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#REDIRECT [[Subject–object–verb word order]] |
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{{Linguistic_typology_topics}} |
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In [[linguistic typology]], '''Subject Object Verb''' (SOV) is the type of languages in which the subject, object, and verb of a sentence appear (usually) in that order. |
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If English were SOV, then "Sam oranges ate" would be an ordinary sentence. |
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Among natural languages, SOV is the most common type. |
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It corresponds roughly to [[reverse Polish notation]] in computer languages. |
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The SOV languages include [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[Korean language|Korean]], [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Latin]], [[Burmese language|Burmese]] and most [[Indian languages]]. |
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[[German language|German]] and [[Dutch language|Dutch]] are basically SVO, but employ SOV in subordinate clauses. See [[V2 word order]]. [[French language|French]] and [[Spanish language|Spanish]] are SVO, but use SOV when a pronoun is used as the (direct or indirect) object: e.g., "Sam a mangé des oranges" or "Sam comió naranjas" (Sam ate oranges) would become "Sam les a mangées" or "Sam las comió" (Sam them ate). This type of ordering is sometimes (although rarely) used in English under [[poetic license]], especially in works of [[William Shakespeare]]. |
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SOV languages tend to have the adjectives before nouns, to use [[postposition]]s rather than [[preposition]]s, to place relative clauses before the nouns to which they refer, and to place auxiliary verbs after the action verb. Some have special [[grammatical particle|particle]]s to distinguish the subject and the object, such as the Japanese ''ga'' and ''o''. SOV languages also seem to exhibit a tendency towards using a [[Time Manner Place|Time-Manner-Place]] ordering of prepositional phrases. |
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An example in [[Japanese language|Japanese]] is: |
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私は箱を開けます。(watashi wa hako wo akemasu.) meaning "I open a/the box/boxes." In this sentence, 私 (watashi) is the subject (or more specifically, topic) meaning "I" as in first person singular, and it is followed by the は (wa) topic-marker. 箱 (hako) is the object meaning box (in Japanese no distinction is made between whether a word uses "a" or "the", or plural or singular unless specifically stated), followed by を (wo) which is the object-marker in Japanese. 開けます (akemasu) is the polite non-past form of the verb which means "to open" and is at the end of the sentence. |
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Although [[Latin]] was an [[inflected language]], the most usual word order was SOV. An example would be: "servus puellam amat", meaning "The slave loves the girl." In this sentence, "servus" is the subject, "puellam" is the object and "amat" is the verb. |
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==See also== |
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* [[Topic-prominent language]] |
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* [[Verb Subject Object]] |
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* [[Subject Verb Object]] |
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[[be:SOV]] |
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[[es:Sujeto Objeto Verbo]] |
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[[eo:Subjekto Objekto Verbo]] |
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[[fr:Langue SOV]] |
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[[ja:SOV型]] |
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[[pl:SOV]] |
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[[sv:SOV-språk]] |
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Latest revision as of 01:50, 20 February 2022
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