparum|Alpine bistort]]]][[Image:Silene acaulis - Mosscampion.jpg|thumb|180px|right|[[Moss campion]]]][[Image:Svalbard poppy (Papaver dahlianum).jpg|thumb|180px|right|[[Svalbard poppy]]]][[Image:Pedicularis dasyantha - Lousewort1.jpg|thumb|130px|right|[[Pedicularis dasyantha|Woolly lousewort]]]] |
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{{div col}} |
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*''[[Acorus calamus]]'' <small>L.</small> (introduced) |
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*''[[Alchemilla glabra]]'' <small>Neygenf.</small> (doubtful) |
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*''[[Alchemilla subcrenata]]'' <small>Buser</small> (introduced) |
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*''[[Alopecurus magellanicus]]'' <small>Lam.</small> |
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*''[[Anthoxanthum monticola]]'' <small>(Bigelow) Veldkamp</small> |
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*''[[Arabis alpina]]'' <small>L.</small><ref name ="Alsos" >{{cite journal |title=Frequent Long-Distance Plant Colonization in the Changing Arctic |year=2007 |last1=Alsos |first1=I. G. |last2=Eidesen |first2=P. B. |last3=Ehrich |first3=D. |last4=Skrede |first4=I. |last5=Westergaard |first5=K. |last6=Jacobsen |first6=G. H. |last7=Landvik |first7=J. Y. |last8=Taberlet |first8=P. |last9=Brochmann |first9=C. |journal=Science |volume=316 |issue=5831 |pages=1606–1609 |doi=10.1126/science.1139178 |pmid=17569861 |bibcode=2007Sci...316.1606A |s2cid=37250212 }}</ref> – Alpine rock-cress |
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*''[[Arctagrostis latifolia]]'' <small>(R.Br.) Griseb.</small> |
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*''[[Arctium lappa]]'' <small>L.</small> |
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*''[[× Arctodupontia scleroclada]]'' <small>(Rupr.) Tzvelev</small> |
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*''[[Arenaria humifusa]]'' <small>Wahlenb.</small> |
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*''[[Arenaria pseudofrigida]]'' <small>(Ostenf. & O.C.Dahl) Steffen</small> – fringed sandwort |
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*''[[Barbarea vulgaris]]'' <small>W.T.Aiton</small> (introduced) |
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*''[[Betula nana]]'' <small>L.</small><ref name=Alsos/> – dwarf birch |
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*''[[Bistorta vivipara]]'' <small>(L.) Delarbre</small> |
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*''[[Braya purpurascens]]'' <small>(R.Br.) Bunge ex Ledeb.</small> – purplish braya |
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*''[[Cakile arctica]]'' <small>Pobed.</small> (extinct in Svalbard) |
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*''[[Calamagrostis purpurascens]]'' <small>R.Br.</small> |
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*''[[Calamagrostis stricta]]'' <small>(Timm) Koeler</small> |
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*''[[Callitriche stagnalis]]'' <small>Scop.</small> |
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*''[[Campanula giesekiana]]'' <small>Vest ex Schult.</small> |
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*''[[Capsella bursa-pastoris]]'' <small>(L.) Medik.</small> (introduced) |
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*''[[Cardamine bellidifolia]]'' <small>L.</small> |
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*''[[Cardamine nymanii]]'' <small>Gand.</small> – polar cress |
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*''[[Carex bigelowii]]'' <small>Torr. ex Schwein.</small> |
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*''[[Carex capillaris]]'' <small>L.</small> |
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*''[[Carex dioica]]'' <small>L.</small> |
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*''[[Carex × flavicans]]'' <small>(F.Nyl.) F.Nyl.</small> |
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*''[[Carex fuliginosa]]'' <small>Schkuhr</small> |
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*''[[Carex glacialis]]'' <small>Mack.</small> |
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*''[[Carex glareosa]]'' <small>Schkuhr ex Wahlenb.</small> |
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*''[[Carex incurviformis]]'' <small>Mack.</small> |
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*''[[Carex krausei]]'' <small>Boeckeler</small> |
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*''[[Carex lachenalii]]'' <small>Schkuhr</small> |
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*''[[Carex × langeana]]'' <small>Fernald</small> |
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*''[[Carex × lidii]]'' <small>Hadac</small> |
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*''[[Carex marina]]'' <small>Dewey</small> |
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*''[[Carex maritima]]'' <small>Gunnerus</small> |
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*''[[Carex nardina]]'' <small>(Hornem.) Fr.</small> |
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*''[[Carex parallela]]'' <small>(Laest.) Sommerf.</small> |
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*''[[Carex × reducta]]'' <small>Drejer</small> |
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*''[[Carex rupestris]]'' <small>All.</small> |
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*''[[Carex saxatilis]]'' <small>L.</small> |
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*''[[Carex subspathacea]]'' <small>Wormsk. ex Hornem.</small> |
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*''[[Carex ursina]]'' <small>Dewey</small> |
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*''[[Carum carvi]]'' <small>L.</small> (introduced) |
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*''[[Cassiope hypnoides]]'' <small>(L.) D.Don</small> |
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*''[[Cassiope tetragona]]'' <small>(L.) D.Don</small><ref name=Alsos/> – Arctic bell-heather |
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*''[[Cerastium alpinum]]'' <small>L.</small> |
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*''[[Cerastium arcticum]]'' <small>Lange</small> – Arctic mouse-ear chickweed |
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*''[[Cerastium bialynickii]]'' <small>Tolm.</small> |
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*''[[Cerastium regelii]]'' <small>Ostenf.</small> |
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*''[[Cherleria biflora]]'' <small>(L.) A.J.Moore & Dillenb.</small> |
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*''[[Chrysosplenium tetrandrum]]'' <small>(N.Lund) Th.Fr.</small> |
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*''[[Cochlearia groenlandica]]'' <small>L.</small> |
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*''[[Comastoma tenellum]]'' <small>(Rottb.) Toyok.</small> |
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*''[[Cystopteris fragilis]]'' <small>(L.) Bernh.</small> |
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*''[[Deschampsia cespitosa]]'' <small>(L.) P.Beauv.</small> |
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*''[[Dichodon cerastoides]]'' <small>(L.) Rchb.</small> |
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*''[[Draba × algida]]'' <small>Adams ex DC.</small> |
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*''[[Draba alpina]]'' <small>L.</small> |
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*''[[Draba arctica]]'' <small>J.Vahl</small> |
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*''[[Draba × asplundii]]'' <small>O.E.Schulz</small> (endemic) |
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*''[[Draba cinerea]]'' <small>Adams</small> |
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*''[[Draba corymbosa]]'' <small>R.Br. ex DC.</small> |
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*''[[Draba daurica]]'' <small>DC.</small> |
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*''[[Draba fladnizensis]]'' <small>Wulfen</small> |
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*''[[Draba hirta]]'' <small>L.</small> |
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*''[[Draba lactea]]'' <small>Adams</small> – Lapland whitlow-grass |
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*''[[Draba × lastrungica]]'' <small>O.E.Schulz</small> (endemic) |
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*''[[Draba micropetala]]'' <small>Hook.</small> |
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*''[[Draba nivalis]]'' <small>Lilj.</small> |
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*''[[Draba norvegica]]'' <small>Gunnerus</small> |
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*''[[Draba oxycarpa]]'' <small>Sommerf.</small> |
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*''[[Draba pauciflora]]'' <small>R.Br.</small> |
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*''[[Draba × schaeferi]]'' <small>O.E.Schulz</small> (endemic) |
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*''[[Draba subcapitata]]'' <small>Simmons</small> |
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*''[[Draba × ursorum]]'' <small>Gand.</small> (endemic) |
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*''[[Drosera rotundifolia]]'' <small>L.</small> |
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*''[[Dryas octopetala]]'' <small>L.</small><ref name=Alsos/> – mountain avens |
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*''[[Dupontia fisheri]]'' <small>R.Br.</small> |
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*''[[Empetrum nigrum]]'' <small>L.</small><ref name=Alsos/> – crowberry |
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*''[[Epilobium anagallidifolium]]'' <small>Lam.</small> |
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*''[[Equisetum arvense]]'' <small>L.</small> |
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*''[[Equisetum scirpoides]]'' <small>Michx.</small> |
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*''[[Eriophorum angustifolium]]'' <small>Honck.</small> |
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*''[[Eriophorum scheuchzeri]]'' <small>Hoppe</small> – Arctic cottongrass |
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*''[[Euphrasia frigida]]'' <small>Pugsley</small> |
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*''[[Eutrema edwardsii]]'' <small>R.Br.</small> |
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*''[[Festuca baffinensis]]'' <small>Polunin</small> |
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*''[[Festuca brachyphylla]]'' <small>Schult. & Schult.f.</small> |
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*''[[Festuca heteromalla]]'' <small>Pourr.</small> |
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*''[[Festuca hyperborea]]'' <small>Holmen</small> |
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*''[[Festuca richardsonii]]'' <small>Hook.</small> |
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*''[[Festuca rubra]]'' <small>L.</small> |
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*''[[Festuca vivipara]]'' <small>(L.) Sm.</small> |
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*''[[Galium aparine]]'' <small>L.</small> |
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*''[[Hippuris vulgaris]]'' <small>L.</small> |
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*''[[Honckenya peploides]]'' <small>(L.) Ehrh.</small> |
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*''[[Huperzia appressa]]'' <small>(Bach.Pyl. ex Desv.) Á.Löve & D.Löve</small> |
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*''[[Huperzia selago]]'' <small>(L.) Bernh. ex Schrank & Mart.</small> |
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*''[[Juncus arcticus]]'' <small>Willd.</small> |
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*''[[Juncus biglumis]]'' <small>L.</small> |
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*''[[Juncus castaneus]]'' <small>Sm.</small> |
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*''[[Juncus effusus]]'' <small>L.</small> |
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*''[[Juncus squarrosus]]'' <small>L.</small> (introduced) |
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*''[[Juncus triglumis]]'' <small>L.</small> |
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*''[[Koenigia islandica]]'' <small>L.</small> |
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*''[[Lemna minor]]'' <small>L.</small> |
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*''[[Lolium pratense]]'' <small>(Huds.) Darbysh.</small> |
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*''[[Luzula arcuata]]'' <small>(Wahlenb.) Sw.</small> |
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*''[[Luzula confusa]]'' <small>Lindeb.</small> – Arctic wood-rush |
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*''[[Luzula nivalis]]'' <small>(Laest.) Spreng.</small> – tundra wood-rush |
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*''[[Luzula spicata]]'' <small>(L.) DC.</small> |
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*''[[Luzula wahlenbergii]]'' <small>Rupr.</small> |
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*''[[Melica uniflora]]'' <small>Retz.</small> |
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*''[[Mentha arvensis]]'' <small>L.</small> |
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*''[[Mertensia maritima]]'' <small>(L.) Gray</small> – oysterleaf |
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*''[[Micranthes foliolosa]]'' <small>(R.Br.) Gornall</small> |
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*''[[Micranthes hieraciifolia]]'' <small>(Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.) Haw.</small> |
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*''[[Micranthes nivalis]]'' <small>(L.) Small</small> |
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*''[[Micranthes tenuis]]'' <small>(Wahlenb.) Small</small> |
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*''[[Omalotheca supina]]'' <small>(L.) DC.</small> |
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*''[[Origanum vulgare]]'' <small>L.</small> |
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*''[[Oxyria digyna]]'' <small>(L.) Hill</small> – mountain sorrel |
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*''[[Papaver dahlianum]]'' <small>Nordh.</small> – Svalbard poppy |
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*''[[Papaver radicatum]]'' <small>Rottb.</small> |
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*''[[Pedicularis dasyantha]]'' <small>Hadac</small> – woolly lousewort |
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*''[[Pedicularis hirsuta]]'' <small>L.</small> – hairy lousewort |
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*''[[Phippsia algida]]'' <small>(Sol.) R.Br.</small> |
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*''[[Phippsia concinna]]'' <small>(Th.Fr.) Lindeb.</small> |
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*''[[Pleuropogon sabinei]]'' <small>R.Br.</small> |
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*''[[Poa abbreviata]]'' <small>R.Br.</small> |
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*''[[Poa alpigena]]'' <small>Lindm.</small> |
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*''[[Poa alpina]]'' <small>L.</small> – Alpine meadow-grass |
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*''[[Poa arctica]]'' <small>R.Br.</small> |
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*''[[Poa glauca]]'' <small>Vahl</small> |
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*''[[Poa hartzii]]'' <small>Gand.</small> |
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*''[[Poa pratensis]]'' <small>L.</small> |
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*''[[Polemonium boreale]]'' <small>Adams</small> – boreal Jacobs-ladder |
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*''[[Polygonum aviculare]]'' <small>L.</small> |
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*''[[Potentilla chamissonis]]'' <small>Hultén</small> – bluff cinquefoil |
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*''[[Potentilla crantzii]]'' <small>(Crantz) Beck ex Fritsch</small> |
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*''[[Potentilla hyparctica]]'' <small>Malte</small> – Arctic cinquefoil |
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*''[[Potentilla × insularis]]'' <small>Soják</small> (endemic) |
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*''[[Potentilla × prostrata]]'' <small>Rottb.</small> |
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*''[[Potentilla pulchella]]'' <small>R.Br.</small> – tufted cinquefoil |
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*''[[Potentilla sommerfeltii]]'' <small>Lehm.</small> |
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*''[[Puccinellia angustata]]'' <small>(R.Br.) E.L.Rand & Redfield</small> |
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*''[[Puccinellia phryganodes]]'' <small>(Trin.) Scribn. & Merr.</small> – cushioned saltmarsh grass |
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*''[[Puccinellia tenella]]'' <small>(Lange) Holmb.</small> |
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*''[[Puccinellia vahliana]]'' <small>(Liebm.) Scribn. & Merr.</small> |
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*''[[× Pucciphippsia vacillans]]'' <small>(Th.Fr.) Tzvelev</small> |
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*''[[Ranunculus acris]]'' <small>L.</small> (introduced) |
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*''[[Ranunculus glacialis]]'' <small>L.</small> |
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*''[[Ranunculus hyperboreus]]'' <small>Rottb.</small> – Arctic buttercup |
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*''[[Ranunculus lapponicus]]'' <small>L.</small> – Lapland buttercup |
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*''[[Ranunculus nivalis]]'' <small>L.</small> – snow buttercup |
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*''[[Ranunculus pallasii]]'' <small>Schltdl.</small> |
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*''[[Ranunculus pygmaeus]]'' <small>Wahlenb.</small> – pygmy buttercup |
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*''[[Ranunculus × spitsbergensis]]'' <small>Hadac</small> |
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*''[[Ranunculus sulphureus]]'' <small>Sol.</small> – sulphur-coloured buttercup |
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*''[[Rhodiola rosea]]'' <small>L.</small> |
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*''[[Rubus chamaemorus]]'' <small>L.</small><ref name=Alsos/> – cloudberry |
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*''[[Rumex acetosella]]'' <small>L.</small> |
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*''[[Sabulina rossii]]'' <small>(R.Br. ex Richardson) Dillenb. & Kadereit</small> |
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*''[[Sabulina rubella]]'' <small>(Wahlenb.) Dillenb. & Kadereit</small> |
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*''[[Sabulina stricta]]'' <small>(Sw.) Rchb.</small> |
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*''[[Sagina caespitosa]]'' <small>Lange</small> |
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*''[[Sagina nivalis]]'' <small>(Lindblad) Fr.</small> |
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*''[[Salix herbacea]]'' <small>L.</small><ref name=Alsos/> – snowbed willow |
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*''[[Salix polaris]]'' <small>Wahlenb.</small> – polar willow |
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*''[[Salix reticulata]]'' <small>L.</small> |
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*''[[Saxifraga aizoides]]'' <small>L.</small> – yellow mountain saxifrage |
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*''[[Saxifraga cernua]]'' <small>L.</small> – drooping saxifrage |
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*''[[Saxifraga cespitosa]]'' <small>L.</small> – tufted saxifrage |
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*''[[Saxifraga hirculus]]'' <small>L.</small> – bog saxifrage |
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*''[[Saxifraga hyperborea]]'' <small>R.Br.</small> |
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*''[[Saxifraga oppositifolia]]'' <small>L.</small> – purple saxifrage |
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*''[[Saxifraga rivularis]]'' <small>L.</small><ref name=Alsos/> – brook saxifrage |
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*''[[Saxifraga svalbardensis]]'' <small>Øvstedal</small> (endemic) |
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*''[[Schoenus nigricans]]'' <small>L.</small> |
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*''[[Sibbaldia procumbens]]'' <small>L.</small> |
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*''[[Silene acaulis]]'' <small>(L.) Jacq.</small> – moss campion |
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*''[[Silene involucrata]]'' <small>(Cham. & Schltdl.) Bocquet</small> |
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*''[[Silene uralensis]]'' <small>(Rupr.) Bocquet</small> |
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*''[[Stellaria crassipes]]'' <small>Hultén</small> – chickweed |
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*''[[Stellaria humifusa]]'' <small>Rottb.</small> – Arctic chickweed |
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*''[[Stellaria longipes]]'' <small>Goldie</small> |
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*''[[Stellaria media]]'' <small>(L.) Vill.</small> |
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*''[[Taraxacum amphiphron]]'' <small>Böcher</small> (endemic) |
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*''[[Taraxacum brachyrhynchum]]'' <small>G.E.Haglund</small> (endemic) |
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*''[[Taraxacum croceum]]'' <small>Dahlst. ex Andersson</small> |
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*''[[Taraxacum cymbifolium]]'' <small>H.Lindb. ex Dahlst.</small> |
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*''[[Taraxacum recedens]]'' <small>(Dahlst.) G.E.Haglund</small> (endemic) |
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*''[[Taraxacum torvum]]'' <small>G.E.Haglund</small> (endemic) |
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*''[[Thinopyrum junceiforme]]'' <small>(Á.Löve & D.Löve) Á.Löve</small> |
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*''[[Tofieldia pusilla]]'' <small>(Michx.) Pers.</small> |
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*''[[Trisetum spicatum]]'' <small>(L.) K.Richt.</small> |
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*''[[Vaccinium uliginosum]]'' <small>L.</small><ref name=Alsos/> – bog bilberry |
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*''[[Veronica alpina]]'' <small>L.</small> |
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*''[[Vicia sativa]]'' <small>L.</small> |
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*''[[Viola canina]]'' <small>L.</small> |
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*''[[Viola nemoralis]]'' <small>Kütz.</small> |
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*''[[Woodsia glabella]]'' <small>R.Br.</small> |
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{{div col end}} |
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<gallery> |
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Image:mountsorrel-1.jpg|[[Oxyria digyna|Mountain sorrel]] |
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Image:spiderplant1.jpg|''[[Saxifraga flagellaris]]'' |
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Image:Saxifraga oppositifolia - PurpSaxifrage1.jpg|[[Purple Saxifrage|Purple saxifrage]] |
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Image:Vaccinium uliginosum fruit.jpg|Fruit of ''[[Vaccinium uliginosum]]'' |
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</gallery> |
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==References== |
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'''List of flowers''' |
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{{reflist}} |
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[[Image:bellheather2.jpg|thumb|180px|right|[[Arctic Bell-heather]]]][[Image:hawkweed1.jpg|thumb|130px|right|[[Hawkweed-leaved Saxifrage]]]][[Image:knotweed1.jpg|thumb|130px|right|[[Alpine Bistort]]]][[Image:mosscampion.jpg|thumb|180px|right|[[Moss campion]]]][[Image:poppy3.jpg|thumb|180px|right|[[Svalbard poppy]]]][[Image:lousewort1.jpg|thumb|130px|right|[[Woolly Lousewort]]]] |
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{{Flora of Europe}} |
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*[[Alpine Arnica]] ''Arnica alpina'' |
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{{Svalbard topics}} |
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*[[Alpine Hair-grass]] ''Deschampsia alpina'' |
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*[[Alpine Meadow-grass]] ''Poa alpina'' |
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*[[Alpine Sandwort]] ''Minuartia rubella'' |
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*[[Alpine Saxifrage]] ''Saxifraga nivalis'' |
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*[[Arctic Buttercup]] ''Ranunculus hyperboreus'' |
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*[[Arctic Chickweed]] ''Stellaria humifusa'' |
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*[[Arctic Cinquefoil]] ''Potentilla hyparctica'' |
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*[[Arctic Cottongrass]] ''Eriophorum scheuchzeri'' |
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*[[Arctic Dandelion]] ''Taraxacum arcticum'' |
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*[[Arctic Harebell]] ''Campanula uniflora'' |
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*[[Arctic Lychnis]] ''Silene furcata'' |
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*[[Arctic Mouse-ear Chickweed]] ''Cerastium arcticum'' |
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*[[Arctic Wood-rush]] ''Luzula confusa'' |
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*[[Arctic Bell-heather]] ''Cassiope tetragona'' |
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*[[Black Fleabane]] ''Erigeron humilis'' |
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*[[Bluff Cinquefoil]] ''Potentilla chamissonis'' |
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*[[Bog Saxifrage]] ''Saxifraga hirculus'' |
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*[[Boreal Jacobs-ladder]] ''Polemonlum boreale'' |
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*[[Brook Saxifrage]] ''Saxifraga rivularis'' |
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*[[Chickweed]] ''Stellaria crassipes'' |
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*[[Cushioned Saltmarsh Grass]] ''Puccinellia phryganodes'' |
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*[[Drooping Saxifrage]] ''Saxifraga cernua'' |
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*[[Fringed Sandwort]] ''Arenaria psuedofrigida'' |
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*[[Hairy Lousewort]] ''Pedicularis hirsuta'' |
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*[[Hawkweed-leaved Saxifrage]] ''Saxifraga hieracifoli'' |
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*[[Alpine Bistort]] ''Polygonum viviparum'' |
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*[[Lapland Buttercup]] ''Ranunculus lapponicus'' |
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*[[Lapland Butterbur]] ''Petasites frigidus'' |
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*[[Lapland Whitlow-grass]] ''Draba lactea'' |
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*[[Lobed Buttercup]] ''Ranunculus pedatifidus'' |
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*[[Moss Campion]] ''Silene acaulis'' |
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*[[Mountain Avens]] ''Dryas octopetala'' |
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*[[Mountain Sorrel]] ''Oxyria digyna'' |
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*[[Northern Catchfly]] ''Silene wahlbergella'' |
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*[[Oysterleaf]] ''Mertensia maritima'' |
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*[[Pygmy Buttercup]] ''Ranunculus pygm'' |
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*[[Polar Cress]] ''Cardamine nymanii'' |
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*[[Polar Dandelion]] ''Taraxacum brachyceras'' |
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*[[Polar Willow]] ''Salix polaris'' |
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*[[Purple Saxifrage]] ''Saxifraga oppositifolia'' |
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*[[Purplish Braya]] ''Braya purpurascens'' |
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*[[Scurvy-grass]] ''Cochlearia officinalis'' |
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*[[Snow Buttercup]] ''Ranunculus nivalis'' |
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*[[Sooty Sedge]] ''Carex misandra'' |
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*[[Saxifraga flagellaris|Whiplash Saxifrage]] ''Saxifraga flagellaris'' |
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*[[Sulphur-coloured Buttercup]] ''Ranunculus suiphureus'' |
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*[[Svalbard poppy]] ''Papaver dahlianum'' |
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*[[Tufted Cinquefoil]] ''Potentilla pulchella'' |
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*[[Tufted Saxifrage]] ''Saxifraga cespitosa'' |
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*[[Tundra Wood-rush]] ''Luzula arctica'' |
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*[[Woolly Lousewort]] ''Pedicularis dasyantha'' |
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*[[Yellow Arctic Whitlow-grass]] ''Draba bellii'' |
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*[[Yellow Mountain Saxifrage]] ''Saxifraga aizoides'' |
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[[Category:Flora of Svalbard| ]] |
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[[Image:mountsorrel-1.jpg|thumb|200px|left|[[Mountain Sorrel]]]] |
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[[Category:Environment of Svalbard]] |
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[[Image:spiderplant1.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Saxifraga flagellaris]]]] |
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[[Category:Flora of the Arctic|Svalbard]] |
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[[Image:purpSaxifrage1.jpg|thumb|200px|center|[[Purple Saxifrage]]]] |
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[[Category:Natural history of Norway]] |
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Latest revision as of 22:16, 7 January 2022
There are over 190 vascular plant species on the Norwegian Arctic archipelago of Svalbard. This figure does not include algae, mosses, and lichens, which are non-vascular plants. For an island so far north, this number of species constitutes an astonishing variety of plant life. Because of the harsh climate and the short growing season, all the plants are slow growing. They seldom grow higher than 10 cm (4 in)
In some areas, especially in warmer valleys, the plants produce carpets of blossoms. Svalbard has been divided into four vegetation zones.
Plant species
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- Acorus calamus L. (introduced)
- Alchemilla glabra Neygenf. (doubtful)
- Alchemilla subcrenata Buser (introduced)
- Alopecurus magellanicus Lam.
- Anthoxanthum monticola (Bigelow) Veldkamp
- Arabis alpina L.[1] – Alpine rock-cress
- Arctagrostis latifolia (R.Br.) Griseb.
- Arctium lappa L.
- × Arctodupontia scleroclada (Rupr.) Tzvelev
- Arenaria humifusa Wahlenb.
- Arenaria pseudofrigida (Ostenf. & O.C.Dahl) Steffen – fringed sandwort
- Barbarea vulgaris W.T.Aiton (introduced)
- Betula nana L.[1] – dwarf birch
- Bistorta vivipara (L.) Delarbre
- Braya purpurascens (R.Br.) Bunge ex Ledeb. – purplish braya
- Cakile arctica Pobed. (extinct in Svalbard)
- Calamagrostis purpurascens R.Br.
- Calamagrostis stricta (Timm) Koeler
- Callitriche stagnalis Scop.
- Campanula giesekiana Vest ex Schult.
- Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. (introduced)
- Cardamine bellidifolia L.
- Cardamine nymanii Gand. – polar cress
- Carex bigelowii Torr. ex Schwein.
- Carex capillaris L.
- Carex dioica L.
- Carex × flavicans (F.Nyl.) F.Nyl.
- Carex fuliginosa Schkuhr
- Carex glacialis Mack.
- Carex glareosa Schkuhr ex Wahlenb.
- Carex incurviformis Mack.
- Carex krausei Boeckeler
- Carex lachenalii Schkuhr
- Carex × langeana Fernald
- Carex × lidii Hadac
- Carex marina Dewey
- Carex maritima Gunnerus
- Carex nardina (Hornem.) Fr.
- Carex parallela (Laest.) Sommerf.
- Carex × reducta Drejer
- Carex rupestris All.
- Carex saxatilis L.
- Carex subspathacea Wormsk. ex Hornem.
- Carex ursina Dewey
- Carum carvi L. (introduced)
- Cassiope hypnoides (L.) D.Don
- Cassiope tetragona (L.) D.Don[1] – Arctic bell-heather
- Cerastium alpinum L.
- Cerastium arcticum Lange – Arctic mouse-ear chickweed
- Cerastium bialynickii Tolm.
- Cerastium regelii Ostenf.
- Cherleria biflora (L.) A.J.Moore & Dillenb.
- Chrysosplenium tetrandrum (N.Lund) Th.Fr.
- Cochlearia groenlandica L.
- Comastoma tenellum (Rottb.) Toyok.
- Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh.
- Deschampsia cespitosa (L.) P.Beauv.
- Dichodon cerastoides (L.) Rchb.
- Draba × algida Adams ex DC.
- Draba alpina L.
- Draba arctica J.Vahl
- Draba × asplundii O.E.Schulz (endemic)
- Draba cinerea Adams
- Draba corymbosa R.Br. ex DC.
- Draba daurica DC.
- Draba fladnizensis Wulfen
- Draba hirta L.
- Draba lactea Adams – Lapland whitlow-grass
- Draba × lastrungica O.E.Schulz (endemic)
- Draba micropetala Hook.
- Draba nivalis Lilj.
- Draba norvegica Gunnerus
- Draba oxycarpa Sommerf.
- Draba pauciflora R.Br.
- Draba × schaeferi O.E.Schulz (endemic)
- Draba subcapitata Simmons
- Draba × ursorum Gand. (endemic)
- Drosera rotundifolia L.
- Dryas octopetala L.[1] – mountain avens
- Dupontia fisheri R.Br.
- Empetrum nigrum L.[1] – crowberry
- Epilobium anagallidifolium Lam.
- Equisetum arvense L.
- Equisetum scirpoides Michx.
- Eriophorum angustifolium Honck.
- Eriophorum scheuchzeri Hoppe – Arctic cottongrass
- Euphrasia frigida Pugsley
- Eutrema edwardsii R.Br.
- Festuca baffinensis Polunin
- Festuca brachyphylla Schult. & Schult.f.
- Festuca heteromalla Pourr.
- Festuca hyperborea Holmen
- Festuca richardsonii Hook.
- Festuca rubra L.
- Festuca vivipara (L.) Sm.
- Galium aparine L.
- Hippuris vulgaris L.
- Honckenya peploides (L.) Ehrh.
- Huperzia appressa (Bach.Pyl. ex Desv.) Á.Löve & D.Löve
- Huperzia selago (L.) Bernh. ex Schrank & Mart.
- Juncus arcticus Willd.
- Juncus biglumis L.
- Juncus castaneus Sm.
- Juncus effusus L.
- Juncus squarrosus L. (introduced)
- Juncus triglumis L.
- Koenigia islandica L.
- Lemna minor L.
- Lolium pratense (Huds.) Darbysh.
- Luzula arcuata (Wahlenb.) Sw.
- Luzula confusa Lindeb. – Arctic wood-rush
- Luzula nivalis (Laest.) Spreng. – tundra wood-rush
- Luzula spicata (L.) DC.
- Luzula wahlenbergii Rupr.
- Melica uniflora Retz.
- Mentha arvensis L.
- Mertensia maritima (L.) Gray – oysterleaf
- Micranthes foliolosa (R.Br.) Gornall
- Micranthes hieraciifolia (Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.) Haw.
- Micranthes nivalis (L.) Small
- Micranthes tenuis (Wahlenb.) Small
- Omalotheca supina (L.) DC.
- Origanum vulgare L.
- Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill – mountain sorrel
- Papaver dahlianum Nordh. – Svalbard poppy
- Papaver radicatum Rottb.
- Pedicularis dasyantha Hadac – woolly lousewort
- Pedicularis hirsuta L. – hairy lousewort
- Phippsia algida (Sol.) R.Br.
- Phippsia concinna (Th.Fr.) Lindeb.
- Pleuropogon sabinei R.Br.
- Poa abbreviata R.Br.
- Poa alpigena Lindm.
- Poa alpina L. – Alpine meadow-grass
- Poa arctica R.Br.
- Poa glauca Vahl
- Poa hartzii Gand.
- Poa pratensis L.
- Polemonium boreale Adams – boreal Jacobs-ladder
- Polygonum aviculare L.
- Potentilla chamissonis Hultén – bluff cinquefoil
- Potentilla crantzii (Crantz) Beck ex Fritsch
- Potentilla hyparctica Malte – Arctic cinquefoil
- Potentilla × insularis Soják (endemic)
- Potentilla × prostrata Rottb.
- Potentilla pulchella R.Br. – tufted cinquefoil
- Potentilla sommerfeltii Lehm.
- Puccinellia angustata (R.Br.) E.L.Rand & Redfield
- Puccinellia phryganodes (Trin.) Scribn. & Merr. – cushioned saltmarsh grass
- Puccinellia tenella (Lange) Holmb.
- Puccinellia vahliana (Liebm.) Scribn. & Merr.
- × Pucciphippsia vacillans (Th.Fr.) Tzvelev
- Ranunculus acris L. (introduced)
- Ranunculus glacialis L.
- Ranunculus hyperboreus Rottb. – Arctic buttercup
- Ranunculus lapponicus L. – Lapland buttercup
- Ranunculus nivalis L. – snow buttercup
- Ranunculus pallasii Schltdl.
- Ranunculus pygmaeus Wahlenb. – pygmy buttercup
- Ranunculus × spitsbergensis Hadac
- Ranunculus sulphureus Sol. – sulphur-coloured buttercup
- Rhodiola rosea L.
- Rubus chamaemorus L.[1] – cloudberry
- Rumex acetosella L.
- Sabulina rossii (R.Br. ex Richardson) Dillenb. & Kadereit
- Sabulina rubella (Wahlenb.) Dillenb. & Kadereit
- Sabulina stricta (Sw.) Rchb.
- Sagina caespitosa Lange
- Sagina nivalis (Lindblad) Fr.
- Salix herbacea L.[1] – snowbed willow
- Salix polaris Wahlenb. – polar willow
- Salix reticulata L.
- Saxifraga aizoides L. – yellow mountain saxifrage
- Saxifraga cernua L. – drooping saxifrage
- Saxifraga cespitosa L. – tufted saxifrage
- Saxifraga hirculus L. – bog saxifrage
- Saxifraga hyperborea R.Br.
- Saxifraga oppositifolia L. – purple saxifrage
- Saxifraga rivularis L.[1] – brook saxifrage
- Saxifraga svalbardensis Øvstedal (endemic)
- Schoenus nigricans L.
- Sibbaldia procumbens L.
- Silene acaulis (L.) Jacq. – moss campion
- Silene involucrata (Cham. & Schltdl.) Bocquet
- Silene uralensis (Rupr.) Bocquet
- Stellaria crassipes Hultén – chickweed
- Stellaria humifusa Rottb. – Arctic chickweed
- Stellaria longipes Goldie
- Stellaria media (L.) Vill.
- Taraxacum amphiphron Böcher (endemic)
- Taraxacum brachyrhynchum G.E.Haglund (endemic)
- Taraxacum croceum Dahlst. ex Andersson
- Taraxacum cymbifolium H.Lindb. ex Dahlst.
- Taraxacum recedens (Dahlst.) G.E.Haglund (endemic)
- Taraxacum torvum G.E.Haglund (endemic)
- Thinopyrum junceiforme (Á.Löve & D.Löve) Á.Löve
- Tofieldia pusilla (Michx.) Pers.
- Trisetum spicatum (L.) K.Richt.
- Vaccinium uliginosum L.[1] – bog bilberry
- Veronica alpina L.
- Vicia sativa L.
- Viola canina L.
- Viola nemoralis Kütz.
- Woodsia glabella R.Br.
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Fruit of Vaccinium uliginosum
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i Alsos, I. G.; Eidesen, P. B.; Ehrich, D.; Skrede, I.; Westergaard, K.; Jacobsen, G. H.; Landvik, J. Y.; Taberlet, P.; Brochmann, C. (2007). "Frequent Long-Distance Plant Colonization in the Changing Arctic". Science. 316 (5831): 1606–1609. Bibcode:2007Sci...316.1606A. doi:10.1126/science.1139178. PMID 17569861. S2CID 37250212.